The Orbis Pictus

The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Orbis Pictus, by John Amos Comenius This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Orbis Pictus Author: John Amos Comenius Editor: Charles William Bardeen Translator: Charles Hoole Release Date: March 9, 2009 [EBook #28299] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ORBIS PICTUS *** Produced by Louise Hope, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net [Transcriber’s Note: This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding: œ [oe ligature, used in all Latin text] ☉ ♂ ♈ ... [astrological symbols: see below] If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. The two sections numbered CIV use astrological symbols. Most are accompanied by a definition, so the meaning will be plain even if your text reader cannot display them. When a symbol is used in place of a word, an alternative text is shown after the affected paragraph. In the _Orbis Pictus_ text, apparent errors in punctuation and typography (such as Italic type where Roman is expected) were unchanged except in chapter headers. Other errors, whether corrected or not, are listed at the end of the e-text. Note that “Dutch” generally means “German”. The original text was printed in parallel columns with English on the left. For this e-text the English and the Latin are shown in small blocks with differing indentation. Line breaks are approximately but not exactly the same as in the original.] The ORBIS PICTUS of JOHN AMOS COMENIUS. This work is, indeed, the first children’s picture book. --ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, 9TH EDITION, vi. 182. [Publisher’s Device: School Bulletin Publications 1874] SYRACUSE, N.Y.: C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER, 1887. Copyright, 1887, by C. W. BARDEEN. It may not be generally known that Comenius was once solicited to become President of Harvard College. The following is a quotation from Vol. II, p. 14, of Cotton Mather’s MAGNALIA: “That brave old man, Johannes Amos Commenius, the fame of whose worth has been TRUMPETTED as far as more than three languages (whereof everyone is indebted unto his JANUA) could carry it, was indeed agreed withal, by one Mr. Winthrop in his travels through the LOW COUNTRIES, to come over to New England, and illuminate their Colledge and COUNTRY, in the quality of a President, which was now become vacant. But the solicitations of the Swedish Ambassador diverting him another way, that incomparable Moravian became not an American.” This was on the resignation of President Dunster, in 1654--Note of Prof. PAYNE, Compayre’s History of Education, Boston, 1886, p. 125. EDITOR’S PREFACE. When it is remembered that this work is not only an educational classic of prime importance, but that it was the first picture-book ever made for children and was for a century the most popular text-book in Europe, and yet has been for many years unattainable on account of its rarity, the wonder is, not that it is reproduced now but that it has not been reproduced before. But the difficulty has been to find a satisfactory copy. Many as have been the editions, few copies have been preserved. It was a book children were fond of and wore out in turning the leaves over and over to see the pictures. Then as the old copper-plates became indistinct they were replaced by wood-engravings, of coarse execution, and often of changed treatment. Von Raumer complains that the edition of 1755 substitutes for the original cut of the Soul, (No. 43, as here given,) a picture of an eye, and in a table the figures I. I. II. I. I. II., and adds that it is difficult to recognize in this an expressive psychological symbol, and to explain it. In an edition I have, published in Vienna in 1779, this cut is omitted altogether, and indeed there are but 82 in place of the 157 found in earlier editions, the following, as numbered in this edition, being omitted: 1, the alphabet, 2, 36, 43, 45, 66, 68, 75, 76, 78-80, 87, 88, 92-122, 124, 126, 128, 130-141. On the other hand, the Vienna edition contains a curious additional cut. It gives No. 4, the Heaven, practically as in this edition, but puts another cut under it in which the earth is revolving about the sun; and after the statement of Comenius, “_Coelum rotatur, et ambit terram, in medio stantem_” interpolates: “_prout veteres crediderunt; recentiores enim defendunt motum terrae circa solem_” [as the ancients used to think; for later authorities hold that the motion of the earth is about the sun.] Two specimen pages from another edition are inserted in Payne’s Compayré’s History of Education (between pp. 126, 127). The cut is the representative of No. 103 in this edition, but those who compare them will see not only how much coarser is the execution of the wood-cut Prof. Payne has copied, but what liberties have been taken with the design. The only change in the Latin text, however, is from _Designat Figuras rerum_ in the original, to _Figuram rerum designat_. In this edition the cuts are unusually clear copies of the copper-plates of the first edition of 1658, from which we have also taken the Latin text. The text for the English translation is from the English edition of 1727, in which for the first time the English words were so arranged as to stand opposite their Latin equivalents. The cuts have been reproduced with great care by the photographic process. I thought best not to permit them to be retouched, preferring occasional indistinctness to modern tampering with the originals that would make them less authentic. The English text is unchanged from that of the 1727 edition, except in rare instances where substitutions have been made for single words not now permissible. The typography suggests rather than imitates the quaintness of the original, and the paper was carefully selected to produce so far as practicable the impression of the old hand-presses. In short my aim has been to put within the reach of teachers at a moderate price a satisfactory reproduction of this important book; and if the sale of the _Orbis Pictus_ seems to warrant it, I hope subsequently to print as a companion volume the _Vestibulum_ and _Janua_ of the same author, of which I have choice copies. C. W. BARDEEN. _Syracuse, Sept. 28, 1887_. COMMENTS UPON THE ORBIS PICTUS. During four years he here prosecuted his efforts in behalf of education with commendable success, and wrote, among other works, his celebrated Orbis Pictus, which has passed through a great many editions, and survived a multitude of imitations. --SMITH’S HISTORY OF EDUCATION, N.Y., 1842, p. 129. The most eminent educator of the seventeenth century, however, was John Amos Comenius...... His Orbis Sensualium Pictus, published in 1657, enjoyed a still higher renown. The text was much the same with the Janua, being intended as a kind of elementary encyclopædia; but _it differed from all previous text-books_, in being illustrated with pictures, on copper and wood, of the various topics discussed in it. This book was universally popular. In those portions of Germany where the schools had been broken up by the “Thirty years’ war,” mothers taught their children from its pages. Corrected and amended by later editors, it continued for nearly two hundred years, to be a text-book of the German schools. --HISTORY AND PROGRESS OF EDUCATION, BY PHILOBIBLIUS, N.Y., 1860, p. 210. The “Janua” would, therefore, have had but a short-lived popularity with teachers, and a still shorter with learners, if Comenius had not carried out his principle of appealing to the senses, and called in the artist. The result was the “Orbis Pictus,” a book which proved a favorite with young and old, and maintained its ground in many a school for more than a century.... I am sorry I cannot give a specimen of this celebrated book with its quaint pictures. The artist, of course, was wanting in the technical skill which is now commonly displayed even in the cheapest publications, but this renders his delineations none the less entertaining. As a picture of the life and manners of the seventeenthcentury, the work has great historical interest, which will, I hope, secure for it another English edition. --QUICK’S EDUCATIONAL REFORMERS, 1868; Syracuse edition, p. 79. But the principle on which he most insisted is that the teaching of words and things must go together, hand in hand. When we consider how much time is spent over new languages, what waste of energy is lavished on mere preparation, how it takes so long to lay a foundation that there is no time to lay a building upon it, we must conclude that it is in the acceptance and development of this principle that the improvement of education will in the future consist. Any one who attempts to inculcate this great reform will find that its first principles are contained in the writings of Comenius. --ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, 9th edition, vii. 674. The first edition of this celebrated book was published at Nuremberg in 1657; soon after a translation was made into English by Charles Hoole. The last English edition appeared in 1777, and this was reprinted in America in 1812. This was the first illustrated school-book, and was the first attempt at what now passes under the name of “object lessons.” --SHORT HISTORY OF EDUCATION, W. H. PAYNE, Syracuse, 1881, p. 103. Of these, the “Janua” and the “Orbis” were translated into most European and some of the Oriental languages. It is evident that these practices of Comenius contain the germs of things afterwards connected with the names of Pestalozzi and Stow. It also may be safely assumed that many methods that are now in practical use, were then not unknown to earliest teachers. --GILL’S SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION, London, 1876, p. 13. The more we reflect on the method of Comenius, the more we shall see it is replete with suggestiveness, and we shall feel surprised that so much wisdom can have lain in the path of schoolmasters for two hundred and fifty years, and that they have never stooped to avail themselves of its treasures. --BROWNING’S INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL THEORIES, 1882, New York edition, p. 67. The “Orbis Pictus,” the first practical application of the intuitive method, had an extraordinary success, and has served as a model for the innumerable illustrated books which for three centuries have invaded the schools. --COMPAYRE’S HISTORY OF PEDAGOGY, Payne’s translation, Boston, 1886, p. 127. He remained at Patak four years, which were characterized by surprising literary activity. During this short period he produced no less than fifteen different works, among them his “World Illustrated” (_Orbis Pictus_), the most famous of all his writings. It admirably applied the principle that words and things should be learned together.... The “World Illustrated” had an enormous circulation, and remained for a long time the most popular text-book in Europe. --PAINTER’S HISTORY OF EDUCATION, N.Y., 1886, p. 206. Or, si ce livre n’est qu’un équivalent se la véritable intuition; si, ensuite, le contenu du tout paraît fort défectueux, au point de vue de la science de nos jours; si, enfin, un effort exagéré pour l’intégrité de la conception de l’enfant a créé, pour les choses modernes, trop de dénominations latines qui paraissent douteuses, l’Orbis pictus était pourtant, pour son temps, une oeuvre très originale et très spirituelle, qui fit faire un grand progrès à la pédagogie et servit longtemps de livre d’école utile et de modèle à d’innombrables livres d’images, souvent pires. --HISTOIRE D’ ÉDUCATION, FREDERICK DITTES, Redolfi’s French translation, Paris, 1880, p. 178. Here Comenius wrote, among others, his second celebrated work the “Orbis Pictus.” He was not, however, able to finish it in Hungary for want of a skilful engraver on copper. For such a one he carried it to Michael Endter, the bookseller at Nuremberg, but the engraving delayed the publication of the book for three years more. In 1657 Comenius expressed the hope that it would appear during the next autumn. With what great approbation the work was received at its first appearance, is shown by the fact that within two years, in 1659, Endter had published a second enlarged edition. --KARL VON RAUMER, translated in Barnard’s Journal of Education, v. 260. The “Janua” had an enormous sale, and was published in many languages, but the editions and sale of the “Orbis Pictus” far exceeded those of the “Janua,” and, indeed, for some time it was the most popular text-book in Europe, and deservedly so. --LAURIE’S JOHN AMOS COMENIUS, Boston edition, p. 185. Joh. Amos Comenii ORBIS SENSUALIUM PICTUS: hoc est Omnium principalium in Mundo Rerum, & in Vita Actionum, PICTURA & NOMENCLATURA. Joh. Amos Comenius’s VISIBLE WORLD: or, a NOMENCLATURE, AND PICTURES of all the CHIEF THINGS that are in the WORLD, and of MENS EMPLOYMENTS therein; In above 150 COPPER CUTS. Written By the Author in Latin and High Dutch, being one of his last ESSAYS; and the most suitable to Childrens Capacity of any he hath hitherto made. Translated into English By CHARLES HOOLE, M.A. For the Use of Young Latin Scholars. The ELEVENTH EDITION Corrected, and the English made to answer Word for Word to the Latin. _Nihil est in intellectu, quod non prius fuit in sensu._ Arist. _London_; Printed for, and sold by _John_ and _Benj._ _Sprint_, at the _Bell_ in _Little Britain_, 1728. _Gen._ ii. 19, 20. The Lord God brought unto _Adam_ every Beast of the Field, and every Fowl of the Air, to see what he would call them. And _Adam_ gave Names to all Cattle, and to the Fowl of the Air, and to every Beast of the Field. Gen. ii. 19, 20. _Adduxit Dominus Deus ad _Adam_ cuncta Animantia Terræ, & universa volatilia Cœli, ut videret quomodo vocaret illa. Appellavitque _Adam_ Nominibus suis cuncta Animantia, & universa volatilia Cœli, & omnes Bestias Agri._ I. A. Comenii opera Didactica par. 1. p. 6, Amst. 1657. fol. Didacticæ nostræ prora & puppis esto: Investigare, & invenire modum, quo Docentes minus doceant, Discentes vero plus discant: Scholæ minus habeant Strepitus, nauseæ, vani laboris; plus autem otii, deliciarum, solidique profectus: Respublica Christiana minus tenebrarum confusionis dissidiorum; plus lucis, ordinis, pacis & tranquilitatis. THE AUTHOR’S PREFACE TO THE READER. _Instruction is the means to expel Rudeness_, with which young wits ought to be well furnished in Schools: But so, as that the teaching be 1. _True_, 2. _Full_, 3. _Clear_, and 4. _Solid_. 1. It will be _true_, if nothing be taught but such as is beneficial to ones life; lest there be a cause of complaining afterwards. We know not necessary things, because we have not learned things necessary. 2. It will be _full_, if the mind be polished for wisdom, the tongue for eloquence, and the hands for a neat way of living. This will be that _grace_ of one’s life, _to be wise, to act, to speak_. 3, 4. It will be _clear_, and by that, firm and _solid_, if whatever is taught and learned, be not obscure, or confused, but apparent, distinct, and articulate, as the fingers on the hands. The ground of this business, is, that sensual objects may be rightly presented to the senses, for fear they may not be received. I say, and say it again aloud, that this last is the foundation of all the rest: because we can neither act nor speak wisely, unless we first rightly understand all the things which are to be done, and whereof we are to speak. Now there is nothing in the understanding, which was not before in the sense. And therefore to exercise the senses well about the right perceiving the differences of things, will be to lay the grounds for all wisdom, and all wise discourse, and all discreet actions in ones course of life. Which, because it is commonly neglected in schools, and the things which are to be learned are offered to scholars, without being understood or being rightly presented to the senses, it cometh to pass, that the work of teaching and learning goeth heavily onward, and affordeth little benefit. See here then a new help for schools, A Picture and Nomenclature of all the chief things in the world, and of men’s actions in their way of living: Which, that you, good Masters, may not be loath to run over with your scholars, I will tell you, in short, what good you may expect from it. It is _a little Book_, as you see, of no great bulk, yet a brief of the whole world, and a whole language: full of Pictures, Nomenclatures, and Descriptions of things. I. _The Pictures_ are the representation of all visible things, (to which also things invisible are reduced after their fashion) of the whole world. And that in that very order of things, in which they are described in the _Janua Latinæ Linguæ_; and with that fulness, that nothing very necessary or of great concernment is omitted. II. _The Nomenclatures_ are the Inscriptions, or Titles set every one over their own Pictures, expressing the whole thing by its own general term. III. _The Descriptions_ are the explications of the parts of the Picture, so expressed by their own proper terms, as that same figure which is added to every piece of the picture, and the term of it, always sheweth what things belongeth one to another. Which such Book, and in such a dress may (I hope) serve, I. To entice witty children to it, that they may not conceit a torment to be in the school, but dainty fare. For it is apparent, that children (even from their infancy almost) are delighted with Pictures, and willingly please their eyes with these lights: And it will be very well worth the pains to have once brought it to pass, that scare-crows may be taken away out of Wisdom’s Gardens. II. This same little Book will serve to stir up the Attention, which is to be fastened upon things, and even to be sharpened more and more: which is also a great matter. For the Senses (being the main guides of childhood, because therein the mind doth not as yet raise up itself to an abstracted contemplation of things) evermore seek their own objects, and if they be away, they grow dull, and wry themselves hither and thither out of a weariness of themselves: but when their objects are present, they grow merry, wax lively, and willingly suffer themselves to be fastened upon them, till the thing be sufficiently discerned. This Book then will do a good piece of service in taking (especially flickering) wits, and preparing them for deeper studies. III. Whence a third good will follow; that children being won hereunto, and drawn over with this way of heeding, may be furnished with the knowledge of the prime things that are in the world, by sport and merry pastime. In a word, this Book will serve for the more pleasing using of the _Vestibulum_ and _Janua Linguarum_, for which end it was even at the first chiefly intended. Yet if it like any, that it be bound up in their native tongues also, it promiseth three good thing of itself. I. First it will afford a device for learning to read more easily than hitherto, especially having a symbolical alphabet set before it, to wit, the characters of the several letters, with the image of that creature, whose voice that letter goeth about to imitate, pictur’d by it. For the young _Abc_ scholar will easily remember the force of every character by the very looking upon the creature, till the imagination being strengthened by use, can readily afford all things; and then having looked over a _table of the chief syllables_ also (which yet was not thought necessary to be added to this book) he may proceed to the viewing of the Pictures, and the inscriptions set over ’em. Where again the very looking upon the thing pictured suggesting the name of the thing, will tell him how the title of the picture is to be read. And thus the whole book being gone over by the bare titles of the pictures, reading cannot but be learned; and indeed too, which thing is to be noted, without using any ordinary tedious spelling, that most troublesome torture of wits, which may wholly be avoided by this method. For the often reading over the Book, by those larger descriptions of things, and which are set after the Pictures, will be able perfectly to beget a habit of reading. II. The same book being used in English, in English Schools, will serve for the perfect learning of the whole English tongue, and that from the bottom; because by the aforesaid descriptions of things, the words and phrases of the whole language are found set orderly in their own places. And a short English Grammar might be added at the end, clearly resolving the speech already understood into its parts; shewing the declining of the several words, and reducing those that are joined together under certain rules. III. Thence a new benefit cometh, that that very English Translation may serve for the more ready and pleasant learning of the Latin tongue: as one may see in this Edition, the whole book being so translated, that every where one word answereth to the word over against it, and the book is in all things the same, only in two idioms, as a man clad in a double garment. And there might be also some observations and advertisements added in the end, touching those things only, wherein the use of the Latin tongue differeth from the English. For where there is no difference, there needeth no advertisement to be given. But, because the first _tasks of learners ought to be little and single_, we have filled this first book of training one up to see a thing of himself, with nothing but rudiments, that is, with the chief of things and words, or with the grounds of the whole world, and the whole language, and of all our understanding about things. If a more perfect description of things, and a fuller knowledge of a language, and a clearer light of the understanding be sought after (as they ought to be) they are to be found somewhere whither there will now be an easy passage by this our _little Encyclopædia_ of things subject to the senses. Something remaineth to be said touching the more chearful use of this book. I. Let it be given to children into their hands to delight themselves withal as they please, with the sight of the pictures, and making them as familiar to themselves as may be, and that even at home before they be put to school. II. Then let them be examined ever and anon (especially now in the school) what this thing or that thing is, and is called, so that they may see nothing which they know not how to name, and that they can name nothing which they cannot shew. III. And let the things named them be shewed, not only in the Picture, but also in themselves; for example, the parts of the body, clothes, books, the house, utensils, &c. IV. Let them be suffered also to imitate the Pictures by hand, if they will, nay rather, let them be encouraged, that they may be willing: first, thus to quicken the attention also towards the things; and to observe the proportion of the parts one towards another; and lastly to practise the nimbleness of the hand, which is good for many things. V. If anything here mentioned, cannot be presented to the eye, it will be to no purpose at all to offer them by themselves to the scholars; as colours, relishes, &c., which cannot here be pictured out with ink. For which reason it were to be wished, that things rare and not easy to be met withal at home, might be kept ready in every great school, that they may be shewed also, as often as any words are to be made of them, to the scholars. Thus at last this school would indeed become a school of things obvious to the senses, and an entrance to the school intellectual. But enough: Let us come to the thing it self. THE TRANSLATOR, TO ALL JUDICIOUS AND INDUSTRIOUS SCHOOL-MASTERS. Gentlemen. There are a few of you (I think) but have seen, and with great willingness made use of (or at least perused,) many of the Books of this well-deserving Author Mr. John Comenius, which for their profitableness to the speedy attainment of a language, have been translated in several countries, out of Latin into their own native tongue. Now the general verdict (after trial made) that hath passed, touching those formerly extant, is this, that they are indeed of singular use, and very advantageous to those of more discretion, (especially to such as already have a smattering of Latin) to help their memories to retain what they have scatteringly gotten here and there, to furnish them with many words, which (perhaps) they had not formerly read, or so well observed; but to young children (whom we have chiefly to instruct) as those that are ignorant altogether of things and words, and prove rather a meer toil and burthen, than a delight and furtherance. For to pack up many words in memory, of things not conceived in the mind, is to fill the head with empty imaginations, and to make the learner more to admire the multitude and variety (and thereby, to become discouraged,) than to care to treasure them up, in hopes to gain more knowledge of what they mean. He hath therefore in some of his latter works seemed to move retrograde, and striven to come nearer the reach of tender wits: and in this present Book, he hath, according to my judgment, descended to the very bottom of what is to be taught, and proceeded (as nature it self doth) in an orderly way; first to exercise the senses well, by representing their objects to them, and then to fasten upon the intellect by impressing the first notions of things upon it, and linking them on to another by a rational discourse. Whereas indeed, we, generally missing this way, do teach children as we do parrots, to speak they know not what, nay which is worse, we, taking the way of teaching little ones by Grammar only at the first, do puzzle their imaginations with abstractive terms and secondary intentions, which till they be somewhat acquainted with things, and the words belonging to them, in the language which they learn, they cannot apprehend what they mean. And this I guess to be the reason, why many great persons do resolve sometimes not to put a child to school till he be at least eleven or twelve years of age, presuming that he having then taken notice of most things, will sooner get the knowledge of the words which are applyed to them in any language. But the gross misdemeanor of such children for the most part, have taught many parents to be hasty enough to send their own to school, if not that they may learn, yet (at least) that they might be kept out of harm’s way; and yet if they do not profit for the time they have been at school, (no respect at all being had for their years) the Master shall be sure enough to bear the blame. So that a School-master had need to bend his wits to come within the compass of a child’s capacity of six or seven years of age (seeing we have now such commonly brought to our Grammar-schools to learn the Latin Tongue) and to make that they may learn with as much delight and willingness, as himself would teach with dexterity and ease. And at present I know no better help to forward his young scholars than this little Book, which was for this purpose contrived by the Author in the German and Latin Tongues. What profitable use may be had thereof, respecting chiefly that his own country and language, he himself hath told you in his preface; but what use we may here make of it in our Grammar-schools, as it is now translated into English, I shall partly declare; leaving all other men, according to my wont, to their own discretion and liberty, to use or refuse it, as they please. So soon then as a child can read English perfectly, and is brought to us to school to learn Latin, I would have him together with his Accidence, to be provided of this Book, in which he may at least once a day (beside his Accidence) be thus exercised. I. Let him look over the pictures with their general titles and inscriptions, till he be able to turn readily to any one of them, and to tell its name either in English or Latin. By this means he shall have the method of the Book in his head; and be easily furnished with the knowledge of most things; and instructed how to call them, when at any time he meeteth with them elsewhere, in their real forms. II. Let him read the description at large: First in English, and afterward in Latin, till he can readily read, and distinctly pronounce the words in both Languages, ever minding how they are spelled. And withal, let him take notice of the figures inserted, and to what part of the picture they direct by their like till he be well able to find out every particular thing of himself, and to name it on a sudden, either in English or Latin. Thus he shall not only gain the most primitive words, but be understandingly grounded in Orthography, which is a thing too generally neglected by us; partly because our English schools think that children should learn it at the Latin, and our Latin schools suppose they have already learn’d it at the English; partly, because our common Grammar is too much defective in this part, and scholars so little exercised therein, that they pass from schools to the Universities and return from thence (some of them) more unable to write true English, than either Latin or Greek. Not to speak of our ordinary Tradesmen, many of whom write such false English, that none but themselves can interpret what they scribble in their bills and shop-books. III. Then let him get the Titles and Descriptions by heart, which he will more easily do, by reason of these impressions which the viewing of the pictures hath already made in his memory. And now let him also learn, 1. To construe, or give the words one by one, as they answer one another in Latin and English. 2. To Parse, according to the rules, (which I presume by this time) he hath learn’d in the first part of his Accidence; where I would have him tell what part of Speech any word is, and then what accidents belong to it; but especially to decline the nouns and conjugate the verbs according to the Examples in his Rudiments; and this doing will enable him to know the end and use of his Accidence. As for the Rules of Genders of Nouns, and the Præter-perfect-tenses and Supines of Verbs, and those of Concordance and Construction in the latter part of the Accidence, I would not have a child much troubled with them, till by the help of this Book he can perfectly practise so much of Etymology, as concerns the first part of his Accidence only. For that, and this book together, being thoroughly learn’d by at least thrice going them over, will much prepare children to go chearfully forward in their Grammar and School-Authors, especially, if whilst they are employed herein, they be taught also to write a fair and legible hand. There is one thing to be given notice of, which I wish could have been remedied in this Translation; that the Book being writ in high-Dutch doth express many things in reference to that Country and Speech, which cannot without alteration of some Pictures as well as words be expressed in ours: for the Symbolical Alphabet is fitted for German children rather than for ours. And whereas the words of that Language go orderly one for one with the Latin, our English propriety of Speech will not admit the like. Therefore it will behove those Masters that intend to make use of this Book, to construe it verbatim to their young Scholars, who will quickly learn to do it of themselves, after they be once acquainted with the first words of Nouns, and Verbs, and their manner of variation. Such a work as this, I observe to have been formerly much desired by some experienced Teachers, and I my self had some years since (whilst my own Child lived) begun the like, having found it most agreeable to the best witted Children, who are most taken up with Pictures from their Infancy, because by them the knowledge of things which they seem to represent (and whereof Children are as yet ignorant) are most easily conveyed to the Understanding. But for as much as the work is now done, though in some things not so completely as it were to be wished, I rejoyce in the use of it, and desist in my own undertakings for the present. And because any good thing is the better, being the more communicated; I have herein imitated a Child who is forward to impart to others what himself has well liked. You then that have the care of little Children, do not much trouble their thoughts and clog their memories with bare Grammar Rudiments, which to them are harsh in getting, and fluid in retaining; because indeed to them they signifie nothing, but a mere swimming notion of a general term, which they know not what it meaneth, till they comprehend particulars, but by this or the like subsidiary, inform them, first with some knowledge of things and words wherewith to express them, and then their Rules of speaking will be better understood and more firmly kept in mind. Else how should a Child conceive what a Rule meaneth, when he neither knoweth what the Latin word importeth, nor what manner of thing it is which is signified to him in his own native Language, which is given him thereby to understand the Rule? For Rules consisting of generalities, are delivered (as I may say) at a third hand, presuming first the things, and then the words to be already apprehended touching which they are made. I might indeed enlarge upon this Subject, it being the very Basis of our Profession, to search into the way of Childrens taking hold by little and little of what we teach them, that so we may apply ourselves to their reach: But I leave the observation thereof to your own daily exercise, and experience got thereby. And I pray God, the fountain and giver of all wisdom, that hath bestowed upon us this gift of Teaching, so to inspire and direct us by his Grace, that we may train up Children in his Fear and in the knowledge of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord; and then no doubt our teaching and their learning of other things subordinate to these, will by the assistance of his blessed Spirit make them able and willing to do him faithful Service both in Church and Commonwealth, as long as they live here, that so they may be eternally blessed with him hereafter. This, I beseech you, beg for me and mine, as I shall daily do for you and yours, at the throne of God’s heavenly grace; and remain while I live Ready to serve you, as I truly love and honour you, and labour willingly in the same Profession with you, CHARLES HOOLE. From my School, in _Lothbury, London, Jan. 25, 1658_. _N.B._ Those Heads or Descriptions which concern things beyond the present apprehension of Children’s wits, as, those of Geography, Astronomy, or the like, I would have omitted, till the rest be learned, and a Child be _better able to understand them_. _The Judgment of Mr. _Hezekiah Woodward_, sometimes an _eminent Schoolmaster in LONDON_, touching a work of this Nature; in his _Gate to Science_, chap. 2._ Certainly _the use of Images or Representations is great_: If we could make our words as legible to Children as Pictures are, their information therefrom would be quickned and surer. But so we cannot do, though we must do what we can. And if we had Books, wherein are the Pictures of all Creatures, Herbs, Beasts, Fish, Fowls, they would stand us in great stead. For Pictures are the most intelligible Books that Children can look upon. They come closest to Nature, nay, saith Scaliger, Art exceeds her. AN ADVERTISEMENT CONCERNING THIS EDITION. As there are some considerable Alterations in the present Edition of this Book from the former, it may be expected an Account should be given of the Reasons for them. ’Tis certain from the Author’s Words, that when it was first published, which was in Latin and Hungary, or in Latin and High-Dutch; every where one word answer’d to another over-against it: This might have been observ’d in our English Translation, which wou’d have fully answer’d the design of COMENIUS, and have made the Book much more useful: But Mr. Hoole, (whether out of too much scrupulousness to disturb the Words in some places from the order they were in, or not sufficiently considering the Inconveniences of having the Latin and English so far asunder) has made them so much disagree, that a Boy has sometimes to seek 7 or 8 lines off for the corresponding Word; which is no small trouble to Young Learners who are at first equally unacquainted with all Words, in a Language they are strangers to, except it be such as have Figures of Reference, or are very like in sound; and thus may perhaps, innocently enough join an Adverb in one Tongue, to a Noun in the other; whence may appear the Necessity of the Translation’s being exactly literal, and the two Languages fairly answering one another, Line for Line. If it be objected, such a thing cou’d not be done (considering the difference of the Idioms) without transplacing Words here and there, and putting them into an order which may not perhaps be exactly classical; it ought to be observed, this is design’d for Boys chiefly, or those who are just entering upon the Latin Tongue, to whom every thing ought to be made as plain and familiar as possible, who are not, at their first beginning, to be taught the elegant placing of Latin, nor from such short Sentences as these, but from Discourses where the Periods have a fuller Close. Besides, this way has already taken (according to the Advice of very good Judges,) in some other School-Books of Mr. Hoole’s translating, and found to succeed abundantly well. Such Condescensions as these, to the capacities of young Learners are certainly very reasonable, and wou’d be most agreeable to the Intentions of the Ingenious and worthy Author, and his design to suit whatever he taught, to their manner of apprehending it. Whose Excellency in the art of Education made him so famous all over Europe, as to be solicited by several States and Princes to go and reform the Method of their Schools; and whose works carried that Esteem, that in his own Life-time some part of them were not only translated into 12 of the usual Languages of Europe, but also into the _Arabic_, _Turkish_, _Persian_, and _Mogolic_ (the common Tongue of all that part of the _East-Indies_) and since his death, into the _Hebrew_, and some others. Nor did they want their due Encouragement here in _England_, some Years ago; ’till by an indiscreet use of them, and want of a thorow acquaintance with his Method, or unwillingness to part from their old road, they began to be almost quite left off: Yet it were heartily to be wish’d, some Persons of Judgment and Interest, whose Example might have an influence upon others, and bring them into Reputation again, wou’d revive the COMENIAN METHOD, which is no other, than to make our Scholars learn with Delight and chearfulness, and to convey a solid and useful Knowledge of Things, with that of Languages, in an easy, natural and familiar way. _Didactic Works_ (as they are now collected into one volume) for a speedy attaining the Knowledge of Things and Words, join’d with the Discourses of Mr. Lock[A] and 2 or 3 more out of our own Nation, for forming the Mind and settling good Habits, may doubtless be look’d upon to contain the most reasonable, orderly, and completed System of the Art of Education, that can be met with. [Footnote A: Mr. Lock’s Essay upon Education. Dr. Tabor’s Christian Schoolmaster. Dr. Ob. Walker of Education. Mr. Monro’s Essay on Education. --His just Measures of the pious Institutions of Youth, &c.] Yet, alas! how few are there, who follow the way they have pointed out? tho’ every one who seriously considers it, must be convinc’d of the Advantage; and the generality of Schools go on in the same old dull road, wherein a great part of Children’s time is lost in a tiresome heaping up a Pack of dry and unprofitable, or pernicious Notions (for surely little better can be said of a great part of that Heathenish stuff they are tormented with; like the feeding them with hard Nuts, which when they have almost broke their teeth with cracking, they find either deaf or to contain but very rotten and unwholesome Kernels) whilst Things really perfected of the understanding, and useful in every state of Life, are left unregarded, to the Reproach of our Nation, where all other Arts are improved and flourish well, only this of Education of Youth is at a stand; as if that, the good or ill management of which is of the utmost consequence to all, were a thing not worth any Endeavors to improve it, or was already so perfect and well executed that it needed none, when many of the greatest Wisdom and Judgment in several Nations, have with a just indignation endeavor’d to expose it, and to establish a more easy and useful way in its room. ’Tis not easy to say little on so important a subject, but thus much may suffice for the present purpose. The Book has merit enough to recommend it self to those who know how to make a right use of it. It was reckon’d one of the Author’s best performances; and besides the many Impressions and Translations it has had in parts beyond Sea, has been several times reprinted here. It was endeavor’d no needless Alterations shou’d be admitted in this Edition, and as little of any as cou’d consist with the design of making it plain and useful; to shun the offence it might give to some; and only the Roman and Italic Character alternately made use of, where transplacing of Words cou’d be avoided. J. H. London, July 13, 1727. Orbis Sensualium Pictus, A World of Things Obvious to the Senses drawn in Pictures. I. Invitation. Invitatio. [Illustration] _The Master and the Boy._ _Magister & Puer._ M. Come, Boy, learn to be wise. M. Veni, Puer, disce sapere. P. What doth this mean, _to be wise_? P. Quid hoc est, _Sapere_? M. To understand rightly, to do rightly, and to speak out rightly all that are necessary. M. Intelligere recte, agere recte, et eloqui recte omnia necessaria. P. Who will teach me this? P. Quis docebit me hoc? M. I, by God’s help. M. Ego, cum DEO. P. How? P. Quomodo? M. I will guide thee thorow all. M. Ducam te per omnia. I will shew thee all. Ostendam tibi omnia. I will name thee all. Nominabo tibi omnia. P. See, here I am; lead me in the name of God. P. En, adsum; duc me in nomine DEI. M. Before all things, thou oughtest to learn the plain _sounds_, of which man’s _speech_ consisteth; M. Ante omnia, debes discere simplices _Sonos_ ex quibus _Sermo_ humanus constat; which _living creatures_ know how _to make_, and thy _Tongue_ knoweth how to _imitate_, and thy _hand_ can _picture out_. quos _Animalia_ sciunt _formare_, & tua _Lingua_ scit _imitari_, & tua _Manus_ potest _pingere_. Afterwards we will go into the _World_, and we will view all things. Postea ibimus Mundum, & spectabimus omnia. Here thou hast a lively and Vocal Alphabet. Hic habes vivum et vocale Alphabetum. [Illustrations] [Transcriber’s Note: Each item has a separate small illustration. Note that the letters of the alphabet refer to the sound, not to the English or Latin word.] _Cornix_ cornicatur, à à The _Crow_ crieth. A a _Agnus_ balat, b è è è The _Lamb_ blaiteth. B b _Cicàda_ stridet, cì cì The _Grasshopper_ chirpeth. C c _Upupa_ dicit, du du The _Whooppoo_ saith. D d _Infans_ ejulat, è è è The _Infant_ crieth. E e _Ventus_ flat, fi fi The _Wind_ bloweth. F f _Anser_ gingrit, ga ga The _Goose_ gagleth. G g _Os_ halat, hà’h hà’h The _Mouth_ breatheth. H h _Mus_ mintrit, ì ì ì The _Mouse_ chirpeth. I i _Anas_ tetrinnit, kha, kha The _Duck_ quaketh. K k _Lupus_ ululat, lu ulu The _Wolf_ howleth. L _Ursus_ murmurat, mum mum The _Bear_ grumbleth. M m _Felis_ clamat, nau nau The _Cat_ crieth. N n _Auriga_ clamat, ò ò ò The _Carter_ crieth. O o _Pullus_ pipit, pi pi The _Chicken_ peepeth. P p _Cúculus_ cuculat, kuk ku The _cuckow_ singeth. Q q _Canis_ ringitur, err The _dog_ grinneth. R r _Serpens_ sibilat, si The _Serpent_ hisseth. S s _Graculus_ clamat, tac tac The _Jay_ crieth. T t _Bubo_ ululat, ù ù The _Owl_ hooteth. U u _Lepus_ vagit, va The _Hare_ squeaketh. W w _Rana_ coaxat, coax The _Frog_ croaketh. X x _Asinus_ rudit, y y y The _Asse_ brayeth. Y y _Tabanus_ dicit, ds ds The _Breeze_ or _Horse-flie_ saith. Z z II. God. Deus. [Illustration] _God_ is of himself from everlasting to everlasting. _Deus_ est ex seipso, ab æterno in æternum. A most perfect and a most blessed _Being_. Perfectissimum & beatissimum _Ens_. In his _Essence_ Spiritual, and One. _Essentiâ_ Spiritualis & unus. In his _Personality_, Three. _Hypostasi_ Trinus. In his _Will_, Holy, Just, Merciful and True. _Voluntate_, Sanctus, Justus, Clemens, Verax. In his _Power_ very great. _Potentiâ_ maximus. In his _Goodness_, very good. _Bonitate_ Optimus. In his _Wisdom_, unmeasurable. _Sapientiâ_, immensus. A _Light_ inaccessible; and yet all in all. _Lux_ inaccessa; & tamen omnia in omnibus. Every where, and no where. Ubique & nullibi. The chiefest _Good_, and the only and inexhausted Fountain of all good things. Summum _Bonum_, et solus et inexhaustus Fons omnium Bonorum. As the _Creator_, so the _Governour_ and _Preserver_ of all things, which we call the _World_. Ut _Creator_, ita _Gubernator_ et _Conservator_ omnium rerum, quas vocamus _Mundum_. III. The World. Mundus. [Illustration] The _Heaven_, 1. hath _Fire_, and _Stars_. _Cœlum_, 1. habet _Ignem_ & _Stellas_. The _Clouds_, 2. hang in the _Air_. _Nubes_, 2. pendent in _Aere_. _Birds_, 3. fly under the Clouds. _Aves_, 3. volant sub nubibus. _Fishes_, 4. swim in the _Water_. _Pisces_, 4. natant in _Aqua_. The _Earth_ hath _Hills_, 5. _Woods_, 6. _Fields_, 7. _Beasts_, 8. and _Men_, 9. _Terra_ habet _Montes_, 5. _Sylvas_, 6. _Campos_, 7. _Animalia_, 8. _Homines_, 9. Thus the greatest _Bodies_ of the World, the four _Elements_, are full of their own Inhabitants. Ita maxima _Corpora_ Mundi, quatuor _Elementa_, sunt plena Habitatoribus suis. IV. The Heaven. Cœlum. [Illustration] _The Heaven_, 1. is wheeled about, and encompasseth the _Earth_, 2. standing in the middle. _Cœlum_, 1. rotatur, & ambit _Terram_, 2. stantem in medio. The _Sun_, 3. wheresoever it is, shineth perpetually, howsoever dark _Clouds_, 4. may take it from us; _Sol_, 3. ubi ubi est, fulget perpetuo, ut ut _densa Nubila_, 4. eripiant eum a nobis; and causeth by his _Rays_, 5. _Light_, and the Light, _Day_. facitque suis _Radiis_, 5. _Lucem_, Lux _Diem_. On the other side, over against it, is _Darkness_, 6. and thence _Night_. Ex opposito, sunt _Tenebræ_, 6. inde _Nox_. In the Night shineth the _Moon_, 7. and the _Stars_, 8. glister and twinkle. Nocte splendet _Luna_, 7. & _Stellæ_, 8. micant, scintillant. In the Evening, 9. is _Twilight_: Vesperi, 9. est _Crepusculum_: In the _Morning_, 10. the breaking, and dawning of the Day. Manè Aurora, 10. & Diluculum. V. Fire. Ignis. [Illustration] The _Fire_ gloweth, burneth and consumeth to ashes. _Ignis_ ardet, urit, cremat. A _spark_ of it struck out of a _Flint_ (or Firestone), 2. by means of a _Steel_, 1. and taken by _Tynder_ in a _Tynder-box_, 3. lighteth a _Match_, 4. _Scintilla_ ejus elisa e _Silice_, (Pyrite) 2. Ope _Chalybis_, 1. et excepta a _Fomite_ in _Suscitabulo_, 3. accendit _Sulphuratum_, 4. and after that a _Candle_, 5. or _stick_, 6. and causeth a _flame_, 7. or _blaze_, 8. which catcheth hold of the Houses. et inde _Candelam_, 5. vel _Lignum_, 6. et excitat _Flammam_, 7. vel _Incendium_, 8. quod corripit Ædificia. _Smoak_, 9. ascendeth therefrom, which, sticking to the _Chimney_, 10. turneth into _Soot_. _Fumus_, 9. ascendit inde, qui, adhærans _Camino_, 10. abit in _Fuliginem_. Of a _Fire-brand_, (or burning stick) is made a _Brand_, 11. (or quenched stick). Ex _Torre_, (ligno ardente,) fit _Titio_, 11. (lignum extinctum.) Of a _hot Coal_ (red hot piece of a Fire-brand) is made a _Coal_, 12. (or a _dead Cinder_). Ex _Pruna_, (candente particulâ Torris,) fit _Carbo_, 12. (_Particula mortua_.) That which remaineth, is at last _Ashes_, 13. and _Embers_ (or hot _Ashes_). Quod remanet, tandem est _Cinis_, 13. & _Favilla_ (ardens _Cinis_.) VI. The Air. Aër. [Illustration] A cool _Air_, 1. breatheth gently. _Aura_, 1. spirat leniter. The _Wind_, 2. bloweth strongly. _Ventus_, 2. flat valide. A _Storm_, 3. throweth down Trees. _Procella_, 3. sternit Arbores. A _Whirl-wind_, 4. turneth it self in a round compass. _Turbo_, 4. agit se in gyrum. A Wind _under Ground_, 5. causeth an _Earthquake_. Ventus _subterraneus_, 5. excitat _Terræ motum_. An Earthquake causeth gapings of the Earth, (and falls of Houses.) 6. Terræ motus facit Labes (& ruinas.) 6. VII. The Water. Aqua. [Illustration] The _Water_ springeth out of a _Fountain_, 1. floweth downwards in a _Brook_, 2. runneth in a _Beck_, 3. _Aqua_ scatet è _Fonte_, 1. defluit in _Torrente_, 2. manat in _Rivo_, 3. standeth in a _Pond_, 4. glideth in a _Stream_, 5. is whirled about in a _Whirl-pit_, 6. and causeth _Fens_, 7. stat in _Stagno_, 4. fluit in _Flumine_, 5. gyratur in _Vortice_, 6. & facit _Paludes_, 7. The _River_ hath _Banks_, 8. Flumen habet _Ripas_. The _Sea_ maketh _Shores_, 9. _Bays_, 10. _Capes_, 11. _Islands_, 12. _Almost Islands_, 13. _Mare_ facit _Littora_, 9. _Sìnus_, 10. _Promontoria_, 11. _Insulas_, 12. _Peninsulas_, 13. _Necks of Land_, 14. _Straights_, 15. and hath in it _Rocks_, 16. _Isthmos_, 14. _Freta_, 15. & habet _Scopulos_, 16. VIII. The Clouds. Nubes. [Illustration] A _Vapour_, 1. ascendeth from the _Water_. _Vapor_, 1. ascendit ex _Aquâ_. From it a _Cloud_, 2. is made, and a _white Mist_, 3. near the Earth. Inde _Nubes_, 2. fit, et _Nebula_, 3. prope terram. _Rain_, 4. and a small _Shower_ distilleth out of a _Cloud_, drop by drop. _Pluvia_, 4. et _Imber_, stillat e _Nube_, guttatim. Which being frozen, is _Hail_, 5. half frozen is _Snow_, 6. being warm is _Mel-dew_. Quæ gelata, _Grando_, 5. semigelata, _Nix_, 6. calefacta, _Rubigo_ est. In a rainy Cloud, set over against the Sun the _Rainbow_, 7. appeareth. In nube pluviosâ, oppositâ soli _Iris_, 7. apparet. A _drop_ falling into the water maketh a _Bubble_, 8. many _Bubbles_ make froth, 9. _Gutta_ incidens in aquam, facit _Bullam_, 8. multæ _Bullæ_ faciunt spumam, 9. Frozen Water is called _Ice_, 10. _Dew_ congealed, is called a _white Frost_. Aqua congelata _Glacies_, 10. _Ros_ congelatus, dicitur _Pruina_. _Thunder_ is made of a brimstone-like _vapour_, which breaking out of a Cloud, with _Lightning_, 11. thundereth and striketh with lightning. _Tonitru_ fit ex _Vapore_ sulphureo, quod erumpens è Nube cum _Fulgure_, 11. tonat & fulminat. IX. The Earth. Terra. [Illustration] In the _Earth_ are high _Mountains_, 1. Deep _Vallies_, 2. _Hills_ rising, 3. In _Terra_ sunt Alti _Montes_, 1. Profundæ _valles_, 2. Elevati Colles, 3. Hollow Caves, 4. Plain _Fields_, 5. Shady _Woods_, 6. cavæ Speluncæ, 4. Plani _campi_, 5. Opacæ Sylvæ, 6. X. The Fruits of the Earth. Terræ Fœtus. [Illustration] A _meadow_, 1. yieldeth _grass_ with _Flowers_ and _Herbs_, which being cut down, are made _Hay_, 2. _Pratum_, 1. fert _Gramina_, cum _Floribus_ & _Herbis_ quæ defecta fiunt _Fænum_, 2. A _Field_, 3. yieldeth _Corn_, and _Pot-herbs_, 4. _Arvum_, 3. fert _Fruges_, & _Olera_, 4. _Mushrooms_, 5. _Straw-berries_, 6. _Myrtle-trees_, &c. _come up_ in Woods. _Fungi_, 5. _Fraga_, 6. _Myrtilli_, &c. _Proveniunt_ in Sylvis. _Metals_, _Stones_, and _Minerals_ grow _under the earth_. _Metalla_, _Lapides_, _Mineralia_, _nascuntur sub terra_. XI. Metals. Metalla. [Illustration] _Lead_, 1. is soft, and heavy. _Plumbum_, 1. est molle & grave. _Iron_, 2. is hard, and _Steel_, 3. harder. _Ferrum_, 2. est durum, & _Calybs_, 3. durior. They make _Tankards_ (or _Cans_), 4. of _Tin_. _Kettles_, 5. of _Copper_, _Candlesticks_, 6. of _Latin_, Faciunt _Cantharos_, 4. e _Stanno_. _Ahena_, 5, e _Cupro_, _Candelabra_, 6. ex _Orichalco_, _Dollers_, 7. of _Silver_, _Ducats_ and _Crown-pieces_, 8. of Gold. _Thaleros_, 7. ex _Argento_, _Scutatos_ et _Coronatos_, 8. Ex, _Auro_. _Quick-silver_ is always liquid, and eateth thorow _Metals_. _Argentum Vivum_, semper liquet, & corrodit _Metalla_. XII. Stones. Lapides. [Illustration] _Sand_, 1. and _Gravel_, 2. is _Stone_ broken into bits. _Arena_, 1. & _Sabulum_, 2. est _Lapis_ comminutus. A _great Stone_, 3. is a piece of a _Rock_ (or Crag) 4. _Saxum_, 3. est pars _Petræ_ (Cautis) 4. A _Whetstone_, 5. a _Flint_, 6. a _Marble_, 7. &c. are ordinary Stones. _Cos_, 5. _Silex_, 6. _Marmor_, 7. &c. sunt obscuri Lapides. A _Load-stone_, 8. draweth Iron to it. _Magnes_, 8. adtrahit ferrum. _Jewels_, 9. are clear Stones, as _Gemmæ_, 9. sunt pellucidi Lapilli, The _Diamond_ white ut _Adamas_ candidus, The _Ruby_ red, _Rubinus_ rubeus, The _Sapphire_ blue, _Sapphirus_ cæruleus, The _Emerald_ green, _Smaragdus_ viridis, The _Jacinth_ yellow, &c. _Hyacynthus_ luteus, &c. And they glister being cut into corners. et micant angulati. _Pearls_ and _Unions_, 10. grow in Shell-fish. _Margaritæ_ & _Uniones_, 10. crescunt in Conchis. _Corals_, 11. in a Sea-shrub. _Corallia_, 11. in Marinâ arbusculâ. _Amber_, 12. is gathered from the Sea. _Succinum_, 12. colligitur è mari. _Glass_, 13, is like _Chrystal_. _Vitrum_, 13. simile est _Chrystallo_. XIII. Tree. Arbor. [Illustration] A _Plant_, 1. groweth from a _Seed_. _Planta_, 1. procrescit e _Semine_. A plant waxeth to a _Shoot_, 2. Planta abit in _Fruticem_, 2. A _Shoot_ to a _Tree_, 3. _Frutex_ in _Arborem_, 3. The _Root_, 4. beareth up the Tree. _Radix_, 4. Sustentat arborem. The _Body_ or _Stem_, 5. riseth from the Root. _Stirps_ (_Stemma_) 5. Surgit e radice. The _Stem_ divideth it self into _Boughs_, 6. and green _Branches_, 7. made of _Leaves_, 8. _Stirps_ se dividit in _Ramos_, 6. & _Frondes_, 7. factas e _Foliis_, 8. The _top_, 9. is in the height. _Cacumen_, 9. est in summo. The _Stock_, 10. is close to the roots. _Truncus_, 10. adhærat radicibus. A _Log_, 11. is the body fell’d down without Boughs; having _Bark_ and _Rind_, 12. _Pith_ and _Heart_, 13. _Caudex_, 11. est Stipes dejectus, sine ramis; habens _Corticem_ & _Librum_, 12. _pulpam_ & _medullam_, 13. _Bird-lime_, 14. groweth upon the boughs, which also sweat _Gumm_, _Rosin_, _Pitch_, &c. _Viscum_, 14. adnascitur _ramis_, qui etiam sudant, _Gummi_, _Resinam_, _Picem_, &c. XIV. Fruits of Trees. Fructus Arborum. [Illustration] _Fruits_ that have no shells are pull’d from fruit-bearing trees. _Poma_ decerpuntur, a fructiferis arboribus. The _Apple_, 1. is round. _Malum_, 1. est rotundum. The _Pear_, 2. and _Fig_, 3. are something long. _Pyrum_, 2. & _Ficus_, 3. sunt oblonga. The _Cherry_, 4. hangeth by a long start. _Cerasum_, 4. pendet longo _Pediolo_. The _Plumb_, 5. and _Peach_, 6. by a shorter. _Prunum_, 5. & _Persicum_, 6. breviori. The _Mulberry_, 7. by a very short one. _Morum_, 7. brevissimo. The _Wall-nut_, 8. the _Hazel-nut_, 9. and _Chest-nut_, 10. are wrapped in a _husk_ and a _Shell_. _Nux Juglans_, 8. _Avellana_, 9. & _Castanea_, 10. involuta sunt _Cortici_ & _Putamini_. Barren trees are 11. The _Firr_, the _Alder_, The _Birch_, the _Cypress_, The _Beech_, the _Ash_, Steriles arbores sunt 11. _Abies_, _Alnus_, _Betula_, _Cupressus_, _Fagus_, _Fraxinus_, The _Sallow_, the _Linden-tree_, &c., but most of them affording shade. _Salix_, _Tilia_, &c. sed pleræque umbriferæ. But the _Juniper_, 12. and _Bay-tree_, 13. yield _Berries_. At _Juniperus_, 12. & _Laurus_, 13. ferunt _Baccas_. The _Pine_, 14. _Pine-apples_. _Pinus_, 14. _Strobilos_. The _Oak_, 15. _Acorns_ and _Galls_. _Quercus_, 15. _Glandes_ & _Gallas_. XV. Flowers. Flores. [Illustration] Amongst the Flowers the most noted, Inter flores notissimi, In the beginning of the Spring are the _Violet_, 1. the _Crow-toes_, 2. the _Daffodil_, 3. Primo vere, _Viola_, 1. _Hyacinthus_, 2. _Narcissus_, 3. Then the _Lillies_, 4. white and yellow and blew, 5. and the _Rose_, 6. and the _Clove-gilliflowers_, 7. &c. Tum _Lilia_, 4. alba & lutea, & cœrulea, 5. tandem _Rosa_, 6. & _Caryophillum_, 7. &c. Of these _Garlands_, 8. and _Nosegays_, 9. are tyed round with twigs. Ex his _Serta_, 8. & _Serviæ_, 9. vientur. There are added also _sweet herbs_, 10. as _Marjoram_, _Flower gentle_, _Rue_, _Lavender_, _Rosemary_. Adduntur etiam _Herbæ odoratæ_, 10. ut _Amaracus_, _Amaranthus_, _Ruta_, _Lavendula_, _Rosmarinus_, (Libanotis). _Hysop_, _Spike_, _Basil_, _Sage_, _Mints_, &c. _Hypossus_, _Nard_, _Ocymum_, _Salvia_, _Menta_, &c. Amongst Field-flowers, 11. the most noted are the _May-lillie_, _Germander_, the _Blew-Bottle_, _Chamomel_, &c. Inter Campestres Flores, 11. notissimi sunt _Lilium Convallium_, _Chamædrys_, _Cyanus_, _Chamæmelum_, &c. And amongst Herbs, _Trefoil_. _Wormwood_, _Sorrel_, the _Nettle_, &c. Et Herbæ, _Cytisus_ (Trifolium) _Absinthium_, _Acetosa_, _Urtica_, &c. The _Tulip_, 12. is the grace of flowers, but affording no smell. _Tulipa_, 12. est decus Florum, sed expers odoris. XVI. Potherbs. Olera. [Illustration] _Pot-herbs_ grow in Gardens, as _Lettice_, 1. _Colewort_, 2. _Onions_, 3. _Garlick_, 4. _Gourd_, 5. _Olera_ nascuntur in hortis, ut _Lactuca_, 1. _Brassica_, 2. _Cepa_, 3. _Allium_, 4. _Cucurbita_, 5. The _Parsnep_, 6. The _Turnep_, 7. The _Radish_, 8. _Horse-radish_, 9. _Siser_, 6. _Rapa_, 7. _Raphanus minor_, 8. _Raphanus major_, 9. _Parsly_, 10. _Cucumbers_, 11. and _Pompions_, 12. _Petroselinum_, 10. _Cucumeres_, 11. _Pepones_, 12. XVII. Corn. Fruges. [Illustration] Some _Corn_ grows upon a _straw_, parted by _knots_, _Frumenta_ quædam crescunt super _culmum_, distinctum _geniculis_, as _Wheat_, 1. _Rie_, 2, _Barley_, 3. in which the _Ear_ hath _awnes_, ut, _Triticum_, 1. _Siligo_, 2. _Hordeum_, 3. in quibus _Spica_ habet _Aristas_, or else it is without awnes, and it nourisheth the _Corn_ in the _Husk_. aut est mutica, fovetque _grana_ in _gluma_. Some instead of an ear, have a _rizom_ (or plume) containing the corn by bunches, as _Oats_, 4. _Millet_, 5. _Turkey-wheat_, 6. Quædam pro Spica, habent _Paniculam_, continentem grana fasciatim, ut, _Avena_, 4. _Milium_, 5. _Frumentum Saracenicum_, 6. _Pulse_ have _Cods_, which enclose the corns in two _Shales_, _Legumina_ habent _Siliquas_, quæ includunt grana _valvulis_, as _Pease_, 7. _Beans_, 8. _Vetches_, 9. and those that are less than these _Lentils_ and _Urles_ (or Tares). ut, _Pisum_, 7. _Fabæ_, 8. _Vicia_, 9. & minores his _Lentes_ & _Cicera_. XVIII. Shrubs. Frutices. [Illustration] A plant being greater, and harder than an herb, is called a _Shrub_: such as are Planta major & durior herba, dicitur _Frutex_: ut sunt In Banks and Ponds, the _Rush_, 1. the _Bulrush_, 2. or Cane without knots In ripis & stagnis, _Juncus_, 1. _Scirpus_, 2. [Canna] _enodis_ bearing _Cats-tails_, and the _Reed_, 3. which is knotty and hollow within. ferens _Typhos_, & _Arundo_, 3. nodosa et cava intus. Elsewhere, 4. the _Rose_, the _Bastard-Corinths_, the _Elder_, the _Juniper_. Alibi, 4. _Rosa_, _Ribes_, _Sambucus_, _Juniperus_, Also the _Vine_, 5. which putteth forth _branches_, 6. and these _tendrels_, 7. Item _Vitis_, 5. quæ emittit _Palmites_, 6. et hi _Capreolos_, 7. _Vine-leaves_, 8. and Bunches of grapes, 9. on the stock whereof hang _Grapes_, which contain _Grape-stones_. _Pampinos_, 8. et _Racemos_, 9. quorum Scapo pendent _Uvæ_, continentes _Acinos_. XIX. Living-Creatures: and First, Birds. Animalia: & primum, Aves [Illustration] A _living Creature_ liveth, perceiveth, moveth it self; is born, dieth, is nourished, and groweth: standeth, or sitteth, or lieth, or goeth. _Animal_ vivit, sentit, movet se; nascitur, moritur, nutritur, & crescit; stat, aut sedet, aut cubat, aut graditur. A _Bird_, (here the King’s _Fisher_, 1. making her nest in the Sea.) _Avis_, (hic _Halcyon_, 1. in mari nidulans.) is covered with _Feathers_, 2. flyeth with _Wings_, 3. hath two _Pinions_, 4. as many _Feet_, 5. a _Tail_, 6. and a _Bill_, 7. tegitur _Plumis_, 2. volat _Pennis_, 3. habet duas _Alas_, 4. totidem _Pedes_, 5. _Caudam_, 6. & _Rostrum_, 7. The _Shee_, 8. _layeth_ Eggs, 10. in a nest, 9. and sitting upon them, hatcheth _young ones_, 11. _Fæmella_, 8. _ponit_ Ova, 10. in nido, 9. et incubans iis, excludit _Pullos_, 11. An _Egg_ is cover’d with a _Shell_, 12. under which is the _White_, 13. in this the _Yolk_, 14. _Ovum_ tegitur _testa_, 12. sub qua est _Albumen_, 13. in hoc _Vitellus_, 14. XX. Tame Fowls. Aves Domesticæ. [Illustration] The _Cock_, 1. (which croweth in the Morning.) hath a _Comb_, 2. and _Spurs_, 3. _Gallus_, 1. (qui cantat mane.) habet _Cristam_, 2. & _Calcaria_, 3. being gelded, he is called a _Capon_, and is crammed in a _Coop_, 4. castratus dicitur _Capo_ & saginatur in _Ornithotrophico_, 4. A _Hen_, 5. scrapeth the _Dunghil_, and picketh up Corns: _Gallina_, 5. ruspatur _fimetum_, & colligit grana: as also the _Pigeons_, 6. (which are brought up in a _Pigeon-house_, 7.) and the _Turkey-cock_, 8. with his _Turkey-hen_, 9. sicut & _Columbæ_, 6, (quæ educantur in _Columbario_, 7.) & _Gallopavus_, 8. cum sua _Meleagride_, 9. The gay _Peacock_, 10. prideth in his Feathers. Formosus _Pavo_, 10. superbit pennis. The _Stork_, 11. buildeth her nest on the top of the House. _Ciconia_, 11. nidificat in tecto. The _Swallow_, 12. the _Sparrow_, 13. the _Mag-pie_, 14. the _Jackdaw_, 15. _Hirundo_, 12. _Passer_, 13. _Pica_, 14. _Monedula_, 15. and the _Bat_, 16. (or Flettermouse) use to flie about Houses. & _Vespertilio_, 16. (Mus alatus) volitant circa Domus. XXI. Singing-Birds. Oscines. [Illustration] The _Nightingal_, 1. singeth the sweetlyest of all. _Luscinia_ (_Philomela_), 1. cantat suavissime omnium. The _Lark_, 2. singeth as she flyeth in the Air. _Alauda_, 2. cantillat volitans in aere; The _Quail_, 3. sitting on the ground; _Coturnix_, 3. sedens humi; others on the boughs of trees, 4. as the _Canary-bird_, the _Chaffinch_, the _Goldfinch_, Cæteræ, in ramis arborum, 4. ut _Luteola_ peregrina. _Fringilla_, _Carduelis_, the _Siskin_, the _Linnet_, the little _Titmouse_, the _Wood-wall_, the _Robin-red-breast_, the _Hedge-sparrow_, &c. _Acanthis_, _Linaria_, parvus _Parus_, _Galgulus_, _Rubecula_, _Curruca_, &c. The party colour’d _Parret_, 5. the _Black-bird_, 6. the _Stare_, 7. with the _Mag-pie_ and the _Jay_, learn to frame men’s words. Discolor _Psittacus_, 5. _Merula_, 6. _Sturnus_, 7. cum _Pica_, & _Monedula_, discunt humanas voces formare A great many are wont to be shut in _Cages_, 8. Pleræque solent includi _Caveis_, 8. XXII. Birds that haunt the Fields and Woods. Aves Campestres & Sylvestres [Illustration] The _Ostrich_, 1. is the greatest Bird. _Struthio_, 1. ales est maximus. The _Wren_, 2. is the least. _Regulus_, 2. (Trochilus) minimus. The _Owl_, 3. is the most despicable. _Noctua_, 3. despicatissimus. The _Whoopoo_, 4. is the most nasty, for it eateth dung. _Upupa_, 4. sordidissimus, vescitur enim stercoribus. The _Bird of Paradise_, 5. is very rare. _Manucodiata_, 5. rarissimus. The _Pheasant_, 6. the _Bustard_, 7. the deaf wild _Peacock_, 8. _Phasianus_, 6. _Tarda_ (Otis), 7. surdus, _Tetrao_, 8. the _Moor-hen_, 9. the _Partrige_, 10. the _Woodcock_, 11. and the _Thrush_, 12. are counted Dainties. _Attagen_, 9. _Perdix_, 10. _Gallinago_ (Rusticola), 11. & _Turdus_, 12, habentur in deliciis. Among the rest, the best are, the watchful _Crane_, 13. the mournful _Turtle_, 14. Inter reliquas, potissimæ sunt, _Grus_ 13. pervigil. _Turtur_, 14. gemens. the _Cuckow_, 15. the _Stock-dove_, the _Speight_, the _Jay_, the _Crow_, &c., 16. _Cuculus_, 15. _Palumbes_, _Picus_, _Garrulus_, _Cornix_, &c., 16. XXIII. Ravenous Birds. Aves Rapaces. [Illustration] The _Eagle_, 1. the King of Birds looketh upon the Sun, _Aquila_, 1. Rex Avium, intuetur Solem. The _Vulture_, 2. and the _Raven_, 3. feed upon _Carrion_. _Vultur_, 2. & _Corvus_, 3. pascuntur _morticinis_, [cadaveribus.] The _Kite_, 4. pursueth Chickens. _Milvus_, 4. insectatur pullos gallinaceos. The _Falcon_, 5. the _Hobbie_, 6. and the _Hawk_, 7. catch at little Birds. _Falco_, 5, _Nisus_, 6. & _Accipiter_, 7. captant aviculas. The _Gerfalcon_, 8. catcheth Pigeons and greater Birds. _Astur_, 8. captat columbas & aves majores. XXIV. Water-Fowl. Aves Aquaticæ. [Illustration] The white _Swan_, 1. the _Goose_, 2. and the _Duck_, 3. swim up and down. _Oler_, 1. candidus, _Anser_, 2. & _Anas_, 3. natant. The _Cormorant_, 4. diveth. _Mergus_, 4. se mergit. Add to these the water-hen, and the _Pelican_, &c., 10. Adde his Fulicam, _Pelecanum_, &c., 10. The _Osprey_, 5. and the _Sea-mew_, 6. flying downwards use to catch Fish, but the _Heron_, 7. standing on the Banks. _Haliæetus_, 5. & _Gavia_, 6. devolantes, captant pisces, sed _Ardea_, 7. stans in ripis. The _Bittern_, 8. putteth his Bill in the water, and belloweth like an Ox. _Butio_, 8. inferit rostrum aquæ, & mugit ut bos. The _Water-wagtail_, 9. waggeth the tail. _Motacilla_, 9. motat caudam. XXV. Flying Vermin. Insecta volantia. [Illustration] The _Bee_, 1. maketh honey which the _Drone_, 2. devoureth. _Apis_, 1. facit mel quod _Fucus_, 2. depascit The _Wasp_, 3. and the _Hornet_, 4. molest with a sting; _Vespa_, 3. & _Crabro_, 4. infestant oculeo; and the _Gad-Bee_ (or Breese), 5. especially _Cattel_; but the _Fly_, 6. and the _Gnat_, 7. us. & _Oestrum_ (Asilus), 5. imprimis _pecus_. autem _Musca_, 6. & _Culex_, 7. nos. The _Cricket_, 8. singeth. _Gryllus_, 8. _cantillat_. The _Butterfly_, 9. is a winged _Caterpillar_. _Papillio_, 9. est alata _Eruca_. The _Beetle_, 10. covereth her wings with _Cases_. _Scarabæus_, 10. tegit alas _vaginis_. The _Glow-worm_, 11. shineth by night. _Cicindela_ [Lampyris], 11. nitet noctu. XXVI. Four-Footed Beasts: and First those about the House. Quadrupeda: & primum Domestica. [Illustration] The _Dog_, 1. with the _Whelp_, 2. is keeper of the House. _Canis_, 1. cum _Catello_, 2. est custos Domûs. The _Cat_, 3. riddeth the House of _Mice_, 4. which also a _Mouse-trap_, 5. doth. _Felis_ (Catus) 3. purgat domum à _Muribus_, 4. quod etiam _Muscipula_, 5. facit. A _Squirrel_, 6. The _Ape_, 7. and the _Monkey_, 8. are kept at home for delight. _Sciurus_, 6. _Simia_, 7. & _Cercopithecus_, 8. habentur domi delectamento. The _Dormouse_, 9. and other greater Mice, 10. as, the _Weesel_, the _Marten_, and the _Ferret_, trouble the House, _Glis_, 9. & cæteri Mures majores, 10. ut, _Mustela_, _Martes_, _Viverra_, infestant domum. XXVII. Herd-Cattle. Pecora. [Illustration] The _Bull_, 1. the _Cow_, 2. and the _Calf_, 3. are covered with hair. _Taurus_, 1. _Vacca_, 2. & _Vitulus_, 3. teguntur pilis. The _Ram_, the _Weather_, 4. the _Ewe_, 5. and the _Lamb_, 6. bear wool. _Aries_, _Vervex_, 4. _Ovis_, 5. cum _Agno_, 6. gestant lanam. The _He-goat_, the _Gelt-goat_, 7. with the _She-goat_, 8. and _Kid_, 9. have _shag-hair_ and _beards_. _Hircus_, _Caper_, 7. cum _Capra_, 8. & _Hædo_, 9. habent. _Villos_ & _aruncos_. The _Hog_, the _Sow_, 10. and the _Pigs_, 11. have _bristles_, but not _horns_; but also _cloven feet_ as those others (have.) _Porcus_, _Scrofa_, 10. cum _Porcellis_, 11. habent _Setas_, at non _Cornua_; sed etiam _Ungulas bisulcas_ ut illa. XXVIII. Labouring-Beasts. Jumenta. [Illustration] The _Ass_, 1. and the _Mule_, 2. carry burthens. _Asinus_, 1. & _Mulus_, 2. gestant Onera. The _Horse_, 3. (which a _Mane_, 4. graceth) carryeth us. _Equus_, 3. (quam _Juba_, 4. ornat) gestat nos ipsos. The _Camel_, 5. carryeth the Merchant with his Ware. _Camelus_, 5. gestat Mercatorem cum mercibus suis. The _Elephant_, 6. draweth his meat to him with his _Trunk_, 7. _Elephas_, (Barrus) 6. attrahit pabulum _Proboscide_, 7. He hath two _Teeth_, 8. standing out, and is able to carry full thirty men. Habet duos _dentes_, 8. prominentes, & potest portare etiam triginta viros. XXIX. Wild-Cattle. Feræ Pecudes. [Illustration] The _Buff_, 1. and the _Buffal_, 2. are wild Bulls. _Urus_, 1. & _Bubalus_, 2. sunt feri Boves. The _Elke_, 3. being bigger than an Horse (whose back is impenetrable) hath knaggy horns as also the _Hart_, 4. _Alces_, 3. major equo (cujus tergus est impenetrabilis) habet ramosa cornua: ut & _Cervus_, 4. but the _Roe_, 5. and the _Hind-calf_, almost none. Sed _Caprea_, 5. cum _Hinnulo_, ferè nulla. The _Stone-back_, 6. huge great ones. _Capricornus_, 6. prægrandia; The _Wild-goat_, 7. hath very little ones, by which she hangeth her self on a Rock. _Rupicapra_, 7. minuta, quibus suspendit se ad rupem. The _Unicorn_, 8. hath but one, but that a precious one. _Monoceros_, 8. habet unum, sed pretiosum. The _Boar_, 9. assaileth one with his tushes. _Aper_, 9. grassatur dentibus. The _Hare_, 10. is fearful. _Lepus_, 10. pavet. The _Cony_, 11. diggeth the Earth. _Cuniculus_, 11. perfodit terram; As also the _Mole_, 12. which maketh hillocks. Ut & _Talpa_, 12. quæ facit grumos. XXX. Wild-Beasts. Feræ Bestiæ. [Illustration] _Wild Beasts_ have sharp paws, and teeth, and are flesh eaters. _Bestiæ_ habent acutos ungues, & dentes, suntque carnivoræ, As the _Lyon_, 1. the King of four-footed Beasts, having a mane; with the _Lioness_. Ut _Leo_, 1. Rex quadrupedum, jubatus; cum _Leænâ_. The spotted _Panther_, 2. Maculosus, _Pardo_ (Panthera) 2. The _Tyger_, 3. the cruellest of all. _Tygris_, 3. immanissima omnium. The Shaggy _Bear_, 4. Villosus _Ursus_, 4. The ravenous _Wolf_, 5. Rapax _Lupus_, 5. The quick sighted _Ounce_, 6. _Lynx_, 6. visu pollens, The tayled _fox_, 7. the craftiest of all. Caudata _Vulpes_, 7. astutissima _omnium_. The _Hedge-hog_, 8. is prickly. _Erinaceus_, 8. est aculeatus. The _Badger_, 9. delighteth in holes. _Melis_, 9. gaudet latebris. XXXI. Serpents and Creeping things. Serpentes & Reptilia. [Illustration] _Snakes_ creep by winding themselves; _Angues_ repunt sinuando se; The _Adder_, 1. in the wood; _Coluber_, 1. in Sylvâ; The _Water-snake_, 2. in the water; _Natrix_, (hydra) 2. in Aquâ; The _Viper_, 3. amongst great stones. _Vipera_, 3. in saxis; The _Asp_, 4. in the fields. _Aspis_, 4, in campis. The _Boa_, (or Mild-snake) 5. in Houses. _Boa_, 5. in Domibus. The _Slow-worm_, 6. is blind. _Cæcilia_, 6. est cœca. The _Lizzard_, 7. and the _Salamander_, 8. (that liveth long in fire) have feet. _Lacerta_, 7. _Salamandra_, 8. (in igne vivax,) habent pedes. The _Dragon_, 9. _a winged Serpent_, killeth with his Breath. _Draco_, 9. _Serpens alatus_, necat halitu. The _Basilisk_, 10. with his Eyes; _Basiliscus_, 10. Oculis; And the _Scorpion_, 11. with his poysonous tail. _Scorpio_, 11. venenatâ caudâ. XXXII. Crawling-Vermin. Insecta repentia. [Illustration] _Worms_ gnaw _things_. _Vermes_, rodunt _res_. The _Earth-worm_, 1. the Earth. _Lumbricus_, 1. terram. The _Caterpillar_, 2. the Plant. _Eruca_, 2. plantam. The _Grashopper_, 3. the Fruits. _Cicada_, 3. Fruges. The _Mite_, 4. the Corn. _Circulio_, 4. Frumenta. The _Timber-worm_, 5. Wood. _Teredo_, (cossis) 5. Ligna. The _Moth_, 6. a garment. _Tinea_, 6. vestem. The _Book-worm_, 7. a Book. _Blatta_, 7. Librum. _Maggots_, 8. Flesh and Cheese. _Termites_, 8. carnem & caseum. _Hand-worms_, the Hair. _Acari_, Capillum. The skipping _Flea_, 9. the _Lowse_, 10. and the stinking _Wall-louse_, 11. bite us. Saltans _Pulex_, 9. _Pediculus_, 10. fœtans _Cimex_, 11. mordent nos. The _Tike_, 12. is a blood-sucker. _Ricinus_, 12. sanguisugus est. The _Silk-worm_, 13. maketh silk. _Bombyx_, 13. facit sericum. The _Pismire_, 14. is painful. _Formica_, 14. est laboriosa. The _Spider_, 15. weaveth a Cobweb, nets for flies. _Aranea_, 15. texit Araneum, retia muscis. The _Snail_, 16. carrieth about her Snail-horn. _Cochlea_, 16. circumfert testam. XXXIII. Creatures that live as well by Water as by Land. Amphibia. [Illustration] Creatures that live by land and by water, are Viventia in terrâ & aquâ, sunt The _Crocodile_, 1. a cruel and preying Beast of the River _Nilus_; _Crocodilus_, 1. immanis & prædatrix bestia _Nili_ fluminis; The _Castor_ or _Beaver_, 2. having feet like a Goose, and a scaly tail to swim. _Castor_, (Fiber) 2. habens pedes anserinos & squameam Caudam ad natandum. The _Otter_, 3. _Lutra_, 3. The croaking _Frog_, 4. with the _Toad_. & coaxans _Rana_, 4. cum _Bufone_. The _Tortoise_, 5. covered above and beneath with shells, as with a target. _Testudo_, 5. Operta & infra, testis, ceu scuto. XXXIV. River Fish and Pond Fish. Pisces Fluviatiles & Lacustres. [Illustration] A _Fish_ hath _Fins_, 1. with which it swimmeth, and _Gills_, 2. by which it taketh breath, _Piscis_ habet _Pinnas_, 1. quibus natat; & _Branchias_, 2. quibus respirat; and _Prickles_ instead of bones: besides the _Male_ hath a _Milt_, and the _Female_ a _Row_. & _Spinas_ loco ossium: præterea, _Mas Lactes_, _Fœmina Ova_. Some have _Scales_. as the _Carp_, 3. and the _Luce_ or _Pike_, 4. Quidam habent _Squamas_, ut _Carpio_, 3. _Lucius_, (Lupus) 4. Some are sleek as the _Eel_, 5. and the _Lamprey_, 6. Alii sunt glabri, ut, _Anguilla_, 5. _Mustela_, 6. The _Sturgeon_, 7. having a sharp snout, groweth beyond the length of a Man. _Accipenser_ (Sturio), 7. mucronatus, crescit ultra longitudinem viri. The _Sheath-fish_, 8. having wide Cheeks, is bigger than he: _Silurus_, 8. bucculentus, major illo est: But the greatest, is the _Huson_, 9. Sed maximus _Antaseus_ (Huso,) 9. _Minews_, 10. swimming by shoals, are the least. _Apuæ_, 10. natantes gregatim, sunt minutissimæ. Others of this sort are the _Perch_, the _Bley_, the _Barbel_, Alii hujus generis sunt _Perca_, _Alburnus_, _Mullus_, (Barbus) the _Esch_, the _Trout_, the _Gudgeon_, and _Trench_, 11. _Thymallus_, _Trutta_, _Gobius_, _Tinca_, 11. The _Crab-fish_, 12. is covered with a shell, and it hath _Claws_, and crawleth forwards and backwards. _Cancer_, 12. tegitur crusta, habetque _chelas_, & graditur porro & retrò. The _Horse-leech_, 13. sucketh blood. _Hirudo_, 13. sugit sanguinem. XXXV. Sea-fish, and Shell-fish. Marini pisces & Conchæ. [Illustration] The _Whale_, 1. is the greatest of the Sea-fish. _Balæna_, (Cetus) 1. maximus Piscium marinorum. The _Dolphin_, 2. the swiftest. _Delphinus_, 2. velocissimus. The _Scate_, 3. the most monstrous. _Raia_, 3. monstrosissimus. Others are the _Lamprel_, 4. the _Salmon_, or the _Lax_, 5. Alii sunt _Murænula_, 4. _Salmo_, (Esox) 5. There are also fish that flie, 6. Dantur etiam volatiles, 6. Add _Herrings_, 7. which are brought pickled, and _Place_, 8. and _Cods_, 9. which are brought dry; Adde _Haleces_, 7. qui salsi, & _Passeres_, 8. cum _Asellis_, 9. qui adferuntur arefacti; and the Sea monsters, the _Seal_. 10. and the _Sea-horse_, &c. & monstra marina, _Phocam_, 10. _Hippopotamum_, &c. _Shell-fish_, 11. have Shells. _Concha_, 11. habet testas, The _Oyster_, 12. affordeth sweet meat. _Ostrea_, 12. dat sapidam carnem. The _Purple-fish_, 13. purple; _Murex_, 13. purpuram; The others, Pearls, 14. _Alii_, 14. Margaritas. XXXVI. Man. Homo. [Illustration] _Adam_, 1. the first Man, was made by God after his own Image the sixth day of the Creation, of a lump of Earth. _Adamus_, 1. primus Homo, formatus est a Deo ad Imaginem suam sextâ die Creationis, e Gleba Terræ. And _Eve_, 2. the first Woman, was made of the Rib of the Man. Et _Eva_, 2. prima mulier, formata est e costâ viri. These, being tempted by the _Devil_ under the shape of a _Serpent_, 3. when they had eaten of the fruit of the _forbidden Tree_, 4. Hi, seducti à _Diabolo_ sub specie _Serpentis_, 3. cum comederent de fructu _vetitæ arboris_, 4. were condemned, 5. to misery and death, with all their posterity, and cast out of _Paradise_, 6. damnati sunt, 5. ad miseriam & mortem, cum omni posteritate sua, & ejecti e _Paradiso_ 6. XXXVII. The Seven Ages of Man. Septem Ætates Hominis. [Illustration] A _Man_ is first an _Infant_, 1. then a _Boy_, 2. then a _Youth_, 3. then a _Young-man_, 4. inde _Juvenis_, 4. _Homo_ est primum _Infans,_ 1. deinde _Puer_, 2. tum _Adolescens_, 3. then a _Man_, 5. after that an _Elderly-man_, 6. and at last, a _decrepid old man_, 7. posteà _Vir_, 5. dehinc _Senex_, 6. tandem _Silicernium_, 7. So also in the other _Sex_, there are, a _Girl_, 8. A _Damosel_, 9. a _Maid_, 10. Sic etiam in altero _Sexu_, sunt, _Pupa_, 8. _Puella_, 9. _Virgo_, 10. A _Woman_, 11. an _elderly Woman_, 12. and a _decrepid old Woman_, 13. _Mulier_, 11. _Vetula_, 12. _Anus decrepita_, 13. XXXVIII. The Outward Parts of a Man. Membra Hominis Externa. [Illustration] The _Head_, 1. is above, the _Feet_, 20. below. _Caput_, 1. est supra, infra _Pedes_, 20. the fore part of the Neck (which ends at the _Arm-holes_, 2.) is the _Throat_, 3. the hinder part, the _Crag_, 4. Anterior pars Colli (quod desit in _Axillas_, 2.) est _Jugulum_, 3. posterior _Cervix_, 4. The _Breast_, 5, is before; the _back_, 6, behind; Women have in it two _Dugs_, 7. with _Nipples_, _Pectus_, 5. est ante; _Dorsum_, 6. retro; Fœeminis sunt in illo binæ _Mammæ_, 7. cum _Papillis_. Under the Breast is the _Belly_, 9. in the middle of it the _Navel_, 10. underneath the _Groyn_, 11. and the _privities_. Sub pectore est _Venter_, 9. in ejus medio, _Umbelicus_, 10. subtus _Inguen_, 11. & _pudenda_. The _Shoulder-blades_, 12. are behind the back, on which the _Shoulders_ depend, 13. _Scapulæ_, 12. sunt a tergo, â quibus pendent _humeri_, 13. on these the _Arms_, 14. with the _Elbow_, 15. and then on either side the _Hands_, the _right_, 8. and the _left_, 16. ab his _Brachia_, 14. cum _Cubito_, 15. inde ad utrumque Latus, _Manus_, _Dextera_, 8. & _Sinistra_, 16. The _Loyns_ are next the Shoulders, with the _Hips_, 18. and in the _Breech_, the _Buttocks_, 19. _Lumbi_, 17. excipiunt Humeros, cum _Coxis_, 18. & _in Podice_, (culo) _Nates_, 19. These make the _Foot_; the _Thigh_, 21. then the _Leg_, 23. (the _Knee_, being betwixt them, 22.) Absolvunt Pedem; _Femur_, 21. tum _Crus_, 23. _(Genu_, 22. intermedio.) in which is the _Calf_, 24. with the _Shin_, 25. then the _Ankles_, 26. in quo _Sura_, 24. cum _Tilia_, 25. abhinc _Tali_, 26. the _Heel_, 27. and the _Sole_, 28. in the very end, the great _Toe_, 29. with four (other) _Toes_. _Calx_, (Calcaneum) 27. & _Solum_, 28. in extremo _Hallux_, 29. cum quatuor _Digitis_. XXXIX. The Head and the Hand. Caput & Manus. [Illustration] In the _Head_ are the _Hair_, 1. (which is combed with a _Comb_, 2.) two _Ears_, 3. the _Temples_, 4. and the _Face_, 5. In _Capite_ sunt _Capillus_, 1. (qui pectitur _Pectine_, 2.) _Aures_, 3. binæ, & _Tempora_, 4. _Facies_, 5. In the Face are the _Fore-head_, 6. both the _Eyes_, 7. the _Nose_, 8. (with two _Nostrils_) In facie sunt _Frons_, 6. _Oculus_, 7. uterque, _Nasus_, 8. (cum duabus _Naribus_) the _Mouth_, 9. the _Cheeks_, 10. and the _Chin_, 13. _Os_, 9. _Genæ_, (Malæ) 10. & _Mentum_, 13. The _Mouth_ is fenced with a _Mustacho_, 11. and _Lips_, 12. A _Tongue_ and a _Palate_, and _Teeth_, 16. in the _Cheek-bone_. Os septum est _Mystace_, 11. & _Labiis_, 12. _Lingua_ cum _Palato_, _Dentibus_, 16. in _Maxilla_. A Man’s Chin is covered with a _Beard_, 14. Mentum virile tegitur _Barba_, 14. and the Eye (in which is the _White_ and the _Apple_) with _eye-lids_, and an _eye-brow_, 15. Oculos vero (in quo _Albugo_ & _Pupilla_) _palpæbris_, & _supercilio_, 15. The _Hand_ being closed is a _Fist_, 17. being open is a _Palm_, 18. in the midst, is the _hollow_, 19. of the Hand. _Manus_ contracta, _Pugnus_, 17. est aperta, _Palma_, 18. in medio _Vola_, 19. the extremity is the _Thumb_, 20. with four _Fingers_, the _Fore-finger_, 21. the _Middle-finger_, 22. the _Ring-finger_, 23. and the _Little-finger_, 24. extremitas, _Pollex_, 20. cum quatuor _Digitis_, _Indice_, 21. _Medio_, 22. _Annulari_, 23. & _Auriculari_, 24. In every one are three _joynts_, a. b. c. and as many _knuckles_, d. e. f. with a _Nail_, 25. In quolibet sunt _articuli_ tres, a. b. c. & totidem _Condyli_, d. e. f. cum _Ungue_, 25. XL. The Flesh and Bowels. Caro & Viscera. [Illustration] In the _Body_ are the _Skin_ with the _Membranes_, the _Flesh_ with the _Muscles_, In _Corpore_ sunt _Cutis_ cum _Membranis_, _Caro_ cum _Musculis_, the _Chanels_, the _Gristles_, the _Bones_ and the _Bowels_. _Canales_, _Cartilagines_, _Ossa_ & _Viscera_. The _Skin_, 1. being pull’d off, the _Flesh_, 2. appeareth, not in a continual lump, but being distributed, as it were in stuft puddings, _Cute_, 1. detractâ, _Caro_, 2. apparet, non continuâ massâ, sed distributa, tanquam in farcimina, which they call _Muscles_, whereof there are reckoned four hundred and five, being the Chanels of the _Spirits_, to move the _Members_. quos vocant _Musculos_, quorum numerantur _quadringenti quinque_, canales _Spirituum_, ad movendum _Membra_. The _Bowels_ are the inward _Members_: _Viscera_ sunt _Membra_ interna: As in the Head, the _Brains_, 3. being compassed about with a _Skull_, and the _Skin_ which covereth the _Skull_. Ut in Capite, _Cerebrum_, 3. circumdatum _Cranio_, & _Pericranio_. In the Breast, the _Heart_, 4. covered with a thin _Skin_ about it, and the _Lungs_, 5. breathing to and fro. In Pectore, _Cor_, 4. obvolutum _Pericardio_, & _Pulmo_, 5. respirans. In the _Belly_, the _Stomach_, 6. and the _Guts_, 7. covered with a _Caul_. In _Ventre_, _Ventriculus_, 6. & _Intestina_, 7. obducta _Omento_. The _Liver_, 8. and in the left side opposite against it, the _Milt_, 9. the two _Kidneys_, 10. and the _Bladder_, 11. _Jecur_, (Hepar) 8. & à sinistro oppositus ei _Lien_, 9. duo _Renes_, 10. cum _Vesica_, 11. The Breast is divided from the Belly by a thick Membrane, which is called the _Mid-riff_, 12. Pectus dividitur à Ventre crassâ Membranâ, quæ vocatur _Diaphragma_, 12. XLI. The Chanels and Bones. Canales & Ossa. [Illustration] The Chanels of the Body are the _Veins_, carrying the Blood from the Liver; Canales Corporis sunt _Venæ_ deferentes Sanguinem ex Hepate; The _Arteries_ (carrying) _Heart_ and _Life_ from the _Heat_; _Arteriæ_, _Calorem_ & _Vitam_ è _Corde_; The _Nerves_ (carrying) Sense and Motion throughout the Body from the _Brain_. _Nervi_, Sensum et Motum, per Corpus a _Cerebro_. You shall find these three, 1. everywhere joined together. Invenies hæc tria, 1. ubique sociata. Besides, from the Mouth into the Stomach is the _Gullet_, 2. the way of the meat and drink; Porrò, ab Ore in Ventriculum _Gula_, 2. via cibi ac potus; and by it to the Lights, the _Wezand_, 5. for breathing; & juxta hanc, ad Pulmonem _Guttur_, 5. pro respiratione; from the Stomach to the Anus is a great _Intestine_, 3. to purge out the _Ordure_; à ventriculo ad Anum _Colon_, 3. ad excernendum _Stercus_; from the Liver to the Bladder, the _Ureter_, 4. for making water. ab Hepate ad Vesicam, _Ureter_, 4. reddendæ urinæ. The _Bones_ are in the Head, the _Skull_, 6. the two _Cheek-bones_, 7. with thirty-two _Teeth_, 8. _Ossa_ sunt in Capite, _Calvaria_, 6. duæ _Maxillæ_, 7. cum XXXII. _Dentibus_, 8. Then the _Back-bone_, 9. the Pillar of the Body, consisting of thirty-four turning _Joints_, that the Body may bend it self. Tum, _Spina dorsi_, 9. columna Corporis, constans ex XXXIV. _Vertebris_, ut Corpus queat flectere se The _Ribs_, 10. whereof there are twenty-four. _Costæ_, 10. quarum viginti quatuor. The _Breast-bone_, 11. the two _Shoulder-blades_, 12. the _Buttock-bone_, 13. the _bigger Bone_ in the Arm, 15. and the _lesser Bone_ in the Arm. _Os Pectoris_, 11. duæ _Scapulæ_, 12. _Os sessibuli_, 13. _Lacerti_, 15. & _Ulna_. The _Thigh-bone_, 14. the foremost, 16. and the hindmost Bone, in the Leg, 17. _Tibia_, 14. _Fibula_, 16. anterior, & posterior, 17. The Bones of the Hand, 18. are thirty-four, and of the Foot, 19. thirty. Ossa Manûs, 18. sunt triginta quatuor, Pedis, 19. triginta. The _Marrow_ is in the Bones. _Medulla_ est in Ossibus, XLII. The Outward and Inward Senses. Sensus externi & interni. [Illustration] There are five outward _Senses_; Sunt quinque externi _Sensus_; The _Eye_, 1. seeth Colours, what is white or black, green or blew, red or yellow. _Oculus_, 1. videt _Colores_, quid album vel atrum, viride vel cœruleum, rubrum aut luteum, sit. The _Ear_, 2. heareth _Sounds_, both natural, Voices and Words; and artificial, Musical Tunes. _Auris_, 2. audit _Sonos_, tum naturales, Voces & Verba; tum artificiales, Tonos Musicos. The _Nose_, 3. scenteth smells and stinks. _Nasus_, 3, _olfacit_ odores & fœtores. The _Tongue_, 4. with the roof of the Mouth tastes _Savours_, what is sweet or bitter, keen or biting, sower or harsh. _Lingua_, 4. cum Palato gustat _Sapores_, quid dulce aut amarum, acre aut acidum, acerbum aut austerum. The _Hand_, 5. by touching discerneth the quantity and quality of things; _Manus_, 5. tangendo dignoscit quantitatem, & qualitatem rerum; the hot and cold, the moist and dry, the hard and soft, the smooth and rough, the heavy and light. calidum & frigidum, humidum & siccum, durum & molle, læve & asperum, grave & leve. The inward _Senses_ are three. _Sensus_ interni sunt tres. The _Common Sense_, 7. under the _forepart of the_ _head_, apprehendeth things taken from the outward Senses. _Sensus Communis_, 7. sub _sincipite_ apprehendit res perceptas a Sensibus externis. The _Phantasie_, 6. under the _crown of the head_ judgeth of those things, thinketh and dreameth, _Phantasia_, 6. sub _vertice_, dijudicat res istas, cogitat, somniat. The _Memory_, 8. under the _hinder part of the_ _head_, layeth up every thing and fetcheth them out: it loseth some, and this is _forgetfulness_. _Memoria_, 8. sub _occipitio_, recondit singula & depromit: deperdit quædam, & hoc est _oblivio_. _Sleep_, is the rest of the Senses. _Somnus_, est requies Sensuum. XLIII. The Soul of Man. Anima hominis. [Illustration] The _Soul_ is the Life of the Body, one in the whole. _Anima_ est vita corporis, una in toto. Only _Vegetative_ in _Plants_; Tantùm _Vegetativa_ in _Plantis_; Withal _Sensitive_ in _Animals_; Simul _Sensitiva_ in _Animalibus_; And also rational in _Men_. Etiam _Rationalis_ in _Homine_. This consisteth in three things; Hæc consistet in tribus: In the _Understanding_, whereby it judgeth and understandeth a thing good and evil, or true, or apparent. In _Mente_ (Intellectu) quâ cognoscit, & intelligit, bonum ac malum, vel verum, vel apparens. In the _Will_, whereby it chooseth, and desireth, or rejecteth, and misliketh a thing known. In _Voluntate_, quâ eligit, & concupiscit, aut rejicit, & aversatur cognitum. In the _Mind_, whereby it pursueth the Good chosen or avoideth the Evil rejected. In _Animo_, quo prosequitur Bonum electum, vel fugit Malum rejectum. Hence is _Hope_ and _Fear_ in the desire, and dislike. Hinc _Spes_ & _Timor_, in cupidine, & aversatione: Hence is _Love_ and _Joy_, in the Fruition: Hinc _Amor_ & _Gaudium_, in fruitione: But _Anger_ and _Grief_, in suffering. Sed _Ira_ ac _Dolor_, in passione. The true judgment of a thing is _Knowledge_; the false, is _Error_, _Opinion_ and _Suspicion_. Vera cognitio rei, est _Scientia_; falsa, _Error_, _Opinio_, _Suspicio_. XLIV. Deformed and Monstrous People. Deformes & Monstrosi. [Illustration] _Monstrous_ and _deformed_ People are those which differ in the Body from the ordinary shape, _Monstrosi_, & _deformes_ sunt abeuntes corpore à communi formâ, as the huge _Gyant_, 1. the little _Dwarf_, 2. One with _two Bodies_, 3. One with _two Heads_, 4. and such like Monsters. ut sunt, immanis _Gigas_, nanus (_Pumilio_), 2. _Bicorpor_, 3. _Biceps_, 4. & id genus monstra. Amongst these are reckoned, The _jolt-headed_, 5. The great _nosed_, 6. The _blubber-lipped_, 7. His accensentur, _Capito_, 5. _Naso_, 6. _Labeo_, 7. The _blub-cheeked_, 8. The _goggle-eyed_, 9. The _wry-necked_, 10. The _great-throated_, 11. _Bucco_, 8. _Strabo_, 9. _Obstipus_, 10. _Strumosus_, 11. The _Crump-backed_, 12. The _Crump-footed_, 13. The _steeple-crowned_, 15. add to these The _Bald-pated_, 14. _Gibbosus_, 12. _Loripes_, 13. _Cilo_, 15. adde _Calvastrum_, 14. XLV. The Dressing of Gardens. Hortorum cultura. [Illustration] We have seen Man: Now let us go on to Man’s _living_, and to _Handy-craft-Trades_, which tend to it. Vidimus hominem: Jam pergamus ad _Victum_ hominis, & ad _Artes Mechanicas_, quæ huc faciunt. The first and most ancient _sustenance_, were the _Fruits of the Earth_. Primus & antiquissimus _Victus_, erant _Fruges Terræ_. Hereupon the first labour of Adam, was _the dressing of a garden_. Hinc primus Labor Adami, _Horti cultura_. The _Gardener_, 1. diggeth in a _Garden-plot_, with a _Spade_, 2. or _Mattock_, 3. _Hortulanus_ (Olitor), 1. fodit in _Viridario_, _Ligone_, 2. aut _Bipalio_, 3. and maketh _Beds_, 4. and places wherein to plant _Trees_, 5. on which he setteth _Seeds_ and _Plants_. facitque _Pulvinos_, 4. ac _Plantaria_, 5. quibus inserit _Semina_ & _Plantas_. The _Tree-Gardener_, 6. planteth Trees, 7. in an _Orchard_, and grafteth _Cyons_, 8. in _Stocks_, 9. _Arborator_, 6. plantat Arbores, 7. in _Pomario_, _inseritque Surculos_, 8. _Viviradicibus_, 9. He fenceth his Garden, either by care, with a _mound_, 10. or a _Stone-wall_, 11. or a _rail_, 12. Sepit hortum vel Cura, _Muro_, 10. aut _Macerie_, 11. aut _Vacerra_, 12. or _Pales_, 13. or a _Hedge_, 14. made of _Hedge-stakes_, and _bindings_; aut _Plancis_, 13. aut _Sepe_, 14. flexâ è _sudibus_ & _vitilibus_; Or by Nature, with _Brambles_ and _Bryers_, 15. Vel Natura _Dumis_ & _Vepribus_, 15. It is beautified with _Walks_, 16. and _Galleries_, 17. Ornatur _Ambulacris_, 16. & _Pergulis_, 17. It is watered with _Fountains_, 18. and a _Watering-pot_, 19. Rigatur _Fontanis_, 18. & _Harpagio_, 19. XLVI. Husbandry. Agricultura. [Illustration] The _Plow-man_, 1. yoketh _Oxen_, 3. to a _Plough,_ 2. _Arator_, 1. jungit _Boves_, 3. _Aratro_, 2. and holding the _Plow-stilt_, 4. in his left hand, and the _Plow-staff_, 5. in his right hand, & tenens _Stivam_, 4. lævâ, _Rallum_, 5. dextrâ, with which he removeth _Clods_, 6. he cutteth the Land, (which was manured afore with _Dung_, 8.) quâ amovet _Glebas_, 6. scindit terram (stercoratam antea _Fimo_, 8.) with a _Share_, 7. and a _Coulter_, and maketh _furrows_, 9. _Vomere_, 7. et _Dentali_, facitque _Sulcos_, 9. Then he _soweth_ the _Seed_, 10. and harroweth it in with a _Harrow_, 11. Tum _seminat_ _Semen_, 10. & inoccat _Occâ_, 11. The _Reaper_, 12. sheareth the ripe corn with a _Sickle_, 13. gathereth up the _handfuls_, 14. and bindeth the _Sheaves_, 15. _Messor_, 12. metit fruges maturas _Falce messoris_, 13. colligit _Manipulos_, 14. & colligat _Mergetes_, 15. The _Thrasher_, 16. thrasheth Corn on the _Barn-floor_, 17. with a _Flayl_, 18. _Tritor_, 16. triturat frumentum in _Area Horrei_, 17. _Flagello_ (tribula), 18. tosseth it in a _winnowing-basket_, 19. and so when the _Chaff_, and the _Straw_, 20. are separated from it, he putteth it into _Sacks_, 12. jactat _ventilabro_, 19. atque ita _Paleâ_ & _Stramine_, 20. separatâ, congerit in _Saccos_, 21. The _Mower_, 22. maketh _Hay_ in a _Meadow_, cutting down _Grass_ with a _Sithe_, 23. _Fœniseca_, 22. facit _Fœnum_ in _Prato_, desecans _Gramen_ _Falce fœnaria_, 23. and raketh it together with a _Rake_, 24. and maketh up _Cocks_, 26. with a _fork_, 25, and carrieth it on _Carriages_, 27. into the _Hay-barn_, 28. corraditque _Rastro_, 24. componit _Acervos_, 26. _Furca_, 25. & convehit _Vehibus_, 27. in _Fœnile_, 28. XLVII. Grasing. Pecuaria. [Illustration] _Tillage of ground_, and _keeping Cattle_, was in old time the care of Kings and Noble-men; at this Day only of the meanest sort of People, _Cultus Agrorum_, & _res pecuaria_, antiquissimis temporibus, erat cura Regum, Heroum; hodie tantum infirmæ Plebis, The _Neat-heard_, 1. calleth out the _Heards_, 2. out of the _Beast-houses_, 3. with a _Horn_, 4. and driveth them to feed. _Bubulcus_, 1. evocat _Armenta_, 2. è _Bovilibus_, 3. _Buccina_ (Cornu), 4, & ducit pastum. The _Shepherd_, 5. feedeth his _Flock_, 6. being furnished with a _Pipe_, 7. and a _Scrip_, 8. and a _Sheep-hook_, 9. _Opilio_ (Pastor), 5. pascit _Gregem_, 6. instructus _Fistula_, 7. & _Pera_, 8. ut & _Pedo_, 9. having with him a great _Dog_, 10. fenced with a _Collar_, 11. against the _Wolves_. habens secum _Molossum_, 10. munitum _Millo_, 11. contra Lupos. _Swine_, 12. are fed out of a _Swine-Trough_. _Sues_, 12. saginantur ex _aqualiculo haræ_. The _Farmer’s Wife_, 13. milketh the _Udders_ of the _Cow_, 15. at the _Cratch_, 15. over a _milk-pale_, 16. _Villica_, 13. mulget _Ubera_ _vaccæ_, 14. ad _Præsepe_, 15. super _mulctra_, 16. and maketh _Butter_ of _Cream_ in a _Churn_, 17. and _Cheeses_, 18. of _Curds_. et facit _Butyrum_ è _flore lactis_, in _Vase butyraceo_, 17. et _Caseos_, 18. è _Coagulo_. The _Wool_, 19. is shorn from _Sheep_, whereof several _Garments_ are made. _Lana_, 19. detondetur _Ovibus_, ex quà variæ _Vestes_ conficiuntur. XLVIII. The making of Honey. Mellificium. [Illustration] The _Bees_ send out a _swarm_, 1. and set over it a _Leader_, 2. _Apes_ emittunt _Examen_, 1. adduntque illi _Ducem_ (Regem), 2. That swarm being ready to fly away is recalled by the Tinkling of a _brazen Vessel_, 3. and is put up into a new _Hive_, 4. Examen illud, avolaturum, revocatur tinnitu _Vasis ænei_, 3. & includitur novo _Alveari_, 4. They make little _Cells_ with six corners, 5. and fill them with _Honey-dew_, and make _Combs_, 6. out of which the _Honey_ runneth, 7. Struunt _Cellulas_ sexangulares, 5. et complent eas _Melligine_, & faciunt _Favos_, 6. è quibus _Mel_ effluit, 7. The _Partitions_ being melted by fire, turn into _Wax_, 8. _Crates_ liquati igne abeunt in _Ceram_, 8. XLIX. Grinding. Molitura. [Illustration] In a _Mill_, 1. a Stone, 2. runneth upon a stone, 3. In _Mola_, Lapis, 2. currit super lapidem, 3, A _Wheel_, 4. turning them about and grindeth Corn poured in by a _Hopper_, 5. _Rota_, 4. circumagente, et conterit grana infusa per _Infundibulum_, 5. and parteth the _Bran_, 6. falling into the _Trough_, 7. from the _Meal_ slipping through a _Bolter_, 8. separatque _Furfurem_, 6. decidentem in _Cistam_, 7. à _Farina_ (Polline) elabente per _Excussorium_, 8. Such a Mill was first a _Hand-mill_, 9. then a _Horse-mill_, 10. then a _Water-mill_, 11. then a _Ship-mill_, 12. and at last a _Wind-mill_, 13. Talis Mola primùm fuit _Manuaria_, 9. deinde _Jumentaria_, 10. tum _Aquatica_, 11. & _Navalis_, 12. tandem, _Alata_ (pneumatica), 13. L. Bread-baking. Panificium. [Illustration] The _Baker_, 1. sifteth the _Meal_ in a _Rindge_, 2. and putteth it into the _Kneading-trough_, 3. _Pistor_, 1. cernit _Farinam_ _Cribo_, 2. (pollinario) & indit _Mactræ_, 3. Then he poureth water to it and maketh _Dough_, 4. and kneadeth it with a _wooden slice_, 5. Tum affundit aquam, & facit _Massam_, 4. depsitque _spatha_, 5. ligneâ. Then he maketh _Loaves_, 6. _Cakes_, 7. _Cimnels_, 8. _Rolls_, 9, &c. Dein format _Panes_, 6. _Placentas_, 7. _Similas_, 8. _Spiras_, 9. &c. Afterwards he setteth them on a _Peel_, 10. and putteth them thorow the _Oven-mouth_, 12. into the _Oven_, 11. Post imponit _Palæ_, 10. & ingerit _Furno_, 11. per _Præfurnium_, 12. But first he pulleth out the fire and the Coals with a _Coal-rake_, 13. which he layeth on a heap underneath, 14. Sed priùs eruit ignem & Carbones _Rutabulo_, 13. quos congerit infra, 14. And thus is _Bread_ baked, having the _Crust_ without, 15. and the _Crumb_ within, 16. Et sic _Panis_ pinsitur habens extra _Crustam_, 15. intus _Micam_, 16. LI. Fishing. Piscatio. [Illustration] The _Fisher-man_, 1. catcheth fish, either on the Shoar, with an _Hook_, 2. _Piscator_, 1. captat pisces, sive in littore, _Hamo_, 2. which hangeth by a _Line_ from the _angling-rod_, on which the _Bait_ sticketh; qui pendet _filo_ ab _arundine_, & cui _Esca_ inhæret; or with a _Cleek-net_, 3. which hangeth on a _Pole_, 4. is put into the Water; sive _Fundâ_, 3. quæ pendens _Pertica_, 4. immittitur aquæ; or in a _Boat_, 5. with a _Trammel-net_, 6. or with a _Wheel_, 7. which is laid in the Water by Night. sive in _Cymba_, 5. _Reti_, 6. sive _Nassa_, 7. quæ demergitur per Noctem. LII. Fowling. Aucupium. [Illustration] The _Fowler_, 1. maketh a _Bed_, 2, spreadeth a _Bird-net_, 3. throweth a _Bait_, 4. upon it, _Auceps_, 1. exstruit _Aream_, 2. superstruit illi _Rete_ aucupatorium, 3. obsipat _Escam_, 4. and hiding himself in a _Hut_, 5. he allureth Birds, by the chirping of _Lurebirds_, which partly hop upon the Bed, 6. and are partly shut in _Cages_, 7. & abdens se in _Latibulo_, 5. allicit Aves, cantu _Illicum_, qui partim in Area currunt, 6. partim inclusi sunt _Caveis_, 7. and thus he entangleth Birds that fly over, in his net whilst they settle themselves down. atque ita obruit transvolantes Aves Reti, dum se demittunt: Or he setteth _Snares_, 8. on which they hang and strangle themselves: Aut tendit _Tendiculas_, 8. quibus suspendunt & suffocant seipsas: Or setteth _Lime-twigs_, 9. on a _Perch_, 10. Aut exponit _Viscatos calamos_, 9. _Amiti_, 10. upon which if they sit they enwrap their Feathers, so that they cannot fly away, and fall down to the ground. quibus si insident, implicant pennas, ut nequeant avolare, & decidunt in terram. Or he catcheth them with a _Pole_, 11. or a _Pit-fall_, 12. Aut captat _Perticâ_, 11. vel _Decipulâ_, 12. LIII. Hunting. Venatus. [Illustration] The _Hunter_, 1. hunteth wild Beasts whilst he besetteth a Wood with _Toyls_, 2. stretched out upon _Shoars_, 3. _Venator_, 1. venatur Feras, dum cingit Sylvam, _Cassibus_, 2. tentis super _Varos_, 3. (furcillas.) The _Beagle_, 4. tracketh the wild Beast or findeth him out by the scent; the _Tumbler_, or _Greyhound_, 5. pursueth it. _Canis sagax_, 4. vestigat Feram, aut indagat odoratu; _Vertagus_, 5. persequitur. The _Wolf_, falleth in a _Pit_, 6. the _Stag_, 7. as he runneth away, into _Toyls_. _Lupus_, incidit in _Foveam_, 6. fugiens _Cervus_, 7. in _Plagas_. The _Boar_, 8. is struck through with a _Hunting-spear_, 9. _Aper_, 8. transverberatur _Venabulo_, 9. The _Bear_, 10. is bitten by Dogs, and is knocked with a _Club_, 11. _Ursus_, 10. mordetur à Canibus, & tunditur _Clavâ_, 11. If any thing get away, it escapeth, 12. as here a _Hare_ and a _Fox_. Si quid effugit, evadit, 12. ut hic _Lepus_ & _Vulpes_. LIV. Butchery. Lanionia. [Illustration] The _Butcher_, 1. killeth _fat Cattle_, 2. (The _Lean_, 3. are not fit to eat.) _Lanio_, 1. mactat _Pecudem altilem_, 2. (_Vescula_, 3. non sunt vescenda.) He knocketh them down with an _Ax_, 4. or cutteth their Throat. with a _Slaughter-knife_, 5. Prosternit _Clavâ_, 4. vel jugulat. _Cunaculo_, 5. he flayeth them, 6. and cutteth them in pieces, and hangeth out the flesh to sell in the _Shambles_, 7. excoriat (deglubit,) 6. dissecatque & exponit carnes, venum in _Macello_, 7. He dresseth a _Swine_, 8. with fire or scalding water, 9. and maketh _Gamons_, 10. _Pistils_, 11. and _Flitches_, 12. Glabrat _Suem_, 8. igne, vel aquâ fervidâ, 9. & facit _Pernas_, 10. _Petasones_, 11. & _Succidias_, 12. Besides several _Puddings_, _Chitterlings_, 13. _Bloodings_, 14. _Liverings_, 15. _Sausages_, 16. Prætereà _Farcimina_ varia, _Faliscos_, 13. _Apexabones_, 14. _Tomacula_, 15. _Botulos_, (Lucanicas) 16. The _Fat_, 17. and _Tallow_, 18. are melted. _Adeps_, 17. & _Sebum_, 18. eliquantur. LV. Cookery. Coquinaria. [Illustration] _The Yeoman of the Larder_, 1. bringeth forth _Provision_, 2. out of the _Larder_, 3. _Promus Condus_, 1. profert _Obsonia_, 2. è _Penu_, 3. The _Cook_, 4. taketh them and maketh _several Meats_. _Coquus_, 4. accipit ea & coquit _varia Esculenta_. He first pulleth off the Feathers and draweth the Gutts out of the _Birds_, 5. Prius deplumat, & exenterat _Aves_, 5. He scaleth and splitteth _Fish_, 6. Desquamat & exdorsuat _Pisces_, 6. He draweth some flesh with _Lard_, by means of a _Larding-needle_, 7. Trajectat quasdem carnes _Lardo_, ope _Creacentri_, 7. He caseth _Hares_, 8. then he boileth them in _Pots_, 9. and _Kettles_, 10. on the _Hearth_, 11. and scummeth them with a _Scummer_, 12. _Lepores_, 8. exuit, tum elixat _Ollis_, 9. & _Cacabis_, 10. in _Foco_, 11. & despumat _Lingula_, 12. He seasoneth things that are boyled with Spices, which he poundeth with a _Pestil_, 14. in a _Morter_, 13. or grateth with a _Grater_, 15. Condit elixata, Aromatibus, quæ comminuit _Pistillo_, 14. in _Mortario_, 13. aut terit _Radulâ_, 15. He roasteth some on _Spits_, 16. and with a _Jack_, 17. or upon a _Grid-iron_, 18. Quædam assat _Verubus_, 16. & _Automato_, 17. vel super _Craticulum_, 18. Or fryeth them in a _Frying-pan_, 19. upon a _Brand-iron_, 20. Vel frigit _Sartagine_, 19. super _Tripodem_, 20. _Kitchen utensils_ besides are, a _Coal-rake_, 21. a _Chafing-dish_, 22. _Vasa Coquinaria_ præterea sunt, _Rutabulum_, 21. _Foculus_ (Ignitabulum), 22. a _Trey_, 23. (in which _Dishes_, 24. and _Platters_, 25. are washed), _Trua_, 23. (in quà _Catini_, 24. & _Patinæ_, 25. eluuntur) a pair of _Tongs_, 26. a _Shredding-knife_, 27. a _Colander_, 28. a _Basket_, 29. and a _Besom_, 30. _Forceps_, 26. _Culter incisorius,_ 27. _Qualus_, 28. _Corbis_, 29. & _Scopa_, 30. LVI. The Vintage. Vindemia. [Illustration] _Wine_ groweth in the _Vine-yard_, 1. where _Vines_ are propagated _Vinum_ crescit in _Vinea_, 1. ubi _Vites_ propagantur, and tyed with Twigs to _Trees_, 2. or to _Props_, 3. or _Frames_, 4. & alligantur viminibus ad _Arbores_, 2. vel ad _Palos_ (ridicas), 3. vel ad _Juga_, 4 When the time of Grape-gathering is come, they cut off the _Bunches_, and carry them in _Measures of three Bushels_, 5. Cùm tempus vindemiandi adest, abscindunt _Botros_, & comportant _Trimodiis_, 5. and throw them into a _Vat_, 6. and tread them with their _Feet_, 7. or stamp them with a _Wooden-Pestil_, 8. conjiciuntque in _Lacum_, 6. calcant _Pedibus_, 7. aut tundunt _Ligneo Pilo_, 8. and squeeze out the juice in a _Wine-press_, 9. which is called _Must_, 11. & exprimunt succum _Torculari_, 9. qui dicitur _Mustum_, 11. and being received in a great _Tub_, 10. it is poured into _Hogsheads_, 12. & exceptum _Orcâ_, 10. infunditur _Vasis_ (Doliis), 12. it is stopped up, 15. and being laid close in _Cellars_ upon _Settles_, 14. it becometh _Wine_. operculatur, 15. & abditum in _Cellis_, super _Cantherios_, 14. abit in _Vinum_. It is drawn out of the _Hogshead_, with a _Cock_, 13. or _Faucet_, 16. (in which is a _Spigot_) the Vessel being unbunged. Promitur e _Dolio_ _Siphone_, 13. aut _Tubulo_, 16. (in quo est _Epistomium_) Vase relito. LVII. Brewing. Zythopœia. [Illustration] Where _Wine_ is not to be had they drink _Beer_, Ubi _Vinum_ non habetur, bibitur _Cerevisia_ (Zythus), which is brewed of _Malt_, 1. and _Hops_, 2. in a _Caldron_, 3. quæ coquitur ex _Byne_, 1. & _Lupulo_, 2. in _Aheno_, 3. afterwards it is poured into _Vats_, 4. and when it is cold, it is carried in _Soes_, 5. into the _Cellar_, 6. and is put into Vessels. post effunditur in _Lacus_, 4. & frigefactum. defertur _Labris_, 5. in _Cellaria_, 6. & intunditur vasibus. _Brandy-wine_, extracted by the power of heat from dregs of Wine in a _Pan_, 7. _Vinum sublimatum_, extractum vi Caloris e fecibus Vini in _Aheno_, 7. over which a _Limbeck_, 8. is placed, droppeth through a _Pipe_, 9. into a _Glass_. cui _Alembicum_, 8. superimpositum est. destillat per _Tubum_, 9. in _Vitrum_. Wine and Beer when they turn sowre, become _Vinegar_. Vinum & Cerevisia, cum acescunt, fiunt _Acetum_. Of Wine and Honey they make _Mead_. Ex Vino & Melle faciunt _Mulsum_. LVIII. A Feast. Convivium. [Illustration] When a _Feast_ is made ready, the table is covered with a _Carpet_, 1. and a _Table-cloth_, 2. Cum _Convivium_ apparatur, Mensa sternitur _Tapetibus_, 1. & _Mappa_, 2. by the _Waiters_, who besides lay the _Trenchers_, 3. _Spoons_, 4. _Knives_, 5. à _Tricliniariis_, qui prætereà opponunt _Discos_ (Orbes), 3. _Cochlearia_, 4. _Cultros_, 5. with little _Forks_, 6. _Table-napkins_, 7. _Bread_, 8. with a _Salt-seller_, 9. cum _Fuscinulis_, 6. _Mappulas_, 7. _Panem_, 8. cum _Salino_, 9. _Messes_ are brought in _Platters_, 10. a _Pie_, 19. on a _Plate_. _Fercula_ inferuntur in _Patinis_, 10. _Artocrea_, 19. in _Lance_. The Guests being brought in by the _Host_, 11. wash their Hands out of a _Laver_, 12. or _Ewer_, 14. Convivæ introducti ab _Hospite_, 11. abluunt manus è _Gutturnio_, 12. vel _Aquali_, 14. over a _Hand-basin_, 13. or _Bowl_, 15. and wipe them on a _Hand-towel_, 16. super _Malluvium_, 13. aut _Pelvim_, 15. terguntque _Mantili_, 16. then they sit at the Table on _Chairs_, 17. tum assident Mensæ per _Sedilia_, 17. The _Carver_, 18. breaketh up the good Cheer, and divideth it. _Structor_, 18. deartuat dapes, & distribuit. _Sauces_ are set amongst _Roast-meat_, in Sawcers, 20. _Embammata_ interponuntur _Assutaris_ in Scutellis, 20. The _Butler_, 21. filleth _strong Wine_ out of a _Cruise_, 25. or _Wine-pot_, 26. or _Flagon_, 27. _Pincerna_, 21. infundit _Temetum_, ex _Urceo_, 25. vel _Cantharo_, 26. vel _Lagena_, 27. into _Cups_, 22. or _Glasses_, 23. which stand on a _Cupboard_, 24. in _Pocula_, 22. vel _Vitrea_, 23. quæ extant in _abaco_, 24. and he reacheth them to the _Master of the Feast_, 28. who drinketh to his _Guests_. & porrigit, _Convivatori_, 28. qui propinat _Hospitibus_. LIX. The Dressing of Line. Tractatio Lini. [Illustration] _Line_ and _Hemp_ being rated in water, and dryed again, 1. _Linum_ & _Cannabis_, macerata aquis, et siccata rursum, 1. are braked with a _wooden Brake_, 2. where the _Shives_, 3. fall down, contunduntur _Frangibulo ligneo_, 2. ubi _Cortices_, 3. decidunt then they are heckled with an _Iron Heckle_, 4. where the _Tow_, 5. is parted from it. tum carminantur _Carmine ferreo_, 4. ubi _Stupa_, 5. separatur. _Flax_ is tyed to a _Distaff_, 6. by the _Spinster_, 7. _Linum purum_ alligatur _Colo_, 6. à _Netrice_, 7. which with her left hand pulleth out the _Thread_, 8. and with her right hand turneth a _Wheel_, 9. quæ sinistra trahit _Filum_, 8. dexterâ, 12. _Rhombum_ (girgillum), 9. or a _Spindle_, 10. upon which is a _Wharl_, 11. vel _Fusum_, 10. in quo _Verticillus_, 11. The _Spool_ receiveth the _Thread_, 13. which is drawn thence upon a _Yarn-windle_, 14. _Volva_ accipit _Fila_, 13. inde deducuntur in _Alabrum_, 14. hence either _Clews_, 15. are wound up, or _Hanks_, 16. are made. hinc vel _Glomi_, 15. glomerantur, vel _Fasciculi_, 16. fiunt. LX. Weaving. Textura. [Illustration] The _Webster_ undoeth the _Clews_, 1. into _Warp_, _Textor_ diducit _Glomos_, 1. in _Stamen_, and wrappeth it about the _Beam_, 2. and as he sitteth in his _Loom_, 3. he treadeth upon the _Treddles_, 4. with his Feet. & circumvolvit _Jugo_, 2. ac sedens in _Textrino_, 3. calcat _Insilia_, 4. pedibus. He divideth the _Warp_, 5. with _Yarn_. and throweth the _Shuttle_, 6. through, Diducit _Stamen_, 5. _Liciis_, & trajicit _Radium_, 6. in which is the _Woofe_, and striketh it close. with the _Sley_, 7. and so maketh _Linen cloth_, 8. in quo est _Trama_, ac densat. _Pectine_, 7. atque ita conficit _Linteum_, 8. So also the _Clothier_ maketh _Cloth_ of _Wool_. Sic etiam _Pannifex_ facit _Pannum_ è _Lana_. LXI. Linen Cloths. Lintea. [Illustration] _Linnen-webs_ are bleached in the _Sun_, 1. with Water poured on them, 2. till they be white. _Linteamina_ insolantur, 1. aquâ perfusâ, 2. donec candefiant. Of them the _Sempster_, 3. soweth _Shirts_, 4. _Handkirchers_, 5. _Bands_, 6. _Caps_, &c. Ex iis _Sartrix_, 3. suit _Indusia_, 4. _Muccinia_, 5. _Collaria_, 6. _Capitia_, &c. These if they be fouled, are washed again by the _Laundress_, 7. in water, or _Lye_ and _Sope_. Haec, si sordidentur lavantur rursum, a _Lotrice_, 7. aquâ, sive _Lixivio_ ac _Sapone_. LXII. The Taylor. Sartor. [Illustration] The _Taylor_, 1. cutteth _Cloth_, 2. with _Shears_, 3. _Sartor_, 1. discindit _Pannum_, 2. _Forfice_, 3. and seweth it together with a _Needle_ and _double thread_, consuitque _Acu_ & _Filo duplicato_, 4. Then he presseth the _Seams_ with a _Pressing-iron_, 5. Posteâ complanat _Suturas_ _Ferramento_, 5. And thus he maketh _Coats_, 6. with _Plaits_, 7. in which the _Border_, 8. is below with _Laces_, 9. Sicque conficit _Tunicas_, 6. _Plicatas_, 7. in quibus infra est _Fimbria_, 8. cum _Institis_, 9. _Cloaks_, 10. with a _Cape_, 11. and _Sleeve Coats_, 12. _Pallia_, 10. cum _Patagio_, 11. & _Togas Manicatas_, 12. _Doublets_, 13. with _Buttons_, 14. and _Cuffs_, 15. _Thoraces_, 13. cum _Globulis_, 14. & _Manicis_, 15. _Breeches_, 16. sometimes with _Ribbons_, 17. _Caligas_, 16. aliquando cum _Lemniscis_, 17. _Stockins_, 18. _Tibialia_, 18. _Gloves_, 19. _Muntero Caps_, 20. &c. _Chirothecas_, 19. _Amiculum_, 20. &c. So the _Furrier_ maketh _Furred Garments_ of _Furs_. Sic _Pellio_ facit _Pellicia_ è _Pellibus_. LXIII. The Shoemaker. Sutor. [Illustration] The _Shoemaker_, 1. maketh _Slippers_, 7. _Sutor_, 1. conficit _Crepidas_ (Sandalia,) 7. _Shoes_, 8. (in which is seen above, the _Upper-leather_, beneath the _Sole_, and on both sides the _Latchets_) _Calceos_, 8. (in quibus spectatur superne _Obstragulum_, inferne _Solea_, et utrinque _Ansæ_) _Boots_, 9. and _High Shoes_, 10. of _Leather_, 5. (which is cut with a _Cutting-knife_), 6. _Ocreas_, 9. et _Perones_, 10. e _Corio_, 5. (quod discinditur _Scalpro Sutorio_, 6.) by means of an _Awl_, 2. and _Lingel_, 3. upon a _Last_, 4. ope _Subulæ_, 2. et Fili _picati_, 3. super _Modum_, 4. LXIV. The Carpenter. Faber lignarius. [Illustration] We have seen Man’s food and clothing: now his Dwelling followeth. Hominis victum & amictum, vidimus: sequitur nunc Domicilium ejus. At first they dwelt in _Caves_, 1. then in _Booths_ or _Huts_, 2. and then again in _Tents_, 3. at the last in _Houses_. Primò habitabant in _Specubus_, 1. deinde in _Tabernaculis_ vel _Tuguriis_, 2. tum etiam in _Tentoriis_, 3. demum in _Domibus_. The _Woodman_ felleth and heweth down _Trees_, 5. with an _Ax_, 4. the _Boughs_, 6. remaining. _Lignator_ sternit & truncat _Arbores_, 5. _Securi_, 4. remanentibus _Sarmentis_, 6. He cleaveth _Knotty Wood_ with a _Wedge_, 7. which he forceth in with a _Beetle_, 8. and maketh _Wood-stacks_, 9. Findit _Nodosum_, _Lignum Cuneo_, 7. quem adigit _Tudite_, 8. & componit _Strues_, 9. The _Carpenter_ squareth _Timber_ with a _Chip-Ax_, 10. _Faber Lignarius_ ascit _Ascia_, 10. _Materiem_, whence _Chips_, 11. fall, and saweth it with a _Saw_, 12. where the _Saw-dust_, 13. falleth down. unde _Assulæ_, 11. cadunt, & serrat _Serrâ_, 12. ubi _Scobs_, 13. decidit. Afterwards he lifteth the _Beam_ upon _Tressels_, 14. Post elevat _Tignum_ super _Canterios_, 14· by the help of a _Pully_, 15. fasteneth it with _Cramp-irons_, 16. and marketh it out with a _Line_, 17. ope _Trochleæ_, 15. affigit _Ansis_, 16. & lineat _Amussi_, 17. Thus he frameth the _Walls_ together, 18. and fasteneth the great pieces with _Pins_, 19. Tum compaginat _Parietes_, 18. & configit trabes _Clavis trabalibus_, 19. LXV. The Mason. Faber Murarius, [Illustration] The _Mason_, 1. layeth a _Foundation_, and buildeth _Walls_, 2. _Faber Murarius_, 1. ponit _Fundamentum_, & struit _Muros_, 2. Either of _Stones_ which the _Stone-digger_ getteth out of the _Quarry_, 3. and the _Stone-cutter_, 4. squareth by a _Rule_, 5. Sive è _Lapidibus_, quos _Lapidarius_ eruit in _Lapicidina_, 3. & _Latomus_, 4. conquadrat ad _Normam_, 5. Or of _Bricks_, 6. which are made of _Sand_ and _Clay_ steeped in water, and are burned in fire. Sive è _Lateribus_, 6. qui formantur, ex _Arena_ & _Luto_, aquâ intritis & excoquuntur igne. Afterwards he plaistereth it with _Lime_, by means of a _Trowel_, and garnisheth with a _Rough-cast_, 8. Dein crustat _Calce_, ope _Trullæ_, 7. & vestit _Tectorio_, 8. LXVI. Engines. Machinæ. [Illustration] One can carry as much by thrusting a _Wheel-barrow_, 3. before him, (having an _Harness_, 4. hanging on his neck,) Unus potest ferre tantum trudendo _Pabonem_, 3. ante se, (_Ærumna_, Suspensâ a Collo) as two men can carry on a _Colestaff_, 1. or _Hand-barrow_, 2. quantum duo possunt ferre _Palangâ_, vel _Feretro_, 2. But he can do more that rolleth a Weight laid upon _Rollers_, 6. with a _Leaver_, 5. Plus autem potest qui provolvit Molem impositam _Phalangis_ (Cylindris, 6.) _Vecte_, 5. A _Wind-beam_, 7. is a post, which is turned by going about it. _Ergata_, 7. est columella, quæ versatur circumeundo. A _Crane_, 8. hath a _Hollow-wheel_, in which one walking draweth weights out of a Ship, or letteth them down into a Ship. _Geranium_, 8. habet _Tympanum_, cui inambulans quis extrahit pondera navi, aut demittit in navem. A _Rammer_, 9. is used to fasten _Piles_, 10. _Fistuca_, 9. adhibetur ad pangendum _Sublicas_, 10. it is lifted with a Rope drawn by _Pullies_, 11. or with hands. if it have _handles_, 12. adtollitur Fune tracto per _Trochleas_, 11. vel manibus, si habet _ansas_, 12. LXVII. A House. Domus. [Illustration] The _Porch_, 1. is before the _Door_ of the _House_. _Vestibulum_, 1. est ante _Januam_ _Domûs_. The _Door_ hath a _Threshold_, 2. and a _Lintel_, 3. and _Posts_, 4. on both sides. _Janua_ habet _Limen_, 2. & _Superliminare_, 3. & _Postes_, 4. utrinque. The _Hinges_, 5. are upon the right hand, upon which the _Doors_, 6. hang, _Cardines_, 5. sunt a dextris, à quibus pendent _Fores_, 6. the _Latch_, 7. and the _Bolt_, 8. are on the left hand. _Claustrum_, 7. aut _Pessulus_, 8. a sinistris. Before the House is a _Fore-court_, 9. with a _Pavement_ of _square stones_, 10. Sub ædibus est _Cavædium_, 9. _Pavimento_ _Tessellato_, 10. born up with _Pillars_, 11. in which is the _Chapiter_, 12. and the _Base_, 13. fulcitum _Columnis_, 11. in quibus _Peristylium_, 12. & _Basis_, 13. They go up into the upper Stories by _Greeses_, 14. and _Winding-stairs_, 15. Ascenditur in superiores contignationes per _Scalas_, 14. & _Cochlidia_, 15. The _Windows_, 16. appear on the outside, _Fenestræ_, 16. apparent extrinsecus, and the _Grates_, 17. the _Galleries_, 18. the _Watertables_, 19. the _Butteresses_, 20. to bear up the walls. & _Cancelli_ (clathra), 17. _Pergulæ_, 18. _Suggrundia_, 19. & _Fulcra_, 20. fulciendis muris. On the top is the _Roof_, 21. covered with _Tyles_, 22. or _Shingles_, 23. which lie upon _Laths_, 24. and these upon _Rafters_, 25. In summo est _Tectum_, 21. contectum _Imbricibus_ (_tegulis_), 22. vel _Scandulis_, 23. quæ incumbunt _Tigillis_, 24. hæc _Tignis_, 25. The _Eaves_, 26. adhere to the _Roof_. _Tecto_ adhæret _Stillicidium_, 26. The place without a Roof is called an _open Gallery_, 27. Locus sine Tecto dicitur _Subdiale_, 27. In the Roof are _Jettings out_, 28. and _Pinnacles_, 29. In Tecto sunt _Meniana_, 28. & _Coronides_, 29. LXVIII. A Mine. Metallifodina. [Illustration] _Miners_, 1. go into the _Grave_, 2. by a _Stick_, 3. or by _Ladders_, 4. with _Lanthorns_, 5. _Metalli fossores_, 1. ingrediuntur _Puteum fodinæ_, 2. _Bacillo_, 3. sive _Gradibus_, 4. cum _Lucernis_, 5. and dig out with a _Pick_, 6. the _Oar_, which being put in _Baskets_, 7. is drawn out with a _Rope_, 8. by means of a _Turn_, 9. & effodiunt _Ligone_, 6. _terram Metallicam_, quæ imposita _Corbibus_, 7. extrahitur _Fune_, 8. ope _Machinæ tractoriæ_, 9. and is carried to the _Melting-house_, 10. where it is forced with fire, that the _Metal_ may run out, 12. & defertur in _Ustrinam_, 10. ubi urgetur igne, ut _Metallum_, 12. profluat the _Dross_, 11. is thrown aside. _Scoriæ_, 11. abjiciuntur seorsim. LXIX. The Blacksmith. Faber Ferrarius. [Illustration] The _Blacksmith_, 1. in his _Smithy_ (or Forge), 2. bloweth the fire _Faber ferrarius_, 1. in _Ustrina_ (Fabricâ), 2. inflat ignem with a _pair of Bellows_, 3. which he bloweth with his _Feet_, 4. and so heateth the _Iron_: _Folle_, 3. quem adtollit _Pede_, 4. atq; ita candefacit _Ferrum_: And then he taketh it out with the _Tongs_, 5. layeth it upon the _Anvile_, 6. and striketh it with an _Hammer_, 7. where the _sparks_, 8. fly off. Deinde eximit _Forcipe_, 5. imponit _Incudi_, 6. & cudit _Malleo_, 7. ubi _Stricturæ_, 8. exiliunt. And thus are hammer’d out, _Nails_, 9. _Horse-shoes_, 10. _Cart-strakes_, 11. _Chains_, 12. Et sic excuduntur, _Clavi_, 9. _Solea_, 10. _Canthi_, 11. _Catenæ_, 12. _Plates_, _Locks_ and _Keys_, _Hinges_, &c. _Laminæ_, _Seræ_ cum _Clavibus_, _Cardines_, &c. He quencheth hot Irons in a _Cool-trough_. Restinguit cadentia, Ferramenta in _Lacu_. LXX. The Box-maker and the Turner. Scrinarius & Tornator. [Illustration] The _Box-maker_, 1. smootheth _hewen Boards_, 2. with a _Plain_, 3. upon a _work-board_, 4. _Arcularius_, 1. edolat _Asseres_, 2. _Runcina_, 3. in _Tabula_, 4. he maketh them very smooth with a _little-plain_, 5. he boreth them thorow with an _Augre_, 6. deplanat _Planula_, 5. perforat (terebrat) _Terebra_, 6. carveth them with a _Knife_, 7. fasteneth them together with _Glew_ and _Cramp-Irons_, 8. sculpit _Cultro_, 7. combinat _Glutine_ & _Subscudibus_, 8. and maketh _Tables_, 9. _Boards_, 10. _Chests_, 11. &c. & facit _Tabulas_, 9. _Mensas_, 10. _Arcus_ (Cistas), 11. &c. The _Turner_, 12. sitting over the _Treddle_, 13. turneth with a _Throw_, 15. upon a _Turner’s Bench_, 14. _Tornio_, 12. sedens in _Insili_, 13. tornat _Torno_, 15. super _Scamno Tornatorio_, 14. _Bowls_, 16. _Tops_, 17, _Puppets_, 18. and such like _Turners Work_. _Globos_, 16. _Conos_, 17. _Icunculas_, 18. & similia _Toreumata_. LXXI. The Potter. Figulus. [Illustration] The _Potter_, 1. sitting over a _Wheel_, 2. maketh _Pots_, 4. _Pitchers_, 5. _Pipkins_, 6. _Figulus_, 1. sedens super _Rota_, 2. format _Ollas_, 4. _Urceos_, 5. _Tripodes_, 6. _Platters_, 7. _Pudding-pans_, 8. _Juggs_, 9. _Lids_, 10. &c. of _Potter’s Clay_, 3. _Patinas_, 7. _Vasa testacea_, 8. _Fidelias_, 9. _Opercula_, 10. &c. ex _Argillâ_, 3. afterwards he baketh them in an _Oven_, 11. and glazeth them with _White Lead_. postea excoquit in _Furno_, 11. & incrustat _Lithargyro_. A broken Pot affordeth _Pot-sheards_, 1 Fracta Olla dat _Testas_, 12. LXXII. The Parts of a House. Partes Domus. [Illustration] A _House_ is divided into inner _Rooms_, such as are the _Entry_, 1. _Domus_ distinguitur in _Conclavia_, ut sunt _Atrium_, 1. the _Stove_, 2. the _Kitchen_, 3. the _Buttery_, 4. the _Dining Room_, 5. _Hypocaustum_, 2. _Culina_, 3. _Cella Penuaria_, 4. _Cœnaculum_, 5. the _Gallery_, 6. the _Bed Chamber_, 7. with a _Privy_, 8. made by it. _Camera_, 6. _Cubiculum_, 7. cum _Secessu_ (Latrina), 8. adstructo. _Baskets_, 9. are of use for carrying things. and _Chests_, 10. (which are made fast with a _Key_, 11.) for keeping them. _Corbes_, 9. inserviunt rebus transferendis, _Arcæ_, 10. (quæ _Clavâ_, 11. recluduntur) adservandis illis. Under the _Roof_, is the _Floor_, 12. Sub _Tecto_, est _Solum_ (Pavimentum), 12. In the _Yard_, 13. is a _Well_, 14. a _Stable_, 15. and a _Bath_, 16. In _Area_, 13. _Puteus_, 14. _Stabulum_, 15. cum _Balneo_, 16. Under the House is the _Cellar_, 17. Sub Domo est _Cella_, 17. LXXIII. The Stove with the Bed-room. Hypocaustum cum Dormitorio. [Illustration] The _Stove_, 1. is beautified with an _Arched Roof_, 2. and _wainscoted Walls_, 3. _Hypocaustum_, 1. ornatur _Laqueari_, 2. & _tabulatis Parietibus_, 3. It is enlightened with _Windows_, 4. Illuminatur _Fenestris_, 4. It is heated with an _Oven_, 5. Calefit _Fornace_, 5. Its Utensils are _Benches_, 6. _Stools_, 7. _Tables_, 8. Ejus Utensilia sunt _Scamna_, 6. _Sellæ_, 7. _Mensæ_, 8. with _Tressels_, 9. _Footstools_, 10. and _Cushions_, 11. cum _Fulcris_, 9. ac _Scabellis_, 10. & _Culcitris_, 11. There are also _Tapestries_ hanged, 12. Appenduntur etiam _Tapetes_, 12. For soft lodging in a _Sleeping-room_, 13. there is a _Bed_, 14. Pro levi cubatu, in _Dormitorio_, 13. est _Lectus_, (Cubile) 14. spread on a _Bed-sted_, 15. upon a _Straw-pad_, 16. with _Sheets_, 17. and _Cover-lids_, 18. stratus in _Sponda_, 15. super _Stramentum_, 16. cum _Lodicibus_, 17. & _Stragulis_, 18. The _Bolster_, 19. is under ones head. _Cervical_, 19. est sub capite. The Bed is covered with a _Canopy_, 20. _Canopeo_, 20. _Lectus_ tegitur. A _Chamber-pot_, 21. is for making water in. _Matula_, 21. est vesicæ levandæ. LXXIV. Wells. Putei. [Illustration] Where _Springs_ are wanting, _Wells_, 1. are digged. and they are compassed about with a _Brandrith_, 2. lest any one fall in. Ubi _Fontes_ deficiunt, _Putei_, 1. effodiuntur, & circumdantur _Crepidine_, 2. ne quis incidat. Thence is water drawn with _Buckets_, 3. hanging either at a _Pole_, 4. or a _Rope_, 5. or a _Chain_, 6. Inde aqua hauritur _Urnis_ (situlis), 3. pendentibus vel _Pertica_, 4. vel _Fune_, 5. vel _Catena_, 6. and that either by a _Swipe_, 7. or a _Windle_, 8. or a _Turn_, 9. idque aut _Tollenone_, 7. aut _Girgillo_, 8. aut _Cylindro_, 9. with a _Handle_ or a _Wheel_, 10. or to conclude, by a _Pump_, 11. _Manubriato_. aut _Rota_ (tympano), 10. aut denique _Antliâ_, 11. LXXV. The Bath. Balneum. [Illustration] He that desireth to be wash’d in cold water, goeth down into a _River_, 1. Qui cupit lavari aquâ frigidâ, descendit in _Fluvium_, 1. In a _Bathing-house_, 2. we wash off the _filth_ either sitting in a _Tub_, 3. In _Balneario_, 2. abluimus _squalores_, sive sedentes in _Labro_, 3. or going up into the _Hot-house_, 4. and we are rubbed with a _Pumice-stone_, 6. or a _Hair-cloth_, 5. sive conscendentes in _Sudatorium_, 4. & defricamur _Pumice_, 6. aut _Cilicio_, 5. In the _Stripping-room_, 7. we put off our clothes, and are tyed about with an _Apron_, 8. In _Apodyterio_, 7. exuimus Vestes, & præcingimur _Castula_ (Subligari), 8. We cover our Head with a _Cap_, 9. and put our feet into a _Bason_, 10. Tegimus caput _Pileolo_, 9. & imponimus pedes _Telluvio_, 10. The _Bath-woman_, 11. reacheth water in a _Bucket_, 12. drawn out of the _Trough_, 13. into which it runneth out of _Pipes_, 14. _Balneatrix_, 11. ministrat aquam _Situla_, 12. haustam ex _Alveo_, 13. in quem defluit è _Canalibus_, 14. The _Bath-keeper_, 15. lanceth with a _Lancet_, 16. _Balneator_, 15. scarificat _Scalpro_, 16. and by applying _Cupping-glasses_, 17. he draweth the _Blood_ betwixt the skin and the flesh, which he wipeth away with a _Spunge_, 18. & applicando _Cucurbitas_, 17. extrahit _Sanguinem_ subcutaneum, quem abstergit _Spongiâ_, 18. LXXVI. The Barbers Shop. Tonstrina. [Illustration] The _Barber_, 1. in the _Barbers-shop_, 2. cutteth off the _Hair_ and the _Beard_ _Tonsor_, 1. in _Tonstrina_, 2. tondet _Crines_ & _Barbam_ with a pair of _Sizzars_, 3. or shaveth with a _Razor_, which he taketh out of his _Case_, 4. _Forcipe_, 3. vel radit _Novaculâ_, quam depromit è _Theca_, 4. And he washeth one over a _Bason_, 5. with _Suds_ running out of a _Laver_, 6. and also with _Sope_, 7. Et lavat super _Pelvim_, 5. _Lixivio_ defluente è _Gulturnio_, 6. ut & _Sapone_, 7. and wipeth him with a _Towel_, 8. combeth him with a _Comb_, 9. and curleth him with a _Crisping Iron_, 10. & tergit _Linteo_, 8. pectit _Pectine_, 9. crispat _Calamistro_, 10. Sometimes he cutteth a _Vein_ with a _Pen-knife_, 11. where the Blood spirteth out, 12. Interdum secat Venam _Scalpello_, 11. ubi Sanguis propullulat, 12. The _Chirurgeon_ cureth _Wounds_. _Chirurgus_ curat _Vulnera_. LXXVII. The Stable. Equile. [Illustration] The _Horse-keeper_, 1. cleaneth the _Stable_ from _Dung_, 2. _Stabularius_ (Equiso), 1. purgat _Stabulum_ a _Fimo_, 2. He tyeth a _Horse_, 3. with a _Halter_, 4. to the _Manger_, 5. aut si mordax constringit _Fiscella_, 6. or if he apt to bite, he maketh him fast with a _Muzzle_, 6. Alligat _Equum_, 3. _Capistro_, 4. ad _Præsepe_, 5. Then he streweth _Litter_, 7. under him. Deinde substernit _Stramenta_, 7. He _winnoweth Oats_ with a _Van_, 8. (being mixt with Chaff, and taken out of a _Chest_, 10.) _Ventilat Avenam_, _Vanno_, 8. (Paleis mixtam, ac depromptam à _Cista Pabulatoria_, 10.) and with them feedeth the Horse, as also with _Hay_, 9. eâque pascit equum, ut & _Fœno_, 9. Afterwards he leadeth him to the _Watering-trough_, 11. to water. Postea ducit ad _Aquarium_, 11. aquatum. Then he rubbeth him with a _Cloth_, 12. combeth him with a _Curry-comb_, 15. covereth him with an _Housing-cloth_, 14. Tum detergit _Panno_, 12. depectit _Strigili_, 15. insternit _Gausape_, 14. and looketh upon his _Hoofs_ whether the _Shoes_, 13. be fast with the _Nails_. & inspicit _Soleas_, an _Calcei ferrei_, 13. firmis _Clavis_ hæreant. LXXVIII. Dials. Horologia. [Illustration] A _Dial_ measureth Hours. _Horologium_ dimetitur Horas. A _Sun-dial_, 1. sheweth by the shadow of the _Pin_, 2. what a _Clock_ it is; either on a Wall, or a _Compass_, 3, _Solarium_, 1. ostendit umbrâ _Gnomonis_, 2. quota sit _Hora_; sive in Pariete, sive in _Pyxide Magnetica_, 3. An _Hour-glass_, 4. sheweth the four parts of an hour by the running of _Sand_, heretofore of water. _Clepsydra_, 4. ostendit partes horæ quatuor, fluxu _Arenæ_, olim aquæ. A _Clock_, 5. numbereth also the Hours of the Night, _Automaton_, 5. numerat etiam Nocturnas Horas, by the turning of the Wheels, the greatest whereof is drawn by a _Weight_, 6. and draweth the rest. circulatione Rotarum, quarum maxima trahitur à _Pondere_, 6. & trahit cæteras. Then either the _Bell_, 7. by its sound, being struck on by the _Hammer_, or the _Hand_, 8. without, by its motion about sheweth the hour. Tum vel _Campana_, 7. sonitu suo, percussâ a _Malleolo_, vel _Index_ extra Circuitione sua indicat horam. LXXIX. The Picture. Pictura. [Illustration] _Pictures_, 1. delight the Eyes and adorn Rooms. _Picturæ_, 1. oblectant Oculos & ornant Conclavia. The _Painter_, 2. painteth an _Image_ with a _Pencil_, 3. _Pictor_, 2. pingit _Effigiem_ _Penicilio_, 3. in a _Table_, 4. upon a _Case-frame_, 5. holding his _Pollet_, 6. in his left hand, in _Tabula_, 4. super _Pluteo_, 5. tenens _Orbem Pictorium_, 6. in sinistra, on which are the _Paints_ which were ground by the _Boy_, 7. on a _Marble_. in quo _Pigmenta_ quæ terebantur à _puero_, 7. in _marmore_. The _Carver_ and _Statuary_ carve _Statues_, 8. of Wood and Stone. _Sculptor_, & _Statuarius_ exsculpunt _Statuas_, 8. è Ligno & Lapide. The _Graver_ and the _Cutter_ grave _Shapes_, 10. and _Characters_ _Cœlator_ & _Scalptor_ insculpit _Figuras_, 10. & _Characteres_, with a _Graving Chesil_, 9. in Wood, Brass, and other Metals. _Cœlo_, 9. Ligno, Æri, aliisque Metallis. LXXX. Looking-glasses. Specularia. [Illustration] _Looking-glasses_, 1. are provided that Men may see themselves. _Specularia_, 1. parantur, ut homines intueantur seipsos. _Spectacles_, 2. that he may see better, who hath a weak sight. _Perspicilla_, 2. ut cernat acius qui habet visum debilem. Things afar off are seen in a _Perspective Glass_, 3. as things near at hand. Remota videntur per _telescopium_, 3. ut proxima. A _Flea_ appeareth in a _muliplying-glass_, 4. like a little hog. _Pulex_, 4. in _Microscopio_ apparet ut porcellus. The Rays of the Sun, burn wood through a _Burning-glass_, 5. Radii Solis accendunt ligna per _Vitrum urens_, 5. LXXXI. The Cooper. Vietor. [Illustration] The _Cooper_, 1. having an _Apron_, 2, tied about him, _Vietor_, 1. amictus _Præcinctorio_, 2. maketh _Hoops_ of _Hazel-rods_, 3. upon a _cutting-block_, 4. with a _Spoke-Shave_, 5. and _Lags_, 6. of _Timber_, facit _Circulos_, è _Virgis Colurnis_, 3. super _Sellam incisoriam_, 4. _Scalpro bimanubriato_, 5. & _Assulas_, 6. ex _Ligno_. Of _Lags_ he maketh _Hogsheads_, 7. and _Pipes_, 8. with two _Heads_; Ex Assulis conficit _Dolia_, 7. & _Cupas_, 8. _Fundo_ bino; and _Tubs_, 9. _Soes_, 10. _Flaskets_, 11. _Buckets_, 12. with one Bottom. tum _Lacus_, 9. _Labra_, 10. _Pitynas_ [Trimodia], 11. & _Situlas_, 12. fundo uno. Then he bindeth them with _Hoops_, 13. which he tyeth fast with small _Twigs_, 15. Postea vincit _Circulis_, 13. quos ligat _Viminibus_, 15. by means of a _Cramp-iron_, 14. and he fitteth them on with a _Mallet_, 16. and a _Driver_, 17. ope _Falcis vietoriæ_, 14. & aptat _Tudite_, 16. ac _Tudicula_, 17. LXXXII. The Roper, and the Cordwainer. Restio, & Lorarius. [Illustration] The _Roper_, 1. twisteth _Cords_, 2. of _Tow_, or _Hemp_, 4. _Restio_, 1. contorquet _Funes_, 2. è _Stupa_, 4. vel _Cannabi_, (which he wrappeth about himself) by the turning of a _Wheel_, 3. quam circumdat sibi agitatione _Rotulæ_, 3. Thus are made first _Cords_, 5. then _Ropes_, 6. and at last, _Cables_, 7. Sic fiunt, primò _Funiculi_, 5. tum _Restes_, 6. tandem _Rudentes_, 7. The _Cord-wainer_, 8. cutteth great _Thongs_, 10. _Bridles_, 11. _Girdles_, 12. _Lorarius_, 8. scindit _Loramenta_, 10. _Fræna_, 11. _Cingula_, 12. _Sword-belts_, 13. _Pouches_, 14. _Port-mantles_, 15. &c. out of a _Beast-hide_, 9. _Baltheos_, 13. _Crumenas_, 14. _Hippoperas_, 15., &c. de _corio bubulo_, 9. LXXXIII. The Traveller. Viator. [Illustration] A _Traveller_, 1. beareth on his shoulders in a _Budget_, 2. those things which his _Satchel_, 3. or _Pouch_, 4. cannot hold. Viator, 1. portat humeris in _Bulga_, 2. quæ non capit _Funda_, 3. vel _Marsupium_, 4. He is covered with a _Cloak_, 5. Tegitur _Lacernâ_, 5. He holdeth a _Staff_, 6. in his hand wherewith to bear up himself. Tenet _Baculum_, 6. Manu quo se fulciat. He hath need of _Provision for the way_, as also of a pleasant and merry _Companion_, 7. Opus habet _Viatico_, ut & fido & facundo _Comite_, 7. Let him not forsake the _High-road_, 9. for a _Foot-way_, 8. unless it be a _beaten Path_. Non deserat _Viam regiam_ propter _Semitam_, 8. nisi sit _Callis tritus_. _By-ways_, 10. and _places where two ways meet_, 11. deceive and lead men aside _Avia_, 10. & _Bivia_, 11. fallunt & seducunt, into _uneven-places_, 12. so do not _By-paths_, 13. and _Cross-ways_, 14. in _Salebras_, 12. non æquè _Tramites_, 13. & _Compita_, 14, Let him therefore enquire of _those he meeteth_, 15. which way he must go; Sciscitet igitur _obvios_, 15. quà sit eundum; and let him take heed of _Robbers_, 16. as in the _way_, so also in the _Inn_, 17. where he lodgeth all Night. & caveat _Prædones_, 16. ut in _viâ_, sic etiam in _Diversorio_, 17. ubi pernoctat. LXXXIV. The Horse-man. Eques. [Illustration] The _Horse-man_, 1. setteth a _Saddle_, 2. on his _Horse_, 3. and girdeth it on with a _Girth_, 4. _Eques_, 1. imponit _Equo_, 2. _Ephippium_, 3. idque succingit _Cingulo_, 4. He layeth a _Saddle-cloth_, 5. also upon him. Insternit etiam _Dorsuale_, 5. He decketh him with _Trappings_, a _Fore-stall_, 6. a _Breast-cloth_, 7. and a _Crupper_, 8. Ornat eum _Phaleris_, _Frontali_, 6. _Antilena_, 7. & _Postilena_, 8, Then he getteth upon his Horse, putteth his feet into the _Stirrops_, 9. taketh the _Bridle-rein_, 10. 11. Deinde insilit in Equum, indit pedes _Stapedibus_, 9. capessit _Lorum_ (habenam), 10. _Freni_, 11. in his left hand, wherewith he guideth and holdeth the Horse. sinistrâ quo flectit, & retinet Equum. Then he putteth to his _Spurs_, 12. and setteth him on with a _Switch_, 13. and holdeth him in with a _Musrol_, 14. Tum admovet _Calcaria_, 12. incitatque _Virgula_, 13. & coërcet _Postomide_, 14. The _Holsters_, 15. hang down from the _Pummel_ of the _Saddle_, 16. in which the _Pistols_, 17. are put. _Bulgæ_, 15. pendent ex _Apice_ _Ephippii_, 16. quibus _Sclopi_, 17. inseruntur. The Rider is clad in a short _Coat_, 18. his _Cloak_ being tyed behind him, 19. Ipse Eques induitur _Chlamyde_, 18. _Lacernâ_ revinctâ, 19. à tergo. A _Post_, 20. is carried on Horseback at full Gallop. _Veredarius_, 20. fertur Equo cursim. LXXXV. Carriages. Vehicula. [Illustration] We are carried on a _Sled_, 1. over Snow and Ice. Vehimur _Trahâ_, 1. super Nivibus & Glacie. A Carriage with one Wheel, is called a _Wheelbarrow_, 2. with two Wheels, a _Cart_, 3. Vehiculum unirotum, dicitur _Pabo_, 2. birotum, _Carrus_, 3. with four Wheels, a _Wagon_, which is either a _Timber-wagon_, 4. or a _Load-wagon_, 5. quadrirotum, _Currus_, qui vel _Sarracum_, 4. vel _Plaustrum_, 5. The parts of the Wagon are, the _Neep_ (or draught-tree), 6. the _Beam_, 7. the _Bottom_, 8. and the _Sides_, 9. Partes Currûs sunt, _Temo_, 6. _Jugum_, 7. _Compages_, 8. _Spondæ_, 9. Then the _Axle-trees_, 10. about which the _Wheels_ run, the _Lin-pins_, 11. and _Axletree-staves_, 12. being fastened before them. Tum _Axes_, 10. circa quos _Rotæ_ currunt, _Paxillis_, 11. & _Obicibus_, 12. præfixis. The _Nave_, 13. is the groundfast of the _Wheel_, 14. from which come twelve _Spokes_, 15. _Modiolus_, 13. est Basis _Rotæ_, 14. ex quo prodeunt duodecim _Radii_, 15. The _Ring_ encompasseth these, which is made of six _Felloes_, 16. and as many _Strakes_, 17. _Orbile_ ambit hos, compositum è sex _Absidibus_, 16. & totidem _Canthis_, 17. _Hampiers_ and _Hurdles_, 18, are set in a Wagon. _Corbes_ & _Crates_, 18. imponuntur Currui. LXXXVI. Carrying to and fro. Vectura. [Illustration] The _Coach-man_, 1. joineth a _Horse fit to match_ _a Saddle-horse_, 2, 3. _Auriga_, 1. jungit _Parippum_, 2. _Sellario_, 3. to the _Coach-tree_, with _Thongs_ or _Chains_, 5. hanging down from the _Collar_, 4. ad _Temonem_, _Loris_ vel _Catenis_, 5. dependentibus de _Helcio_, 4. Then he sitteth upon the _Saddle-horse_, and driveth them that go before him, 6. with a _Whip_, 7. and guideth them with a _String_, 8 Deinde insidet _Sellario_, agit ante se antecessores, 6. _Scuticâ_, 7. & flectit _Funibus_, 8. He greaseth the _Axle-tree_ with _Axle-tree grease_ out of a _Grease-pot_, 9. and stoppeth the wheel with a _Trigen_, 10. in a steep descent. Ungit _Axem_ _Axungiâ_, ex _vase unguentorio_, 9. & inhibet rotam Sufflamine, 10. in præcipiti descensu. And thus the Coach is driven along the _Wheel-ruts_, 11. Et sic aurigatur per _Orbitas_, 11. _Great Persons_ are carryed _with six Horses_, 12. by two _Coachmen_, in a Hanging-wagon, which is called a _Coach_, 13. _Magnates_ vehuntur _Sejugibus_, 12. duobus _Rhedariis_, Curru pensili, qui vocatur _Carpentum_ (Pilentum), 13. Others _with two Horses_, 14. in a _Chariot_, 15. Alii _Bijugibus_, 14. _Essedo_, 15. _Horse Litters_, 16, 17. are carried by two Horses. _Arceræ_, 16. & _Lacticæ_, 17. portantur à duobus Equis. They use _Pack-Horses_, instead of _Waggons_, thorow _Hills_ that are not passable, 18. Utuntur _Jumentis Clitellariis_, loco _Curruum_, per _montes_ invios, 18. LXXXVII. Passing over Waters. Transitus Aquarum. [Illustration] Lest he that is to pass over a River should be wet, _Bridges_, 1. were invented for Carriages, and _Foot-bridges_, 2. for Foot-men. Trajecturus flumen ne madefiat, _Pontes_, 1. excogitati sunt pro Vehiculis & _Ponticuli_, 2. pro Peditibus. If a river have a _Foord_, 3. it is _waded over_, 4. Si Flumen habet _Vadum_, 3. _vadatur_, 4. _Flotes_, 5. also are made of Timber pinned together; or _Ferry-boats_, 6. of planks laid close together for fear they should receive Water. _Rates_, 5. etiam struuntur ex compactis tignis: vel _Pontones_, 6. ex trabibus consolidatis, ne excipiant aquam. Besides _Scullers_, 7. are made, which are rowed with an _Oar_, 8. or _Pole_, 9. or haled with an _Haling-rope_, 10. Porrò _Lintres_ (Lembi), 7. fabricantur, qui aguntur _Remo_, 8. vel _Conto_, 9. aut trahuntur _Remulco_, 10. LXXXVIII. Swimming. Natatus. [Illustration] Men are wont also to swim over Waters upon a _bundle of flags_, 1. Solent etiam tranare aquas super _scirpeum fascem_, 1. and besides upon blown _Beast-bladders_, 2. and after, by throwing their _Hands_ and _Feet_, 3. abroad. porrò super inflatas _boum Vesicas_, 2. deinde liberè jactatu _Manuum Pedumque_, 3. And at last they learned _to tread the water_, 4. being plunged up to the girdle-stead, and carrying their Cloaths upon their head. Tandem didicerunt _calcare aquam_, 4. immersi cingulo tenus & gestantes Vestes supra caput. A _Diver_, 5. can swim also under the water like a Fish. _Urinator_, 5. etiam natare potest sub aquâ, ut Piscis. LXXXIX. A Galley. Navis actuaria. [Illustration] A _Ship_ furnished with _Oars_, 1. is a _Barge_, 2. or a _Foyst_, &c. _Navìs_ instructa _Remis_, 1. est _Uniremis_, 2. vel _Biremis_, &c. in which the _Rowers_, 3. sitting on _Seats_, 4. by the _Oar-rings_, row, by striking the water with the _Oars_, 5. in quâ _Remiges_, 3. considentes pre _Transtra_, 4. ad _Scalmos_, remigant pellendo aquam _Remis_, The _Ship-master_, 6. standing in the _Fore-castle_, _Proreta_, 6. stans in _Prora_, and the _Steers-man_, 7. sitting at the _Stern_, and holding the _Rudder_, 8. steer the _Vessel_. & _Gubernator_, 7. sedens in _Puppi_, tenensque _Clavum_, 8. gubernant _Navigium_. XC. A Merchant-ship. Navis oneraria. [Illustration] A _Ship_, 1. is driven onward not by Oars, but by the only force of the Winds. _Navigium_, 1. impellitur, non remis, sed solâ vi Ventorum. In it is a _Mast_, 2. set up, fastened with _Shrowds_, 3. on all sides to the _main-chains_. In illo _Malus_, 2. erigitur, firmatus _Funibus_, 3. undique ad _Oras Navis_, to which the _Sail-yards_, 4. are tied, and the _Sails_, 5. to these, which are _spread open_, 6. to the wind, and are hoysed by _Bowlings_, 7. cui annectuntur _Antennæ_, 4. his, _Vela_, 5. quæ _expanduntur_, 6. ad Ventum & _Versoriis_, 7. versantur. The Sails are the _Main-sail_, 8. the _Trinket_, or _Fore-sail_, 9. the _Misen-sail_ or _Poop-sail_, 10. Vela sunt _Artemon_, 8. _Dolon_, 9. & _Epidromus_, 10. The _Beak_, 11. is in the _Fore-deck_. _Rostrum_, 11. est in _Prora_. The _Ancient_, 12. is placed in the _Stern_. _Signum_ (vexillum), 12. ponitur in _Puppi_. On the Mast is the _Foretop_, 13. the _Watch-tower_ of the Ship In Malo est _Corbis_, 13. _Specula_ Navis and over the _Fore-top_ a _Vane_, 14. to shew which way the Wind standeth. & supra _Galeam_ _Aplustre_, 14. Ventorum Index. The ship is stayed with an _Anchor_, 15. Navis sistitur _Anchorâ_, 15. The depth is fathomed with a _Plummet_, 16. Profunditas exploratur _Bolide_, 16. Passengers walk up and down the _Decks_, 17. Navigantes deambulant in _Tabulato_, 17. The Sea men run to and fro through the _Hatches_, 18. Nautæ cursitant per _Foros_, 18. And thus, even Seas are passed over. Atque ita, etiam Maria trajiciuntur. XCI. Ship-wreck. Naufragium. [Illustration] When a _Storm_, 1. ariseth on a sudden, they strike _Sail_, 2. Cum _Procella_, 1. oritur repentè contrahunt _Vela_, 2. lest the Ship should be dashed against _Rocks_, 3 or light upon _Shelves_, 4. ne Navis ad _Scopulos_, 3. allidatur, aut incidat in _Brevia_ (Syrtes), 4. If they cannot hinder her they suffer _Ship-wreck_, 5. Si non possunt prohibere patiuntur _Naufragium_, 5. And then the men, the _Wares_, and all things are miserably lost. Tum Homines, _Merces_, omnia miserabiliter pereunt. Nor doth the _Sheat-anchor_, 6. being cast with a _Cable_, do any good. Neque hic _Sacra anchora_, 6. _Rudenti_ jacta quidquam adjuvat. Some escape, either on a _Plank_, 7. and by swimming, or in the _Boat_, 8. Quidam evadunt, vel _tabula_, 7. ac enatando, vel _Scapha_, 8. Part of the Wares, with the dead folks, is carried out of the _Sea_, 9. upon the Shoars. Pars Mercium cum mortuis a _Mari_, 9. in littora defertur. XCII. Writing. Ars Scriptoria. [Illustration] The Ancients writ in _Tables done over with wax_ with a brazen _Poitrel_, 1. Veteres scribebant in _Tabellis ceratis_ æneo _Stilo_, 1. with the _sharp end_, 2. whereof letters were engraven and rubbed out again with the _broad end_, 3. cujus _parte cuspidata_, 2. exarabantur literæ, rursum vero obliterabantur _planâ_. Afterwards they writ _Letters_ with a _small Reed_, 4. Deinde _Literas_ pingebant _subtili Calamo_, 4. We use a _Goose-quill_, 5. the _Stem_, 6. of which we make with a _Pen-knife_, 7. Nos utimur _Anserina Penna_, 5. cujus _Caulem_, 6. temperamus _Scalpello_, 7. then we dip the _Neb_ in an _Ink-horn_, 8. which is stopped with a _Stopple_, 9. tum intingimus _Crenam_ in _Atramentario_, 8. quod obstruitur _Operculo_, 9. and we put our _Pens_, into a _Pennar_, 10. & _Pennas_ recondimus in _Calamario_, 10. We dry a Writing with _Blotting-paper_, or _Calis-sand_ out of a _Sand-box_, 11. Siccamus Scripturam _Chartâ bibulâ_, vel _Arenâ scriptoria_, ex _Theca Pulveraria_, 11. And we indeed write from the left hand towards the right, 12. the _Hebrews_ from the right hand towards the left, 13. Et nos quidem scribimus â sinistra dextrorsum, 12. _Hebræi_ â dextrâ sinistrorsum, 13. the _Chinese_ and other _Indians_, from the top downwards, 14. _Chinenses_ & _Indi_ alii, â summo deorsum, 14. XCIII. Paper. Papyrus. [Illustration] The Ancients used _Beech-Boards_, 1. or _Leaves_, 2. as also _Barks_, 3. of _Trees_; Veteres utebantur _Tabulis Faginis_, 1. aut _Foliis_, 2. ut & _Libris_, 3. _Arborum_; especially of an Egyptian Shrub, which was called _Papyrus_. præsertim Arbusculæ Ægyptiæ, cui nomen erat _Papyrus_. Now _Paper_ is in use which the _Paper-maker_ maketh in a _Paper-mill_, 4. Nunc _Charta_ est in usu, quam _Chattopœus_ in _mola Papyracea_, 4. conficit of _Linen rags_, 5. stamped to _Mash_, 6. which being taken up in _Frames_, 7. è _Linteis vetustis_, 5. in _Pulmentum_ contusis, 6. quod haustum _Normulis_, 7. he spreadeth into _Sheets_, 8. and setteth them in the Air that they may be dryed. diducit in _Plagulas_, 8. exponitque aëri, ut siccentur. Twenty-five of these make a _Quire_, 9. twenty Quires a _Ream_, 10. and ten of these a _Bale of Paper_, 11. Harum XXV. faciunt _Scapum_, 9. XX. Scapi _Volumen minus_, 10. horum X. _Volumen majus_, 11. That which is to last long is written on _Parchment_, 12. Duraturum diu scribitur in _Membrana_, 12. XCIV. Printing. Typographia. [Illustration] The _Printer_ hath _metal Letters_ in a large number put into _Boxes_, 5. _Typographus_ habet _Typos Metallos_, magno numero distributos per _Loculamenta_, 5. The _Compositor_, 1. taketh them out one by one and according to the _Copy_, (which he hath fastened before him in a _Visorum_, 2.) _Typotheta_, 1. eximit illos singulatim, & secundum _exemplar_, (quod habet præfixum sibi _Retinaculo_, 2.) composeth words in a _Composing-stick_, 3. till a _Line_ be made; componit Verba _Gnomone_, 3. donec _versus_ fiat; he putteth these in a _Gally_, 4. till a _Page_, 6. be made, and these again in a _Form_, 7. hos indit _Formæ_, 4. donec _Pagina_, 6. fiat; has iterum _Tabulâ compositoriâ_, 7. and he locketh them up in _Iron Chases_, 8. with _Coyns_, 9. lest they should drop out, coarctaque eos _Marginibus ferreis_, 8. ope _Cochlearum_, 9. ne dilabantur, and putteth them under the _Press_, 10. ac subjicit _Prelo_, 10. Then the _Press-man_ beateth it over with _Printers Ink_, by means of _Balls_, 11. Tum _Impressor_ illinit _Atramento impressorio_ ope _Pilarum_, 11. spreadeth upon it the Papers put in the _Frisket_, 12. super imponit Chartas inditas _Operculo_, 12. which being put under the _Spindle_, 14. on the _Coffin_, 13. and pressed down with a _Bar_, 15. he maketh to take impression. quas subditas _Trochleæ_, 14. in _Tigello_, 13. & impressas _Suculâ_, 15. facit imbibere typos. XCV. The Booksellers Shop. Bibliopolium. [Illustration] The _Bookseller_, 1 selleth _Books_ in a _Booksellers Shop_, 2. of which he writeth a _Catalogue_, 3. _Bibliopola_, 1. vendit _Libros_ in _Bibliopolio_, 2. quorum conscribit _Catalogum_, 3. The Books are placed on _Shelves_, 4. and are laid open for use upon a _Desk_, 5. Libri disponuntur per _Repositoria_, 4. & exponuntur ad usum, super _Pluteum_, 5. A Multitude of Books is called a _Library_, 6. Multitudo Librorum vocatur _Bibliotheca_, 6. XCVI. The Book-binder. Bibliopegus. [Illustration] In times past they glewed Paper to Paper, and rolled them up together into one _Roll_, 1. Olim agglutinabant Chartam Chartæ, convolvebantque eas in unum _Volumen_, 1. At this day the _Book-binder_ bindeth Books, whilst he wipeth, 2. over Papers steept in _Gum-water_, and then foldeth them together, 3. Hodiè _Compactor_ compingit Libros, dum tergit, 2. chartas maceratas _aquâ glutinosâ_, deinde complicat, 3. beateth with a hammer, 4. then stitcheth them up, 5. presseth them in a _Press_, 6. which hath two _Screws_, 7. malleat, 4. tum consuit, 5. conprimit _Prelo_, 6. quod habet duos _Cochleas_, 7. glueth them on the back, cutteth off the edges with a _round Knife_, 8. conglutinat dorso, demarginat rotundo _Cultro_, 8. and at last covereth them with _Parchment_ or _Leather_, 9. maketh them handsome, and setteth on _Clasps_, 10. tandem vestit _Membranâ_ vel _Corio_, 9. efformat, & affigit _Uncinulos_, 10. XCVII. A Book. Liber. [Illustration] A _Book_ as to its outward shape, is either in _Folio_, 1. or in _Quarto_, 2. in _Octavo_, 3. in _Duodecimo_, 4. _Liber_, quoad exteriorem formam est vel in _Folia_, 1. vel in _Quarto_, 2. in _Octavo_, 3. in _Duodecimo_, 4. either _made to open Side-wise_, 5. or _Long-wise_, 6. with _Brazen Clasps_, 7. or _Strings_, 8. and _Square-bofles_, 9. vel _Columnatus_, 5. vel _Linguatus_, 6. cum _Æneis Clausuris_, 7. vel _Ligulis_, 8. & _angularibus Bullis_, 9. Within are _Leaves_, 10. with two _Pages_, sometimes divided with _Columns_, 11. and _Marginal Notes_, 12. Intùs sunt _Folia_, 10. duabis _Paginis_, aliquando _Columnis_, 11. divisa cumq; _Notis Marginalibus_, 12. XCVIII. A School. Schola. [Illustration] A _School_, 1. is a Shop in which _Young Wits_ are fashion’d to vertue, and it is distinguish’d into _Forms_. _Schola_, 1. est Officina, in quâ _Novelli Animi_ formantur ad virtutem, & distinguitur in _Classes_. The _Master_, 2. sitteth in a _Chair_, 3. the _Scholars_, 4. in _Forms_, 5. he teacheth, they learn. _Præceptor_, 2. sedet in _Cathedra_, 3. _Discipuli_, 4. in _Subselliis_, 5. ille docet, hi discunt. Some things are writ down before them with _Chalk_ on a _Table_, 6. Quædam præscribuntur illis _Cretâ_ in _Tabella_, 6. Some sit at a Table, and write, 7. he mendeth their Faults, 8. Quidam sedent ad Mensam, & scribunt, 7. ipse corrigit Mendas, 8. Some stand and rehearse things committed to memory, 9. Quidam stant, & recitant mandata memoriæ, 9. Some talk together, 10. and behave themselves wantonly and carelessly; these are chastised with a _Ferrula_. 11. and a _Rod_, 12. Quidam confabulantur, 10. ac gerunt se petulantes, & negligentes; hi castigantur _Ferulâ_ (baculo), 11. & _Virgâ_, 12. XCIX. The Study. Museum. [Illustration] The _Study_, 1. is a place where a Student, 2. apart from Men, sitteth alone, addicted to his _Studies_, _Museum_, 1. est locus ubi Studiosus, 2. secretus ab Hominibus, sedet solus deditus _Studiis_, whilst he readeth _Books_, 3. which being within his reach he layeth open upon a _Desk_, 4. dum lectitat _Libros_, 3. quos penes se & exponit super _Pluteum_, 4. and picketh all the best things out of them into his own _Manual_, 5. & excerpit optima quæque ex illis in _Manuale_ suum, 5. or marketh them in them with a _Dash_, 6. or a _little Star_, 7. in the _Margent_. notat in illis _Liturâ_, 6. vel _Asterisco_, 7. ad _Margiem_. Being to sit up late, he setteth a _Candle_, 8. on a _Candlestick_, 9. which is snuffed with _Snuffers_, 10. Lucubraturus, elevat _Lychnum_ (_Canelam_), 8. in _Candelabra_, 9. qui emungitur _Emunctorio_, 10. before the Candle, he placeth a _Screen_, 11. which is green, that it may not hurt his eye-sight; ante Lynchum collocat _Umbraculum_, 11. quod viride est, ne hebetet oculorum aciem; richer Persons use a _Taper_, for a _Tallow-candle_ stinketh and smoaketh. opulentiores utuntur _Cereo_ nam _Candela sebacea_ fœtet & fumigat. A _Letter_, 12. is wrapped up, writ upon, 13. and sealed, 14. _Epistola_, 12. complicatur, inscribitur, 13. & obsignatur, 14. Going abroad by night, he maketh use of a _Lanthorn_, 15. or a _Torch_, 16. Prodiens noctu utitur _Lanterna_, 15. vel _Face_, 16. C. Arts belonging to Speech. Artes Sermones. [Illustration] _Grammar_, 1. is conversant about _Letters_, 2. of which it maketh _Words_, 3. _Grammatica_, 1. versatur circa _Literas_, 2. ex quibus componit _Voces_, _verba_, 3. and teacheth how to utter, write, 4. put together and part them rightly. docetque eloqui, scribere, 4. construere, distinguere (interpungere) eas recte. _Rhetorick_, 5. doth as it were paint, 6. a rude form, 7. of Speech _Rhetorica_, 5. pingit, 6. quasi rudem _formam_, 7. Sermonis with _Oratory Flourishes_, 8. such as are _Figures_, _Elegancies_, _Adagies_, _Oratoriis Pigmentis_, 8. ut sunt _Figuræ_, _Elegantiæ_, _Adagia_ (proverbia) _Apothegms_, _Sentences_, _Similies_, _Hierogylphicks, &c._ _Apothegmata_, _Sententiæ_ (Gnomæ) _Similia_, _Hieroglyphica, &c._ _Poetry_, 9. gathereth these _Flowers_ _of Speech_, 10. _Poesis_, 9. colligit hos _Flores_ _Orationis_, 10. and tieth them as it were into a little _Garland_, 11. and so making of _Prose_ a _Poem_, & colligat quasi in _Corallam_, 11. atque ita, faciens è _prosa_ _ligatam orationem_, it maketh several sorts of _Verses_ and _Odes_, and is therefore crowned with a _Laurel_, 12. componit varia _Carmina_ & _Hymnos_ (_Odas_) ac propterea coronatur _Lauru_, 12. _Musick_, 13. setteth _Tunes_, 14. with _pricks_, _Musica_, 13. componit _Melodias_, 14. _Notis_, to which it setteth words, and so singeth alone, or in _Consort_, or by Voice, or Musical Instruments, 15. quibus aptat verba, atque ita cantat sola vel _Concentu_ (_Symphonia_), aut voce aut Instrumentis Musicis, 15. CI. Musical Instruments. Instrumenta musica. [Illustration] _Musical Instruments_ are those which make a sound: _Musica instrumenta_ sunt quæ edunt vocem: First, when they are beaten upon, as a _Cymbal_, 1. with a _Pestil_, Primò, cum pulsantur, ut _Cymbalum_, 1. _Pistillo_, a _little Bell_, 2. with an _Iron pellet_ within; or _Rattle_, 3. by tossing it about: _Tintinnabulum_, 2. intus _Globulo ferreo_, _Crepitaculum_, 3. circumversando; a _Jews-Trump_, 4. being put to the mouth, with the fingers; a _Drum_, 5. and a _Kettle_, 6. with a _Drum-stick_, 7. _Crembalum_, 4. ori admotum, Digito; _Tympanum_, 5. & _Ahenum_, 6. _Claviculâ_, 7. as also the _Dulcimer_, 8. with the _Shepherds-harp_, 9. and the _Tymbrel_, 10. ut & _Sambuca_, 8. cum _Organo pastoritio_, 9. & _Sistrum_ (Crotalum), 10. Secondly, upon which _strings_ are stretched, and struck upon, Secundò, in quibus _Chordæ_ intenduntur & plectuntur as the _Psaltery_, 11. and the _Virginals_, 12. with both hands; ut _Nablium_, 11. cum _Clavircordio_, 12. utrâque manu; the _Lute_, 13. (in which is the _Neck_, 14. the _Belly_, 15, the _Pegs_, 16. _Testudo_ (Chelys), 13. (in quâ _Jugum_, 14. _Magadium_, 15. & _Verticilli_, 16. by which the _Strings_, 17. are stretched upon the _Bridge_, 18.) quibus _Nervi_, 17. intenduntur super _Ponticulam_, 18.) the _Cittern_, 19. with the right hand only, the _Vial_, 20. with a _Bow_, 21. & _Cythara_, 19. Dexterâ tantum, _Pandura_, 20. _Plectro_, 21. and the _Harp_, 23. with a _Wheel_ within, which is turned about: the _Stops_, 22. in every one are touched with the left hand. & _Lyra_, 23. intus rotâ, quæ versatur: _Dimensiones_, 22. in singulis tanguntur sinistra. At last, those which are blown, as with the mouth, Tandem quæ inflantur, ut Ore, the _Flute_, 24. the _Shawm_, 25. the _Bag-pipe_, 26. _Fistula_ (_Tibia_), 24. _Gingras_, 25. _Tibia utricularis_, 26. the _Cornet_, 27. the _Trumpet_, 28, 29. or with _Bellows_, as a _pair of Organs_, 30. _Lituus_, 27. _Tuba_, 28. _Buccina_, 29. vel _Follibus_, ut _Organum pneumaticum_, 30. CII. Philosophy. Philosophia. [Illustration] The _Naturalist_, 1. vieweth all the works of God in the World. _Physicus_, 1. speculatur omnia Dei Opera in Mundo. The _Supernaturalist_, 2. searches out the _Causes_ and _Effects_ of things. _Metaphysicus_, 2. perscrutatur _Causas_, & rerum _Effecta_. The _Arithmetician_, reckoneth _numbers_, by adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing; _Arithmeticus_ computat _numeros_, addendo, subtrahendo, multiplicando, dividendo; and that either by _Cyphers_, 3. on a _Slate_, or by _Counters_, 4. upon a _Desk_. idque vel _Cyphris_, 3. in _Palimocesto_, vel _Calculis_, 4. super _Abacum_. _Country people_ reckon, 5. with _figures of tens_, X. and _figures of five_, V. _Rustici_ numerant, 5. _Decussibus_, X. & _Quincuncibus_, V. by _twelves_, _fifteens_, and _threescores_. per _Duodenas_, _Quindenas_, & _Sexagenas_. CIII. Geometry. Geometria. [Illustration] A _Geometrician_ measureth the _height_ of a _Tower_, 1....2. _Geometra_ metitur _Altitudinem_ _Turris_, 1....2. or the _distance_ of _places_, 3....4. either with a _Quadrant_, 5. or a _Jacob’s-staff_, 6. aut _distantiam_ _Locorum_, 3....4. sive _Quadrante_, 5. sive _Radio_, 6. He maketh out the _Figures of things_, with _Lines_, 7. _Angles_, 8. and _Circles_, 9. Designat _Figuras rerum_ _Lineis_, 7, _Angulis_, 8. & _Circulis_, 9. by a _Rule_, 10. a _Square_, 11. and a _pair of Compasses_, 12. ad _Regulam_, 10. _Normam_, 11. & _Circinum_, 12. Out of these arise an _Oval_, 13. a _Triangle_, 14. a _Quadrangle_, 15. and other figures. Ex his oriuntur _Cylindrus_, 13. _Trigonus_ 14. _Tetragonus_, 15. & aliæ figuræ. CIV. The Celestial Sphere. Sphera cælestis. [Illustration] _Astronomy_ considereth the _motion of the Stars_, _Astrology_ the Effects of them. _Astronomia_ considerat _motus Astrorum_, _Astrologia_ eorum Effectus. The _Globe of Heaven_ is turned about upon an _Axle-tree_, 1. about the _Globe_ _of the Earth_, 2. in the space of XXIV. hours. _Globus Cæli_ volvitur super _Axem_, 1. circa _globum_ _terræ_, 2. spacio XXIV. horarum. The _Pole-stars_, or _Pole_, the _Arctick_, 3. the _Antarctick_, 4. conclude the _Axle-tree_ at both ends. _Stellæ polares_, _Arcticus_, 3. _Antarcticus_, 4. finiunt _Axem_ utrinque. The _Heaven_ is full of Stars every where. _Cælum_ est Stellatum undique. There are reckoned above a _thousand fixed Stars_; but of _Constellations_ _towards the North_, XXI. _towards the South_, XVI. _Stellarum fixarum_ numerantur plus _mille_; _Siderum_ verò _Septentrionarium_, XXI. _Meridionalium_, XVI. Add to these the XII. _signs_ of the _Zodiaque_, 5. every one XXX. degrees, whose names are Adde _Signa_, XII. _Zodiaci_, 5. quodlibet graduum, XXX, quorum nomina sunt ♈ _Aries_ ♉ _Taurus_, ♊ _Gemini_, ♋ _Cancer_, ♌ _Leo_, ♍ _Virgo_, ♎ _Libra_, ♏ _Scorpius_, ♐ _Sagittarius_, ♑ _Capricorn_, ♒ _Aquarius_, ♓ _Pisces_. ♈ _Aries_ ♉ _Taurus_, ♊ _Gemini_, ♋ _Cancer_, ♌ _Leo_, ♍ _Virgo_, ♎ _Libra_, ♏ _Scorpius_, ♐ _Sagittarius_, ♑ _Capricorn_, ♒ _Aquarius_, ♓ _Pisces_. Under this move the seven _Wandring-stars_ which they call _Planets_, Sub hoc cursitant _Stellæ errantes_ VII. quas vocant _Planetas_, whose way is a circle in the middle of the Zodiack, called the _Ecliptick_, 6. quorum via est Circulvs, in medio Zodiaci, dictus _Ecliptica_, 6. Other Circles are the _Horizon_, 7. the _Meridian_, 8. the _Æquator_, 9. the two _Colures_, Alii Circuli sunt _Horizon_, 7. _Meridianus_, 8. _Equator_, 9. duo _Coluri_, the one of the _Equinocts_, 10. (of the _Spring_ when the ☉ entreth into ♈; _Autumnal_ when it entreth in ♎) alter _Æquinoxiorum_, 10. (_Verni_, quando ☉ ingreditur ♈; _Autumnalis_, quando ingreditur ♎) the other of the _Solstices_, 11. (_of the Summer_, when the ☉ entreth into ♋ of the _Winter_ when it entreth into ♑) alter _Solsticiorum_, 11. (_Æstivi_, quando ☉ ingreditur ♋; _Hyberni_, quando ingreditur ♑) the _Tropicks_, the _Tropick of Cancer_, 12. the _Tropick of Capricorn_, 13. and the two _Polar Circles_, 14....15. duo _Tropici_, _Tr. Cancri_, 12. _Tr. Capricorni_, 13. & duo _Polares_, 14....15. [Alternate Text: of the _Spring_ when the [Sun] entreth into [Aries]; _Autumnal_ when it entreth in [Libra] ... _of the Summer_, when the [Sun] entreth into [Cancer] of the _Winter_ when it entreth into [Capricorn] ] CIV. The Aspects of the Planets. Planetarum Aspectus. [Illustration] The _Moon_ runneth through the _Zodiack_ every _Month_. _Luna_ percurrit _Zodiacum_ singulis _Mensibus_. The _Sun_, ☉ in a Year. _Sol_, ☉ Anno. _Mercury_, ☿ and _Venus_, ♀ about the Sun, the one in a hundred and fifteen, the other in 585 days. _Mercurius_, ☿ & _Venus_, ♀ circa Solem, illa CXV., hæc DLXXXV. Diebus. _Mars_, ♂ in two years; _Mars_, ♂ Biennio; _Jupiter_, ♃ in almost twelve; _Jupiter_, ♃ ferè duodecim; _Saturn_, ♄ in thirty years. _Saturnus_, ♄ triginta annis. Hereupon they meet variously among themselves, and have mutual Aspects one towards another. Hinc conveniunt variè inter se & se mutuo adspiciunt. As here the ☉ and ☿ are in _Conjunction_. ☉ and _Moon_ in _Opposition_, Ut hic sunt, ☉ & ☿ in _Conjunctione_, ☉ and _Luna_ in _Oppositione_, ☉ and ♄ in a _Trine Aspect_, ☉ and ♃ in a _Quartile_, ☉ and ♀ in a _Sextile_. ☉ & ♄ in _Trigono_, ☉ & ♃ in _Quadratura_, ☉ & ♀ in _Sextili_. [Alternate Text: As here the [Sun] and [Mercury] are in _Conjunction_. [Sun] and _Moon_ in _Opposition_, [Sun] and [Saturn] in a _Trine Aspect_, [Sun] and [Jupiter] in a _Quartile_, [Sun] and [Mars] in a _Sextile_. ] CV. The Apparitions of the Moon. Phases Lunæ. [Illustration] The _Moon_ shineth not by her own _Light_ but that which is borrowed of the _Sun_. _Luna_, lucet non sua propria _Luce_, sed mutuatâ a _Sole_. For the one half of it is always enlightned, the other remaineth darkish. Nam altera ejus medietas semper illuminatur, altera manet caliginosa. Hereupon we see it in _Conjunction_ with the _Sun_, 1. to be obscure, almost none at all; Hinc videmus, in _Conjunctione Solis_, 1. obscuram, imo nullam: in _Opposition_, 5. whole and clear, (and we call it the _Full Moon_;) in _Oppositione_, 5. totam & lucidam, (& vocamus _Plenilunium_;) sometimes in the half, (and we call it the _Prime_, 3. and _last Quarter_, 7.) alias dimidiam, (& dicimus _Primam_, 3. & _ultimam Quadram_, 7.) Otherwise it waxeth, 2....4. or waneth, 6....8. and is said to be _horned_, or more than half _round_. Cæteroqui crescit, 2....4. aut decrescit, 6....8. & vocatur _falcata_, vel _gibbosa_. CVI. The Eclipses. Eclipses. [Illustration] The _Sun_ is the fountain of light, inlightning all things, _Sol_ est fons Lucis, illuminans omnia; but the _Earth_, 1. and the _Moon_, 2. being shady bodies, are not pierced with its rays, for they cast a shadow upon the place just over against them. sed _Terra_, 1. & _Luna_, 2. Corpora opaca, non penetrantur ejus radiis, nam jaciunt umbram in locum oppositum. Therefore, when the Moon lighteth into the shadow of the _Earth_, 2. Ideo cum Luna incidit in umbram _Terræ_, 2. it is darkened, which we call an _Eclipse_, or defect. obscuratur quod vocamus _Eclipsin_ (deliquium) Lunæ. But when the _Moon_ runneth betwixt the _Sun_ and the _Earth_, 3. it covereth it with its shadow; Cum vero _Luna_ currit inter _Solem_ & _Terram_, 3. obtegit illum umbrâ suâ; and this we call the _Eclipse_ of the _Sun_, because it taketh from us the sight of the _Sun_, and its light; & hoc vocamus _Eclipsin Solis_, quia adimit nobis prospectum _Solis_, & lucem ejus; neither doth the _Sun_ for all that suffer any thing, but the _Earth_. nec tamen _Sol_ patitur aliquid, sed _Terra_. CVII. _a_ The terrestial Sphere. Sphera terrestris. [Illustration] The _Earth_ is round, and therefore to be represented by two _Hemispheres_, a..b. _Terra_ est rotunda, fingenda igitur duobus _Hemispheriis_, a..b. The Circuit of it is 360 _degrees_ (whereof every one maketh 60 _English_ Miles or 21600 Miles,) Ambitus ejus est _graduum_ CCCLX. (quorum quisque facit LX. Milliaria _Anglica_ vel 21600 Milliarium) and yet it is but a prick, compared with the World, whereof it is the _Centre_. & tamen est punctum, collata cum orbe, cujus _Centrum_ est. They measure Longitude of it by _Climates_, 1. and the _Latitude_ by _Parallels_, 2. Longitudinem ejus dimetiuntur _Climatibus_, 1. _Latitudinem_, lineis _Parallelis_, 2. The _Ocean_, 3. compasseth it about, and five _Seas_ wash it, _Oceanus_, 3. ambit eam & _Maria_ V. perfundunt the _Mediterranean Sea_, 4. the _Baltick Sea_, 5. the _Red Sea_, 6. the _Persian Sea_, 7. and the _Caspian Sea_, 8. _Mediterraneum_, 4. _Balticum_, 5. _Erythræum_, 6. _Persicum_, 7. _Caspium_, 8. CVII. _b_ The terrestial Sphere. Sphera terrestris. [Illustration] It is divided into V. _Zones_, whereof the II. _frigid ones_, 9....9. are uninhabitable; Distribuitur in _Zonas_ V., quarum duæ _frigidæ_, 9....9. sunt inhabitabiles; the II. _Temperate_ ones, 10....10. and the _Torrid_ one, 11. habitable. duæ _Temperatæ_, 10....10. & _Torrida_, 11. habitantur. Besides it is divided into three _Continents_; Ceterum divisa est in tres _Continentes;_ this of ours, 12. which is subdivided into _Europe_, 13. _Asia,_ 14. _Africa_, 15. nostram, 12. quæ subdividitur in _Europam_, 13. _Asiam_, 14. & _Africam_, 15. _America_, 16....16. (whose Inhabitants are _Antipodes_ to us;) and the _South Land_, 17....17. yet unknown. in _Americam_, 16....16. (cujus incolæ sunt _Antipodes_ nobis;) & in _Terram Australem_, 17....17. adhuc incognitam. They that dwell under the _North pole_, 18. have the days and nights 6 months long. Habitantes sub _Arcto_, 18. habent Dies Noctes semestrales, Infinite _Islands_ float in the Seas. Infinitæ _Insulæ_ natant in maribus. CVIII. Europe. Europa. [Illustration] The chief _Kingdoms_ of _Europe_, are In _Europâ_ nostrâ sunt _Regna_ primaria, _Spain_, 1. _France_, 2. _Italy_, 3. _Hispania_, 1. _Gallia_, 2. _Italia_, 3. _England_, 4. _Scotland_, 5. _Ireland_, 6. _Anglia_ (Britania), 4. _Scotia_, 5. _Hibernia_, 6. _Germany_, 7. _Bohemia_, 8. _Hungary_, 9. _Germania_, 7. _Bohemia_, 8. _Hungaria_, 9. _Croatia_, 10. _Dacia_, 11. _Sclavonia_, 12. _Greece_, 13. _Thrace_, 14. _Croatia_, 10. _Dacia_, 11. _Sclavonia_, 12. _Græcia_, 13. _Thracia_, 14. _Podolia_, 15. _Tartary_, 16. _Lituania_, 17. _Poland_, 18. _Podolia_, 15. _Tartaria_, 16. _Lituania_, 17. _Polonia_, 18. The _Netherlands_, 19. _Denmark_, 20. _Norway_, 21. _Swethland_, 22. _Belgium_, 19. _Dania_, 20. _Norvegia_, 21. _Suecia_, 22. _Lapland_, 23. _Finland_, 24. _Lappia_, 23. _Finnia_, 24. _Lisland_, 25. _Prussia_, 26. _Muscovy_, 27. and _Russia_, 28. _Livonia_, 25. _Borussia_, 26. _Muscovia_, 27. _Russia_, 28. CIX. Moral Philosophy. Ethica. [Illustration] This _Life_ is a _way_, or a _place divided into two ways_, like _Pythagoras’s Letter_ Y. _Vita_ hæc est _via_, sive _Bivium_, simile Litteræ _Pithagoricæ_ Y. broad, 1. on the left hand track; narrow, 2. on the right; latum, 1. sinistro tramite angustum, 2. dextro; that belongs to _Vice_, 3. this to _Vertue_, 4. ille _Vitii_, 3. est his _Virtutis_, 4. Mind, Young Man, 5. imitate _Hercules_: leave the left hand way, turn from Vice; Adverte juvenis, 5. imitare _Herculem_; linque sinistram, aversare Vitium; the _Entrance_, 6. is fair, but the _End_, 7. is ugly and steep down. _Aditus_ speciosus, 6. sed _Exitus_, 7. turpis & præceps. Go on the right hand, though it be thorny, 8. no way is unpassible to vertue; follow whither vertue leadeth Dextera ingredere, utut spinosa, 8. nulla via invia virtuti; sequere quâ viâ ducit virtus through _narrow places_ to _stately palaces_, to the _Tower of honour_, 9. per _angusta_, ad _augusta_, ad _Arcem honoris_, 9. Keep the middle and streight _path_, and thou shalt go very safe. Tene medium & rectum _tramitem_; ibis tutissimus. Take heed thou do not go too much on the right hand, 10. Cave excedas ad dextram, 10. Bridle in, 12. the wild Horse, 11. of Affection, lest thou fall down headlong. Compesce freno, 12. equum ferocem, 11. Affectûs ne præceps fias. See thou dost not go amiss on the left hand, 13. in an ass-like sluggishness, 14. Cave deficias ad sinistram, 13. segnitie asininâ, 14. but go onwards constantly, persevere to the end, and thou shalt be crown’d, 15. sed progredere constanter pertende ad finem, & coronaberis, 15. CX. Prudence. Prudentia. [Illustration] _Prudence_, 1. looketh upon all things as a _Serpent_, 2. and doeth, speaketh, or thinketh nothing in vain. _Prudentia_, 1. circumspectat omnia ut _Serpens_, 2. agitque, loquitur, aut cogitat nihil incassum. She _looks backwards_, 3. as into a _Looking-glass_, 4. to _things past_; _Respicit_, 3. tanquam in _Speculum_, 4. ad _præterita_; and seeth _before her_, 5. as with a _Perspective-glass_, 7. _things to come_, or the _End_, 6. & _prospicit_, 5. tanquam _Telescopio_, 7. _Futura_, seu _Finem_, 6. and so she perceiveth what she hath done, and what remaineth to be done. atque ita perspicit quid egerit, & quid restet agendum. She proposeth an _Honest_, _Profitable_ Actionibus suis præfigit _Scopum_, _Honestum_, _Utilem_, and withal, if it may be done, a _Pleasant End_, to her Actions. simulque, si fieri potest, _Jucundum_. Having foreseen the _End_, she looketh out _Means_, as a _Way_, 8. which leadeth to the End; _Fine_ prospecto, dispicit _Media_, ceu _Viam_, 8. quæ ducit ad finem, but such as are certain and easie, and fewer rather than more, lest anything should hinder. sed certa & facilia; pauciora potiùs quàm plura, ne quid impediat. She watcheth _Opportunity_, 9. (which having a _bushy fore-head_, 10. and being _bald-pated_, 11. Attendit _Occasioni_, 9. (quæ _Fronte Capillata_, 10. sed vertice _calva_, 11. and moreover _having wings_, 12. doth quickly slip away,) and catcheth it. adhæc _alata_, 12. facile elabitur) eamque captat. She goeth on her way warily, for fear she should stumble or go amiss. In viâ pergit cautè (providè) ne impingat aut aberret. CXI. Diligence. Sedulitas. [Illustration] _Diligence_, 1. loveth labours, avoideth _Sloth_, is always at work, like the _Pismire_, 2. _Sedulitas_, 1. amat labores, fugit _Ignaviam_, semper est in _opere_, ut _Formica_, 2. and carrieth together, as she doth, for herself, _Store_ of all things, 3. & comportat, ut illa, sibi, omnium rerum _Copiam_, 3. She doth not always sleep, or make holidays, as the _Sluggard_, 4. and the _Grashopper_, 5. do, whom _Want_, 6. at the last overtaketh. Non semper dormit, ferias agit, aut ut _Ignavus_, 4. & _Cicada_, 5. quos _Inopia_, 6. tandem premit. She pursueth what things she hath undertaken chearfully, even to the end; she putteth nothing off till the morrow, Urget incepta alacriter ad finem usque; procrastinat nihil, nor doth she sing the _Crow’s_ song, 7. which saith over and over, _Cras, Cras_. nec cantat cantilenam _Corvi_, 7. qui ingeminat _Cras, Cras_. After _labours_ _undergone_, and ended, being even wearied, she resteth her self; Post _labores_ _exantlatos_, & lassata, quiescit; but being refreshed with _Rest_, that she may not use her self to _Idleness_, she falleth again to her _Business_, sed recreata _Quiete_, ne adsuescat _Otio_, redit ad _Negotia_. A diligent _Scholar_ is like _Bees_, 8. which carry honey from divers _Flowers_, 9. into their _Hive_, 10. Diligens _Discipulus_, similis est _Apibus_, 8. qui congerunt mel ex variis _Floribus_, 9. in _Alveare_ suum, 10. CXII. Temperance. Temperantia. [Illustration] _Temperance_, 1. prescribeth a mean to _meat_ and _drink_, 2. _Temperantia_, 1. præscribit _modum_ _Cibo_ & _Potui_, 2. and restraineth the _desire_, as with a _Bridle_, 3. and so moderateth all things, lest any thing too much be done. & continet _cupidinem_, ceu _Freno_, 3. & sic moderatur omnia ne quid nimis fiat. _Revellers_ are made _drunk_, 4. they _stumble_, 5. they _spue_, 6. and _babble_, 7. _Heluones_ (ganeones) _inebriantur_, 4. _titubant_, 5. _ructant_ (vomunt), 6. & _rixantur_, 7. From _Drunkenness_ proceedeth _Lasciviousness_; E _Crapula_ oritur _Lascivia_; from this a _lewd Life_ amongst _Whoremasters_, 8. and _Whores_, 9. ex hâc _Vita libidinosa_ inter _Fornicatores_, 8. & _Scorta_, 9. in _kissing_, _touching_, _embracing_, and _dancing_, 10. _osculando_ (basiando), _palpando_, _amplexando_, & _tripudiando_, 10. CXIII. Fortitude. Fortitudo. [Illustration] _Fortitude_, 1. is undaunted in adversity, and bold as a _Lion_, 2. but not haughty in Prosperity, _Fortitudo_, 1. impavida est in adversis, & confidens ut _Leo_, 2. at non tumida in Secundis, leaning on her own _Pillar_, 3. _Constancy_, and being the same in all things, ready to undergo both _estates_ with an even mind. innixa suo _Columini_, 3. _Constantiæ_; & eadem in omnibus, parata ad ferendam utramque _fortunam_ æquo animo. She receiveth the strokes of _Misfortune_ with the _Shield_, 4. of _Sufferance_: and keepeth off the _Passions_, Excipit ictus _Infortunii_ _Clypeo_, 4. _Tolerantiæ_: & propellit _Affectus_, the enemies of quietness with the _Sword_, 5. of _Valour_. hostes Euthymiæ _gladio_, 5. _Virtutis_. CXIV. Patience. Patientia. [Illustration] _Patience_, 1. endureth _Calamities_, 2. and _Wrongs_, 3. meekly like a _Lamb_, 4. as the Fatherly _chastisement of God_, 5. _Patientia_, 1. tolerat _Calamitates_, 2. & _Injurias_, 3. humiliter ut _Agnus_, 4. tanquam paternam _ferulam Dei_, 5. In the meanwhile she leaneth upon the _Anchor of Hope_, 6. (as a _Ship_, 7. tossed by waves in the Sea) Interim innititur _Spei Anchoræ_, 6. (ut _Navis_, 7. fluctuans mari) _she prayeth to God_, 8. weeping, and expecteth the _Sun_, 10. after _cloudy weather_, 9. suffering evils, and hoping better things. _Deo supplicat_, 8. illacrymando, & expectat _Phœbum_, 10. post _Nubila_, 9. ferens mala, sperans meliora. On the contrary, the _impatient person_, 11. waileth, lamenteth, _rageth against himself_, 12. Contra, _Impatiens_, 11. plorat, lamentatur, _debacchatur_, 12. _in seipsum_, grumbleth like a _Dog_, 13. and yet doth no good; at the last he despaireth, and becometh _his own Murtherer_, 14. obmurmurat ut _Canis_, 13. & tamen nil proficit; tandem desperat, & fit _Autochir_, 14. Being full of rage he desireth to revenge wrongs. Furibundus cupit vindicare injurias. CXV. Humanity. Humanitas. [Illustration] _Men_ are made for one another’s _good_; therefore let them be _kind_. _Homines_ facti sunt ad mutua _commoda_; ergò sint _humani_. Be thou sweet and lovely in thy _Countenance_, 1. gentle and civil in thy _Behaviour_ and _Manners_, 2. Sis suavis & amabilis _Vultu_, 1. comis & urbanus _Gestu_ ac _Moribus_, 2. affable and true spoken with thy _Mouth_, 3. affectionate and _candid_ in thy _Heart_, 4. affabilis & verax, _Ore_, 3. candens & _candidus_ _Corde_, 4. So love, and so shalt thou be loved; and there will be a mutual _Friendship_, 5. Sic ama, sic amaberis; & fiat mutua _Amicitia_, 5. as that of _Turtle-doves_, 6. hearty, gentle, and wishing well on both parts. ceu _Turturum_, 6. concors, mansueta, & benevola utrinque. Froward Men are hateful, teasty, unpleasant. contentious, _angry_, 7. _cruel_, 8. and implacable, Morosi homines, sunt odiosi, torvi, illepidi. contentiosi, _iracundi_, 7. _crudeles_, 8. ac implacabiles, (rather Wolves and Lions, than Men) and such as fall out among themselves, hereupon they fight in a _Duel_, 9. (magis Lupi & Leones, quàm homines) & inter se discordes, hinc confligunt _Duelle_, 9. _Envy_, 10. wishing ill to others, pineth away her self. _Invidia_, 10. malè cupiendo aliis, conficit seipsam. CXVI. Justice. Justitia. [Illustration] _Justice_, 1. is painted, sitting on a _square stone_, 2. for she ought to be immoveable; _Justitia_, 1. pingitur, sedens in _lapide quadrato_, 2. nam decet esse immobilis; with _hood-winked eyes_, 3. that she may not respect persons; _stopping the left ear_, 4. to be reserved for the other party; _obvelatis oculis_, 3. ad non respiciendum personas; _claudens aurem sinistram_, 4. reservandam alteri parti; Holding in her right Hand a _Sword_, 5. and a _Bridle_, 6. to punish and restrain evil men; Tenens dextrâ _Gladium_, 5. & _Frænum_, 6. ad puniendum & coërcendum malos; Besides, _a pair of Balances_, 7. in the _right Scale_, 8. whereof _Deserts_, and in the _left_, 9. _Rewards_ being put, Præterea, _Stateram_, 7. cujus _dextræ Lanci_, 8. _Merita_, _Sinistræ_, 9. _Præmia_ imposita, are made even one with another, and so good Men are incited to virtue, as it were with _Spurs_, 10. sibi invicem exequantur, atque ita boni incitantur ad virtutem, ceu _Calcaribus_, 10. In _Bargains_, 11. let Men deal candidly, let them stand to their _Covenants_ and _Promises_; In _Contractibus_, 11. candidè agatur: stetur _Pactis_ & _Promissis_; let _that which is given one to keep_, and _that which is lent_, be restored: _Depositum_, & _Mutuum_, reddantur: let no man be _pillaged_, 12. or _hurt_, 13. let every one have his own: these are the precepts of Justice. nemo _expiletur_, 12. aut _lædatur_, 13. suum cuique tribuatur: hæc sunt præcepta Justitiæ. Such things as these are forbidden in _God’s 5th._ and _7th._ _Cammandment_, and deservedly punish’d on the _Gallows_ and the _Wheel_, 14. Talia prohibentur, _quinto_ & _septimo Dei_ _Præcepto_, & merito puniuntur _Cruce_ ac _Rotâ_, 14. CXVII. Liberality. Liberalitas. [Illustration] _Liberality_, 1. keepeth a mean about _Riches_, which she honestly seeketh, that she may have somewhat to bestow on them that _want_, 2. _Liberalitas_, 1. servat modum circa _Divitias_, quas honestè quærit ut habeat quod largiatur _Egenis_, 2. She _cloatheth_, 3. _nourisheth_, 4. and _enricheth_, 5. these with a _chearful countenance_, 6. and a _winged hand_, 7. Hos _vestit_, 3. _nutrit_, 4. _ditat_, 5. _Vultu hilari_, 6. & _Manu alatâ_, 7. She submitteth her _wealth_, 8. to her self, not her self to it, Subjicit _opes_, 8. sibi, non se illis, as the _covetous man_, 9. doth, who hath, that he may have, and is not the _Owner_, but the _Keeper_ of his goods, ut _Avarus_, 9. qui habet, ut habeat, & non est _Possessor_ sed _Custos_ bonorum suorum, and being unsatiable, always _scrapeth together_, 10. with his Nails. & insatiabilis, semper _corradit_, 10. Unguibus suis. Moreover he spareth and keepeth, _hoarding up_, 11. that he may always have. Sed & parcit & adservat, _occludendo_, 11. ut semper habeat. But the _Prodigal_, 12. badly spendeth things well gotten, and at the last wanteth. At _Prodigus_, 12. malè disperdit benè parta, ac tandem eget. CXVIII. Society betwixt Man and Wife. Societas Conjugalis. [Illustration] _Marriage_ was appointed by God in Paradise, for mutual _help_, and the _Propagation_ of mankind. _Matrimonium_ institutum est à Deo in Paradiso, ad mutuum _adjutorium_, & _propagationem_ generis humani. _A young man_ (_a single man_) being to be married, should be furnished either with _Wealth_, or a _Trade_ and _Science_, _Vir Juvenis_ (_Cœlebs_) conjugium initurus, instructus sit aut _Opibus_, aut _Arte_ & _Scientiâ_, which may serve for getting a living; that he may be able to maintain a _Family_. quæ sit de pane lucrando; ut possit sustentare _Familiam_. Then he chooseth himself a _Maid_ that is _Marriageable_, (or a _Widow_) whom he loveth; Deinde eligit sibi _Virginem Nubilem_, (aut _Viduam_) quam adamat; nevertheless a greater Regard is to be had of _Virtue_, and _Honesty_, than of _Beauty_ or _Portion_. ubi tamen major ratio habenda _Virtutis_ & _Honestatis_, quàm _Formæ_ aut _Dotis_. Afterwards, he doth not betroth her to himself closely, but entreateth for her as a _Woer_, Posthæc, non clam despondet sibi eam, sed ambit, ut _Procus_, first to the _Father_, 1. and then the _Mother_, 2. or the _Guardians_, or _Kinsfolks_, by such _as help to make the match_, 3. apud _Patrem_, 1. & _Matrem_, 2. vel apud _Tutores_, & _Cognatos_, per _Pronubos_, 3. When she is espous’d to him, he becometh the _Bridegroom_, 4. and she the _Bride_, 5. Eâ sibi desponsâ, fit _Sponsus_, 4. & ipsa _Sponsa_, 5. and the _Contract_ is made. and an _Instrument_ of _Dowry_ 6. is written. fiuntque _Sponsalia_, & scribitur _Instrumentum_ _Dotale_, 6. At the last the _Wedding_ is made, where they are joined together by the _Priest_, 7. Tandem fiunt _Nuptiæ_ ubi copulantur à _Sacerdote_, 7. giving their _Hands_, 8. one to another. and _Wedding-rings_, 9. then they feast with the witnesses that are invited. datis _Manibus_, 8. ultrò citroque, & _Annulis Nuptialibus_, 9. tum epulantur cum invitatis testibus. After this they are called _Husband_ and _Wife_; when she is dead he becometh a _Widower_. Abhinc dicuntur _Maritus_ & _Uxor_; hâc mortuâ ille fit _Viduus_. CXIX. The Tree of Consanguinity. Arbor Consanguinitatis. [Illustration] In _Consanguinity_ there touch a _Man_, 1. in _Lineal Ascent_, _Hominem_, 1. _Consanguinitate_ attingunt, _in Linea ascendenti_, the _Father_ (the _Father-in-law_), 2. and the _Mother_ (the _Mother-in-law_), 3. _Pater_ (_Vitricus_), 2. & _Mater_ (_Noverca_), 3. the _Grandfather_, 4. and the _Grandmother_, 5. the _Great Grandfather_, 6. and the _Great Grandmother_, 7. _Avus_, 4. & _Avia_, 5. _Proavus_, 6. & _Proavia_, 7. the _great great Grandfather_, 8. the _great great Grandmother_, 9. the _great great Grandfather’s Father_, 10. the _great great Grandmother’s Mother_, 11. the _great great Grandfather’s Grandfather_, 12. the _great great Grandmother’s Grandmother_, 13. _Abavus_, 8. & _Abavia_, 9. _Atavus_, 10. & _Atavia_, 11 _Tritavus_, 12. & _Tritavia_, 13. Those beyond these are called _Ancestors_, 14....14. Ulteriores dicuntur _Majores_, 14...14. In a _Lineal descent_, the _Son_ (_the son-in-law_), 15. and the _Daughter_, (_the Daughter-in-law_), 16. In _Linea descendenti_, _Filius_ (_Privignus_), 15. & _Filia_ (_Privigna_), 16. the _Nephew_, 17. and the _Neece_, 18. the _Nephews Son_, 19. and the _Nephews Daughter_, 20. _Nepos_, 17. & _Neptis_, 18. _Pronepos_, 19. & _Proneptis_, 26. the _Nephews Nephew_, 21. and the _Neeces Neece_, 22. the _Nephews Nephews Son_, 23. the _Neeces Neeces Daughter_, 24. the _Nephews Nephews Nephew_, 25. the _Neeces Neeces Neece_, 26. _Abnepos_, 21. & _Abneptis_, 22. _Atnepos_, 23. & _Atneptis_, 24. _Trinepos_, 25. & _Trineptis_, 26. Those beyond these are called _Posterity_, 27....27. Ulteriores dicuntur _Posteri_, 27....27. In a _Collateral Line_ are the _Uncle by the Fathers side_, 28. and the _Aunt by the Fathers side_, 29. In _Linea Collaterali_ sunt _Patruus_, 28. & _Amita_, 29. the _Uncle by the Mothers side_, 30. and the _Aunt by the Mothers side_, 31. _Avunculus_, 30. & _Matertera_, 31. the _Brother_, 32. and the _Sister_, 33. the _Brothers Son_, 34. the _Sisters Son_, 35. and the _Cousin by_ _the Brother_ and _Sister_, 36. _Frater_, 32. & _Soror_, 33. _Patruelis_, 34. _Sobrinus_, 35. & _Amitinus_, 36. CXX. The Society betwixt Parents and Children. Societas Parentalis. [Illustration] _Married Persons_, (by the blessing of God) have _Issue_, and become _Parents_. _Conjuges_, (ex benedictione Dei) suscipiunt _Sobolem_ (Prolem) & fiunt _Parentes_. The _Father_, 1. begetteth and the _Mother_, 2. beareth _Sons_, 3. and _Daughters_, 4. (sometimes _Twins_). _Pater_, 1. generat & _Mater_, 2. parit _Filios_, 3. & _Filias_, 4. (aliquando _Gemellos_). The _Infant_, 5. is wrapped in _Swadling-cloathes_, 6. is laid in a _Cradle_, 7. _Infans_, 5. involvitur _Fasciis_, 6. reponitur in _Cunas_, 7. is suckled by the Mother with her _Breasts_, 8. and fed with _Pap_, 9. lactatur a matre _Uberibus_, 8. & nutritur _Pappis_, 9. Afterwards it learneth to go by a _Standing-stool_, 10. playeth with _Rattles_, 11. and beginneth to speak. Deinde discit incedere _Seperasto_, 10. ludit _Crepundiis_, 11. & incipit fari. As it beginneth to grow older, it is accustomed to _Piety_, 12. and _Labour_, 13. and is chastised, 14. if it be not dutiful. Crescente ætate, adsuescit _Pietati_, 12. & _Labori_, 13. & castigatur, 14. si non sit morigerus. _Children_ owe to Parents Reverence and Service. _Liberi_ debent Parentibus Cultum & Officium. The Father maintaineth his Children _by taking pains_, 15. Pater sustentat Liberos, _laborando_, 15. CXXI. The Society betwixt Masters and Servants. Societas herilis. [Illustration] The _Master_ (_the goodman of the House_), 1. hath _Men-servants_, 2. _Herus_ (_Pater familias_), 1. habet _Famulos_ (_Servos_), 2. the _Mistress_ (_the good wife of the House_), 3. _Maidens_, 4. _Hera_ (_Mater familias_), 3. _Ancillas_, 4. They appoint these their _Work_, 6. and divide _them their tasks_, 5. which are faithfully to be done by them Illi mandant his _Opera_, 6. & distribuunt _Laborum Pensa_, 5. quæ ab his fideliter sunt exsequenda without murmuring and loss: for which their _Wages_, and _Meat_ and _Drink_ is allowed them. sine murmure & dispendio; pro quo _Merces_ & _Alimonia_ præbentur ipsis. A _Servant_ was heretofore a _Slave_, over whom the Master had power of life and death. _Servus_ olim erat _Mancipium_, in quem Domino potestas fuit vitæ & necis At this day the poorer sort serve in a free manner, being hired for Wages. Hodiè pauperiores serviunt liberè, conducti mercede. CXXII. A City. Urbs. [Illustration] Of many Houses is made a _Village_, 1. or a _Town_, or a _City_, 2. Ex multis Domibus fit _Pagus_, 1. vel _Oppidum_, vel _Urbs_, 2. That and this are fenced and begirt with a _Wall_, 3. a _Trench_, 4. _Bulwarks_, 5. and _Pallisadoes_, 6. Istud & hæc muniuntur & cinguntur _Mœnibus_ (_Muro_), 3. _Vallo_, 4. _Aggeribus_, 5. & _Vallis_, 6. Within the Walls is the _void Place_, 7. without, the _Ditch_, 8. Intra muros est _Pomœrium_, 7. extrà, _Fossa_, 8. In the Walls are _Fortresses_, 9. and _Towers_, 10. _Watch-Towers_, 11. are upon the higher places. In mœnibus sunt _Propugnacula_, 9. & _Turres_, 10. _Specula_, 11. extant in editioribus locis. The entrance into a City is made out of the _Suburbs_, 12. through _Gates_, 13. over the _Bridge_, 14. Ingressus in Urbem fit ex _Suburbio_, 12. per _Portam_, 13. super _Pontem_, 14. The _Gate_ hath a _Portcullis_, 15. a _Draw-bridge_, 16. _two-leaved Doors_, 17. _Porta_ habet _Cataractas_, 15. _Pontem versatilem_, 16. _Valvas_, 17. _Locks_ and _Bolts_, as also _Barrs_, 18. _Claustra_ & _Repagula_, ut & _Vectes_, 18. In the Suburbs are _Gardens_, 19. and _Garden-houses_, 20. and also _Burying-places_, 21. In Suburbiis sunt _Horti_, 19. & _Suburbana_, 20. ut & _Cœmeteria_, 21. CXXIII. The inward parts of a City. Interiora Urbis. [Illustration] Within the City are _Streets_, 1. paved with Stones; Intra urbem sunt _Plateæ_ (Vici), 1. stratæ Lapidibus; _Market-places_, 2. (in some places with _Galleries_), 3. and _narrow Lanes_, 4. _Fora_, 2. (alicubi cum _Porticibus_), 3. & _Angiportus_, 4. The Publick Buildings are in the middle of the City, the _Church_, 5. the _School_, 6. the _Guild-Hall_, 7. the _Exchange_, 8. Publica ædificia sunt in medio Urbis, _Templum_, 5. _Schola_, 6. _Curia_, 7. _Domus Mercaturæ_, 8. About the Walls and the Gates are the _Magazine_, 9. the _Granary_, 10. _Inns_, _Ale-houses_, Circa Mœnia, & Portas _Armamentarium_, 9. _Granarium_, 10. _Diversoria_, _Popinæ_, _Cooks-shops_, 11. the _Play-house_, 12. and the _Spittle_, 13. & _Cauponæ_, 11. _Theatrum_, 12. _Nosodochium_, 13. In the by-places are _Houses of Office_, 14. and the _Prison_, 15. In recessibus, _Foricæ_ (Cloacæ), 14. & _Custodia_ (Carcer), 15. In the chief Steeple is the _Clock_, 16. and the _Watchmans_ Dwelling, 17. In turre primariâ est _Horologium_, 16. & habitatio _Vigilum_, 17. In the Streets are _Wells_, 18. In Plateis sunt _Putei_, 18. The _River_, 19. or _Beck_, runneth about the City, serveth to wash away the _filth_. _Fluvius_, 19. vel _Rivus_, interfluens Urbem, inservit eluendis _sordibus_. The _Tower_, 20. standeth in the highest part of the City. _Arx_, 20. extat in summo Urbis. CXXIV. Judgment. Judicium. [Illustration] The best Law, is a quiet _agreement_, made either by themselves, betwixt whom the sute is, or by an _Umpire_. Optimum Jus, est placida _conventio_, facta vel ab ipsis, inter quos lis est vel ab _Arbitro_. If this do not proceed, they come into _Court_, 1. (heretofore they judg’d in the Market-place; at this day in the _Moot-hall_) Hæc si non procedit, venitur in _Forum_, 1. (olim judicabant in Foro, hodiè in _Prætorio_) in which the _Judge_, 2. sitteth with his _Assessors_, 3. the _Clerk_, 4. taketh their Votes in writing. cui _Judex_ (Prætor), 2. præsidet cum _Assessoribus_, 3. _Dicographus_, 4. excipit Vota calamo. The _Plaintiff_, 5. accuseth the _Defendant_, 6. and produceth _Witnesses_, 7. against him. _Actor_, 5. accusat _Reum_, 6. & producit _Testes_, 7. contra illum. The _Defendant_ excuseth himself by a _Counsellor_, 8. _Reus_ excusat se per _Advocatum_, 8. whom the Plaintiff’s _Counsellor_, 9. contradicts. cui Actoris _Procurator_, 9. contradicit. Then the _Judge_ pronounceth _Sentence_, acquitting the _innocent_, and condemning him that is _guilty_, Tum _Judex_ _Sententiam_ pronunciat, absolvens _insontem_, & damnans _sontem_ to a _Punishment_, or a _Fine_, or _Torment_. ad _Pœnam_, vel _Mulctam_, vel ad _Supplicium_. CXXV. The Tormenting of Malefactors. Supplicia Malefactorum. [Illustration] _Malefactors_, 1. are brought from the _Prison_, 3. (where they are wont to be tortured) _Malefici_, 1. producuntur, è _Carcere_, 3. (ubi torqueri solent) by _Serjeants_, 2. or _dragg’d with a Horse_, 15. to place of _Execution_. per _Lictores_, 2. vel _Equo raptantur_, 15. ad locum _Supplicii_. _Thieves_, 4. are hanged by the _Hangman_, 6. on a _Gallows_, 5. _Fures_, 4. suspenduntur a _Carnifice_, 6. in _Patibulo_, 5. _Whoremasters_ are beheaded, 7. _Mœchi_ decollantur, 7. _Murtherers_ and _Robbers_ _Homicidæ_ (Sicarii) ac _Latrones_ (Piratæ) are either laid upon a _Wheel_, 8. having their _Legs broken_, or fastened upon a _Stake_, 9. vel imponuntur _Rotæ_ _crucifragio plexi_, 8. vel _Palo_ infiguntur, 9. _Witches_ are burnt in a _great Fire_, 10. _Striges_ (Lamiæ) cremantur super _Rogum_, 10. Some before they are executed have their _Tongues cut out_, 11. or have their _Hand_, 12. cut off upon a _Block_, 13. or are burnt with _Pincers_, 14. Quidam antequam supplicio afficiantur _elinguantur_, 11. aut plectuntur _Manu_, 12. super _Cippum_, 13. aut _Forcipibus_, 14. uruntur They that have their Life given them, are set on the _Pillory_, 16. or _strapado’d_, 17. Vitâ donati, constringuntur _Numellis_, 16. luxantur, 17. are set upon a _wooden Horse_, 18. have their _Ears cut off_, 19. are _whipped with Rods_, 20. imponuntur _Equuleo_, 18. _truncantur Auribus_, 19. _cæduntur Virgis_, 20. are branded, are banished, are condemned to the _Gallies_, or to perpetual Imprisonment. Stigmate notantur, relegantur, damnantur ad _Triremes_, vel ad Carcerem perpetuum. _Traytors_ are pull’d in pieces with four _Horses_. _Perduelles_ discerpuntur _Quadrigis_. CXXVI. Merchandizing. Mercatura. [Illustration] _Wares_ brought from other places are either exchanged in an _Exchange_, 1. _Merces_, aliunde allatæ, aliunde vel commutantur in _Domo Commerciorum_, 1, or exposed to sale in _Warehouses_, 2. and they are sold for _Money_, 3. vel exponuntur venum in _Tabernis Mercimoniorum_, 2. & venduntur pro _Pecuniâ_ (monetâ), 3. being either measured with an _Eln_, 4. or weighed in a _pair of Balances_, 5. vel mensuratæ _Ulnâ_, 4. vel ponderatæ _Librâ_, 5. _Shop-keepers_, 6. _Pedlars_, 7. and _Brokers_, 8. would also be called _Merchants_, 9. _Tabernarii_. 6. _Circumforanei_, 7. & _Scrutarii_, 8. etiam volunt dici _Mercatores_, 9. The _Seller_ braggeth of a thing that is to be sold, and setteth the rate of it, and how much it may be sold for. _Venditor_ ostentat rem promercalem, & indicat pretium, quanti liceat. The _Buyer_, 10. cheapneth and offereth the price. _Emptor_, 10. licetur, & pretium offert. If any one bid _against him_, 11. the thing is delivered to him that promiseth the most. Si quis _contralicetur_, 11. ei res addicitur qui pollicetur plurimum. CXXVII. Measures and Weights. Mensuræ & Pondera. [Illustration] We measure things that hang together with an _Eln_, 1. liquid things with a _Gallon_, 2. and dry things by a _two-bushel Measure_, 3. Res continuas metimur _Ulnâ_, 1. liquidas _Congio_, 2. aridas _Medimno_, 3. We try the heaviness of things by _Weights_, 4. and _Balances_, 5. Gravitatem rerum experimur _Ponderibus_, 4. & _Librâ_ (bilance), 5. In this is first the _Beam_, 6. in the midst whereof is a little _Axle-tree_, 7. In hâc primò est _Jugum_ (Scapus), 6. in cujus medio _Axiculus_, 7. above the _cheeks_ and the _hole_, 8. in which the _Needle_, 9. moveth it self to and fro: superiùs _trutina_ & _agina_, 8. in quâ _Examen_, 9. sese agitat: on both sides are the _Scales_, 10. hanging by _little Cords_, 11. utrinque sunt _Lances_, 10. pendentes _Funiculis_, 11. The _Brasiers balance_, 12. weigheth things by hanging them on a _Hook_, 13. and the _Weight_, 14. opposite to them which _Statera_, 12. ponderat res, suspendendo illas _Unco_, 13. & _Pondus_, 14. ex opposito, quod in (a) weigheth just as much as the thing, in (b) twice so much in (c) thrice so much, &c. in (a) æquiponderat rei, in (b) bis tantum, in (c) ter, &c. CXXVIII. Physick. Ars Medica. [Illustration] The _Patient_, 1. sendeth for a _Physician_, 2. who feeleth his _Pulse_, 3, and looketh upon his _Water_, 4. _Ægrotans_, 1. accersit _Medicum_, 2. qui tangit ipsius _Arteriam_, 3. & inspicit _Urinam_, 4. and then prescribeth a _Receipt_ in a _Bill_, 5. tum præscribit _Medicamentum_ in _Schedula_, 5. That is made ready by an _Apothecary_, 6. in a _Apothecaries Shop_, 7. Istud paratur à _Pharmacopæo_, 6. in _Pharmacopolio_, 7. where _Drugs_ are kept in _Drawers_, 8. _Boxes_, 9. and _Gally-pots_, 10. ubi _Pharmaca_ adservantur in _Capsulis_, 8. _Pyxidibus_, 9. & _Lagenis_, 10. And it is either a _Potion_, 11. or _Powder_, 12. or _Pills_, 13. or _Trochisks_, 14. or an _Electuary_, 15. _Estque_ vel _Potio_, 11. vel _Pulvis_, 12. vel _Pillulæ_, 13. vel _Pastilli_, 14. vel _Electuarium_, 15. _Diet_ and _Prayer_, 16. is the best _Physick_. _Diæta_ & _Oratio_, 16. est optima _Medicina_. The _Chirurgeon_, 18. cureth _Wounds_, 17. and _Ulcers_, with _Plasters_, 19. _Chirurgus_, 18. curat _Vulnera_, 17. & _Ulcera_, _Spleniis_ (emplastris), 19. CXXIX. A Burial. Sepultura. [Illustration] _Dead Folks_ heretofore were burned, and their Ashes put into an _Urn_, 1. _Defuncti_ olim cremabantur, & Cineres recondebantur in _Urna_, 1. We enclose our _dead Folks_ in a _Coffin_, 2. Nos includimus nostros _Demortuos_ _Loculo_, (_Capulo_), 2. lay them upon a _Bier_, 3. and see they be carried out in a _Funeral Pomp_ towards the _Church-yard_, 4. imponimus _Feretro_, 3. & curamus efferri _Pompâ Funebri_ versus _Cœmeterium_, 4. where they are laid in a _Grave_, 6. by the _Bearers_, 5. and are interred; ubi inferuntur, _Sepulchro_, 6, a _Vespillonibus_, 5. & humantur; this is covered with a _Grave-stone_, 7. and is adorned with _Tombs_, 8. and _Epitaphs_, 9. hoc tegitur _Cippo_, 7. & ornatur _Monumentis_, 8. ac _Epitaphiis_, 9. As the Corps go along _Psalms_ are sung, and the _Bells_ are rung, 10. Funere prodeunte, _Hymni_ cantantur, & _Campanæ_, 10. pulsantur. CXXX. A Stage-play. Ludus Scenicus. [Illustration] In a _Play-house_, 1. (which is trimmed with _Hangings_, 2. and covered with _Curtains_, 3.) In _Theatro_, 1. (quod vestitur _Tapetibus_, 2. & tegitur _Sipariis_, 3.) _Comedies_ and _Tragedies_ are acted, wherein memorable things are represented; _Comediæ_ vel _Tragœdiæ_ aguntur, quibus repræsentantur res memorabiles as here, the History of the _Prodigal Son_, 4. and his _Father_, 5. by whom he is entertain’d, being return’d home. ut hic, Historia de _Filio Prodigo_, 4. & _Patre_, 5. ipsius, à quo recipitur, domum redux. The _Players_ act being in disguise; the _Fool_, 6. maketh Jests. _Actores_ (_Histriones_) agunt personati; _Morio_, 6. dat Jocos. The chief of the Spectators sit in the _Gallery_, 7. the common sort stand on the _Ground_, 8. Spectatorum primarii, sedent in _Orchestra_, 7. plebs stat in _Cavea_, 8. and clap the hands, if anything please them. & plaudit, si quid arridet. CXXXI. Sleights. Præstigiæ. [Illustration] The _Tumbler_, 1. maketh several _Shows_ by the nimbleness of his body, walking to and fro on his hands, _Præstigiator_, 1. facit varia _Spectacula_, volubilitate corporis, deambulando _manibus_, leaping through a _Hoop_, 2. &c. saliendo per _Circulum_, 2. &c. Sometimes also he _danceth_, 4. having on a Vizzard. Interdum etiam _tripudiat_, 4. Larvatus. The _Jugler_, 3. sheweth _sleights_, out of a _Purse_. _Agyrta_, 3. facit _præstigias_ è _Marsupio_. The _Rope-dancer_, 5. goeth and danceth upon a _Rope_, _Funambulus_, 5. graditur & saltat super _Funem_, holdeth a _Poise_, 6. in his hand; or hangeth himself by the _hand_ or _foot_, 7. &c. tenens _Halterem_, 6. manu; aut suspendit se _manu_ vel _pede_, 7. &c. CXXXII. The Fencing-School. Palestra. [Illustration] _Fencers_ meet in a Duel in a _Fencing-place_, _Pugiles_ congrediuntur Duello in _Palestra_, fighting with _Swords_, 1. or _Pikes_, 2. and _Halberds_, 3. or _Short-swords_, 4. decertantes vel _Gladiis_, 1. vel _Hastilibus_, 2. & _Bipennibus_, 3. vel _Semispathis_, 4. or _Rapiers_, 5. _having balls at the point_ (lest they wound one another mortally) or with _two edged-Swords_ and a _Dagger_, 6. together. vel _Ensibus_, 5. _mucronem obligatis_, (ne lædet lethaliter) vel _Frameis_ & _Pugione_, 6. simul. _Wrestlers_, 7. (among the Romans in time past were nayked and anointed with Oyl) _Luctatores_, 7. (apud Romanos olim nudi & inuncti Oleo) take hold of one another and strive whether can throw the other, especially by _tripping up his heels_, 8. prehendunt se invicem & annituntur uter alterum prosternere possit, præprimis _supplantando_, 8. _Hood-winked Fencers_, 9. fought with their fists in a ridiculous strife, to wit, with their Eyes covered. _Andabatæ_, 9. pugnabant pugnis ridiculo certamine, nimirum Oculis obvelatis. CXXXIII. Tennis-play. Ludus Pilæ. [Illustration] In a _Tennis Court_, 1. they play with a _Ball_, 2. which one throweth, and another taketh, and sendeth it back In _Sphæristerio_, 1. luditur _Pilâ_, 2. quam alter mittit, alter excipit, & remittit with a _Racket_, 3. and that is the Sport of Noble Men to stir their Body. _Reticulo_, 3. idque est Lusus Nobilium ad commotionem Corporis. A _Wind-ball_, 4. being filled with Air, by means of a _Ventil_, _Follis_ (pila magna), 4. distenta Aere ope _Epistomii_, is tossed to and fro with the _Fist_, 5. in the open Air. reverberberatur _Pugno_, 5. sub Dio. CXXXIV. Dice-play. Ludus Aleæ. [Illustration] We play with _Dice_, 1. either they that throw the most _take up all_; _Tesseris_ (_talis_), 1. ludimus vel _Plistobolindam_; or we throw them through a _Casting-box_, 2. upon a _Board_, 3. marked with figures, vel immittimus illas per _Frittillum_, 2. in _Tabellam_, 3. notatam numeris, and this is _Dice-players game_ at _casting Lots_. idque est _Ludas Sortilegii_ _Aleatorum_. Men play by _Luck_ and _Skill_ at _Tables_. in a _pair of Tables_, 4. and at _Cards_, 5. _Sorte_ & _Arte_ luditur _Calculis_ in _Alveo aleatorio_, 4. & _Chartis lusoriis_, 5. We play at _Chesse_ on a _Chesse-board_, 6. where only art beareth the sway. Ludimus _Abaculis_ in _Abaco_, 6. ubi sola ars regnat. The most ingenious Game is the Game of _Chesse_, 7. wherein as it were two Armies fight together in Battel. Ingeniosissimus Ludus est Ludus _Latrunculorum_, 7. quo veluti duo Exercitus confligunt Prælio. CXXXV. Races. Cursus Certamina. [Illustration] Boys exercise themselves by running, either upon the _Ice_, 1. in _Scrick-shoes_, 2. where they are carried also upon _Sleds_, 3. Pueri exercent se cursu, sive super _Glaciem_, 1. _Diabatris_, 2. ubi etiam vehuntur _Trahis_, 3. or in the open Field, making a _Line_, 4. which he that desireth to win, ought to touch, but not to run beyond it. sive in Campo, designantes _Lineam_, 4. quam qui vincere cupit debet attingere, at non ultrâ procurrere. Heretofore _Runners_, 5. run betwixt _Rails_, 6. to the _Goal_, 7. Olim decurrebant _Cursores_, 5. inter _Cancellos_, 6. ad _Metam_, 7. and he that toucheth it first receiveth the _Prize_, 8. from _him that gave the prize_, 9. & qui primum contingebat eam, accipiebat _Brabeum_, (_præmium_), 8. à _Brabeuta_, 9. At this day _Tilting_ (or the quintain) is used, Hodie _Hastiludia_ habentur, (where a _Hoop_, 11. is struck at with a _Truncheon_, 10.) instead of _Horse-races_, which are grown out of use. (ubi _Circulus_, 11. petitur _Lancea_, 10.) loco _Equiriorum_, quæ abierunt in desuetudinem. CXXXVI. Boys Sport. Ludi Pueriles. [Illustration] _Boys_ use to play either with _Bowling-stones_ 1. or throwing a _Bowl_, 2. at _Nine-pins_, 3. _Pueri_ solent ludere vel _Globis fictilibus_, 1. vel jactantes _Globum_, 2. ad _Conas_, 3. or striking a _Ball_, through a _Ring_, 5. with a _Bandy_, 4. or scourging a _Top_, 6. with a _Whip_, 7. vel mittentes _Sphærulam_ per _Annulum_, 5. _Clava_, 4. versantes _Turbinem_, 6. _Flagello_, 7. or shooting with a _Trunk_, 8. and a _Bow_, 9. or going upon _Stilts_, 10, or tossing and swinging themselves upon a _Merry-totter_, 11. vel jaculantes _Sclopo_, 8. & _Arcu_, 9. vel incidentes _Grallis_, 10. vel super _Petaurum_, 11. se agitantes & oscillantes. CXXXVII. The Kingdom and the Region. Regnum & Regio. [Illustration] Many _Cities_ and _Villages_ make a _Region_ and a _Kingdom_. Multæ _Urbes_ & _Pagi_ faciunt _Regionem_ & _Regnum_. The _King_ or _Prince_ resideth in the _chief City_, 1. _Rex_ aut _Princeps_ sedet in _Metropoli_. 1. the _Noblemen_, _Lords_, and _Earls_ dwell in the _Castles_, 2. _Nobiles_, _Barones_, & _Comites_ habitant in _Arcibus_, 2. that lie about it; the _Country People_ dwell in _Villages_, 3. circumjacentibus; _Rustici_ in _Pagis_, 3. He hath his _toll-places_ upon _navigable Rivers_, 4. and _high-Roads_, 5. Habet _telonia sua_ juxta _Flumina navigabilia_, 4. & _Vias regias_, 5. where _Portage_ and _Tollage_ is exacted of them that sail or travel. ubi _Portorum_ & _Vectigal_ exigitur a navigantibus & iter facientibus. CXXXVIII. Regal Majesty. Regia Majestas. [Illustration] The _King_, 1. sitteth on his _Throne_, 2. in Kingly State, with a stately _Habit_, 3. crowned with a _Diadem_, 4. _Rex_, 1. sedet in suo _Solio_, 2. in regio splendore, magnifico _Habitu_, 3. redimitus _Diademate_, 4. holding a _Scepter_, 5. in his Hand, being attended with a Company of _Courtiers_. tenens _Sceptrum_, 5. manu, stipatus frequentiâ _Aulicorum_. The chief among these, are the _Chancellor_, 6. with the _Counsellors_ and _Secretaries_, Inter hos primarii sunt _Cancellarius_, 6. cum _Consiliariis_ & _Secretariis_, the _Lord-marshall_, 7. the _Comptroller_, 8. the _Cup-bearer_, 9. the _Taster_, 10. _Præfectus Prætorii_, 7. _Aulæ Magister_, 8. _Pocillator_ (pincerna), 9. _Dapifer_, 10. the _Treasurer_, 11. the _High Chamberlain_, 12. and the _Master of the Horse_, 13. _Thesaurarius_, 11. _Archi-Cubicularius_, 12. & _Stabuli Magister_, 13. There are subordinate to these the _Noble Courtiers_, 14. the _Noble Pages_, 15. Subordinantur his _Nobiles Aulici_, 14. _Nobile Famulitium_, 15. with the _Chamberlains_, and _Lacquies_, 16. the _Guard_, 17. with their _Attendance_. cum _Cubiculariis_, & _Cursoribus_, 16. _Stipatores_, 17. cum _Satellitio_. He solemnly giveth Audience to the _Ambassadors_ of Foreign Princes, 18. Solemniter recipit _Legatos_ exterorum, 18. He sendeth his _Vice-gerents_, _Deputies_, _Governors_, _Treasurers_, and _Ambassadors_ Ablegat _Vicarios_ suos, _Administratores_, _Præfectos_, _Quæstores_, & _Legatos_, to other places, to whom he sendeth new _Commissions_ ever and anon by the _Posts_, 19. aliorsum, quibus mittit _Mandata nova_ subinde per _Veredarios_, 19. The _Fool_, 20. maketh Laughter by his toysom Actions. _Morio_, 20. movet Risum ludicris Actionibus. CXXXIX. The Soldier. Miles. [Illustration] If we be to make War _Soldiers_ are lifted, 1. Si bellandum est scribuntur _Milites_. 1. Their _Arms_ are a _Head-piece_, 2. (which is adorned with a _Crest_) and the _Armour_, Horum _Arma_ sunt, _Galea_ (Cassis, 2.) (quæ ornatur _Cristâ_) & _Armatura_, whose parts are a _Collar_, 3. a _Breast-plate_, 4. _Arm-pieces_, 5. _Leg-pieces_, 6. _Greaves_, 7. cujus partes _Torquis ferreus_, 3. _Thorax_, 4. _Brachialia_, 5. _Ocreæ ferreæ_, 6. _Manicæ_, 7. with a _Coat of Mail_, 8. and a _Buckler_, 9. these are the defensive Arms. cum _Lorica_, 8. & _Scuto_ (Clypeo), 9. hæc sunt Arma defensiva. The offensive are a _Sword_, 10. a _two-edged Sword_, 11. a _Falchion_, 12. Offensiva sunt _Gladius_, 10. _Framea_, 11. & _Acinaces_, 12. which are put up into a _Scabbard_, 13. and are girded with a _Girdle_, 14. or _Belt_, 15. qui reconduntur _Vaginâ_, 13. accinguntur _Cingulo_, 14. vel _Baltheo_, 15. (a _Scarf_, 16. serveth for ornament) a _two handed-Sword_, 17. and a _Dagger_, 18. (_Fascia militaris_, 16. inservit ornatui) _Romphæa_, 17. & _Pugio_, 18. In these is the _Haft_, 19. with the _Pummel_, 20. and the _Blade_, 21. having a _Point_, 22. In his est _Manubrium_, 19. cum _Pomo_, 20. & _Verutum_, 21. _Cuspidatum_, 22. in the middle are the _Back_, 23. and the _Edge_, 24. in medio _Dorsum_, 23. & _Acies_, 24. The other Weapons are a _Pike_, 25. a _Halbert_, 26. Reliqua arma sunt _Hasta_, 25. _Bipennis_, 26. (in which is the _Haft_, 27. and the _Head_, 28.) a _Club_, 29. and a _Whirlebat_, 30. (in quibus _Hastile_, 27. & _Mucro_, 28.) _Clava_, 29. & _Cœstus_, 30. They fight at a distance with _Muskets_, 31. and _Pistols_, 32. which Pugnatur eminùs _Bombardis_ (Sclopetis), 31. & _Sclopis_, 32. quæ are charged with _Bullets_, 33. out of a _Bullet-bag_, 34. and with _Gun-powder_ out of a _Bandalier_, 35. onerantur _Globis_, 33. è _Theca bombardica_, 34. & _Pulvere nitrato_ è _Pyxide pulveraria_, 35. CXL. The Camps. Castra. [Illustration] When a _Design_ is undertaken the _Camp_, 1. is pitched _Expeditione_ susceptâ, _Castra_, 1. locantur and the _Tents_ of _Canvas_, 2. or _Straw_, 3. are fastned with _Stakes_; & _Tentoria_ _Linteis_, 2. vel _Stramentis_, 3. figuntur _Paxillis_; and they entrench them about for security’s sake, with _Bulwarks_, 4. and _Ditches_, 5. eaque circumdant, securitatis gratiâ _Aggeribus_, 4. & _Fossis_, 5. _Sentinels_, 6. are also set; and _Scouts_, 7. are sent out. _Excubiæ_, 6. constituuntur; & _Exploratores_, 7. emittuntur. _Sallyings out_, 8. are made for Forage and Plunder-sake, where they often cope with the _Enemy_, 9. in skirmishing. _Excursiones_, 8. fiunt Pabulationis & Prædæ causâ, ubi sæpius confligitur cum _Hostibus_, 9. velitando. The _Pavilion_ of the _Lord General_ is in the midst of the _Camp_, 10. _Tentorium_ _summi Imperatoris_ est in medio _Castrorum_, 10. CXLI. The Army and the Fight. Acies & Prœlium. [Illustration] When the _Battel_ is to be fought the _Army_ is set in order, and divided into the _Front_, 1. the _Rere_, 2. and the _Wings_, 3. Quando _Pugna_ committenda est, _Acies_ instruitur, & dividitur in _Frontem_, 1. _Tergum_, 2. & _Alas_ (_Cornua_), 3. The _Foot_, 4. are intermixed with the _Horse_, 5. _Peditatus_, 4. intermiscetur _Equitatui_, 5. That is divided into _Companies_, this into _Troops_. Ille distinguitur in _Centurias_, hic in _Turmas_. These carry _Banners_, 6. those _Flags_, 7. in the midst of them. Illæ in medio ferunt _Vexilla_, 6. hæ _Labara_, 7. Their Officers are, _Corporals_, _Ensigns_, _Lieutenants_, _Captains_, 8. Eorum Præfecti sunt, _Decuriones_, _Signiferi_, _Vicarii_, _Centuriones_, 8. _Commanders of the Horse_, 9. _Lieutenant Colonels_, _Colonels_, and he that is the chief of all, the _General_. _Magistri Equitum_, 9. _Tribuni_, _Chiliarchæ_, & summus omnium _Imperator_. The _Drummers_, 10. and the _Drumslades_, 11. as also the _Trumpeters_, 12. call to Arms, and inflame the Soldier. _Tympanistæ_, 10. & _Tympanotribæ_, 11. ut & _Tubicines_, 12. vocant ad Arma & inflammant Militem. At the first Onset the _Muskets_, 13. and _Ordnance_, 14. are shot off. Primo Conflictu, _Bombardæ_, 13. & _Tormenta_, 14. exploduntur. Afterwards they fight, 15. hand to hand with _Pikes_ and _Swords_. Postea pugnatur, 15. cominus _Hastis_ & _Gladiis_. _They that are overcome_ are _slain_, 16. or taken prisoners, or _run away_, 17. _Victi_ _trucidantur_, 16. vel capiuntur, vel _aufugiunt_, 17. _They that are for the Reserve_, 18. come upon them out of their _places where_ _they lay in wait_. _Succenturiati_, 18. superveniunt ex _insidiis_. The _Carriages_, 19. are plundered. _Impedimenta_, 19. spoliantur. CXLII. The Sea-Fight. Pugna Navalis. [Illustration] A _Sea-fight_ is terrible, when huge _Ships_, like _Castles_, run one upon another _Navale prœlium_ terribile est, quum ingentes _Naves_, veluti _Arces_, concurrunt with their _Beaks_, 1. or shatter one another with their _Ordnance_, 2. _Rostris_, 1. aut se invicem quassant _Tormentis_, 2. and so being bored thorow they drink in their own Destruction, and are _sunk_, 3. atque ita perforatæ, imbibunt perniciem suam & _submerguntur_, 3. Or when they are set on fire and either by the firing of _Gun-powder_, 4. Aut quum igne corripiuntur, & vel ex incendio _pulveris tormentarii_, 4. men are blown up into the air, or are burnt in the midst of the waters, or else leaping into the Sea are drowned. homines ejiciuntur in ærem, vel exuruntur in mediis aquis, vel etiam desilientes in mare, suffocantur. A _Ship_ that flieth away, 5. is overtaken by those that _pursue her_, 6. and is taken. _Navis_ fugitiva, 5. intercipitur ab _insequentibus_, 6. & capitur. CXLIII. The Besieging of a City. Obsidium Urbis. [Illustration] A _City_ that is like to endure a _Siege_, is first summoned by a _Trumpeter_, 1. and persuaded to _yield_. _Urbs_ passura _Obsidionem_, primum provocatur per _Tubicinem_, 1. & invitatur ad _Depitionem_. Which if it refuseth to do, it is assaulted by the Besiegers, and taken by storm. Quod si abnuat facere, oppugnatur ab Obsidentibus & occupatur. Either by climbing over the walls with _Scaling-ladders_, 2. or breaking them down with _Battering-engins_, 3. Vel muros per _Scalas_, 2. transcendendo, aut diruendo _Arietibus_, 3. or demolishing them with _great Guns_, 4. or breaking through the Gates with a _Petarr_, 5. aut demoliendo _Tormentis_, 4. vel dirumpendo portas _Exostra_, 5. or casting _Granadoes_, 6. out of _Mortar-pieces_, 7. into the City, by _Engineers_, 8. vel ejaculando _Globos Tormentarios_, 6. e _Mortariis_ (_balistis_), 7. in Urbem per _Balistarios_, 8. (who lye behind _Leagure-baskets_, 9.) or overthrowing it with _Mines_ by _Pioneers_, 10. (qui latitant post _Gerras_, 9.) vel subvertendo _Cuniculis_ per _Fossores_, 10, _They that are besieged_ defend themselves from the _Walls_, 11. with fire and stones, &c, or _break out by force_, 12. _Obsessi_ defendunt se de _Muris_, 11. ignibus, lapidibus, &c. aut _erumpunt_, 12. A _City_ _that is taken by Storm_ is plundered, destroyed, and sometimes laid even with the ground. _Urbs_ _vi expugnata_, diriditur, exciditur, interdum equatur solo. CXLIV. Religion. Religio. [Illustration] _Godliness_, 1. the Queen of Vertues, _worshippeth God_, 4. devoutly, _Pietas_, 1. Regina Virtutum _colit Deum_, 4. humiliter, the Knowledge of God being drawn either from the _Book of Nature_, 2. (for the work commendeth the Work-master) Notitiâ Dei, haustâ vel ex _Libro Naturæ_, 2. (nam opus commendat Artificem) or from the _Book of Scripture_, 3. she meditateth upon his Commandments contained in the _Decalogue_, 5. vel ex _Libro Scripturæ_, 3. recolit Mandata ejus comprehensa in _Decalogo_, 5. and treading Reason under foot, that _Barking Dog_, 6. she giveth _Faith_, 7. and assent to the Word of God, & conculcans Rationem, _oblatrantem Canem_, 6. præbet _Fidem_, 7. & assensum Verbo Dei, and _calleth_ upon him, 8. as a Helper in adversity. eumque _invocat_, 8. ut Opitulatorem in adversis. _Divine Services_ are done in the _Church_, 9. in which are the _Quire_, 10. with the _Altar_, 11. _Officia Divina_ fiunt in _Templo_, 9. in quo est _Penetrale_ (Adytum, 10.) cum _Altari_, 11. the _Vestry_, 12. the _Pulpit_, 13. _Seats_, 14. _Galleries_, 15. and a _Font_, 16. _Sacrarium_, 12. _Suggestus_, 13. _Subsellia_, 14. _Ambones_, 15. & _Baptisterium_, 16. All men perceive that there is a God, but all men do not rightly know God. Omnes homines sentiunt esse Deum, sed non omnes rectè nôrunt Deum. Hence are divers _Religions_ whereof IV. are reckoned yet as the chief. Hinc diversæ _Religiones_ quarum IV. numerantur adhuc primariæ. CXLV. Gentilism. Gentilimus. [Illustration] The _Gentiles_ feigned to themselves near upon XIIM. _Deities_. _Gentiles_ finxerunt sibi prope XIIM. _Numina_. The chief of them were _Jupiter_, 1. _President_, and _petty-God of Heaven_; Eorum præcipua erant _Jupiter_, 1. _Præses_ & _Deaster cœli_; _Neptune_, 2. of the Sea; _Pluto_, 3. of Hell; _Mars_, 4. of War; _Apollo_, 5. of Arts; _Neptunus_, 2. Maris; _Pluto_, 3. Inferni; _Mars_, 4. Belli; _Apollo_, 5. Artium; _Mercury_, 6. of Thieves, Merchants, and Eloquence; _Vulcan_, (_Mulciber_) of Fire and Smiths; _Mercurius_, 6. Furum, Mercatorum, & Eloquentiæ; _Vulcanus_ (_Mulciber_), Ignis & Fabrorum; _Æolus_, of Winds: and the most obscene of all the rest, _Priapus_. _Æolus_, Ventorum; & obscænissimus, _Priapus_. They had also Womanly Deities: such as were _Venus_, 7. the Goddess of Loves, and Pleasures, with her little son _Cupid_, 8. Habuerant etiam Muliebria Numina; qualia fuerunt _Venus_, 7. Dea Amorum, & Voluptatum, cum filiolo _Cupidine_, 8. _Minerva_ (_Pallas_), with the nine _Muses of Arts_; _Juno_, of Riches and Weddings; _Minerva_ (_Pallas_), cum novem _Musis Artium_; _Juno_, Divitiarum & Nuptiarum; _Vesta_, of Chastity; _Ceres_, of Corn; _Diana_, of Hunting, and Fortune; and besides these _Morbona_, and _Febris_ her self. _Vesta_, Castitatis; _Ceres_, Frumentorum; _Diana_, Venationum; & Fortuna: quin & _Morbona_, ac _Febris_ ipsa. The _Egyptians_, instead of God worshipped all sorts of Beasts and Plants, and whatsoever they saw first in the morning. _Ægyptii_, pro Deo colebant omne genus Animalium & Plantarum, & quicquid conspiciebantur primum mane. The _Philistines_ offered to _Moloch_, 9. their Children to be burnt alive, _Philistæi_ offerebant _Molocho_ (_Saturno_), 9. Infantes cremandos vivos. The _Indians_, 10. even to this day, worship the _Devil_, 11. _Indi_, 10. etiamnum venerantur _Cacodæmona_, 11. CXLVI. Judaism. Judaismus. [Illustration] Yet the true _Worship_ of the true _God_, remained with the _Patriarchs_, who lived before and after the Flood. Verus tamem _Cultus_ veri _Dei_, remansit apud _Patriarchas_, qui vixerunt ante & post Diluvium. Amongst these, that Seed of the Woman, the _Messias_ of the World, was promised to _Abraham_, 1. Inter hos, Semen illud Mulieris, _Messias_ Mundi, promissus est _Abrahamo_. 1. the Founder of the _Jews_, the Father of them that believe: and he (being called away from the Gentiles) with his Posterity, Conditori _Judæorum_, Patri credentium: & ipse (avocatus a Gentilibus) cum Posteris, being marked with the _Sacrament_ _of Circumcision_, 2. made a peculiar people, and _Church_ of God. notatus _Sacramento_ _Circumcisionis_, 2. constitutus singularis populus, & _Ecclesia_ Dei. Afterwards God gave his _Law_, written with his own Finger in _Tables of Stone_, 5. to this people by _Moses_, 3. in Mount _Sinai_, 4. Postea Deus exhibuit _Legem_ suam, scriptam Digito suo in _Tabulis Lapideis_, 5. huic Populo per _Mosen_, 3. in Monte _Sinai_, 4. Furthermore, he ordained the eating the _Paschal Lamb_, 6. and _Sacrifices_ to be offered upon an _Altar_, 7. Porrò ordinavit manducationem _Agni Paschalis_, 6. & _Sacrificia_ offerenda in _Altari_, 7. by _Priests_, 8. and _Incense_, 9. and commanded a _Tabernacle_, 10. with the Ark of the Covenant, 11. to be made: per _Sacerdotes_, 8. & _Suffitus_, 9. & jussit _Tabernaculum_, 10. cum Arca Fœderis, 11. fieri: and besides, a _brazen Serpent_, 12. to be set up against the biting of Serpents in the Wilderness. præterea, _æneum Serpentem_, 12. erigi contra morsum Serpentum in Deserto. All which things were _Types_ of the _Messias_ to come, whom the _Jews_ yet look for. Quæ omnia _Typi_ erant _Messiæ_ venturi, quem _Judæi_ adhuc expectant. CXLVII. Christianity. Christianismus. [Illustration] The only begotten eternal _Son of God_, 3. Unigenitus æternus _Dei Filius_, 3. being promised to _our first Parents in Paradise,_ at the last being conceived by the _Holy Ghost_, promissus _Protoplastis in Paradiso_, tandem conceptus per _Sanctum Spiritum_ in the most Holy Womb of the _Virgin Mary_, 1. of the royal house of _David_ and clad with humane flesh, in sanctissimo utero _Virginis Mariæ_, 1. de domo regiâ _Davidis_, & indutus humanâ carne, came into the World at _Bethlehem of Judæa_, in the extream poverty of a _Stable_, 2. prodiit in mundum _Bethlehemæ Judæâ_, in summâ paupertate _Stabuli_, 2. in the fullness of time, _in the year of the world_ 3970, but pure from all sin, impleto tempore, _Anno Mundi_ 3970, sed mundus ab omni peccato and the name of _Jesus_ was given him, which signifieth a _Saviour_. & nomen _Jesu_ impositum fuit ei, quod significat _Salvatorem_. When he was sprinkled with _holy Baptism_, 4. (the _Sacrament_ of the _new Covenant_) by _John_ his Forerunner, 5. Hic, cum imbueretur _sacro Baptismo_, 4. (_Sacramento_ _novi Fœderis_) à _Johanne_ præcursore suo, 5. in _Jordan_, the most sacred _Mystery_ of the divine _Trinity_, appear’d by the _Father’s_ voice, 6. in _Jordane_ apparuit sacratissimum _Mysterium_ Divinæ _Trinitatis_, _Patris_ voce, 6. (whereby he testified that this was his _Son_) and the _Holy Ghost_ in the shape of a _Dove_, 7. coming down from Heaven. (quâ testabatur hunc esse _Filium_ suum) & _Spiritu sancto_ in specie _Columbæ_, 7. delabente cœlitus. From that time, being the 30th year of his Age, unto the fourth year, he declared who he was, Ab eo tempore, tricesimo anno ætatis suæ, usque an annum quartum, declaravit quis esset, his words and works manifesting his Divinity, being neither owned, nor entertained by the _Jews_, because of his voluntary poverty. verbis & operibus præ se ferentibus Divinitatem, nec agnitus, nec acceptus a _Judæis_, ob voluntariam paupertatem. He was at last taken by these (when he had first instituted the _Mystical Supper_, 8. _of his Body and Blood_ Captus tandem ab his (quum prius instituisset _Cœnam Mysticam_, 8. _Corporis_ & _Sanguinis sui_, for a Seal of the _new Covenant_ and the remembrance of himself) in Sigillum _novi Fœderis_, & sui recordationem) carried to the _Judgment-seat_ _of Pilate_, Governour under _Cæsar_, accused and condemned as an innocent _Lamb_; raptus ad _Tribunal_ _Pilati_, Præfecti _Cæsarei_, accusatus & damnatus est _Agnus_ innocentissimus; and being fastned upon a _Cross_, 9. _he dyed_, being sacrificed upon the Altar for the sins of the World. actusque in _Crucem_, 9. _mortem subiit_, immolatus in arâ pro peccatis mundi. But when he had revived by his Divine Power, he rose again the third day out of the _Grave_, 10. Sed quum revixisset Divinâ suâ Virtute, resurrexit tertia die è _Sepulchro_, 10. and forty days after being taken up from _Mount Olivet_, 11. into _Heaven_, 12. & post dies XL. sublatus de _Monte Oliveti_, 11. in _Cœlum_, 12. and returning thither whence he came, he vanished as it were, while the _Apostles_, 13. gazed upon him, & eo rediens unde venerat, quasi evanuit, _Apostolis_, 13. aspectantibus, to whom he sent his _Holy Spirit_, 14. from _Heaven_, the tenth day after his _Ascension_, quibus misit _Spiritum Sanctum_, 14. de _Cœlo_, decima die post _Ascensum_, and them, (being filled with his power) into the World to preach of him; ipsos vero, (hac virtute impletos) in Mundum prædicaturos; being henceforth to come again to the _last Judgment_, sitting in the mean time at the _right hand_ _of the Father_, and interceding for us. olim rediturus ad _Judicium extremum_, interea sedens ad _dextram_ _Patris_, & intercedens pro nobis. From this _Christ_ we are called _Christians_, and are saved in him alone. Ab hoc _Christo_ dicimur _Christiani_, inque eo solo salvamur. CXLVIII. Mahometism. Mahometismus. [Illustration] _Mahomet_, 1. a warlike Man, invented to himself a new Religion, mixed with _Judaism_, _Christianity_ and _Gentilism_, _Mahomet_, 1. Homo bellator, excogitabat sibi novam Religionem, mixtam ex _Judaismo_, _Christianismo_ & _Gentilismo_, by the advice of a _Jew_, 2. and an _Arian Monk_, 3. named _Sergius_; feigning, whilst he had the _Fit_ _of the Falling-sickness_, consilio _Judæi_, 2. & _Monachi Ariani_, 3. nomine _Sergii_; fingens, dum laboraret _Epilepsia_, that the _Archangel Gabriel_ and the _Holy Ghost_, talked with him, using a _Pigeon_, 4. to fetch Meat out of his Ear. _Archangelum Gabrielem_, & _Spiritum Sanctum_, secum colloqui, adsuefaciens _Columbam_, 4. petere Escam ex Aure sua. His _Followers_ refrain themselves from _Wine_; are circumcised, have many _Wives_; _Asseclæ_ ejus abstinent se à _Vino_; circumciduntur, sunt _Polygami_; build _Chapels_, 5. from the _Steeples_ whereof, they are called to Holy Service not by _Bells_, but by a _Priest_, 6. exstruunt _Sacella_, 5. de quorum _Turriculis_, convocantur ad sacra non a _Campanis_, sed a _Sacerdote_, 6. they wash themselves often, 7. they deny the _Holy Trinity_: they _honour Christ_, not as the _Son of God_, sæpius se abluunt, 7. negant _SS. Trinitatem_: _Christum honorant_, non ut _Dei Filium_, but as a great _Prophet_, yet less than _Mahomet_; they call their _Law_, the _Alchoran_. sed ut magnum _Prophetam_, minorem tamen _Mahomete_; _Legem_ suam vocant _Alcoran_. CXLIX. Gods Providence. Providentia Dei. [Illustration] Mens States are not to be attributed to _Fortune_ or _Chance_, or the _Influence of the Stars_, Humanæ Sortes non tribuendæ sunt _Fortunæ_ aut _Casui_, aut _Influxui Siderum_, (_Comets_, 1. indeed are wont to portend no good) but to the provident _Eye of God_, 2. (_Cometæ_, 1. quidem solent nihil boni portendere) sed provido _Dei Oculo_, 2. and to his _governing Hand_, 3. even our _Sights_, or _Oversights_, or even our _Faults_. & ejusdem _Manui rectrici_, 3. etiam nostræ _Prudentiæ_, vel _Imprudentiæ_, vel etiam _Noxæ_. _God_ hath his _Ministers_ and _Angels_, 4. who accompany a _Man_, 5. from his birth, as _Guardians_, against wicked _Spirits_, _Deus_ habet _Ministros_ suos, & _Angelos_, 4. qui associant se _Homini_, 5. à nativitate ejus, ut _Custodes_, contra malignos _Spiritus_, or the _Devil_, 6. who every minute layeth wait for him, to tempt and vex him. seu _Diabolum_, 6. qui minutatim struit insidias ei, ad tentandum vel vexandum. Wo to the mad _Wizzards_ and _Witches_ who give themselves to the _Devil_, (being inclosed in a _Circle_, 7. calling upon him with Charms) Væ dementibus _Magis_ & _Lamiis_ qui Cacodæmoni se dedunt (inclusi _Circulo_, 7. eum advocantes Incantamentis) they dally with him, and fall from God! for they shall receive their reward with him. cum eo colludunt & à Deo deficiunt! nam cum illo mercedem accipient. CL. The Last Judgment. Judicium extremum. [Illustration] For the _last day_ shall come which shall raise up the _Dead_, 2. with the sound of a _Trumpet_, 1. Nam _dies novissima_ veniet, quæ resuscitabit _Mortuos_, 2. voce _Tubæ_, 1. and summon the _Quick_ with them to the _Judgment-seat_ of _Christ Jesus_, 3. (appearing in the Clouds) & citabit _Vivos_, cum illis ad _Tribunal_ _Jesu Christi_, 3. (apparentis in Nubibus) to give an Account of all things done. ad reddendam rationem omnium actorum. When the _Godly_ & _Elect_, 4. shall enter into life eternal into the place of Bliss, and the new _Hierusalem_, 5. Ubi _pii_ (_justi_) & _Electi_, 4. introibunt in vitam æternam, in locum Beatitudinis & novum _Hierosolymam_, 5. But the _Wicked_ and the _damned_, 6. shall be thrust into _Hell_, 8. with the _Devils_, 7. to be there tormented for ever. _Impii_ vero, & _damnati_, 6. cum _Cacodæmonibus_, 7. in _Gehennum_, 8. detrudentur, ibi cruciandi æternum. CLI. The Close. Clausula. [Illustration] Thus thou hast seen in short, all things that can be shewed, Ita vidisti summatim res omnes quæ poterunt ostendi, and hast learned the _chief Words_ of the _English_ and _Latin_ _Tongue_. & didicisti _Voces primarias_ _Anglicæ_ & _Latinæ_ _Linguæ_. Go on now and read other good _Books_ diligently, and thou shalt become _learned_, _wise_, and _godly_. Perge nunc & lege diligenter alias bonos _Libros_, ut fias _doctus_, _sapiens_, & _pius_. Remember these things; fear God, and call upon him, that he may bestow upon thee the _Spirit of Wisdom_. Memento horum; Deum time, & invoca eum, ut largiatur tibi _Spiritum Sapientiæ_. Farewell. Vale. INDEX TITULORUM. Cap. Pag. A. 141 Acies & Prælium 178 6 Aer 10 46 Agricultura 58 33 Amphibia 40 43 Animi hominis 54 19 Animalia & _primum_ Aves 24 7 Aqua 12 13 Arbor 17 119 Arbor Consanguinitatis 150 128 Ars Medica 163 92 Ars Scriptoria 112 100 Artes Sermonis 121 52 Aucupium 65 24 Aves Aquaticæ 30 22 Aves Campestres & Sylvestres 28 20 Aves Domesticæ 25 23 Aves Rapaces 29 B. 75 Balneum 91 96 Bibliopegus 117 95 Bibliopolium 116 C. 41 Canales & Ossa 50 39 Caput & Manus 47 40 Caro & Viscera 49 140 Castra 177 147 Christianismus 187 4 Cœlum 7 58 Convivium 72 55 Coquinaria 68 135 Cursus Certamina 171 D. 44 Deformes & Monstrosi 55 2 Deus 5 67 Domus 82 E. 106 Eclipses 131 84 Eques 102 77 Equile 194 109 Ethica 36 108 Europa 134 F. 69 Faber Ferrarius 85 64 Faber lignarius 79 65 Faber murarius 80 30 Feræ Bestiæ 36 29 Feræ Pecudes 35 71 Figulus 87 15 Flores 20 113 Fortitudo 141 14 Fructus Arborum 18 17 Fruges 22 18 Frutices 23 G. 145 Gentilismus 184 103 Geometria 126 H. 36 Homo 43 78 Horologia 95 45 Hortorum cultura 56 115 Humanitas 144 73 Hypocaustum _cum_ Dormitorio 89 I. 5 Ignis 8 32 Insecta repentia 38 25 Insecta volantia 31 101 Instrumenta Musica 123 123 Interiora Urbis 156 1 Invitatio 1 146 Judaismus 186 124 Judicium 157 150 Jud’m extremum 193 28 Jumenta 34 116 Justitia 145 L. 12 Lapides 15 54 Lanionia 67 97 Liber 118 117 Liberalitas 147 61 Lintea 76 134 Ludus Aleæ 170 136 Ludi pueriles 172 133 Ludus Pilæ 169 130 Ludus Scenicus 166 M. 66 Machinæ 81 148 Mahometismus 190 35 Marinæ Pisces & Conchæ 42 48 Mellificium 61 38 Membra Hominis Externa 45 127 Mensuræ & Pondera 162 126 Mercatura 161 68 Metallifodina 84 11 Metalla 15 139 Miles 176 49 Molitura 62 3 Mundus 6 99 Museum 120 N. 88 Natatus 107 91 Naufragium 111 89 Navis actuaria 108 90 Navis oneraria 109 8 Nubes 12 O. 143 Obsidium Urbis 181 16 Olera 21 21 Oscines 27 P. 132 Palæstra 168 50 Panificium 63 93 Papyrus 113 72 Partes Domus 88 114 Patientia 142 27 Pecora 33 47 Pecuaria 59 105 Phases Lunæ 130 102 Philosophia 125 79 Pictura 96 51 Piscatio 64 34 Pisces Fluviatiles 41 104 Planet. Aspectus 129 131 Præstigiæ 167 149 Providentia Dei 191 110 Prudentia 137 142 Pugna Navalis 180 74 Putei 90 Q. 26 Quadrupedia & _primum_ Domestica 32 R. 138 Regia Majestas 174 137 Regnum & Regio 173 144 Religio 183 82 Restio & Lorarius 99 S. 62 Sartor 77 98 Schola 119 70 Scriniarius & Tornator 86 111 Sedulitas 139 42 Sensus externi & interni 52 37 Septum Ætat. Hominis 44 129 Sepultura 165 31 Serpentes & Reptilia 37 118 Societas Conjugalis 144 121 Societas Herilis 153 120 Soc’tas Parentalis 152 80 Specularia 97 104 Sphæra cœlestis 127 107 Sphæra terrestris 132 125 Supplicia Maleficiorum 159 63 Sutor 78 T. 112 Temperantia 140 9 Terra 13 10 Terræ fœtus 14 60 Textura 75 76 Tonstrina 93 59 Tractio Lini 74 87 Transitus Aqua’m 106 94 Typographia 114 V. 86 Vectura 105 85 Vehicula 103 53 Venatus 66 83 Viator 100 81 Vietor 98 56 Vindemia 70 122 Urbs 144 Z. 57 Zythopœia 71 An Index of the Titles. Chap. Page. A. 37 _The Seven Ages of Man_ 44 6 _The Air_ 10 33 _Amphibious Creatures_ 40 105 _The Apparitions of the Moon_ 130 141 _The Army and the Fight_ 178 100 _Arts belonging to Speech_ 121 104 _The Aspects of the Planets_ 129 B. 75 _The Bath_ 91 76 _The Barbers Shop_ 93 28 _Labouring Beasts_ 34 30 _Wild Beasts_ 36 143 _The Besieging of a City_ 181 19 _Birds_ 24 22 _Birds that live in the Fields and Woods_ 28 23 _Ravenous Birds_ 29 21 _Singing Birds_ 27 41 _The Chanels and Bones_ 50 97 _A Book_ 118 96 _The Book-binder_ 117 95 _The Book-sellers Shop_ 116 70 _The Box-maker_ 86 136 _Boys Sports_ 172 50 _Bread-baking_ 63 57 _Brewing_ 71 129 _A Burial_ 165 54 _Butchery_ 67 C. 104 _The Celestial Sphere_ 127 140 _The Camp_ 177 85 _Carriages_ 103 86 _Carrying to and fro_ 105 64 _The Carpenter_ 79 27 _Herd-Cattle_ 33 29 _Wild-Cattle_ 35 41 _The Chanels and Bones_ 50 147 _Christianity_ 187 123 _A City_ 154 143 _The Besieging of a City_ 181 123 _The Inward parts of a City_ 156 151 _The Close_ 194 8 _The Clouds_ 12 119 _The Tree of Consanguinity_ 150 56 _Cookery_ 68 81 _The Cooper_ 98 82 _The Cord-wainer_ 99 17 _Corn_ 22 32 _Crawling Vermin_ 38 33 _Creatures that live as well by water as by land_ 40 31 _Creeping things_ 37 D. 44 _Deformed and monstrous People_ 55 78 _Dials_ 95 134 _Dice-play_ 170 111 _Diligence_ 139 45 _The Dressing of Gardens_ 56 E. 9 _The Earth_ 13 106 _The Eclipses_ 131 66 _Engines_ 81 108 _Europe_ 134 F. 58 _A Feast_ 72 132 _The Fencing-School_ 168 5 _Fire_ 8 51 _Fishing_ 64 34 _River-fish and Pond-fish_ 41 35 _Sea-fish and Shell-fish_ 43 40 _The Flesh and Bowels_ 49 15 _Flowers_ 20 25 _Flying Vermin_ 31 113 _Fortitude_ 141 26 _Four footed Beasts about the House_ 32 52 _Fowling_ 65 20 _Tame-Fowl_ 25 24 _Water-Fowl_ 30 10 _The Fruits of the Earth_ 14 14 _Fruits of Trees_ 18 G. 89 _A Galley_ 108 145 _Gentilism_ 184 103 _Geometry_ 126 2 _God_ 5 149 _God’s Providence_ 191 47 _Grasing_ 59 49 _Grinding_ 62 H. 39 _The Head and the Hands_ 47 16 _Pot-herbs_ 21 27 _Herd-Cattle_ 33 4 _Heaven_ 7 48 _The making of Honey_ 61 84 _The Horseman_ 102 67 _A House_ 82 72 _The parts of a House_ 88 115 _Humanity_ 144 53 _Hunting_ 66 46 _Husbandry_ 58 I. 1 _The Invitation_ 1 101 _Musical Instruments_ 123 146 _Judaism_ 186 124 _Judgment_ 157 150 _The last Judgment_ 193 116 _Justice_ 145 K. 137 _The Kingdom and Region_ 173 L. 28 _Labouring Beasts_ 34 117 _Liberality_ 147 19 _Living Creatures_ 24 59 _The dressing of Line_ 74 61 _Linen Cloaths_ 76 80 _Looking-glasses_ 97 M. 148 _Mahometism_ 190 138 _Kingly Majesty_ 174 36 _Man_ 43 37 _The Seven Ages of Man_ 44 38 _The outward parts of a Man_ 45 65 _The Mason_ 80 127 _Measures and Weights_ 162 126 _Merchandizing_ 161 90 _A Merchant Ship_ 109 11 _Metals_ 15 68 _A Mine_ 84 105 _The Apparitions of the Moon_ 137 109 _Moral Philosophy_ 136 101 _Musical Inst’ments_ 123 P. 93 _Paper_ 113 87 _Passage over Waters_ 106 114 _Patience_ 142 102 _Philosophy_ 125 109 _Moral Philosophy_ 136 128 _Physick_ 163 79 _The Picture_ 96 34 _Pond-fish_ 41 16 _Pot-herbs_ 21 71 _The Potter_ 87 94 _Printing_ 114 149 _God’s Providence_ 191 110 _Prudence_ 137 R. 135 _Races_ 171 23 _Ravenous Birds_ 29 144 _Religion_ 183 34 _River-fish_ 41 82 _The Roper_ 99 138 _Regal Majesty_ 174 S. 98 _A School_ 119 142 _The Sea-fight_ 180 35 _Sea-fish and Shell-fish_ 42 42 _The outward and inward Senses_ 52 31 _Serpents_ 37 91 _Shipwreck_ 111 64 _The Shoe-maker_ 78 18 _Shrubs_ 23 21 _Singing Birds_ 27 131 _Sleights_ 167 118 _The Society betwixt Man and Wife_ 148 120 _The Society betwixt Parents and Children_ 152 121 _The Society betwixt Master and Servant_ 153 43 _The Soul of Man_ 54 139 _The Souldier_ 176 69 _The Black-smith_ 85 136 _Boys Sports_ 172 104 _The Celestial Sphere_ 127 107 _The Terrestial Sphere_ 132 100 _Arts belonging to Speech_ 121 77 _The Stable_ 94 130 _A Stage-play_ 166 12 _Stones_ 16 73 _The Stove with the Bed-room_ 89 99 _The Study_ 120 88 _Swimming_ 107 T. 62 _The Taylor_ 77 112 _Temperance_ 140 133 _Tennis play_ 169 107 _The Terrestial Sphere_ 132 125 _The Torments of Malefactors_ 159 83 _The Travellor_ 100 13 _A Tree_ 17 70 _The Turner_ 86 U. 25 _Flying Vermin_ 31 32 _Crawling Vermin_ 38 56 _The Vintage_ 70 W. 7 _The Water_ 11 60 _Weaving_ 75 74 _Wells_ 90 29 _Wild Cattle_ 35 30 _Wild Beasts_ 36 3 _The World_ 6 92 _Writing_ 112 Trinuni Deo Gloria. FINIS. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Errors and Inconsistencies (noted by transcriber) The Editor’s Preface says: “The text for the English translation is from the English edition of 1727, in which for the first time the English words were so arranged as to stand opposite their Latin equivalents.” The 1659 English translation has the same general layout, but word order within sentences is often different, as explained in the “Advertisement” to the 1727 edition. In the 1659 edition the _Invitatio_ and _Clausula_ (Close) are unnumbered, and in the 1727 edition there are two chapters CIV (104). Chapter numbers 64 through 104 were off by one (printed as 63-103) in the 1727 Index. Chapter Name 1659 text 1727 index 1727 text Invitation -- -- I (1) God I (1) 2 II (2) ... Shoemaker LXII (62) 63 LXIII (63) Carpenter LXIII (63) 63 LXIV (64) ... Geometry CII (102) 102 CIII (103) Celestial Sphere CIII (103) 103 CIV (104) Aspects of the Planets CIV (104) 104 CIV (104) ... The Last Judgement CL (150) 150 CL (150) The Close -- -- CLI (151) Errata: Editor’s Preface [1874] but what liberties have been taken with the design [with with] Comments Upon ... the life and manners of the seventeeth century [seventeeth] n’est qu’un équivalent de la [equivalent le la] fort défectueux [defectueux] pour l’intégrité [integrité] à la pédagogie [pedagogie] livre d’école [ecole] modèle à d’innombrables livres [modèle á d’innomorables] Histoire d’Éducation [Historie] The Translator, to All ... [1727] many of the Books of this well-deserving Author [of this of this] [Footnote] Dr. Tabor’s Christian Schoolmaster [Christain] the pious Institutions of Youth, &c. [final . missing] Orbis Pictus (Main Text): Where appropriate, line breaks are shown as “ / ”. All chapter headers are shown in the form “II. / God. / Deus.” Notes about uncorrected errors are given in [[double brackets]]. The inconsistent marking of final long â is unchanged. The _Wolf_ howleth. / L [[missing lower-case l]] [XI] _Ducats_ and _Crown-pieces_, 8. / of Gold. [_Words “of Gold” printed at end of page, after “thorow Metals”._] [XV] alba & lutea, & cœrulea, 5. [[spelling unchanged]] [XIX] here the King’s _Fisher_, 1. [_printed text has “_Fisher_, 1. here the King’s”: the 1659 text has “here the King’s Fisher” with the word “Fisher” overflowing onto the preceding line, after “Bird”_] [XXII] _Upupa_, 4. / sordidissimus [sordidssimus] [XXIV] Add to these the water-hen, [And to] XXX. / Wild-Beasts. / Feræ Bestiæ. [Besitæ.] [XXXI] _Cæcilia_, 6. / est cœca. [[inconsistent spelling unchanged]] [XXXV] _Raia_, 3. / monstrosissimus [monstrossimus] [XXXVI] Hi, seducti à _Diabolo_ [_Printed “seducti _abolo_”; missing text supplied from 1659 edition._] [XXXVIII] The _Loyns_ [[17. missing]] [XLI] (carrying) / _Heart_ and _Life_ / from the _Heat_; [_Printed as shown, with “Heart” and “Heat” reversed_] The _Thigh-bone_, 14.; _Tibia_, 14. [_Text unchanged; 14. in the illustration is the thigh or femur. 1659 edition is the same_] [XLIV] ut sunt, immanis _Gigas_ [[1. missing]] [XLVII] the _Udders_ / of the _Cow_, 15. [[error for 14.]] [XLIX] In _Mola_, [[1. missing]] LVII. / Brewing. / Zythopœia. [Zythopie] [_Spelling changed to agree with Index and 1659 form._] [LXV] by means of a _Trowel_ [[7. missing]] [LXVI] _Ærumna_ [[4. missing]] _Palangâ_ [[1. missing]] [LXVII] by _Greeses_, 14. [Greess] per _Scalas_, 14. / & _Cochlidia_, 15. [Cocklidia] [LXVIII] _Scoriæ_, 11. / abjiciuntur seorsim [scorsim] [LXXI] _Figulus_, 1. [Figulas] [LXXII] the _Kitchen_, 3. / _Culina_, 3. [_Missing Latin line supplied from 1659 edition._] adservandis illis [adfervandis] [LXXIV] aut denique / _Antliâ_, 11. [deinque] [LXXVII] _Stabularius_ (Equiso), 1. [Stabularias] eâque pascit equum [câque] LXXVIII. / Dials. / Horologia [LXXVII.] [[See also note about chapter numbering.]] [LXXIX] The _Painter_, 2. [Puinter] [LXXXIII] Non deserat / Viam regiam [[9. missing]] [LXXXVI] _Horse Litters_, 16, 17. [Liiters] [XCI] upon the Shoars. [oupn] [XCVI] beateth with a hammer, 4. [beatheth] [XCIX] fœtet & fumigat [fugimat] [C] componit varia / _Carmina_ & _Hymnos_ [componi] [CIV] ♑ _Capricorn_ [Capricor] [[on English side]] quorum via est Circulvs [[v for u unchanged]] CIV. / The Celestial Sphere. / Sphera cælestis. CIV. / The Aspects of the Planets. / Planetarum Aspectus. [[Duplicate chapter numbers: see note about chapter numbering.]] [CX] She proposeth ... _End_, / to her Actions. Actionibus suis / præfigit _Scopum_ ... [[Text shown as printed. The first Latin line corresponds to the last English line.]] [CXII] _Revellers_ ... babble; _Heluones_ ... rixantur [[1659 edition has “brabble”, meaning “quarrel” or “brawl”.]] [CXVI] Talia prohibentur [Talio] [CXXI] _Laborum Pensa_, 5. quæ [qua] [CXXXII] with their Eyes covered [coverered] [CXXXVIII] his _Vice-gerents_ [_text unchanged: rare word_] [CXLVII] ob voluntariam paupertatem [pauperatem] Punctuation In chapters CII, CV, CVIIb and CXIX, number pairs were printed with two to four dots based on available space in the line. For this e-text they have been regularized to four: “9....9”. Punctuation errors were corrected in chapter headings, where readers may need the exact format for text searches: II. / God. / Deus. [God] XL. / The Flesh and Bowels. / Caro & Viscera. [XL] XLIX. / Grinding. / Molitura. [Molitura] LXXII. / The Parts of a House. / Partes Domus. [... Domus] LXXIX. / The Picture. / Pictura. [LXXIX,] LXXXV. / Carriages. / Vehicula. [LXXXV] LXXXVII. / Passing over Waters. / Transitus Aquarum. [... Aquarum] CXIX. / The Tree of Consanguinity. / Arbor Consanguinitatis. [... Consanguinity,] CXXVIII. / Physick. / Ars Medica. [Physick] Indexes See note on chapter numbering, above. In both Indexes, chapter references 64-104 were off by one (printed as 63-103) and have been silently corrected. Only those with additional errors are individually noted. All page numbers are correct as printed. Minor differences in spelling and hyphenization are not noted. Index: Latin The chapter number for _Invitatio_ (1) was missing, and there is no entry for _Clausula_ (151). 58 Convivium [53 for 58] 67 Domus [96 for expected 66] 88 Natatus [17 for expected 87; Natats] 96 Bibliopegus [Bibilopegus] S. [_letter header missing_] 104 Sphæra cœlestis 107 Sphæra terrestris [[both spelled “Sphera” in body text]] Index: English Chapter numbers for _The Invitation_ (1) and _The Close_ (151) were missing. 22 _Birds that live in the Fields and Woods_ [[body text has “Birds that haunt the ...”]] 56 _Cookery_ [55] 87 _Passage over Waters_ [16 for expected 86] 100 _Musical Instruments_ [Insruments] 112 _Temperance_ [182] 131 _Sleights_ [121] 136 _Boys Sports_ [126] 138 _Regal Majesty_ [[Alphabetized as if “Royal”.]] End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Orbis Pictus, by John Amos Comenius *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ORBIS PICTUS *** ***** This file should be named 28299-0.txt or 28299-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: https://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/2/9/28299/ Produced by Louise Hope, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. 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