The English moths and butterflies

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 73622 *** TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE Italic text is denoted with _underscores_. Test emphasized with spacing is denoted with ~tildes~. Errata listed in front matter have been applied to the book. Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book. THE English Moths and Butterflies: _Together with_ _The_ Plants, Flowers, _and_ Fruits _whereon they_ Feed, _and are_ usually Found. All _Drawn_ and _Coloured_ in such a Manner, as to _represent_ their several _beautiful Appearances_, _Being copied exactly from the_ Subjects themselves, _and Painted on the best_ Atlas _Paper_. Together with an Attempt towards a _Natural History_ of the said _Moths_ and _Butterflies_. This work consists of one Hundred and Twenty Copper Plates, with a particular Account of the _Flies_ represented in the said Plates setting forth the true Times of their Appearance in the _Caterpillar_, _Chrysalis_, and _Fly_ State; the most ready Means of finding them; the Method of managing and preserving them; their Ways of feeding; the several Plants they feed on; and, in a Word, everything yet known relating to their _Natural History_. Together with the Names of the _Plants_, _Flowers_, _Fruits_ &c. _The Price of this Work colour’d is_ Nine Pounds; Which for the Conveniency of the Buyer is divided into four Parts, and each Part, or any single Number, may be had separately. _Uncoloured_ Three Pounds Thirteen Shillings _and_ Sixpence, or Two Shillings _and_ Sixpence each Number. _The Natural History by itself_ Ten Shillings _and_ Sixpence. LONDON; PRINTED for, and Sold by _BENJAMIN WILKES_, the Proprietor, in _Fleetstreet_. TO MARTIN FOLKES, Esq; PRESIDENT, _And to the_ COUNCIL and FELLOWS of the ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. GENTLEMEN, I Humbly take the Liberty to address this Work to You, and presume to hope, from Your exact Knowledge of the Subjects it contains, and Your having been pleased to countenance the several Parts of it, as they were published, with Your Acceptance and Approbation, that You will not, now they are put together, deny them the Honour of Your Patronage. The Institution of Your Society for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, must render it not improper to lay before You every Attempt towards such Improvement. On the contrary, You have a sort of Right to expect, that every Author in Natural History, should submit his Labours to Your Examination, and think himself happy if they will stand the Test of Your Judgment. The Animal and Vegetable Parts of the Creation afford endless Stores for the Enquiry and Entertainment of the curious Naturalist: and some of the most beautiful of each Sort, are here presented to the Eye, in their true Size, Form, and Colour. Nor will it be objected by You, that too much Time and Pains has been bestowed on a Company of Insects, which few People trouble themselves about; for true Philosophy teaches, that the meanest thing God has made, is not below the Dignity of the most exalted of mortal Men to consider. But the Creatures here exhibited, are adorned with such a Variety of Beauty to engage our Notice, and undergo such amazing Changes in their Form and Appearance, that a thinking Mind can hardly avoid regarding them with uncommon Pleasure and a more than ordinary Attention. Little, perhaps, is wanting to make the Study of Nature universally pursued, than to render it easy and intelligible; for, surely, the Understanding God has given us, can never be more properly employed, than in examining and considering those Proofs of his Divine Goodness and Power, which are placed every where around us. This is a most reasonable and satisfactory Entertainment; and I am fully persuaded, many of You, Gentlemen, have often experienced more real Pleasure from such Examinations, than those who know nothing of them can possibly conceive. My Attempt towards a Natural History of the _English Moths_ and _Butterflies_, (which is here added to the Paintings of them) wherein they are divided into Classes, and their several Progressions and Changes from the Egg to the Fly-state are described, (and that not from Books or Conjectures, but from actual Experiments and close Observation) will, I hope, meet with Your Approbation. But not to be longer troublesome than to beg Pardon for this Presumption, and with a continual increase of Prosperity and Honour to the ROYAL SOCIETY of _London_, permit me to subscribe myself, GENTLEMEN, _Your most obedient_, _Humble Servant_, BENJAMIN WILKES. [Illustration: (Decorative header)] THE PREFACE. _The Painting of HISTORY PIECES and PORTRAITS in Oyl being the Profession of the Author of this Work, he frequently found himself at a Loss, in the Course of his Employment, to understand with Certainty what Colours would contrast with and set off each other to the best Advantage; and perhaps had still remained under the same Difficulties, had he not been led by Accident into the Means of learning all this from Nature, which undoubtedly is the best Instructor. It happened that a Friend invited him one Evening, to bear him Company to a Society named the AURELIAN: the agreeable Purpose of which is, to become acquainted with that Part of Natural Philosophy which relates to the Generation and Properties of Insects, of which they have a fine Collection. And here he first saw such Specimens of Nature’s admirable Skill in the Disposition, Arrangement, and contrasting of Colours (particularly amongst the Moths and Butterflies) as struck him with Amazement, and convinced him, at the same Time, that studying them would turn greatly to his Advantage. With this View he desired to become a Member of the AURELIAN SOCIETY, and soon after had the Honour to be admitted; when, by his own Diligence, together with the genenerous and kind Assistance of some Gentlemen of the Society, it was not long before he had acquired a tolerable Collection of English MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES; and for ten Years past his leisure Hours have chiefly been employed in the collecting and making Drawings of the different ~English Caterpillars~, ~Aureliæ~ or ~Chrysalides~, ~Flies~, &c. that he could any Ways obtain; and in making such Observations and Remarks thereon as shall now, with all Submission, be laid before the Publick. He has been greatly assisted in this Work by that well-known and ingenious Naturalist, Mr. ~Joseph Dandridge~; to whose noble Collection he had free Access during his Life-time, and also the Liberty of making what Use he thought fit of his curious Remarks on these Subjects, which were the Fruits of no less than forty Years Experience. And he is still favoured in the like Manner by his Successors, as often as he finds Occasion. Respect to the Memory of this valuable and worthy Man, will not suffer him to omit this Opportunity of giving him the Character that is most justly his due, viz. That he was a Person of unbounded Curiosity, and unwearied Application in his Researches into the Works of Nature; in the Study of which all those Hours were employed that could be spared from his immediate Business; by which Means, during a long Life, he had not only got together a great Variety of the most rare natural Productions, but also from Time to Time had written down his Observations thereon, which deserve the highest Regard, as his Judgment and Veracity were both without Exception. And, as he loved these Studies himself, he was a zealous Encourager of all that had the same Inclination, whom he was always ready to assist with his laboriously acquired Knowledge. But to proceed—He must also acknowledge, that in the Course of this Undertaking he has made use of the Drawings of some Caterpillars and Flies which were published not long ago in a curious Work of this Sort, by ~J. A. Rosel~, at ~Norimburgh~, in ~Germany~: But he has taken from him such only as are exactly of the same Species with what we have in England, though we have not yet been so fortunate to meet with them under all their several Changes: what Information that Gentleman has given, as to those Particularities concerning them which we are yet unacquainted with, he therefore judged proper to insert. As to the ~Plants~, ~Flowers~, and ~Fruits~, he declares himself under the highest Obligation to a most curious Naturalist, and worthy Member of the Royal Society of ~London~, whose costly and valuable Collection is known to the learned World, and esteemed as it deserves. This Gentleman has generously permitted him to make use of many excellent Paintings of these Subjects, which were taken from Nature by those two celebrated Artists Mr. ~George Dennis Ehret~, and Mr. ~Jacobus Van Heysum~, and executed with the utmost Judgment and Command of Pencil, so that he could hardly doubt but that true Copies of them would give great Pleasure to the Lovers of Botany, whom he has endeavoured to entertain with all the Variety he could introduce. Some Ill-natured People, that love to find Fault with every Thing, have, he hears, objected against the Liberty he has taken, in giving in several of his Plates, ~Plants~, ~Flowers~, and ~Fruits~, that are not in Reality the Food of the ~Caterpillars~ therein exhibited; but as the greatest Part of the ~Caterpillars~ described in this Work feed chiefly on the ~Oak~, ~Elm~, ~Black-Thorn~, ~White-Thorn~, ~Willow~, and ~Nettle~, all which are separately represented in different Plates, it was judged unnecessary (and would certainly have been tiresom) to repeat those Subjects, as often as different ~Caterpillars~ are presented to which they serve for Food: and therefore, instead of so doing, the Author has enriched his Undertaking with some of the most beautiful Productions of Nature in the Vegetable Kingdom: But, however, has not forgot to place the ~Caterpillars~, in most of the Plates, on a small Specimen of the real Plant on which it feeds, as will be properly explained in the Account of each Particular ~Fly~:—and this Care, it is hoped will be an Answer to all unreasonable Cavils. The ~Plates~ are all drawn and etched with his own Hand, in a quite new Manner; whereby every Design, when coloured, appears like a regular Piece of Painting; and the ~Flies~ are drawn and Painted with the utmost Exactness, from as fine and perfect Specimens as can be bred. The common Method of amusing the Reader with long Accounts of the Colours and Markings of each ~Fly~ is avoided in this Work, as entirely needless, when the Objects are truly represented before his Eyes. His Classing of the ~Caterpillars~ will be found of great Use; for if it be enquired what ~Fly~ any ~Caterpillar~ that may happen to present itself will produce, by observing its Character you will easily be satisfied (if it is in this Collection) and be likewise taught what its proper Food is, &c. ~Names~ are absolutely necessary to distinguish one ~Fly~ from another, and enable the Curious in this Study to communicate any Observations they may make; which, without giving Names to the ~Flies~, would be very difficult, if even possible to be done; as they must be greatly at a Loss to make others perfectly understand what ~Flies~ they are treating of. The worthy Members of the AURELIAN SOCIETY, and several other ingenious Gentlemen, have been so sensible of this, that they, from Time to Time, have thought proper to bestow some Name on every Species that has come within their Knowledge._ _Indeed Names are arbitrary, and if remembered, and the Intent of them well understood, may, whatever they are, serve the Purpose of giving them: But here, as in every Thing else, a Propriety is to be aimed at, and the Names given ought to denote some distinguishing Particularity, and that the most obvious, in the Subject on which they are bestowed, so as to make the Name, if possible, descriptive of the Thing: Which Rule has been followed as strictly as might be in naming the ~Moths~ and ~Butterflies~ contained in this Work: that is to say, the Shape, the Colour, the Marking, the Food, or the Place where found is what they are named from. But in doing this, where the Author found them named to his Hands in this descriptive Manner, he has gladly retained the Name they had already, and only presumes to bestow Names himself on such as either had none at all, or which he thought not sufficiently denotative of the particular Flies intended to be known by them. The Division of the Work into Books and Chapters may need some Explanation, since under some of the Divisions very few, or even but one single ~Fly~ is placed; the Reason whereof is, that the Plan here laid down is intended for the Arranging of all the ~Moths~ and ~Butterflies~, whose Progression is known at present, or shall hereafter be discovered in ~England~; of which, as the ~Flies~ here given are but a small Part, this must be considered but as an Out-line to be filled up occasionally. It is hoped the Directions here given how to collect the ~Caterpillars~ or ~Chrysalides~, how to feed and take Care of them, how to preserve the ~Flies~ when bred, and where and at what Times they may be found most easily, will prove both acceptable and useful to every curious Collector; and as the Author thinks himself under great Obligations to the Subscribers to, and Encouragers of this Undertaking, a List of their Names is added as a Memorial of his Gratitude. These Things being premised, we come now to give a short Sketch of the Natural History of the ~English Moths~ and ~Butterflies~ in general._ [Illustration:(Decorative design)] INTRODUCTION. Of MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES in general. The Opinion of _Equivocal Generation_ however formerly received, has by the present Age been deservedly rejected; since every Observation proves, that all Creatures are produced by Parents of their own Kind, and that in general those Parents are Male and Female; and the Production of every _Moth_ and _Butterfly_ in this Manner, is I believe at present not doubted by any Body. The Females, both of the _Moth_ and _Butterfly_, lay their Eggs in a short Time after Copulation, _upon_ or contiguous _to_ what will supply proper Food for the young Brood when produced. After a certain Period the Infant _Caterpillars_ included in the Eggs burst their Shells, crawl forth, and feed upon the Provision ready prepared for them. And each of these _Caterpillars_, having fed its appointed Time, becomes a _Chrysalis_ or _Aurelia_; from which State, after a while, it issues forth a _Fly_ in the Likeness of its Parent. Some Species of _Butterflies_ breed twice a Year. Those that come forth in _May_ lay their Eggs soon after, which Eggs in about nine Days Time are hatched. The _Caterpillars_ feed for about six Weeks, then change to _Chrysalis_, lie in that State for about fourteen Days, and then the _Flies_ are bred. These lay their Eggs as the first Brood did, the _Caterpillars_ change to _Chrysalis_ in _September_, and the _Flies_ come forth in the following _May_. The Variety of the _Moth_ Kinds is so great, that perhaps there is scarce a Day in the Year when some of them are not bred. The Time of their Continuance in the _Chrysalis_ State will be best known by attending to the Account of each _Moth_ described in the following Plates. Some _Moths_ as well as _Butterflies_ breed twice a Year. It frequently happens, that the _Fly_ does not come out at the usual Time, but continues in the _Chrysalis_ State till that Time Twelvemonth; so that the Creature remains in that Case a Year and nine Months (and sometimes longer) in a State of Rest, without Nourishment of any kind. Thus much in general:—We descend now to particular Observations. On the different Manner of laying their Eggs. All _Butterflies_ and _Moths_ lay a great Number of Eggs, some even as far as two or three Hundred. The Eggs of some Kinds are glutenous, or covered with a glewy Moisture; but those of others are not so: The glutenous are fixt (sometimes singly) on _Grass_, _the Leaves of Trees_, _Shrubs_, &c. and sometimes in Clusters after the same Manner. Some Sorts of Eggs are laid naked or uncovered, and others are cloath’d with a sort of Down, _&c._ Some _Flies_ lay them in a Spiral Line, or Screw-like Figure, round a small Twigg, a Stalk of Grass, _&c._ And these may be pulled off entire, in Fashion like a Cylindrical Tube, and as hard as Horn: Others deposit theirs in the Chinks of the _Barks of Trees_, &c. &c. &c. It is observeable, that the whole Process from the Egg, to the _Fly_, of many Species, is perform’d in about sixty Days. But the _Goat Moth_ is an Exception to this Rule, being reported to be three Years proceeding from the Egg to the _Fly_ State. Of the Eggs. The Eggs are of various Forms; some are round, some are oval, and many of the _Moth-Kind_ flat, and perforated through the Middle; so that the _Embrios_ or _Caterpillars_ lie curl’d up before they are hatch’d, as they frequently do afterwards when come to Maturity. They are found of all manner of Colours, and many of them are extremely beautiful if view’d with a Microscope; some being curiously rib’d and adorn’d with _Protuberances_, _&c._ like the nicest carved Work; others marbled and spotted with an amazing Variety of delightful colouring. _Of_ CATERPILLARS. Caterpillars are usually divided into the Naked and Cloathed Kinds. Among the Cloath’d some have only small Tufts of Hair or Down, others are cover’d all over with it. The _Caterpillars_ of all known _Butterflies_ have six Hooks or Claws before, eight Feet in the Middle of their Body, and two Holders behind. Those that produce _Moths_ have all six Hooks or Claws before, and Holders behind. Some have eight Feet in the Middle, some four, and some only two next their Holders. Some Species of _Caterpillars_ always feed inclos’d or spun up in the Leaves they feed upon, others take their Food openly and in Sight. Some are sociable and herd together whilst young, but when they change their third Skin they grow unsociable and feed separately. Others are born unsociable, and feed separately from their Infancy. Some Species spin a large Web that will contain an hundred _Caterpillars_, or more, from which they never go far till they have eat up all the Leaves that are near thereto: Then they spin a new Web, and so (shifting their Quarters) in a short Time, instead of the green Leaves that they have devoured, leave the Tree, or Bush, covered only with their white Webs. Some Sorts, when disturbed, let themselves down by a Thread like a Spider, by which Means they avoid being devoured by other Insects that have not the Means of following them, _&c._ Of the Food of CATERPILLARS, and their Manner of Feeding. Their Food is almost general, but some Kinds will eat nothing except their own particular Trees, or Plants. Some Species feed upon Herbage, others live and feed upon the solid Parts of Trees, and Barks. Some dwell in the Earth, or other private Recesses in the Day-time, and at Night come forth, and feed on Grass, Flowers, _&c._ Others again feed on the different Kinds of Mosses, Heath, Broom, the Leaves of Trees, Shrubs, _&c._ Some feed upon the Waters naked and exposed, and others make themselves Cases of Sticks, Rushes, _&c._ in the Waters, where they get their Food. Of the Forms of CATERPILLARS. The Variety and Beauty which present themselves to our Eyes in the Form and Colouring of _Caterpillars_, are no less remarkable than the _Flies_ themselves, as the Reader will be satisfied by examining the following Plates. Of the Change of CATERPILLARS into the _Chrysalis_ State. When a _Caterpillar_ has fed its appointed Time, and is come to full Maturity, it undergoes a Change, and becomes a Body of a different Form, incrusted with a Shell, and usually called a _Chrysalis_ or _Aurelia_; the Shell of which is formed underneath the Skin of the _Caterpillar_, which Skin comes off as soon as the _Aurelia_ becomes perfect. Of the CHRYSALIS or AURELIA. During its Continuance in the _Chrysalis_ State, it seems to have no Sense but Feeling; and some of them have even that in a very low Degree, for they may be touched pretty roughly without moving. The _Chrysalides_ or _Aureliæ_ of the _Butterfly-Kind_ are all very beautiful; some of them look as if they were studded with Gold; some are striped, others spotted, and others mottled with all the various Colours of the Rainbow. But those of the _Moth-Kind_ are not so; differing very little from one another, either in Shape or Colour, except the Magpye, and some few besides. How the _Aurelia_ or _Chrysalis_ is secured. Nothing in Nature is perhaps more deserving Notice, than the many different Methods whereby _Caterpillars_ conceal and secure themselves whilst in this helpless and unactive Condition. Some of them spin a large Case of Silk in Form of an Egg, wherein the _Chrysalis_ lies concealed, till the Time comes for the _Fly_ to make its Appearance, which it does by piercing through this Case. Of such Cases there are several Sorts, different in Form and Colour: Some are long, and drawn out to a Point at each End; others are more round. The Texture of some is very thick and close. Others are thin, like Gause, insomuch that the _Chrysalis_ may be seen thorough them. Some _Aureliæ_ are white, some yellow, and others of different Hues; and most of the hairy _Caterpillars_ intermix their Hair amongst the Spinning. Some _Caterpillars_ form a hard-crusted Case, composed of silk Threads glewed together, in such Manner as to become hard like an Egg-shell, so that when the _Fly_ comes out, a round Hole like a Door appears. The Silk-spinning _Caterpillars_ are of various Kinds, and deposit their _Aureliæ_ in different Places, and in different Manners, _viz._ some fasten them on the Leaves and Stalks of Plants, without any Covering; others spin the Leaves over them; others lodge them in Holes and Crevices; and others in the Earth. Many of the _Moth-Kind_ place their _Chrysalis_ in the Earth, about an Inch or two deep, surrounding it with a Case of Earth lined with a glutenous Matter, that no Wet can penetrate: And what is very surprizing, notwithstanding the extreme Delicacy and Tenderness of the _Fly_ when first bred, be the Ground never so hard, it makes its way thorough it without ruffling a single Feather. Few, if any, of the _Butterfly-Kind_ form a Case or Spinning, except what fastens the Tail and Body of the _Chrysalis_. Some hang perpendicularly downwards, and others in an horizontal Position, being fastened by the Tail, with a Thread round the Back and on each Side. Some are secured within the Leaves spun together; others are hid in the Hollows and Barks of Trees; and others again under the Copings of Walls, in Houses, Sheds, _&c._ Of the FLY. After the _Chrysalis_ has remained its due Time, the _Fly_ bursts the Shell wherein it was contained, and comes out formed perfectly in every Part, except the Wings, which then appear too small to cover its Body. In this naked Condition it crawls up to some convenient Place, where its Wings may hang down without any Hindrance: And when thus disposed, the Wings begin to expand themselves so much, that in the Space of half an Hour, the Wings (of _Butterflies_) are stretched commonly to their full Size; nay, even those of the largest _Moths_ seldom require above an Hour’s Time. At first they are flabby, like wet Paper, but soon afterwards they become stiff, and capable of supporting them in their Airy Flights, _&c._ In this _Fly_ State their first Care seems to be the Propagation of their Species, for some of them will copulate immediately if they can find a Mate; to seek which the Male _Butterfly_ takes Wing, as soon as his Wings are in a proper Condition: But few _Moths_, whether bred in the Night Time or in the Day, ever offer to fly till the Night after their Birth, when they go in Search of the Females. The Females (especially of the _Moth_ Kinds) seldom, if ever, take Wing till they have been cocked: they often continue in Conjunction twelve Hours and more, after which the Female lays her Eggs, flies about for a Time, and then dies.—The Females of some Kinds are without Wings. The Males (of some Species) have a surprizing Quickness and Distinction in their Sense of Smelling, exceeding that of the Blood-Hound, or any other Creature yet known; for if a Female be concealed in a Box, and there are any Males within half a Mile or more, they will fly directly to the Place, and hover round it. By this Means a Dozen Male _Egger-Moths_ have been taken in an Hour’s Time, and that at about Twelve o’Clock at Noon, as may be seen in the Account of the _Egger-Moth_. Their Continuance in the _Fly_ State depends greatly on the Weather, many _Flies_ being destroyed as soon as bred, by Storms of Hail, _&c._ but if the Season proves favourable, many will live for a Fortnight, three Weeks, or longer, and some even all the Winter through. The Distinction of MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES. MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES agree in their Progression from the _Egg_ to the _Fly_ State, are different when in that State, in the following Particulars. BUTTERFLIES have a Ball or Knob at the Extremity of each of their _Antennæ_, or _Horns_. The Horns of MOTHS have not such Balls or Knobs, but are constantly threaded or pointed: except the Males of some Species, whose Horns are ramified, or in the Form of Combs. All BUTTERFLIES settle with their Wings erect, and generally keep them in that Posture, unless when basking in the Sun. Most MOTHS do not settle with their Wings erect, but place them horizontally, or inclining to their Feet. All BUTTERFLIES come abroad by Day-Light, and chiefly when the Sun shines bright. MOTHS fly, some by Day-Light, some by Twilight, and some in the Dead of Night. _N. B._ There is a Species of _Fly_ betwixt the _Moth_ and the _Butterfly_, whose Horns are more flat and hollow; this is describ’d in the second Book of this Work, by the Name of the _Burnet_. Concerning the Food of the FLY. The Food of these Creatures in the _Fly_ State, is very different from what it was when they were _Caterpillars_: _Butterflies_ feed on all Kinds of Flowers, and on several sorts of Fruits, and I have seen them extremely fond of the Juices that issue from the Bodies of several Sorts of Trees. _MOTHS_ feed on the same Things, as also on the Honey-Dew that is found on the Leaves of Limes, Elms, _&c._ The _Moths_, as well as the _Butterflies_, are furnished with a long Proboscis, or Tongue, which lies curl’d up like a Watch-Spring, under the fore Part of the Head. The Length of this Proboscis varies according to the Species of the _Fly_, and is from half an Inch, to four Inches long. The Enemies of _Moths_ and _Butterflies_. Nature has been so abundant in the Production of these Creatures, that were it not for the many Dangers they are exposed to, through every Stage of their Lives, the whole World would be too small to contain their Offspring, in four or five Years; for, upon Calculation, the Progeny of one Pair of large _Butterflies_, (supposing them to lay only 100 Eggs, whereas many of them lay 2 or 300, and that twice a Year) would be sufficient to cover the whole Kingdom of _England_ in about twelve Years. While in the Egg, they are devoured in great Numbers by Birds and other Animals. Whilst _Caterpillars_, they are a Prey to small Birds of all Kinds, being almost the only Food wherewith such Birds nourish and rear their young ones. _CATERPILLARS_ likewise kill and devour one another; and, besides that, Numbers of them die in shifting their Skins, and in changing into the _Chrysalis_ State. But the greatest Enemy they have in this State, is the _Ichneumon Fly_. In the _Aurelia_ State, such as have no Case are a Prey to Birds, _&c._ those in the Earth, to Moles, Mice, and other subterraneous Animals; and besides, great Numbers are destroyed by Frosts and Wet. In the _Fly_ State they are a Prey to Birds, Batts, and many other Creatures. There are four different Ways, in one or other of which all Animals of the _Moth_ or _Butterfly-Kind_ subsist during the Winter Season, _viz._ 1. Some in the Egg State. 2. Some in the _Caterpillar_ State. 3. Some in the _Chrysalis_ State. 4. And some in the _Fly_ State. It is likewise to be observed, that the several Species of them chuse different Places for their Residence 1. Some frequent Woods. 2. Some Plains and Heaths. 3. Some Hedges and Thickets. 4. Some Meads, and Mowing Grass. 5. And others marshy wet Grounds, _&c._ Several Kinds of _Caterpillars_ come forth of the Egg in _July_, _August_, _September_, and _October_, remain in the _Caterpillar_ State all the Winter, feed up in the Spring, then change into the _Chrysalis_ State, and produce _Flies_ a few Weeks afterwards. Others there are that continue in the Egg State all the Winter, are hatched in the Spring, and feed up in about 45 Days: then change into the _Chrysalis_, and produce their _Flies_ in about 14 Days afterwards. _N. B._ The Curious may be assured, that all these Observations are founded on real Facts, and not on any Supposition or Conjecture. And now, (as it seems exactly suitable to this Work) we shall beg Leave to close the Introduction with a short Description of the _Butterfly_, taken from a Poem called The UNIVERSE, which was written some Years ago By Mr. _Henry Baker_. _SEE, to the Sun the ~Butterfly~ displays Its glittering Wings, and wantons in his Rays: In Life exulting, o’er the Meadows flies, Sips from each Flow’r, and breathes the vernal Skies. Its splendid Plumes, in grateful Order, show The various Glories of the painted Bow. Where Love directs, a Libertine it roves, And courts the fair ones thro’ the verdant Groves. How glorious now! How chang’d since Yesterday! } When on the Ground, a crawling Worm it lay, } Where ev’ry Foot might tread its Soul away! } Who rais’d it thence? And bid it range the Skies? Gave its rich Plumage, and its brilliant Dyes? ’Twas ~God~:—Its ~God~ and thine, O ~Man~, and ~He~ } In this thy Fellow-Creature lets thee see, } The wond’rous Change which is ordain’d for thee. } Thou too shalt leave thy reptile Form behind, } And mount the Skies, a pure ethereal Mind, } There range among the Stars, all bright and unconfin’d. }_ [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] An _Account_ of those _Places_ where some GENTLEMEN OF THE AURELIAN SOCIETY Have been used to collect _Caterpillars_, _Chrysalides_ and _Flies_, In the following Months of the Year. MARCH. From the 15th to the 25th of this Month, a _Moth_ called the _Orange Under-Wing_, may be taken in _Hornsey-Wood_, and in the Fields close to the Sides thereof. It flies in the Day-time, is an exceeding pretty _Moth_, and not to be met with in such Plenty any where else, that I know of. The _Oak-Beauty_, and some other _Moths_ are bred in this Month, but are rarely met with in the _Fly_ State. APRIL. In this Month a great Variety of _Caterpillars_ and _Chrysalides_ may be taken by the Method already described. The Banks about the _Chelsea_ Water-Works and such-like Places are most likely to furnish the _Chrysalides_ of the _Hawk Tribe_. At the Roots of the _Elm_, _Lime_, _Willow_, and _Poplar Trees_, you will find in this _Month_ a Variety of _Aureliæ_, which will produce their _Flies_ in the _May_ and _June_ following. Be now diligent to collect _Caterpillars_ from all kinds of Growths, which, if taken Care of, will produce their _Flies_ a few Months hence. Towards the End of this Month some _Flies_ may be taken in the Day-time, and some _Moths_ in the Evening. MAY. This delightful Month brings forth in the Woods and Meads a surprising Variety of _Flies_. _Hornsey_, _Cain_, and _Tottenham_ Woods; the Woods near _Southgate_; _Hanging_ Wood, by _Charlton_, in _Kent_; _Oak of Honour_ Wood, by _Dulwich_; _Comb_ Wood, by _Kingstone_, in _Surrey_, and the Fields adjacent are all frequented by them in this Month in the Day-time as well as in the Evening; and if the Weather be fine you will never fail of Sport. Abundance of different _Caterpillars_ are likewise to be found at this Time, such as those of the _Emperor-Moth_, of the _Lappit_, _Drinker_, _Egger_, and of Numbers of other Sorts. JUNE. This Month adds greatly to the Number of _Flies_ bred in _May_.—From the 20th to the 30th are usually produced: in _Southgate_, _Comb_, and _Oak of Honour_ Woods, the _Great Fritillary_ and other fine _Butterflies_, with Plenty of _Moths_; all which may be taken in and near the Woods already mentioned. JULY. The first ten Days in this Month are the Time for taking the _Purple Emperor-Butterfly_ in _Comb_ Wood; and the Fields adjacent can furnish such a charming Variety of _Moths_ and _Butterflies_, that I do not know any Place where an _Aurelian_ can spend a Week with more Satisfaction and Assurance of Success. As soon as the _Purple Emperor-Butterfly_ begins to grow bad, the Time comes on when the second Breed of the _Swallow-tail Butterfly_ is quite fresh, as also the _Great Tortoise-shell_, _Peacock Butterfly_, &c. About the Middle of this Month you may find the _Great Red Underwing_ and the _Goat-Moth_ standing against the _Willow-Trees_ which usually grow by the Sides of Ditches about the old Barge-House, _Rotherhith_, _Vauxhall_, and likewise in other Places. Seek also for the _Caterpillars_ that produce the _Great Elephant_ and _Gold-Spot Moths_: the most certain Places to find which, that I know of, are by the Sides of the Ditches in _Rotherhith_ Marshes. The _Caterpillars_ that produce the _Elephant Moth_ feeds on the _White Ladies Bedstraw_, those of the _Gold-Spot_ on the _Great Water-Grass_. I have taken the _Gold-Spot Chrysalis_ and _Caterpillar_ likewise in the low Grounds by _Vauxhall_ in _Surry_. AUGUST. At the Beginning of this Month may be found amongst the _Willows_, about the Banks by the _Chelsea_ Water-Works, the _Caterpillars_ that produce the _Eyed-Willow_ and _Poplar-Hawks_, also the _Buff-Tip-Puss_, &c. and from the 20th to the 30th the _Admirable Butterfly_, &c. SEPTEMBER. If this Month proves fine, a great many scarce _Moths_ are to be taken in the Evenings, and the second Brood of the _Comma-Butterfly_, as well as some other _Flies_, present themselves. _Caterpillars_ are likewise to be got in Plenty off the _Oak_, _Black-Thorn_, and a Variety of other Foods; and these, if taken Care of, will produce scarce and valuable _Flies_ in the succeeding Spring. From the End of this Month to the Middle of _March_ there are but few _Flies_ that frequent the Fields; altho’ I am of Opinion that some _Moths_ are bred in every Month of the Year. [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] In order to oblige such persons as may be desirous To make a COLLECTION of MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES, Though unacquainted with the Manner how, It is judged proper to lay down the following DIRECTIONS. Provide yourself with a Net made of Muschetto Gause, and in Shape like a Bat-fowling Net; let its Length be one Ell, the Width at Bottom three Quarters of a Yard, at Top half a Yard, and cut circular; this must be sewed to a Tape or Ferret, that it may be fastened to a couple of Hasle or other Sticks five Feet long each, the upper Part whereof should be bent circular to fit your Net. You must likewise have a Stick of Hasle, or any other Wood, about five or six Feet in Length, wherewith to put the _Flies_ and _Moths_ on the Wing, by beating the Boughs, Hedges, Shrubs, or other Growths you are near, so that you may be better able to see and take them. Furnish yourself likewise with Boxes of such Sizes as will go into your Pocket, let them be lined at the Top and Bottom with Cork; be also provided with a Pin-cushion, well stock’d with different Sorts of Pins. These Things being in readiness, go into the Woods and Fields thereto adjacent (always placing yourself where the Sun has most Power, and the Wind the least) also into Chalk-pits, rough Grounds, Lanes, _&c._ In all which Places, if it is a fine Day, and a proper Season of the Year, you’ll find Plenty of Sport. When you have taken a _Fly_ in your Net, lay the Net flat on the Ground, which will prevent the _Fly_ from fluttering, then put the Fore Finger of your Left Hand under the _Fly_, and with the same Finger of your Right Hand give it a squeeze on the Back or Chest, and that will kill it; be careful, however, not to press too hard, least you damage the _Fly_. This done take a Pin and run it through the Body, betwixt the Wings, letting that Side be uppermost which is most beautiful; then stick it in your Box, and look for more Sport. Having collected such a Number of _Flies_ as you think proper, and being returned home, look into your Boxes, and observe which of them are fit to set: such as you find dead and not stiff are so. Then (having prepared before-hand two or three Boards covered with Cork, of about ten Inches by sixteen in Size, or as you find most convenient to place your _Flies_ in order on and extend their Wings in the best manner: by the Assistance of little Braces made by cutting a Card into Lengths or Slips, with a small Pin thrust through the End of each) proceed to manage them as follows: Take a _Fly_ out of your Box: see if the Pin be run through it perpendicularly: if so, stick it on one of your setting Boards, and with the Point of a Needle (which must be fixt into a small Stick, or what else you like best) extend one Wing leisurely, till such Time as the Point thereof is even with the Nose of the _Fly_ you are setting. That done, fix one of your Card Braces gently on that Wing, to prevent its giving way; serve the other Wing in the same manner, and your _Fly_ will appear extended as in the Paintings. Let the Braces remain on the Wings of _Butterflies_ a Fortnight, on those of great _Moths_ a Month. Take Notice, however, that a great Number of small _Moths_ must be set in your Boxes in the Field, otherwise your labour will be lost; you’ll presently know which these are, by observing them to be dead and almost stiff; so that it is proper to carry always about you a little Box of Card Braces for this Purpose. _The Way to preserve your ~Flies~, after you have taken them from your Setting Board._ If you put them in Drawers, Boxes, or Frames with Glasses before them, its proper to get some Camphire, which inclose in small Muslin Bags, and fasten it to those Places where your _Flies_ are; by this Means you will destroy those Insects that would otherwise injure your _Flies_; and by renewing now and then this Method, I am convinced your _Flies_ may be preserved several Years. The Months in _England_ that produce the greatest Variety of _Flies_, are _April_, _May_, _June_, _July_, and _August_, especially of the _Butterfly_ Kind; and for _Moths_, I am of Opinion, that there are many different Species produced all the Year round. The best Time to take the greatest Variety of _Moths_, is for one Hour after Sun-set, and the properest Places are in and by the Sides of Woods, Gardens, Green Lanes, _&c._ where with your Net you’l seldom fail of Sport. Thus much seemed necessary to say in Respect to taking _Insects_ in the _Fly_ State, and more would be superfluous. _But as it may be agreeable to some to breed the ~Flies~ themselves from the ~Caterpillars~, I shall likewise give the best Instructions I am able for that Purpose._ In the Spring and Autumn Season you may collect great Variety of _Caterpillars_, by spreading a Sheet under _Oak-Trees_: then beating the Boughs, many _Caterpillars_ will fall, which if taken Care of, will produce scarce and valuable _Moths_; you may also obtain by the same Means _Caterpillars_ from the _Black-Thorn_, _White-Thorn_, _Bramble_, _Chickweed_, _Willow_, and many other Growths. When you have collected a Number of _Caterpillars_, and remark’d the Food you found them on, put them into Boxes, which prepare as follows: Take a Deal or Wainscot Box, cut a large Square out of the Top and Bottom, cover the Place cut out with a Piece of Crape Hatband, glewing the same all round to prevent any Escape. This done, put your _Caterpillars_ into the Box, with some of the same Food you found them on, giving them, if you can, fresh every Day. Here you’ll find them feed and thrive; and after changing their Skins (some five and some six Times) they will go into the _Aurelia_ State, and there remain for a certain Time, some much longer than others; but in about fourteen Days from this last change you may look into your Boxes, to see if you have any _Flies_ bred; remembring that out of such as are produced in this manner, much more perfect _Flies_ may be chosen, than any that can be caught; and as several Sorts of _Caterpillars_ go down into the Earth, and there change to _Chrysalis_, some Earth must be put into the Boxes for that Purpose, at least two or three Inches deep. Never take the _Chrysalides_ out of the Earth, nor disturb them till the _Flies_ are bred. There is yet another Thing proper to be known, in order to compleat your Collection. A great Number of _Caterpillars_ go into the Earth, and there change to _Aureliæ_, whose _Moths_ are seldom upon the Wing till Night; these _Aureliæ_ are to be got by digging with such a Trowel as the _Bricklayers_ use, about the Roots of Trees, such as _Oaks_, _Elms_, _Limes_, _Poplars_, _Willows_, &c. also by the Sides of Walls and Pales. The usual Time to dig for them is from _September_ to _March_. When you have obtain’d a Number of _Aureliæ_ by digging, you must provide for them thus: Get some Earth and scowering Sand, mix them well together, and put the Mixture into some large Garden Pots; lay your _Aureliæ_ thereon, covering them with Moss; then sew a Piece of Crape Hatband round a small Hoop, and put such a Cover on each Pot, in order to receive the _Flies_ when bred, which will usually be in the Months of _March_, _April_, _May_, and _June_. I have always kept my Pots of _Aureliæ_ out in the open Air, and the _Flies_ have been produced with great Success; however it may be proper to place a Piece of Board over each Pot, to prevent unforeseen Accidents. Those who think proper to put these Directions in Practice, will, I am convinced, in a short Time, be possessed of a great Number of valuable _Flies_. What Food the _Caterpillars_ mentioned in this Work chuse to feed on, the Time when they change into _Aureliæ_, and when they issue forth in the _Fly_ State, may be seen in the Description of each Plate. ERRATA. Page. Num. Read. Instead of 8 XVII Chrysalis Chrysalisis 11 VI nigra alba 18 II Cl. 3. S._A_. 2. Cl. 3. S. E. 1. 20 VII form from 23 XIII to o 49 I Sect. a. 51 V Cl. 2. S. a. 5. Cl. 2. S. _a_. 2. 52 I 4 The Great } Fox-tail Grass. } 53 IV Cl. 2. S. b. 4. Cl. 2. S. _a_. 4. 62 III Cl. 1. S. _a_. 3. Cl. 2. S. _a_. 4. 63 of Butterflies of Caterpillars On the Plates. 38 I Cl. 1. S. b. 1. Cl. 1. S. _a_. 1. 38 II Cl. 1. S. b. 2. Cl. 1. S. _a_. 2. 42 I Cl. 2. S. _a_. 1. Cl. 2. S. 1. b. 1. 42 II L. I. Ch. III. L. I. Ch. II. 62 II Cl. 1. S. _a_. 2. Cl. 1. S. _a_. 1. A Synoptical TABLE of the _Moths_ and _Butterflies_ contained in this Work. CATERPILLARS. Producing Moths. Having circular Rings or Joints. Naked. Without Protuberances. The great yellow Underwing. The Wild Arrach. The Angle Shades. The Pease Blossom. The small green Oak Moth. The small Ermine Moth. The Broom Moth. The sallow Moth. The Codling Moth. The Province Rose Moth. The Scallop-wing’d Oak Moth. The Black-thorn Moth. The green Moth with silver Lines. The Ranunculus Moth. The Water-Betony Moth. The small Elephant Moth. The Gold-spot Moth. The Sword-grass Moth. With Horns on the Tail. The Jessamine-Hawk Moth. The Unicorn, or Bindweed-Hawk Moth. The Privet-Hawk. The Olive-shades, or Lime-Hawk. The Eyed Willow-Hawk. The Poplar-Hawk. The Ladies Bedstraw, or Elephant Moth. With one Protuberance on the Rump. The Ealing’s Glory. With two or more Protuber. The Ozier, or Pebble Moth. With Shoulders rising into an Angle. The Puss Moth. The Wild Rose Moth. Having little Hair. Without Protuberances. The Goat Moth. The Emperor Moth. The Plumb-Tree Moth. With Protuberances. The Willow Red-Underwing. Having much Hair. Without Protuberances. The Great Tyger. The Cream-Spot Tyger. The Scarlet Tyger. The Black Arches. The Great Ermine Moth. The Spotted Buff Moth. The Gipsey Moth. The Buff Tip. The White Satin Moth. The Lacquey. The Great Egger. The Grass Egger. The December Moth. The Spotted Red and White Underwing. The Wood Tyger. The Mother of Pearl Moth. The Yellow July Oak Moth. The small Egger. The Fox-coloured Moth. Having Rings of different Colours. The Cinnabar Moth. Having indented Marks. The Bramble Moth. Having fleshy Protuberances on the Head, Back, or Tail. The Lappit-Moth. The Drinker. The Yellow Tail. The Dagger Moth. The Wild Pine Tree Lappit-Moth. Having many Tufts of Hair. The Black Tussock. The Yellow Tussock. The Red Spot Tussock. The Orange Tussock. The Nut-Tree Tussock. The Sycamore Tussock. Half Loopers. Having 8 Feet, 2 Holders, 6 Claws, and with Protuberances. The Crimson Underwing. Having 4 Feet, 2 Holders, 6 Claws. Hairy. The Silver Y Moth. Loopers. Naked. Without Protuberances. The Brindled Beauty. The July Arrach Moth. The Mottled Umber. The July Sallow Moth. The Buff Argus. The Green Broom Moth. The Lime Moss Moth. With Protuberances. The Spotted Elm Moth. The Swallow-Tail Moth. The October Moth. The Brimstone Moth. The Scallop-winged Moth. The Richmond Beauty. The Hawthorn Moth. Hairy. Without Protuberances. The large Magpye, or Curran Moth. The Gooseberry Moth. Having Tufts of Hair. The Brindle Moth. Shaped like Wood-lice. Small Oak Egger-Moth. Producing Moths whose Generation is unknown. Glory of Kent. Cleifden Nonpareil. Producing Flies between the Moth and Butterfly. The Burnet Moth. Producing Butterflies. Smooth. Without Protuberances. Swallow-Tail Butterfly. Brimstone Butterfly. Having little Hair. Producing round-winged Butterflies. White Butterfly with black Veins. Large white Garden Butterfly. Small white Garden Butterfly. White Butterfly with green Veins. Orange Tip, or Lady of the Woods. Producing scallop-wing’d Butterflies. The Marmoris, or Marble Butterfly. The Meadow Brown. The Great Argus, and Wood Argus. Producing Butterflies with large Heads and Bodies. The Grizzled Butterfly. Armed with Spikes. Whose Chrysalis hangs by the Tail. The Admirable Butterfly. The Peacock Butterfly. The painted Lady. The great Tortoise-shell. The Comma-Butterfly. The Great Fritillary. The Plantain Fritillary. The Heath Fritillary. The Willow Butterfly. The small Fritillary. The great Fritillary, with silver Spots. Shaped like Wood-lice. The Purple Hair-streak Butterfly. The Brown Hair-streak. The green Butterfly. Producing Butterflies whose Generation is yet unknown. The Blue Argus Butterfly. The Purple High-Flyer, or Emperor of the Woods. THE NAMES of the Subscribers to, and Encouragers of, Mr. WILKES’s Attempt towards a NATURAL HISTORY of _English_ MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES. A. His Grace the Duke of Argyle. His Grace the Duke of Athol. William Adams, Esq; The Aurelian Society. Mr. Stephen Austin. B. The Right Honourable the Earl of Bute. Miss Jane Banister. Richard Lovell Badcock, Esq; William Berton, Esq; John Browning, Esq; William Bunberry, Esq; Buckley, Esq; Mr. Henry Baker. Mr. Ephraim Bell. Mr. Elias Brownsword. Mr. Walter Blackett. Mr. Brindly. C. The Right Honourable the Lord James Cavendish. The Right Honourable the Lord Charles Cavendish. The Honourable Alexander Hume Campbell, Esq; Mr. Peter Collinson. Mr. Philip Constable, Junior. Mrs. Chandler. Mr. Clements. Mr. Chapple. Mr. Chadwell. D. Richard Dashwood, Esq; Peter Delme, Esq; Mrs. Dellaval. Mr. Davis. Mr. Joseph Dandridge. Mr. Dodesly, 4 books. E. Mrs. Susanna Eaton. Mrs. Edwards. F. The Right Honourable the Lady Viscountess Fitz-Williams. The Right Honourable the Lady Featherstone. William Farington, Esq; Mrs. Farmer, at Birmingham. G. His Grace the Duke of Gordon. The Right Honourable the Lady Betty Germain. John Gale, Esq; Charles Godwin, Fellow of Balliol College in Oxford. Captain John Godwin. Mr. Thomas Grace. H. The Right Honourable the Lord Howard. The Most Reverend Father in God Thomas, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. James Horne, Esq; Henry Le Noy Hunter, Esq; Mrs. Mary Vere-Hunt. Mr. Samuel Hartley. Mr. Hodges, 3 Books. J. Mr. Johnson. Mr. Jackson in St. James’s Street, 3 Books. K. Mr. Thomas Knowlton. L. The Right Honourable the Earl of Londonderry, 2 Books. William Lock, Esq; Mr. James Lemon. Mr. Samuel Lee. M. His Grace the Duke of Montagu. Dr. Mead. The Reverend Mr. Thomas Manningham. Mr. Mauduit. Mr. Daniel Marshal. Mr. Miller. N. Her Grace the Duchess of Norfolk. John Nicoll, Esq; of Coney-Hatch. Miss Nicoll, at Southgate. The Reverend Mr. John Newton, at Gloucester. O. Nathaniel Oldham, Esq; Mr. Edmund Overall. P. Her Grace the Duchess of Portland. Miss Phillips, Grosvenor-Street. R. Her Grace the Duchess of Richmond. The Right Honourable the Lord Rolle. The Royal Society of London. S. The Right Honourable the Countess of Shaftsbury. The Right Honourable the Countess of Stamford. The Right Honourable the Lady Diana Spencer. The Right Honourable the Lady Elizabeth Spencer. The Right Honourable the Lady Smithson. Sir Francis St. John, Baronet. Sir Hans Sloane, Baronet. John Archer Shish, Esq; Mrs. Smith, at Oxford. T. The Right Honourable the Lord Trevor. The Honourable Mrs. Trevor. James Theobald, Esq; Doctor Christopher Jacob Trew, at Norimburg. The Honourable Mr. Talbot. James Tilson, Esq; Miss Tasburgh. W. The Honourable Mrs. Walter. Ralph Willett, Esq; Taylor White, Esq; Francis Whithead, Esq; Horace Walpole Esq; of Arlington-Street. Mr. William Wells. Mr. Wollaston. Mr. Woodhouse. Mr. Whittle. Mr. Ware. Y. The Honourable Mr. Yelverton, 3 Books. [Illustration:(Decorative Design)] [Illustration:(Decorative Header)] BOOK I. PART I. _The_ CATERPILLARS, _described in this Book, are such as produce Moths; of which, as there is a great Variety, ’twas thought proper to range them under the following Heads or Chapters._ CHAP. I. The CATERPILLARS belonging to this Chapter have six Hooks or Claws before, eight Feet in the middle, and some have, and some have not two Holders behind. Their Bodies are composed of twelve circular Joints, or Rings, conjoined by a common Membrane, which they are capable of contracting or expanding. When they would move along, they dilate the muscular Skin that separates the first Ring from the next; they advance the first Ring to a certain Distance, and then, by contracting and expanding the Skin of that Part, they move the second Ring: the same Method moves the Third, and so the whole Body marches in Succession: the Motion of their Feet and Claws corresponding with and assisting the progressive Motion of the Rings. _Vide Spectacle de la Nature, Dial._ I. The CATERPILLARS under this Head may likewise be divided into three Classes: I. NAKED or without HAIR. II. Having little HAIR. III. Having much HAIR. _The First_ CLASS, _or the_ NAKED _and without_ HAIR, _may be subdivided in the following Manner_. CLASS I. _Such_ CATERPILLARS _whose Bodies are_ SMOOTH. SECT. _A_. _Without_ Risings, _or_ Protuberances L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _A_. 1. The Great Yellow-underwing Moth. The CATERPILLAR of this MOTH lives through the Winter, and comes to its full Growth in _May_: It is found in Gardens, and other Places, and usually feeds in the Night, as many other of the NAKED CATERPILLARS do. Indeed, were they to do otherwise, they would soon be devoured by the Birds, which are much fonder of these SMOOTH CATERPILLARS than of the HAIRY ones. In the Day, they hide themselves within the Earth, and in other secret Recesses. They feed on the Leaves of the _Stock-July_ and other Flowers, as also on Grass, &c. They put on the _Chrysalis_ Form, within the Earth, in _May_, and the _Moths_ are bred in _June_. Great Plenty of this _Moth_, and other Species of the YELLOW-UNDERWING, were taken feeding on the Honey Dew, on the Limes and other Trees, in the Gardens of _John Philips_, Esq; at _Layton_ in _Essex_; they were discovered, by the Help of a Candle and Lanthorn, from Twelve o’Clock at Night till Two in the Morning; and were so fearless, that they would suffer one to take them with the Hand. At the same Time the ANGLE-SHADE and several other _Moths_ were taken. See _Lister_ on _Godartius, P. 52. N. 41. Albin, P. 72. Reaumur_, Pl. 14. Pag. 342. vol. 1. The Double Stock July-Flower. _Leucoium incanum, majus, variegatum, flore pleno._ C. B. Pin. 201. L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 1. S. _A._ 2. The WILD ARRACH MOTH, Mr. _Rosel_ says, The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the WILD ARRACH; that it changes to a _Chrysalis_, within the Earth, in _September_, and that the _Moth_ appears at the End of _May_ following. I once took some of these _Caterpillars_ feeding on the _Arrach_ in _September_, but had not the good Fortune to breed any Flies from them. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 32. The Wild Arrach in Flower. _Atriplex folio deltoide._ Petiv. Herb. L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 1. S. _A._ 3. The ANGLE-SHADES, a _Moth_. It is advisable to look for the _Caterpillar_ of this Fly on Nettles, altho’ some feed on Fruit Trees, Bramble Bushes, _&c_. It goes into the _Chrysalis_ State at the End of _June_, in a Web mixed with Earth, which it forms upon the Ground; and thus it remains till the Beginning of _September_, when the _Moth_ is produced. There is an early Breed of this _Moth_ in _May_, but, as I have not had the _Caterpillar_ in the Spring, I cannot relate its Progression. The Fly may be taken in the Evenings, in Gardens, feeding on the Flowers; but I have not met with them very frequent. See _Godartius_, Part 1. Tab. 56. _Lister_ on _Godartius_ P. 54. N. 44. _Albin_, Pl. 13. _Reaumur_, Pl. 8. P. 258. Pl. 14. P. 342. Vol. 1. The Great Mogul Plum. _Prunus fructu magno ovato rubente._ Tourn. L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 1. S. _A._ 4. The PEASE-BLOSSOM, a _Moth_. Its _Caterpillars_ are reported by _Merian_, and _Rosel_, to feed upon the wild Lark-Spur that grows amongst Corn. They are full fed at the Beginning of _August_, when they change to the _Chrysalis_, but appear not in the _Moth_ State till the _June_ following. This Fly has been bred in _England_ by the Honourable Mrs. _Walters_, and by _Nathaniel Oldham_, Esq; but, at present, is very rare. See _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 40. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 12. The Lark-Spur. _Delphinium, hortense, flore majore & multiplici cœruleo._ Tourn. L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 1. S. _A._ 5. The SMALL GREEN OAK MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the Oak, and sometimes such Numbers of them are produced at the Beginning of _May_, that they, in a Manner, strip the Oak-trees of their Leaves. They are enabled, by the Help of a Spining, which they fasten after the Manner of the Spider, to let themselves down from one Bough to another, and from thence to the Ground, if they have a mind. They change into the _Chrysalis_ State in a curled Form within the Oak-leaves, (which they wrap over them, and fasten together by their Web) and, after remaining so for about fourteen Days, the Fly is bred. If you beat the Branches of the Oak-trees you may take Plenty of this _Moth_ in the Day-time. The Yellow Strip’d Tulip. _Tulipa hortensis flore luteo variegato._ L. 1. CH. 1. VI. CL. 1. S. _A._ 6. The SMALL ERMINE MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ that produces this _Moth_ is as common as those just mentioned. I have seen a Hedge-row of White-thorn, at the End of _May_ and at the Beginning of _June_, the Leaves of which have been eaten almost up by these _Caterpillars_. They feed also on Black-thorn, Fruit-trees, _&c._ when they are preparing to change to _Chrysalis_, they get together in Numbers, and spin a large transparent Web, within which they fasten themselves by the Tail, and undergo their Change. They remain in this Condition for about three Weeks: The _Moths_ come forth in _June_ and _July_, and are very common about most Hedges. See _Albin_, P. 70. _Reaumur_, Pl. 12. Pag. 208. Vol. 2. The Orange-Peach, with its Blossom. _Persica, dura carne buxea._ C. B. Pin. L. 1. CH. 1. VII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 7. The BROOM-MOTH. The Food of this _Caterpillar_ is the Leaves of Broom, on which I found Plenty of them, from the 20th to the 30th of _September_, near _Shooter’s Hill_ in _Kent_; they were of the Bigness express’d in the Plate. The Green ones produced male Flies. They all went into the Earth at the Beginning of _October_, and, at the Beginning of _May_ following, the _Moths_ were bred. I never could take any of them in the Fly-state. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 52. The Broom, in Flower and Seed. _Genista angulosa Trifolia._ I. B. 1388. L. 1. CH. 1. VIII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 8. The SALLOW MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ was fed by Mr. _Dandridge_ on the common Sallow, until it changed to a _Chrysalis_ within the Earth, which was at the Beginning of _June_. The _Moth_ was produced about the Middle of _September_. These _Moths_ are not common; for, in all my Practice, I have not been able to take above three or four, and that was in the Evening, near _Shooter’s Hill_, in the Month of _September_. The _Caterpillars_ are likewise very scarce. See _Albin_, Pl. 33. Common Sallow in Flower. _Salix Cutifolio rotundo._ C. B. Pin. L. 1. CH. 1. IX. CL. 1. S. _A._ 9. The CODLING MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ says, The _Caterpillar_ of this _Moth_ feeds on the Kernels of Apples and Pears. The _Moth_ lays her Eggs at the End of _June_: Eight Days after the _Caterpillars_ are bred; and, when full fed, they go out of the Fruit and change to the _Chrysalis_ under the Bark of the Tree. They remain there all the Winter, and the _Moths_ are bred in _June_ following. I have, myself, found Plenty of these Flies sticking on the Bark of the Oak-trees, in _Richmond_ Park, at the End of _June_, in the Day-time. See _Rosel_, Cl. 4. Tab. 13. The Codling-tree with its Blossom. _Pomum Coctile._ Raii Hist. L. 1. CH. 1. X. CL. 1. S. _A._ 10. The PROVENCE ROSE MOTH. Rose Leaves are the Food of this _Caterpillar_. In the Middle of _May_ I had some of them that changed to the _Chrysalis_ folded in the Leaves; at the Beginning of _June_ the _Moths_ were bred. They may be taken in Gardens in the Evening. See _Rosel_, Cl. 4. Tab. 9. The Moss Provence Rose. _Rosa, Provincialis spinosissima, pedunculo muscoso._ Boerh. _Ind. alter._ L. 1. CH. 1. XI. CL. 1. S. _A._ 11. The SCOLLOP-WINGED OAK MOTH. I took the _Caterpillar_ of this _Moth_, feeding on Oak-leaves, about the 10th of _June_, at which Time it went into the _Chrysalis_, spining itself up in a Leaf; and the _Moth_ was bred on the 7th Day of _July_. Both _Moth_ and _Caterpillar_ are very scarce. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 63. The Yellow Rose. _Rosa, Lutea, multiplex._ C. B. Pin. 4831. L. 1. CH. 1. XII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 12. The BLACK-THORN MOTH, or, _Figure of_ 8. The _Caterpillar_ is easily found, feeding on Black Thorn, White Thorn, Crab-tree, _&c._ towards the End of _May_, at which Time it spins a hard Case against its Food, and changes to a _Chrysalis_; the _Moth_ is bred about the End of _August_, and is not commonly taken. See _Albin_, P. 13. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 16. _Reaumur_, Pl. 18. Pag. 342. Vol. 1. _The common Periwinkle._ _Pervinca vulgaris angustifolia, flore pleno saturate purpureo._ Tourn. L. 1. CH. 1. XIII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 13. The GREEN MOTH with SILVER LINES. I fed its _Caterpillar_ with Oak-leaves, on which it had been found. It work’d itself up in a dark brown Case on the Back-side of one of the Leaves, and changed into a _Chrysalis_ the 27th of _September_; the _Moth_ appeared the 20th of _May_ following, and is difficult to meet with. See _Albin_, P. 31. The Bruxells Apricock. _Malus Armeniaca, Bruxells vulgo dicta._ L. 1. CH. 1. XIV. CL. 1. S. _A._ 14. The RANUNCULUS MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ represented in this Plate were found feeding on the _Ranunculus_ Flower about the Middle of _June_, at which Time they were full fed, and soon changed to the _Chrysalis_ within a Spining or Web; and the _Moths_ came out at the Beginning of _September_. The _Caterpillar_ and _Moth_ are both very rare. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 53, 54. The double Orange Ranunculus. _Ranunculus hortensis, flore aurantio pleno._ L. 1. CH. 1. XV. CL. 1. S. _A._ 15. The WATER-BETONY MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are sociable, and feed together. They may be found, towards the End of _May_, full fed, on the _Water-Betony_; as also on the _Mullein_, which is their proper Food. They go into the Earth about that Time, and change to the _Chrysalis_, within a Case composed of Earth and a webby Matter, which they spin together. The _Moth_ appears in _March_ following; but it is not commonly taken in its Fly-state. See _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 168. N. 25. _Albin_, Pl. 13. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 22. _Reaumur_, Pl. 43. P. 602. The Water-Betony; or Water-Figwort. _Betonica Aquatica_, Ger. 579. _Scrophularia Aquatica major._ C. B. Pin. 235. L. 1. CH. 1. XVI. CL. 1. S. _A._ 16. The SMALL ELEPHANT MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ informs us, That the _Caterpillar_ is to be found on the Grass in Meadows, in the Month of _August_; but whether that be its favourite Food he does not know. It makes a Spining, and changes to a _Chrysalis_ towards the End of that Month. The _Moth_ is bred about the End of _May_. In the Year 1743, on the 28th of _May_, I took several of these _Moths_, in the Evening (after Sun-set) as they were hovering about, and feeding on a Flower called _The Batchelors Button_, by the Side of _Osterly Wood_, near _Brentford_. They are very swift in flight, and therefore must be taken as soon as they approach the Flower. The Females layed their Eggs freely, and, after seven Days, the _Caterpillars_ were hatch’d, to the Number of about 300. I took the utmost Pains to raise them; but, for want of their proper Food, they all died. See _Rosel_, Cl. 1. Tab. 5. The Guelder-Rose. _Opulus, Flore Globoso._ Tourn. _Inst._ 607. L. 1. CH. 1. XVII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 17. The GOLD-SPOT MOTH. The _Caterpillar_, whence this _Moth_ is produced, may be found about the End of _July_, full fed, in the Marshes about _Rotherhith_, _Vauxhall_, and such like Places. It feeds on the Leaves of the great Water-grass, _&c._ but the _Caterpillar_ is not so easily found as the Spining which it makes to contain its _Chrysalis_; for that spining, being of a whitish Colour, may be seen at a good Distance, in Shape and Manner as described in the Plate. It lies in the _Chrysalis_ State about three Weeks, and the _Moth_ is bred from the Middle to the End of _August_; but it is seldom taken in the Fly-state. Purple Flowered Ketmia. _Ketmia, Syrorum, Flore purpureo violaceo._ Tourn. _Inst._ L. 1. CH. 1. XVIII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 18. The SWORD-GRASS MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ informs us, That the _Caterpillar_ of this Fly feeds on the _Orache_; that, in _June_, it changed to a _Chrysalis_ within the Earth, in which State it remained three Weeks, and then the _Moth_ was bred. I once took one of these _Caterpillars_, full grown, feeding on the _Sword-grass_ in the Marshes at _Rotherhith_; but that was in the Month of _August_, and the _Moth_ was bred with me at the End of _September_. Both _Caterpillar_ and _Moth_ are very scarce. The Persian Iris. _Xiphium Persicum, præcox, flore variegato._ Tourn. SECT. _B_. CATERPILLARS _having_ Horns _on their_ Tails. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _B._ 1. The JESSAMINE-HAWK MOTH. This _Moth_ was bred in _England_ by Mr. _Dandridge_, who took the _Caterpillar_, at _Hampton-Court_, full fed, on the _Jessamine_, about the Middle of _July_; at which Time it went into the Ground, and changed to a _Chrysalis_, and the _Moth_ came forth at the End of _October_. This Gentleman had also five or six _Caterpillars_, of the same Kind, brought to him, that were taken upon an Elder-tree in _Goodman’s Fields_, which likewise changed to _Chrysalis_ in the Ground in _July_; and the _Moths_ were also bred in _October_: From whence I conclude that to be the Time when the Fly is usually bred. See _Albin_, P. 6. _Reaumur_, Pl. 14. Pag. 342. Vol. 1. The Jessamine in Flower. _Jasminum vulgatius flore albo._ C. B. Pin. 397. L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 1. S. _B._ 2. The UNICORN, or BINDWEED-HAWK MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ reports this _Caterpillar_ to feed in Corn-fields, on the Green-leaves of the Corn. At the End of _July_ it was full fed, and went into the Earth in order to change to its _Chrysalis_ State; and the _Moth_ was bred in _June_ following. _Merian_’s Account of this Fly is, That the _Caterpillar_ feeds on the Roots of the _Lesser Purple-Bindweed_, which grows amongst Corn; that it went into the Ground, and changed to a _Chrysalis_ at the End of _July_, and that the _Moth_ was bred in _September_. I have not yet had the good Fortune to meet with this _Caterpillar_, but have seen several of the _Moths_ that have been bred and taken in _England_. The Dung of this _Caterpillar_ is of a very extraordinary Size and Figure; as well as some others that are expressed in the Plates. See _Rosel_, Cl. 1. Tab. 7. _Merian_, Chap. 25. _Reaumur_, Pl. 24. Pag. 322. Vol. 2. The Small Bindweed. _Convolvulus minor vulgaris_. Park. 171. L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 1. S. _B._ 3. The PRIVET-HAWK MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ feed on _Privet_, _Lilac_, _Holly_, _&c._ and are to be found in Nurseries and Gardens. Look on the Ground under such Trees; and if you discover any of their Dung, that will direct you to the _Caterpillars_ on the Trees above. They go into the Ground, and change to the _Chrysalis_ State in _August_ and the _Moth_ appears in _June_ following. ’Tis not very common to take the _Moth_ in the Fly-state. See _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 144. N. 1. _Moufet_. P. 91. N. 5. P. 182. Ch. 2. _Albin_, Pl. 7 _Reaumur_, Pl. 20. P. 282. Vol. 2. The Evergreen-Privet in Flower. _Ligustrum; foliis majoribus, & magis acuminatis, toto anno folio retinens._ Pluk. Alm. L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 1. S. _B._ 4. The OLIVE-SHADES, or LIME-HAWK MOTH. This _Caterpillar_ is to be got by beating the Boughs of the _Lime_ and _Elm_ Trees, in the Month of _August_; at which Time it goes into the Earth, and there changes to a _Chrysalis_, and the _Moth_ is bred in _May_. By looking carefully about the Bodies of _Lime_ and _Elm_ Trees, in _May_, these and other _Moths_ may be found: For, if the Flies are bred in the Morning, or any Part of the Day, they never offer to fly till Night. You may likewise get these _Moths_, and many other Sorts, in the _Chrysalis_ State, by digging with a Trowel about the Roots of the Trees the _Caterpillars_ feed on; and the best Time to dig for the Hawk Kind is the Month of _April_. This Fly is seldom taken on the Wing. See _Merian_, Vol. 2. Ch. 24. _Albin_, Pl. 10. _Rosel_, Cl. 1. Tab. 11. The small leaved Lime-tree in Flower. _Tilia fœmina, Folio minore._ C. B. Pin. L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 1. S. _B._ 5. The EYED WILLOW-HAWK MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are to be found on the Willows that grow about the _Chelsea_ Water-works, and in most such like Places. At the End of _August_, I have also found them in Gardens feeding on the Leaves of Apple-trees. They put on the _Chrysalis_ Form within the Earth in _September_, and the _Moths_ are produced in _May_. The _Chrysalis_ and _Moth_ may be got at the same Time as directed for the Lime-Hawk. See _Lister’s Godart_. N. 24. _Merian_. Vol. 2. Ch. 37. _Raii_. P. 148. N. 2. _Moufet_. P. 91. N. 6. _Albin_, Pl. 8. The Crack Willow. _Salix, folio longo, latoque, splendente, Fragilis._ Raii. Syn. L. 1. CH. 1. VI. CL. 1. S. _B._ 6. The POPLAR HAWK MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ of this _Moth_ feeds on the Leaves of the _Poplar_ Tree, as also on the _Willow_, and is to be found at the same Times and Places as the _Willow-Hawk Caterpillar_. It becomes a _Chrysalis_ in the Ground in _September_, and the _Moth_ appears in _May_. It is to be found in the _Chrysalis_ and Fly-state as the before mentioned. All the Hawk-tribe fly very swiftly, and I am inclined to believe feed in wet marshy Places, by reason I have never taken them on the Wing in Places where I have always met with Plenty of other Moths. See _Albin_, Pl. 57. The Black Poplar-tree. _Populus nigra, minoribus foliis._ C. B. Pin. L. 1. CH. 1. VII. CL. 1. S. _B._ 7. The LADIES BEDSTRAW, or ELEPHANT MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are to be found in the Ditches in _Rotherhith_ Marshes, and also by the _New River_ Side, near _Hornsey_. They feed on the _White Ladies Bedstraw_, and are full grown at the End of _July_; at which Time they usually go into the _Chrysalis_ State, by making a light Spining amongst their Food, where they remain till the End of the following _May_: At which Time the _Moth_ is bred; but very seldom taken in the Fly-state. Mr. _Albin_ has mentioned something very remarkable of this _Caterpillar_, _viz._ its Dexterity in Swiming: For, feeding commonly in or near the Water, if at any time it happens to fall in, it turns itself on its Back, and swims, with its Head and Tail turned together, till it gets hold on some Part of the Plant, by which it helps itself up again. It lies in the Egg-state about nine Days. See _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 145. N. 2. _Albin_, Pl. 9. The White Ladies Bedstraw. _Gallium Album._ Ger. 967. SECT. _C_. CATERPILLARS _having_ one Protuberance _on the_ Rump, _with_ indented Markings. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _C._ 1. EALING’S GLORY, a MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Black Thorn_, _White Thorn_, _Crab-tree_, _&c._ becomes a _Chrysalis_ in the Earth in _May_, and the _Moth_ appears in _September_. _Charles Lockyer_, Esq; has bred great Numbers of this _Moth_ at his House at _Ealing_; but I have heard of no body else who has met with them in any Plenty. See _Albin_, Pl. 14. _Rosel_, Cl. 11. Tab. 33. The Black Thorn. _Prunus Sylvestris._ SECT. _D_. CATERPILLARS _having_ two _or more_ Protuberances. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _D._ 1. The OZIER, or PEBBLE MOTH. Mr. _Dandridge_ found the _Caterpillar_ feeding on the _Dutch Willow_, in the Marshes near _Rotherhith_, about the Middle of _July_; it changed to a _Chrysalis_ within the Leaves spun together; and at the Beginning of _August_ came forth the _Moth_. This fly is very scarce. See _Albin_, Pl. 14. _Lister’s Godart._ N. 21. _Rosel_, Cl. 11. Tab. 20. _Reaumur_, Pl. 22. P. 282. Vol. 2. The Ozier. _Salix, vulgaris, alba, arborescens._ C. B. Pin. SECT. _E_. CATERPILLARS _whose_ Shoulders _rise into an_ angular Figure, _having no_ Holders _behind_. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _E._ 1. The PUSS-MOTH. Though the _Caterpillar_ of this Fly seems most fond of the _Willow_, it is often found on the _Abele_, or _Poplar_ Tree. It has a Power of stretching out, and putting back its Head, at Pleasure; which it seems to do as it thinks itself more or less in Danger. It is armed with two Tubes at the End of the Tail, and two others within those, of a Blood red Colour, which it nimbly, if touched by any Thing, darts out: The Use of these is (as I apprehend) to prevent the _Ichneumon_ Flies from settling on them; but, notwithstanding those Flies are often able to remain long enough to leave their Eggs behind: In such Case, the _Moth_ is not produced, but, instead thereof, the _Ichneumon_ pictured in the Plate. Such _Caterpillars_ as the _Ichneumons_ have not fixed their Eggs on, usually go into the _Chrysalis_ State at the Beginning of _August_, on the Body of the Tree, and generally near the Ground, the _Caterpillar_ gnawing the Wood into a Kind of Sawdust; which, mixing with a glutenous Matter, or Cement, that comes from its Mouth, makes a hard Case, in which the _Chrysalis_ is formed, on the outside of the Tree; the _Moth_ appears the _May_ following. These _Moths_ are seldom taken in the Fly-state; but may easily be obtained by breeding the _Caterpillars_, which may be found at the same Time, and in the same Places, where you take those that produce the _Willow_ and _Poplar Hawks_. _Figure_ 2. in the same Plate, represents a _Moth_ called the KITTEN. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Black Thorn_, _Willow_, _&c._ becomes a _Chrysalis_ at the Beginning of _August_, and the _Moth_ is bred in _May_. The _Caterpillar_ and Fly are rarely to be met with. See _Lister’s Godart_. N. 20. _Moufet_ P. 183. _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 153. _Albin_, Pl. 11. _Rosel_, Cl. 11. Tab. 19. _Reaumur_, Pl. 21. Pag. 282. Vol. 2. The Willow. _Salix._ L. 1 CH. 1. III. CL. 1. S. _E._ 3. The WILD ROSE-MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the _Sweet Briar_ sometimes, but most commonly on the _Oak_; changes to a _Chrysalis_ (within the Leaves of such Trees fastened together by a Spining) at the End of _September_, and the _Moth_ is bred in the Middle of _May_. The _Caterpillar_ and Fly are both scarce. See _Albin_, P. 65. _Reaumur_, Pl. 22. Pag. 282. Vol. 2. The Wild Rose, or Sweet Briar. _Rosa sylvestris_; _foliis odoratis_. C. B. Pin. [Illustration:(Decorative Design)] CLASS II. CATERPILLARS _having little_ HAIR. SECT. _a._ _Without_ Protuberances. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 2. S. _a._ 1 THE GOAT-MOTH. The most likely Means of obtaining the _Caterpillars_ is, to separate the Bark of some old _Willow_ from the Body of the Tree by a Chissel. Thus probably you may discover some of them: Put them into an earthen Jar, and feed them with _Willow_ Wood, which Food they seem most fond of; but cover the Jar least they creep away. Do not keep them in a Box, or any Thing made of Wood, least they eat their Way through it and be lost. These _Caterpillars_ are full fed about the Middle of _May_, at which Time they gnaw the Wood into a Kind of Sawdust, which, being mixed with a glutenous Matter from their Mouths, makes a Case wherein they change to the _Chrysalis_. They lye in that State for about six Weeks; after which the _Moths_ appear, and may be found on the Bodies of _Willow_ Trees. This _Chrysalis_, by the Help of strong, short Saw like Teeth round Part of each Joint, and pointing towards the Tail, is enabled to force its Fore Part through the Body of the Tree, (as is expressed in the Plate), near which you’ll find the _Moth_, if you chance to look that Day it is bred. They are reported to be three Years proceeding from the Egg to the Fly; but this I have not myself experienced. See _Lister_ on _Godart_. P. 49. N. 39. _Albin_, Pl. 35. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 18. _Reaumur_, Pl. 17. Pag. 342. Vol. 1. The Willow-tree. _Salix._ L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 2. S. _a._ 2. THE EMPEROR-MOTH. The best Way to be furnished with this fine _Moth_ is, to breed it from the _Caterpillar_, which may be found in its infant State during the Month of _May_; but it is most adviseable to seek for them before the 20th. The _Caterpillars_, when newly hatch’d, are sociable, and keep together for about three Weeks, after which Time they separate and are difficult to be found. The most certain Food to take them on is the _Black Thorn_, and of that such as is not of above two or three Years Growth. They are usually found on Twigs about one or two Feet from the Ground, and (as I have observed) herd in Clusters together, when they are in their first, second and third Skins.—On the 12th of _May_ 1745, I had about sixty _Caterpillars_ hatched from such Sort of Eggs as are expressed round the _Black Thorn_ in the Plate: On the 19th they appeared in their second Skin; on the 25th, in their third; on the 18th of _June_, in their fourth, and, on the 22d, in their fifth. The _Caterpillars_ grew so much in this Skin in four Days, that they were three Times as big as when full fed in their fourth Skin. On _June_ the 30th, they shifted into their sixth and last Skin; in which Skin (as well as in the former Skins) such as appear most Green are the female _Caterpillars_. On the 12th of _July_ some of them began to spin Cases, in order for their Change into the _Chrysalis_ State; and, on the 26th, the whole threescore had spun themselves up. Thus they remained throughout the Winter, and, from the 16th to the 30th of _April_ following, I had forty of the _Moths_ bred; but the Rest of the _Aurelias_ did not produce their _Moths_ till the Year following: So that about twenty of my Number were in the _Chrysalis_ State near two Years; and yet produced _Moths_ at last that were equally beautiful and large. The Female lays from 250 to 300 Eggs, in such Manner as is represented in the Plate, and these she hides in three or four different Places for the more certain Security of some of them. The Case which contains the _Chrysalis_ is well worthy Notice, being composed of a glutenous Matter fit to resist all Kinds of Weather; and, for its greater Security, that Part which I call the Mouth is doubly guarded: So that, if any Insect should chance to force the first Fence, it will there meet with a second Resistance, and that of so strong a Nature, from its particular make, that I am apt to believe few, if any, can ever enter; and thus the _Chrysalis_ is preserved in the most secure and wonderful Manner, as will be better understood by attending to the Figure represented in the Plate. The _Moth_ is very seldom taken in the Fly State. The Black Thorn. _Prunus Sylvestris._ Ger. L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 2. S. _a._ 3. This Plate represents the _Male_ and _Female_ of the EMPEROR-MOTH, of which I have already given an Account. See _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 23. _Albin_, Pl. 25. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 4, 5. _Reaumur_, Pl. 49 and 50. Pag. 554. Vol. 1. The White Fruit-bramble. _Rubus vulgaris major, fructu albo._ Raii. Syn. L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 2. S. _a._ 4. THE PLUMB-TREE MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds in Gardens on various Fruit-trees: It changes to a _Chrysalis_ about the End of _May_, within Leaves spun together, and lies in that State till the Middle of _June_, when the _Moth_ appears. See _Albin_, Pl. 36. The red Roman Nectarine. _Nucipersica Romana rubra._ SECT. _b._ CATERPILLARS, hairy, _with_ Protuberances. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 2. S. _b._ 1. THE WILLOW RED-UNDERWING MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Willow_; changes to a _Chrysalis_, betwixt the Bark and Body of the _Willow_ Tree, about the Middle of _June_. The _Moth_ is bred in the Middle of _July_, and may be found at that Time on the Barks of _Willows_, and other Trees, as also against Walls, Houses, Barns, _&c._ If the Weather proves very hot, the _Moth_ will fly in the Day-time. The _Caterpillar_ is rarely found. See _Albin_, P. 80. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 15. The weeping Willow. _Salix orientalis, flagellis deorsum pulchre pendentibus._ Tourn. Cor. CLASS III. CATERPILLARS _having much_ HAIR. SECT. _A._ _Without_ Protuberances. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. _A._ 1. THE GREAT TYGER MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are hatch’d from the Egg in _August_, and feed in their infant State on _Nettles_, _Lettice_, _&c._ till the End of _October_; when, if the Weather be cold and bad, they find themselves a Residence for the Winter in Holes and private Recesses, where they continue till the _March_ or _April_ following, as the Spring is more or less forward. At their coming out of their Holes they feed on the young _Nettles_, _Chickweed_, _&c._ that grows in dry Ditches and Gardens; and, when they are in their last Skin, which is usually at the End of _May_, they may easily be found in the Places already mentioned. At the Beginning of _June_ they spin a Bag, and within that change to the _Chrysalis_, in which State they lye for one Month, after which the _Moths_ come abroad and are very common. I have observed, that most of the _hairy Caterpillars_ live throughout the Winter, after the Manner above mentioned. See _Lister’s Godart_. N. 99. _Moufet_. 15. P. 93. _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 151. N. 3 and P. 152. N. 7. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 5. _Albin_. Pl. 20. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 1. _Reaumur_, P. 534. Vol. 1. The Hatfield Plumb. _Prunus, fructu magno crasso subacido._ Tourn. L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 3. S. _A._ 1. THE CREAM-SPOT TYGER MOTH. _Chickweed_, _Nettles_, _Lettice_, _&c._ are the Food of this _Caterpillar_, which is to be found on such Growths in dry Ditches, in Woods, _&c._ at the End of _April_. It lives all Winter as the last mentioned, and changes to a _Chrysalis_, within a Spinning, at the Beginning of _May_. The _Moth_ is bred about three Weeks after; flies in the Day-time, and is very common. See _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 6. _Albin_, Pl. 21. _Reaumur_, Pl. 31. Pag. 534. Vol. 1. Chickweed. _Alfine media._ C. B. 250. L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 3. S. _A._ 3. The SCARLET TYGER MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ lives all Winter, and is to be taken feeding on the _Hounds-Tongue_, _Nettles_, and _White Archangel_, at the End of _April_. If you look for them from _Charlton-Church_, in _Kent_, down to the Road that leads to _Woolwich_, there you will find them in Plenty. They make a Spinning in _May_ amongst the dead Leaves on the Ground, and there change to the _Chrysalis_. The _Moths_ come forth in _June_ and fly by Day. See _Merian_, Vol. 2. Ch. 8. _Albin_, Pl. 22. The Hounds Tongue in Flower. _Cynoglossum majus, vulgare._ C. B. 257. L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 3. S. _A._ 4. The BLACK ARCHES, a MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ of this _Fly_ remains in Egg all Winter, and hatching about the Middle of _April_, feeds on the Leaves of the _Oak_, _Apple_ Trees, _&c._ A _Caterpillar_ brought up by Mr. _Cabrier_ came to its full Growth near the Middle of _June_; at which Time it fastened itself, in the Corner of the Box, by a few small Threads: The 14th it changed to a _Chrysalis_, and the _Moth_ appeared the 4th of _July_. The _Caterpillar_ was fed, in its infant State, with _Lettice_, there being no _Oak_ Leaves at that Time. This _Moth_ is to be found sticking on the Barks of the _Oak_ Trees in _Richmond_, _Bushey_, and other Parks, in _July_; but is not common. See _Merian_, Vol. 2. Ch. 22. The Apple Tree in Blossom. _Malus._ L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 3. S. _A._ 5. The GREAT ERMINE MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ feeds on most Kinds of Plants and Flowers; turns to a _Chrysalis_, within a Web on the Ground, in _September_: The _Moth_ is bred in the _May_ following, and may be found sticking on the Barks of Trees, on Pales, Walls, _&c._ The small Garden Sun-Flower. _Corona Solis, perennis & vulgaris._ Vaill. L. 1. CH. 1. VI. CL. 3. S. _A._ 6. The SPOTTED BUFF-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ of this _Moth_ are very mischievous in Gardens, feeding on most Kind of Herbage; but may easily be shaken off the Plants and killed. They change to the _Chrysalis_ within a Web on the Ground, and sometimes within the Ground, in _September_, and the _Moths_ came out in _May_. Their Eggs are of a light green Colour; and the _Caterpillars_, when first hatch’d, which is about the Middle of _June_, are white and hairy. The _Moth_ is frequently taken sticking on Houses, Walls, Pales, _&c._ Arsmart. _Persicaria maculosa._ Ger. 361. L. 1. CH. 1. VII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 7. The GIPSEY MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are very destructive to all Fruit-trees, on which they are found in Swarms envelop’d with a Web like that of the Spider. In the Day-time they disperse themselves over the whole Tree, but at Night come together again, and retire to their Web. They put on the _Chrysalis_, form within a Spinning, at the Beginning of _July_, and the _Moth_ is bred about fourteen Days after. Their Eggs are covered with a yellowish Down, whereby they are preserved from Cold throughout the Winter. This _Moth_ is very common in _Germany_, and was produced from a Nest of Eggs that were sent to Mr. _Peter Collinson_, who gave them to _Charles Lockyer_, Esq; He bred _Moths_ from them as above mentioned; and, having turned Numbers of them wild (as I have been informed) about _Ealing_ near _Brentford_, in _Middlesex_, they are to be found there, but not any where else that I have yet heard of. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 3. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 18. The Crab-tree. _Malus sylvestris._ Ger. 1276. L. 1. CH. 1. VIII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 8. The BUFF-TIP MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the _Willow_ and _Oak_, and may be easily found amongst the _Willows_ growing about _Chelsea_, and in such like Places. They may be taken full fed towards the End of _August_; at which Time Numbers of them go into the Earth, and there Change to the _Chrysalis_, and the _Moths_ appear in the following _May_. It is not a very common Thing to take this _Moth_ flying. See _Lister’s Godart_, N. 95. _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 162. N. 14. _Albin_, Pl. 23. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 14. The Yellow Dwarf-Willow. _Salix folio longo subluteo, non auriculata, viminibus luteis._ Raii. Syn. L. 1. CH. 1. IX. CL. 3. S. _A._ 9. The WHITE-SATIN MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ feeds on the _White Poplar_, as also on _Willow_; changes to a _hairy Chrysalis_, within the Leaves spun together, in _June_; lies in that State about twenty Days, and then the _Moth_ flies abroad. You may take these Flies by shaking the Boughs of the Trees they feed on. Their Eggs, when first laid, are of a pale green Colour, which they cover with a Substance looking like Leaf-silver. They continue about one Month in the Egg-state, and the _Caterpillars_ live all Winter. See _Lister_ on _Godart_. P. 84. N. 87. _Rosel_, Cl. 2, Tab. 9. _Reaumur_, Pl. 34. Pag. 534. Vol. 1. The White Poplar-Tree. _Populus alba majoribus foliis._ C. B. L. 1. CH. 1. X. CL. 3. S. _A._ 10. The LACKEY-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are very common, and feed on most Kind of Herbage, especially _Black Thorn_, _White Thorn_, _&c._ about the Middle of _June_ they change to the _Chrysalis_ within a Case, which they spin, and cover with a fine Dust of the Colour of Brimstone. In this State they remain for about one Month; then the _Moth_ appears, and lays her Eggs, in a spiral Order, round the young Twigs of such Trees as are proper Food for the infant _Caterpillars_. They hatch in the Spring, and keep together in a Web while young. As these _Caterpillars_ are destructive in Gardens to Fruit-trees, _&c._ its adviseable to destroy them. See _Godartius_, P. 1. Tab. 10. _Albin_, Pl. 19. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 6. _Reaumur_, Vol. 2. Pl. 4. Pag. 120. _Figure_ 1. Tway Blade. 2. The Crane’s Bill. 3. The Yellow-Vetchling. 1. _Bifolium, vulg._ C. B. 2. _Geranium Robertianum._ 3. _Lathyrus luteus sylvestris dumetorum._ 1. B. II. 304. L. 1. CH. 1. XI. CL. 3. S. _A._ 11. The GREAT EGGER-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ of this _Moth_ are to be found, full grown, towards the End of _May_, feeding on _Black Thorn_ and _White Thorn_. At the Beginning of _June_, they spin a brown Case, in the Shape of an Egg, in which the _Chrysalis_ is formed: They remain in that State for about one Month; then the _Moth_ is produced. The Males fly swiftly in the Day-time, from 12 o’Clock to 5 in the Afternoon. The Eggs are of an oval Shape, and usually hatch at the latter End of _July_. When the _Caterpillars_ are young, you may feed them with _Black Thorn_, or _White Thorn_, and, during the Winter, with _Bramble_, _Holly_, _Privet_, _&c._ When you breed any female _Egger-Moths_, take one of them and put it in a Box (covered with a Piece of Crape, to prevent its getting away), carry the Box with you to the Sides of Woods and green Lanes; and, if the Day be fair, and the Sun shines bright, put it upon the Ground: And, if there is a Breed of these _Moths_ near, the Males will come and endeavour to get at the Female. By this means I have taken with my Net near twenty in an Hour. This Method of taking Flies is called _Simbling_; and many other Kinds of _Moths_ are to be catched the same Way. See _Godart_. P. 1. Tab. 7. _Lister’s Godart_. N. 88. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 10. _Moufet_, P. 92 N. 9. _Raii_’s Hist. Insect. P. 142. N. 2. _Albin_, Pl. 18. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 35. a. _Reamur_, Pl. 35. Pag. 534. Vol. 1. The White Thorn in Flower. _Mespilus sylvestris, seu Oxyacantha._ L. 1. CH. 1. XII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 12. The GRASS EGGER-MOTH. I took the _Caterpillars_ of this _Moth_ feeding on _Clover_ amongst _Grass_. They make a Spinning and Case, on the Surface of the Earth, about the Middle of _June_, and therein turn to a _Chrysalis_. The _Moth_ flies in the Middle of _August_; but is not commonly met with. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 35. b. The double flowering Cherry, and Grass. _Cerasus hortensis, flore roseo._ C. B. Pin. 450. L. 1. CH. 1. XIII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 13. The DECEMBER MOTH. Mr. _Dandridge_ took some of its _Caterpillars_, at the Beginning of _June_, on the _Hasle_; but, observing they eat but little, gave them fresh Boughs that were wet with Rain, on which they fed greedily. The next Day he gave them Water and Honey mixt together, of which they drank a good Quantity, and fell to eating again very heartily. In this Manner he fed them every Day, and sometimes twice a Day, till the Middle of the same Month, when they went into the Earth and changed into _Chrysalis_. The _Moths_ came out at the End of _December_. I took this Year (1748) two of these _Caterpillars_ on the Leaves of an _Oak_, wherewith I fed them till the Middle of _June_, when they spun a dirty coloured Case which contained the _Chrysalis_; and the _Moths_ were bred on the 24th _October_. See _Albin_, P. 85. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 60. The Nut-tree. _Corylus, Sativa, fructu anguloso._ C. B. 418. L. 1. CH. 1. XIV. CL. 3. S. _A._ 14. The SPOTTED RED and WHITE UNDERWING MOTH. I found and fed the _Caterpillar_ on _Black Thorn_: It made a Spinning, and changed to _Chrysalis_ in the Middle of _April_, and the _Moth_ came abroad about the Middle of _May_. The _Caterpillar_ lives all Winter, and the _Moth_ is rarely to be met with. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 43. _Figure_ 1. The Black Thorn. 2. The Columbine. 3. The Ranunculus. 4. The White Bells. 1. _Prunus sylvestris._ C. B. 2. _Aquilegia vulgaris simplex._ C. B. 3. _Ranunculus._ 4. _Hyacinthus, flore albo._ C. B. L. 1. CH. 1. XV. CL. 3. S. _A._ 15. The WOOD TYGER MOTH. This _Moth_ I first discovered in _Cain Wood_. The _Caterpillar_ lives all Winter, feeds on _Chickweed_, _Lettice_, the _Lesser Plantain_, _&c._ and is full grown about the Middle of _April_, when it changes to the _Chrysalis_ within a Spinning: The _Moth_ is bred in the Middle of _May_, flies by Day, and may be taken in _Cain_ or _Tottenham_ Woods; an Afternoon is the best Time. The Vredenriek Hyacinth, and Lesser Plantain. _Hyacinthus Belgicus Vredenriek dictus. Plantago minor._ I. B. L. 1. CH. 1. XVI. CL. 3. S. _A._ 16. The MOTHER of PEARL MOTH. _Nettles_ are the Food of the _Caterpillar_, within the Leaves of which (folded together) it lives, and feeds till the Beginning of _June_; when it puts on the _Chrysalis_ Form wrapt up within a Leaf, whose Edges are fastened by a Spinning: Fourteen Days after the _Moth_ appears, and may be taken, very commonly, in an Evening, amongst _Nettles_. See _Albin_, P. 73. _Rosel_, Cl. 4. Tab. 4. The Cherry-Plumb. _Prunus, fructu majori, rotundo, rubro._ Tourn. L. 1. CH. 1. XVII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 17. The YELLOW JULY OAK-MOTH. The Food of the _Caterpillar_ is the Leaves of the _Oak_ Tree, on which it feeds till the Middle of _June_; then it changes to a _Chrysalis_ in some Chink or other that it meets with in the Bark of the said Tree, over which Chink or Hole the _Caterpillar_ spins a strong Web, which prevents any Bird or Insect from getting at it in its _Chrysalis_ State. The _Moth_ is bred in the Middle of _July_, and may, now and then, be found on the Barks of the _Oak_ Trees in _Richmond_ and other Parks, about that Time; but it is not a common Fly. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 17. The May-cherry. _Cerasus, majalis, fructu duro subdulci._ Tourn. L. 1. CH. 1. XVIII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 18. The SMALL EGGER-MOTH. _Black_ and _White Thorn_ are the Food of the _Caterpillars_, which are always found in Colonies; the whole Nest of them feeding together till they are ready to change. When they are first hatch’d from the Egg, they spin a Web to shelter themselves from the Weather; and, as they grow, enlarge it with several Divisions. They seldom go from the Plant they are first hatched on, till they have eaten it quite bare and want Food. They ordinarily spin a Thread from their main Web to guide them Home again; this is very particular, and seems necessary to them. About the Beginning of _July_ you may find them full fed; then they spin a Web, within which a Case is formed, shaped like an Egg, which contains the _Chrysalis_: In this State they remain all Winter, and the _Moths_ are bred in _March_. It is adviseable, if you feed the _Caterpillars_, to take the whole Nest with the Web. I have seldom taken the _Moths_. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 62. _Albin_, P. 19. The Almond Tree, Blossom and Fruit. _Amygdalus sativa fructu majore._ C. B. Pin. 441. L. 1. CH. 1. XIX. CL. 3. S. _A._ 19. The FOX COLOURED MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ is hatch’d in _July_, lives all Winter, and feeds on _Grass_, _Brambles_, _&c._ I have seen them in _September_ as large as they are in the Middle of _April_, which is the Time they go to _Chrysalis_, within a Spinning or Web. The _Moth_ is bred in the Middle of _May_, and the Cock flies swiftly in an Afternoon; but may be taken in a Net, by the Sides of Woods and green Lanes. See _Albin_, P. 81. The Blackberry Fruit. _Rubus, fructu nigro._ SECT. 2 _A_. CATERPILLARS _having_ Rings _of_ different Colours _surrounding them_. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. 2 _A._ 1. The CINNABAR-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ of this Fly are sociable and feed together in Numbers on the _Ragwort_; in _July_ they are full grown, and then some go into the Earth, and others spin on the Surface of the Ground, in order to their Change into the _Chrysalis_ State. The _Moths_ are produced in the _May_ following, and are common in Fields and Gardens. See _Lister_ on _Godart_. P. 61. N. 54. _Albin_, Pl. 34. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 48. _Reaumur_, Pl. 16. Pag. 342. Vol. 1. The Ragwort, in Flower. _Jacobea, vulgaris._ J. B. H. 1057. SECT. 3 _A_. CATERPILLARS _having_ indented Markings. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. 3 _A._ 1. The BRAMBLE MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ is to be found feeding on the _Bramble_, on the _Oak_, _&c._ at the Beginning of _September_; and, towards the Middle of the same Month, it changes to a _Chrysalis_, mixing its Hairs with the Bag it spins: The _Moth_ comes forth the _May_ following, and is not very common. The Orange Apricock. _Malus Armeniaca, fructu aurantio._ SECT. _b_. CATERPILLARS _having_ hairy, _or_ fleshy Protuberances, _on the_ Head, Back, _or_ Tail. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. _b._ 1. The LAPPIT-MOTH. The Eggs of this _Moth_ are laid about the Middle of _July_, and remain in that State fourteen Days. I fed the _Caterpillars_, when first hatch’d, with _Black Thorn_, and continued giving them the same Food till _October_; at which Time they were in their fourth Skin, and appeared as represented at Letter _a_; They there stretched themselves at full Length on the Twigs, and remained so till the _April_ following, without eating any thing that I could perceive, notwithstanding at different Times I put in fresh green Food to try them. About the End of _May_ the _Caterpillars_ are full grown, in which Condition _b_ represents the Female; they then make a Spinning, within which the _Chrysalis_ is formed, and remains in that State for one Month, when the _Moth_ is bred; though it is rarely met with in the Fly-state. The _Caterpillars_ are to be found, at the End of _May_, sticking close to the Boughs of the _Black Thorn_, _Bramble_, _&c._ You must look for them about a Foot or two from the Ground; but, as their Colour nearly resembles the Bark of their Food, it is very difficult to see them. See _Albin_, Pl. 16. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 41. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 17. _Reaumur_, Pl. 23. Pag. 322. Vol. 2. The Privet leaved Phylerea. _Phyllyrea, Ligustri folio._ C. B. L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 3. S. _b._ 2. The DRINKER-MOTH. Its Eggs are usually laid about the Middle of _July_; in about fourteen Days the _Caterpillars_ come out: They feed in the Winter-season on long _Grass_, _&c._ and change to _Chrysalis_ at the End of _May_ (within such a Case as is expressed in the Plate) at which Time they are easily found upon the Grass, by the Sides of Fields and Hedges. The _Moths_ are bred at the End of _June_, and may be taken flying in an Evening, in green Lanes and by the Sides of Woods. See _Lister’s Godart_. N. 82. _Albin_, Pl. 17. _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 142. N. 3. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 2. _Figure_ 1. The Yellow Vetchling. 2. Bistort. 3. The White Darnel Grass. 4. The Wood-Pease. 1. _Lathyrus sylvestris, dumetorum, flore luteo._ C. B. 2. _Bistorta major._ I. B. 3. _Gramen loliaceum spica longiori._ C. B. 4. _Astragalus sylvaticus._ Ger. Emac. L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 3. S. _b._ 3. The YELLOW-TAIL MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Elder_, _Oak_, _Black Thorn_, _&c._ upon all which Growths you may find them at the End of _May_. It changes to a _Chrysalis_, within a Spinning, at the Beginning of _June_, and the _Moth_ comes forth at the End of the same Month. They may be found sticking against the Barks of the Trees in Parks, and other Places, and also flying in the Evening. They lay Eggs of a pale Colour, and cover them with a woolly Substance. The _Caterpillars_ are hatch’d in _August_, and will feed on _Black Thorn_ till the End of _October_; at which Time they spin themselves little Cases, and remain in them till the Spring following. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 21. _Reaumur_, Pl. 16. Pag. 342. Vol. 1. The Alder-Tree. _Alnus, rotundifolia, glutinosa, viridis._ C. B. L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 3. S. _b._ 4. The DAGGER MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Rose_ Trees, Fruit-trees, and Shrubs; becomes a _Chrysalis_ within the Earth in _October_, and in _May_ following the _Moth_ appears, and may be found sticking against Pales, Walls, Trees, _&c._ Their Eggs are very small, and of a fine green Colour, and the _Caterpillars_ are common in Gardens and other Places. It is observed, that the Protuberance on the Back of the _Caterpillar_ is of a fleshy Substance, with Hair growing out of it. See _Albin_, P. 86. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 7. _Reaumur_, Pl. 42. Pag. 602. The most double Sweet Briar Rose. _Rosa sylvestris, sive Eglanteria, flore pleno._ L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 3. S. _b._ 5. The WILD PINE-TREE LAPPIT-MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ informs us, That the _Caterpillars_ of this curious Fly feed on the _Pinus sylvestris_, or WILD PINE: That they are full fed in the Month of _June_, at which Time they change to _Chrysalis_, within such a Spinning as is represented in the Plate; and, after lying in that State three Weeks the _Moths_ appear. About the Middle of _September_, 1748, I took one of these _Caterpillars_ upon a _White Thorn_ Bush, near _Richmond_ Park; which is still alive this 20th Day of _January_ 1748-9, though it has eat nothing, that I know of, since it has been in my Custody. It remains stretched out, in the Manner of the _Lappit-Caterpillar_ represented at the Letter _a_ of the first Plate of this Section; and I do not think it will begin to feed until there are Buds of _Black_ or _White Thorn_ to give it. This is the only _Caterpillar_ of the Kind that I have known taken in _England_.—For the Drawings exhibited in my Plate, I am obliged to Mr. _Rosel_. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 59. The Wild Pine-Tree. _Pinus sylvestris._ C. B. Pin. [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] SECT. _c_. CATERPILLARS, _having many_ Tufts _of_ Hair, _producing_ TUSSOCK-MOTHS. L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. _c._ 1. The BLACK TUSSOCK-MOTH. This _Moth_ is bred about the Middle of _June_; at which Time it lays Eggs of a light grey Colour, inclosed within a woolly Substance; and thus they continue for about one Month. When the infant _Caterpillars_ appear, they feed on _Black Thorn_, _White Thorn_, _Bramble_, _&c._ They live all the Winter in the _Caterpillar_ State, and change to a _hairy Chrysalis_, within a Spinning, about the Middle of _May_. The _Caterpillars_ may be found, full fed, on _Black Thorn_ that grows by the Sides of Woods and Hedges; as for the _Moth_, it is not commonly taken in the Fly-state. See _Albin_, Pl. 26. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 37. The White double Garden-Rose. _Rosa Alba hortensis, flore pleno._ I. B. 1144. L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 3. S. _c._ 2. The YELLOW TUSSOCK-MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ feeds on the _Red Archangel_, _Oak_, _Hasle_, _&c._ towards the End of _September_. It makes a Spinning, within which a _hairy Chrysalis_ is formed, where it lives till the Middle of _May_ following, and then the _Moth_ takes its flight; but it is not a very common Fly. See _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 47. _Albin_, Pl. 26. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 38. _Reaumur_, Pl. 33. Pag. 534. Vol. 1. The Red Archangel. _Lamium rubrum._ Ger. 568. L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 3. S. _c._ 3. The RED-SPOT TUSSOCK-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are very common, feeding on most _Elm_ and _Lime_ Trees about Town. They make a Spinning under the Copings of Walls, Pales, _&c._ at the End of _May_; and the _Moth_ is bred at the End of _June_ and in _July_. The Females have no Wings; but, if you carry one or two of them in a Box (where there is a Breed of this _Moth_) the Males will follow you in order to get at them: So that, if you put the Box on the Ground, you may easily take the Cocks with your Net. Several other _Moths_ may be taken by the like Means. See _Albin_, P. 89. _Reaumur_, Pl. 19. Pag. 342. Vol. 1. The smooth Leaved Elm. _Ulmus folio Glabro._ Ger. Em. 1481. L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 3. S. _c._ 4. The ORANGE TUSSOCK-MOTH. The Food of its _Caterpillar_ is _Hasle_, _St. John’s Wort_, _Oak_, _&c._ About the Middle of _May_ it made a Spinning, and changed to a _Chrysalis_, and the _Moth_ came forth three Weeks after. It is very scarce, and the Female has no Wings. I took one of these _Caterpillars_, feeding on _Oak_ Leaves, on the 25th of _September_ 1748; two Days after, it spun up in order to its _Chrysalis_ State, and, on the 8th of _October_, the _Moth_ was bred: From whence I conclude, this _Moth_ breeds twice in a Year. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 40. _Albin_, P. 90. The elegant upright St. John’s Wort. _Hypericum pulchrum Tragi._ I. B. III. 383. L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 3. S. _c._ 5. The NUT-TREE TUSSOCK-MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ of this very scarce Fly was fed upon the _Hasle_. About the Middle of _September_ it spun up, and changed into a _Chrysalis_, and the _Moth_ was bred at the Beginning of _April_. See _Albin_, P. 90. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 53. The Masculine Apricock. _Armeniaca, fructu minore præcocior._ Miller. L. 1. CH. 1. VI. CL. 3. S. _c._ 6. THE SYCAMORE TUSSOCK-MOTH. You may find the _Caterpillars_ on _Sycamore_ Trees, and, towards the End of _August_, they are usually full fed; at which Time they spin themselves up, intermixing their Hairs with the Web, and change into the _Chrysalis_ State. The _Moths_ are bred in _May_ and _June_, are not uncommon, and may be found on the Bodies of the Trees in _St. James’s Park_, on Pales, Walls, _&c_. See _Albin_, P. 83. _Reaumur_, Pl. 34. Pag. 534. Vol. 1. The Sycamore Tree. _Acer majus, multis falso Platanus_. I. B. [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] CHAP. II. Caterpillars that perform their progressive Motion after a different Manner, _viz._ by drawing up the Tail towards the Head, whereby their Bodies become bent into the Form of a _half Loop_, on which Account they are called HALF-LOOPERS. CLASS I. CATERPILLARS _having_ eight Feet, two Holders, _and_ six Claws _or_ Hooks, _and having_ Protuberances. SECT. _a_. L. 1. CH. 2. I. CL. 1. S. _a._ 1. THE CRIMSON UNDERWING MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ of this _Moth_ feeds on _Oak-leaves_, and becomes a _Chrysalis_, within some of the same Leaves spun together, at the Beginning of _June_. The _Moth_ appears at the Beginning of _July_, and is extremely scarce, as is also the _Caterpillar_. The Oak-Tree. _Quercus Latifolia_. C. B. CLASS II. CATERPILLARS _which are_ hairy, _having two_ Holders, four Feet, _and_ six Hooks _or_ Claws. SECT. _a._ L. 1. CH. 2. I. CL. 2. S. _a._ 1. The SILVER _Y_ MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Sage_, _Clover_, _Burdock_, _&c._ changes to a _Chrysalis_, within a slight Spinning, in _August_, and the _Moth_ is bred in _September_; is very common in most Fields and Gardens, and flies in the Day as well as at Night. There is an early Breed of this _Moth_ in _May_. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 5. _Albin_, P. 79. _Lister_ on _Godart_. P. 20. N. 14. _Reaumur_, Pl. 19. Pag. 342. Vol. 1. Pl. 26. P. 348. Vol. 2. Common Sage in Flower. _Salvia hortensis._ I. B. [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] CHAP. III. The _Caterpillars_ of this Chapter have two Feet and two Holders, with six Hooks or Claws; but have no Feet in the Middle Part of their Bodies like those already described. Their progressive Motion is performed by fixing the Head-part, and drawing up the Tail to it; so that each Step, forming a Loop, they are called LOOPERS. They are provided with strong and sharp Claws in their Holders, by which they can fasten themselves in such manner as to support the Rest of their Bodies, either perpendicularly or horizontally, or in any other Posture they please, without any regard to the Center of Gravity in their respective Bodies. They are able likewise, out of their own _Viscera_ or Bowels, to furnish themselves with Lines, whereby they can let themselves down from the Branches of Trees, or other Heights, as they find Occasion. CLASS I. Smooth _or_ naked Loopers. SECT. a. _Having no_ Protuberances. L. 1. CH. 3. I. CL. 1. S. a. 1. The BRINDLED BEAUTY MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ will feed on most Fruit-trees, as also on the _Willow_, _&c._ Its _Chrysalis_ is formed within the Earth towards the End of _June_, and the _Moth_ comes forth in _April_. I have taken Plenty of them sticking on the Barks of the _Willow_ Trees about the Water-works at _Chelsea_. See _Merian_, Vol. 1. P. 75. Chap. 37. _Albin_, Pl. 39. The Honey-Cherry. _Cerasus, sylvestris, septentrionalis, fructu rubro parvo serotino_. Raii. Syn. L. 1. CH. 3. II. CL. 1. S. a. 2. The JULY ARRACH MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ may be found, full fed, on the _wild Arrach_, about the Middle of _September_; at which Time it changes to a _Chrysalis_ in the Earth: The _Moth_ is bred in _July_, and may be taken in an Evening in and near the Gardens about _Vauxhall_ and other Places. See _Albin_, Pl. 47. The Black Curran-Tree. _Ribes nigrum vulgo dictum, folio olente._ I. B. L. 1. CH. 3. III. CL. 1. S. a. 3. The MOTTLED UMBER-MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on Fruit-Trees, _Oak_, _Elm_, _Black-Thorn_, _&c._ and turns to a _Chrysalis_, within the Earth, about the Middle of _May_. The _Moth_ comes forth in _October_, and may be found at that Time sticking on the Bark of Trees in Parks, _&c._ See _Albin_, P. 100. The Apricock-Plumb. _Prunus fructu parvo præcoci._ Tourn. L. 1. CH. 3. IV. CL. 1. S. a. 4. The JULY SALLOW MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the common _Sallow_, in the Top-leaves of which (spun together) it lies concealed in the Day-time. Some Leaves, thus spun together, looked as if they had been dead; but, on Examination, _Caterpillars_ of this Sort were found therein: They changed to a _Chrysalis_, spun amongst the Leaves, at the End of _May_. The _Moth_ is bred at the Beginning of _July_, and may be taken, in the Evening, by the Sides of Woods, Hedges, _&c._ The Wild Black Cherry. _Cerasus major ac sylvestris, fructu subdulci nigro colore inficiente._ C. B. Pin. L. 1. CH. 3. V. CL. 1. S. a. 5. The BUFF ARGUS-MOTH. The two _Caterpillars_ exhibited in this Plate were taken by me upon the _Oak_, they feed likewise on the _wild Briar_, _White-Thorn_, _&c._ They tied themselves up against the Leaves, after the Manner of the _White Butterfly_, with their Heads upwards; changed into _Chrysalis_ about the Middle of _June_, and the _Moths_ were bred about the Middle of _July_. These I suppose to be Male and Female of the same Species. You may take them flying, in an Evening, by the Sides of Woods and Hedges, and in green Lanes. The double-flowered Sweet Briar. _Rosa sylvestris odora, sive eglanteria, flore duplice._ Park. Parad. L. 1. CH. 3. VI. CL. 1. S. a. 6. The GREEN BROOM-MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the Leaves of the common _Broom_; and, about the Middle of _June_, changes to a _Chrysalis_ in a thin Spinning; in which State it continues for about three Weeks, then the _Moth_ appears, and may be taken in the Day-time, by beating the _Furze_ and _Broom_, wherein they usually are found. See _Rosel_, Cl. 3. Tab. 12. The Needle Furze. _Genista minor Aspalathoides, vel Genista spinosa Anglica._ C. B. Pin. L. 1. CH. 3. VII. CL. 1. S. a. 7. The LIME MOSS MOTH. The Eggs are of a greenish Colour, and are laid in _June_; after being in that State about ten Days the _Caterpillars_ are hatch’d. They feed on the _Moss_ that grows on _Lime_ Trees; live and feed all the Winter in the _Caterpillar_ State, and about the Beginning of _May_, are full grown, at which Time they make a Spinning amongst the _Moss_, and change to _Chrysalis_. The _Moths_ are bred at the Beginning of _June_, and may be taken in the Evenings, by the Sides of Woods, in green Lanes, _&c._ The Yellow-flowered Sage. _Phlomis fructicosa, Salviæ folio latiore & rotundiore._ Raii Hist. 511. SECT. _b._ Naked Loopers, _with_ Protuberances. L. 1. CH. 3. I. CL. 1. S. _b._ 1. The SPOTTED ELM-MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ is not very common, altho’ it feeds on the Leaves of the _Elm_, _Lime_ and _Oak_. It goes into the Earth, and turns to a _Chrysalis_ in _August_: The _Moth_ appears in _May_, and is then to be found sometimes, sticking on the Barks of the above Trees; but it is not common. See _Albin_, P. 40, 41. 91, 92. The Witch Elm. _Ulmus folio latissimo scabro._ Ger. Em. 1481. L. 1. CH. 3. II. CL. 1. S. _b._ 2. The SWALLOW-TAIL MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Bramble_, _Oak_ Leaves, and other Growths; lives all the Winter: When it changes to a _Chrysalis_, which it does in _March_, the _Chrysalis_ is fastened by the Tail, and lies, with its Head upwards, within a few fine Threads of its own spinning. The _Moth_ is bred in _May_ and _June_, and may be taken flying in an Evening by the Sides of Woods, and in green Lanes. See _Rosel_, Cl. 3. Tab. 6. _Albin_, P. 94. The Bramble. _Rubus, fructu nigro._ C. B. L. 1. CH. 3. III. CL. 1. S. _b._ 3. The OCTOBER-MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ is to be found, full fed, at the End of _May_, by beating the Boughs of the _Oak_, _Elm_, _Black-Thorn_, _&c._ which are the Food it feeds upon. It changes to the _Chrysalis_ State, within the Earth, about that Time, and the _Moth_ is bred in _October_, when it may be found sticking on the Bark of Trees, in Parks and other Places. The smooth leaved Elm. _Ulmus folio Glabro._ Ger. Em. 1481. L. 1. CH. 3. IV. CL. 1. S. _b._ 4. The BRIMSTONE MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ is found on the _White-Thorn_, towards the Middle of _September_, when it is full fed, and changes to a _Chrysalis_, within a Spinning, and the _Moth_ is produced in the _April_ and _May_ following. It flies slowly, and is easily taken in an Evening. This _Moth_ breeds twice in a Year; the first Time in _April_ and _May_, the second in _July_ and _August_. _Figure_ 1. The White Thorn. 2. The Blue Bells. 3. The Red Ranunculus. Fig. 1. _Oxyacanthus._ Ger. 2. _Hyacinthus Anglicus._ Ger. 3. _Ranunculus hortensis flore rubello._ L. 1. CH. 3. V. CL. 1. S. _b._ 5. The SCALLOP WINGED MOTH laid her Eggs on the 5th of _August_, and eight Days after the _Caterpillars_ appeared. I fed them with _White-Thorn_ and _Privet_, till the Beginning of _October_, at which Time several of them changed to the _Chrysalis_ betwixt the Leaves spun together. They remained in that State during the Winter, and the _Moths_ were bred in _May_ following. This _Moth_ is to be taken, in the Evening, by the Sides of Woods, Hedges, _&c._ The White Thorn, with its Fruit. _Mespilus, Apii folio; sylvestris, sive oxyacantha._ C. B. Pin. 458. L. 1. CH. 3. VI. CL. 1. S. _b._ 6. The RICHMOND-BEAUTY, a MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ assures us, that the _Caterpillars_ feed on the Leaves of the _Pear_ Tree, _&c._ and is to be found at the End of _May_ and the Beginning of _June_. They change to the _Chrysalis_ amongst the _Pear_ Leaves: They continue fourteen Days in that State, and the _Moth_ appears about the End of _June_. This _Moth_ is to be taken in an Evening by the Sides of Woods, in green Lanes, Gardens, _&c._ See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 10. The _Spanish_ or _Catalonian_ Jasmine. _Jasminum humilius magno flore._ C. B. Pin. L. 1. CH. 3. VII. CL. 1. S. _b._ 7. The HAWTHORN MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ that produce this Kind of _Moth_ are of various Colours, some being much lighter than others. I got several of them by beating the Boughs of the _White Thorn_, about the Middle of _September_; at which Time many of this Sort spin themselves amongst the Leaves and change to _Chrysalis_, and the _Moths_ are bred in the Middle of _May_ following. This is a very scarce Fly. The Carolina Hawthorn. _Mespilus Caroliniana, Apii foliis volgari similis major fructu luteo._ Millar. L. 1. CH. 3. VIII. CL. 1. S. _b._ 8. The ORANGE MOTH. The four different coloured Flies represented in the Plate, were all produced from _Caterpillars_ that were hatched from the Eggs of such a Female as is represented at _Fig._ 1. The Eggs were of a pale green Colour, and were hatch’d on the 13th _July_ 1747; and the young _Caterpillars_ were fed with the Leaves of _Black-Thorn_, till about the 20th, when they changed their first Skin; on the second of _August_ they changed their Skin again, and, about the Middle of the same Month, they left off eating: But, _October_ the 25th, being put on _Bramble_ Leaves, they began to eat again, and changed their Skin a third Time, _November_ the 28th; after which they remained pretty quiet the whole Winter without eating. At the End of _March_ they began to eat the fresh Buds of the _Black_ and _White-Thorn_, and changed their Skin for the fourth Time. About the End of _April_, one that was separated from the Rest changed its Skin a fifth Time _May_ the 10th: spun up _May_ the 29th: and the _Moth_ was produced _June_ the 17th. Several others spun up between _May_ the 22d and _June_ the 5th, and the _Moths_ were produced between _June_ the 12th and 25th. One that did not change its Skin, for the last Time, till _June_ the 26th, was given to the Proprietor of this Work; it spun up in the Leaves, on the 10th of _July_, and the _Moth_, _Fig._ 2. was bred on the 1st of _August_. Of eight _Moths_ that were produced, three were Females of the common Orange Kind, and five were Males, one of which only was all over of an Orange Colour. Amongst the _Caterpillars_ there was one that changed its fourth Skin, _July_ the 4th, and fed for some Time; however, it has not yet changed its fifth Skin, tho’ it continued alive, without eating, till _December_ the 25th 1748, at which Time it was put on _Bramble_ Leaves, and has continued to feed thereon till the present 3d of _February_ 1748-9.——The Author of this Work was favoured with the preceeding Account by a most skilful and exact observer, whose Name, had he leave to mention it, would do him great Honour. The Dwarf-Willow. _Salix pumila Alpina, rotundifolia repens, inferne subcinerea._ C. B. Pin. [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] CLASS II. Hairy Loopers. SECT. _a._ _Having no_ Protuberances. L. 1. CH. 3. I. CL. 2. S. _a._ 1. The LARGE MAGPYE, or CURRAN MOTH. Most Gardens and Hedges abound with the _Caterpillars_ of this Fly, which feed on _Curran_ and _Gooseberry-Bushes_, and also on the _Black Thorn_, _&c._ They change into the _Chrysalis State_, hanging by the Tail, at the End of _May_, and the _Moths_ appear in the Middle of _June_. They are very common, and easily taken in an Evening in the Gardens, and most other Places, and may likewise be catch’d in the Day-time, by beating the Hedges and Bushes. The _Caterpillar_ lives all Winter, and in the Spring begins to feed as soon as the Buds are open. See _Lister_ on _Godart_, P. 13. N. 9. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Chap. 29. _Albin_, P. 43. _Rosel_, Class 3. Tab. 2. The Curran Tree. _Ribes major fructu rubro_, Hort. Eyst. L. 1. CH. 3. II. CL. 2. S. _a._ 2. The GOOSEBERRY-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are hatch’d at the latter End of the Year, and live all Winter. About the Middle of _May_ you may find Plenty of them on the _Gooseberry_ and _Curran_ Bushes; about which Time they go into the Ground, and turn to _Chrysalis_, and about the Middle of _June_ the _Moths_ appear. They are common in most Gardens in the Evening, and may be taken in the Day-time, as the last. See _Lister_ on _Godart_, P. 19. N. 12. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Chap. 25. _Albin_ P. 47. _Rosel_, Class 3. Tab. 4. The Gooseberry Tree, with its Flower and Fruit. _Grossularia, fructu obscure purpurascente._ Clus. Hairy Loopers. SECT. _b._ _Having Tufts of Hair, partly round each Joint._ L. 1. CH. 3. I. CL. 2. S. _b._ 1. The BRINDLE-MOTH. This _Caterpillar_, which is not common among the Loopers, was found by Mr. _Dandridge_ on the _Hasle_, at the Beginning of _June_. It also feeds on _Oak_, _&c_. On the 14th of the same Month it went into the Ground and changed into a _Chrysalis_, and at the Beginning of _April_ following the _Moth_ came out. The Females have no Wings. I have had several of this Kind of _Moth_ bred in _February_ from the _Chrysalis_, which I got by digging with a Trowel at the Root of Oak Trees. The _Moth_ is rarely taken in the Fly-state. Bladder-Sena, _with_ Reddish-Seed Vessels. _Colutea vesicaria, vesiculis rubentibus._ J. B. [Illustration:(Decorative Design)] CHAP. IV. Caterpillars shaped like Wood-Lice. CLASS I. SECT. _a._ L. 1. CH. 4. I. CL. 1. S. _a._ 1. The SMALL OAK-EGGER-MOTH. This _Caterpillar_ I took in _Hornsey_-Wood on an Oak-Tree, at the Beginning _October_, soon after which Time it chang’d to a _Chrysalis_, by fastening the Oak-Leaf close to the Bottom of the Box I kept it in with a Spinning. Thus it remained through the Winter, and the _Moth_ was bred at the End of _May_. Both _Caterpillar_ and _Fly_ are very rare. The Double Velvet-Rose. _Rosa holosericea, multiplex._ Park. Parad. [Illustration:(Decorative Design)] CHAP. V. Of Moths, whose Generation is not yet known. CLASS I. SECT. _a_. L. 1. Ch. 5. I. Cl. 1. S. a. 1. THE GLORY OF KENT, a _Moth_. This is the only _Moth_ of the Kind that I have yet heard was ever taken in _England_ or elsewhere. It was found about the Middle of _April_, 1741, flying in a Wood, in the Day-time, near _Cookham_, by _Westram_, in _Kent_. It was taken by Mr. _William Constable_, who lives near that Place; and the _Moth_ is at present in the Collection of Mr. _Charles Cabrier_, of _London_. The Double-Flowering Peach. _Persica Africana nova, flore incarnato pleno._ Tourn. L. 1. Ch. 5. II. Cl. 1. S. a. 2. THE CLEIFDEN NONPAREIL, a _Moth_. This curious Fly was found by Mr. _Davenport_, sticking against the Body of an _Ash_ Tree, near _Cleifden_, in _Buckinghamshire_. It was taken in the Month of _July_: Is at present in the Possession of _Charles Lockyer_, Esq; and is the only one of the Sort that I have yet seen or heard of. The Ciphian Rose. _Rosa; pimpinella minor Scotica, floribus ex albo & corneo eleganter variegatis._ Pluk. Alm. [Illustration:(Decorative Header)] BOOK II. CHAP. I. _Caterpillars_ producing _Flies_, which resemble partly the _Moth_, and partly the _Butterfly_. CLASS I. SECT. _a._ L. 2. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _a._ 1. [Illustration: (Decorative letter T)] The BURNET-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are to be found feeding on _Hay-Grass_ about the Middle of _May_, at which Time many of them go into the _Chrysalis_ State, within such a Spinning as is expressed in the Plate, and which they make fast to the Stalks of Grass, about a Foot from the Ground. The _Moths_ fly about the Middle of _June_, in the Day-time, and are easily taken. See _Albin_, P. 82. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 57. Vol. 1. _Reaumur_, Pl. 12. Pag. 284. Vol. 2. Pl. 2. Pag. 120. The Burnet Rose. _Rosa pumila, spinosissima, foliis pimpinellæ, glabris, Flore albo._ J. B. [Illustration:(Decorative Header)] BOOK III. CHAP. I. CATERPILLARS, _whose Bodies are_ SMOOTH, _producing_ BUTTERFLIES. CLASS I. SECT. _a._ CATERPILLARS _without any ~Protuberances~, whose ~Chrysalis~ is fixed by the Tail, and hangs in an Horizontal Position, by Means of a Thread fastened round the Back and on each Side, and producing_ SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLIES. L. 3. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _a._ 1. The SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY is produced twice a Year. The first Brood appears in _May_, the second towards the End of _July_. Being in a Meadow near _Cookham_, in _Kent_, on the 5th Day of _August_, 1748, I observed a Female _Swallow-Tail_ hovering over certain Plants, which taking particular Notice of, I found to be the _Meadow Saxifrage_, and examining them carefully, I discovered four Eggs just laid by the _Fly_, wherewith I was highly pleased. On the 13th of the same Month these Eggs produced _Caterpillars_, of Size and Colour as expressed at Figure 1. On the 19th one of the _Caterpillars_ shifted its Skin, and appeared like Figure 2. On the 23d it changed again to the Likeness of Figure 3. On the 4th of _September_ it became like Figure 4. On the 11th of the same Month it appeared in its fifth and last Skin, which was extreamly beautiful, as expressed at Figure 5. On the 22d the _Caterpillar_ was full grown, and fixed itself in the Manner of Figure 6, in order to change into the _Chrysalis_ 7, which was produced on the 26th of _September_; in which State it remains, _January_ 20, 1748-9. I fed the _Caterpillar_ from its being first hatched with the green Leaves of the common Carrot, which it eat plentifully. This fine _Butterfly_ may be taken in the Meadows and Clover Fields about _Cookham_, near _Westram_, in _Kent_, at the Times above-mentioned. It flies so swiftly that it is in vain to follow it, you must therefore wait ’till it settles, and then, if you are near, be nimble, and you may catch it without much Difficulty. The _Flies_ are represented in the next Plate numbered the same as this. See _Reaumur_, Pl. 29. Pag. 486. Also Pl. 30. Vol. 1. Pag. 486. The Meadow Saxifrage. _Seseli pratense nostras._ Park. L. 3. CH. 3. II. CL. 1. S. _a._ 2. The BRIMSTONE-BUTTERFLY lives in the _Fly_ State all the Winter Season, for very early in the Spring you will see them in the Woods flying about and seeking out their Mates. The Food of the _Caterpillar_ is reported by Mr. _Dandridge_ to be the _Buck-Thorn_, on which he fed it ’till the Middle of _June_, when it changed to a _Chrysalis_, and the _Fly_ was bred at the Beginning of _August_. The _Caterpillars_ are rare to be met with, although the _Fly_ is common in Woods and Fields of Clover, in the Months of _August_ and _September_. The Buck-Thorn, with its Berries. _Rhamnus Catharticus._ C. B. P. CLASS II. SECT. _a._ CATERPILLARS _having little or no_ HAIR. _Fastening their ~Chrysalis~ as the last Sort, and producing_ ROUND-WINGED BUTTERFLIES. L. 3. CH. 1. I. CL. 2. S. _a._ 1. The WHITE-BUTTERFLY, with BLACK VEINS. The _Caterpillars_ that produce this sort of _Butterfly_ are sociable and feed together on the _White-Thorn_, till about the Middle of _May_, at which Time they are full fed and change to the _Chrysalis_. The _Fly_ is bred in _June_, and is common among _Hay-Grass_. See _Merian_, Vol. 2. Chap. 35. _Moss._ P. 103. _Raii_, Hist. Insect. P. 115, N. 5. _Albin_, Plate 2. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 3. _Reaumur_, Vol. 2. Pl. 2. P. 120. The Mountain-Elder, and White-Thorn. _Sambucus, racemosa rubra._ C. B. P. L. 3. CH. 1. II. CL. 2. S. _a._ 2. The LARGE WHITE GARDEN-BUTTERFLY breeds twice a Year. The _Caterpillars_ thereof are well known in Gardens and other Places. Their first Brood is in _May_, and the second about two Months after. The _Chrysalis_ that produces the second Brood is only fourteen Days in that State, and the _Fly_ is bred in _July_. Those _Caterpillars_ that go to _Chrysalis_ about _September_ remain in that State all the Winter, and produce their _Flies_ in _May_. These _Caterpillars_ are great Devourers of _Cabbage_ and _Colliflowers_ from _June_ to _September_, which last Month is the Time of their changing into the _Chrysalis_ State. In order to preserve your Cabbages, _&c._ ’tis worth while to destroy their _Chrysalides_ in the Winter, when they may commonly be found under the Coping of Garden Walls, Pales, or any other Places a little shelter’d: Their Eggs likewise should be sought after, and may be found in great Numbers together on the under Sides of the Leaves. _Note_, The _Swallow-Tail Butterfly_ is always bred at the same Time as this _Fly_ is. See _Godart_, Sec. 1. Num. 7. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Chap. 45. _Moufet_, P. 103. _Raii_, Hist. Insect. p. 113. _List_. on _God._ P. 16. Fig. 7. _Albin_, Plate 1. _Rosel_, C. 2. Tab. 4. The Nasturtium Flower. _Acriviola._ J. K. H. L. 3. CH. 1. III. CL. 2. S. _a._ 3. The SMALL WHITE GARDEN-BUTTERFLY breeds twice a Year: The first Brood is at the Beginning of _May_, and the second in _July_. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Cabbage_, _Horse-Radish_, _Cresses_, _&c._ Towards the End of _June_ they tie themselves up by the Tail with a Thread, which goes likewise cross their Middle. The _Fly_ comes forth in _July_, and is very common. See _Albin_, P. 51. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 5. _Lister_ on _Godart_, P. 12. N. 8. _Reaumur_, Vol. 1. Pl. 29. Pag. 486. Vol. 2. Pl. 2. Pag. 120. The Double-Flowering Almond. _Amygdalus sativa flore pleno._ J. R. H. L. 3. CH. 1. IV. CL. 2. S. _a._ 4. The WHITE-BUTTERFLY with GREEN VEINS. This also breeds twice a Year: Its first Brood is in _May_, the second in _July_. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Cabbage_, _&c._ like the foregoing, ties itself up in the same Manner, and the _Fly_ is bred in _July_. It is very common, and may be taken in most Gardens. See _Albin_, P. 52. _Merian_, Vol. 2. Chap. 39. The Purple Auricula. _Auricula, ursi flore Purpureo._ Lob. L. 3. CH. 1. V. CL. 2. S. a. 5. THE ORANGE-TIP, or LADY OF THE WOODS, A BUTTERFLY. We are obliged to Mr. _Rosel_ for the Discovery of the Progress of this and many other curious _Flies_. He says the _Caterpillar_ feeds on the _Brassica Sylvestris_, or _Wild Cole_, whereon the _Fly_ lays its Eggs. The _Caterpillar_ is found in _June_ and _July_, at which Time it changes into a _Chrysalis_. It remains in that State through the Winter, and the _Fly_ is produced in _May_. It is very common in Fields and green Lanes, and breeds but once a Year. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 8. The Mountain-Curran, and the Wild Cole. _Ribes Alpinus dulcis_. J. B. _Brassica Sylvestris_. [Illustration:(Decorative Design)] CATERPILLARS, having little or no Hair, producing SCALLOP-WINGED BUTTERFLIES. SECT. _b._ L. 3. CH. 1. I. CL. 2. S. _b._ 1. The MARMORIS, or MARBLE BUTTERFLY. On the 8th of _July_, 1748. I took with my Net several Females of this sort of _Fly_, which is very common amongst the _Hay-Grass_. I put them in a Box, taking Care to hurt them as little as possible, with full Hopes that some of them would lay their Eggs; and according to my Wishes the next Morning I had 160 Eggs, which, when first laid, were of a fine yellow Colour, but in less than a Minute’s Time they became perfectly white, and are not glutinous like many other Sorts. On the 27th and 28th of the same Month the young _Caterpillars_ appeared, and were put on common Grass to feed: They continued extremely small for some Months, and, notwithstanding great Care was taken of them, only three _Flies_ were produced, the rest all dying in the _Caterpillar_ State. The different Changes observed in these three were as follows. Caterpillars changed Went to The _Flies_ their Skins. _Chrysalis_. were bred. {_1st April_, 11 _May_ 6 _May_ 26 | _June_ 14 | _July_ 11} The {_2d April_, 28 _May_ 21 _June_ 6 | _June_ 30 | _July_ 23} 1748 {_3d May_, 1 _May_ 21 _June_ 9 | _July_ 4 | _July_ 27} The _Caterpillars_ that produced these _Flies_ changed to _Chrysalis_ on the Ground, without fastening themselves to any Thing, and were fed all the Time with common Grass, and it is presumed changed their Skins twice before the 11th of _April_. _Figure_ 1. The Bent Grass. 2. Brown Millet-Grass. 3. Yellow Ladies Bedstraw. 4. The Great Fox-tail Grass. 1. _Gramen segetum, panicula speciosa._ Park. 2. _Gramen miliaceum majus panicula spadicea._ Petiv. 3. _Gallium luteum_, C. B. 4. _Gramen Alopecuroides majus._ Ger. L. 3. CH. 1. II. CL. 2. S. _b._ 2. The MEADOW BROWN-BUTTERFLY. The _Caterpillar_ was found by Mr. _Dandridge_ on the common Grass, with which he fed it ’till the 24th of _May_, when it fastened itself up by the Tail, and changed into a short thick green _Chrysalis_ streaked with black, and on the 11th of _June_ came out the _Butterfly_, which is one of the most common sorts the Fields afford, and yet the _Caterpillar_ is rarely found. See _Albin_, P. 53. The Water Elder. _Opulus_ Ruellii. _Instit._ R. Herb. L. 3. CH. 1. III. CL. 2. S. _b._ 3. The GREAT ARGUS-BUTTERFLY breeds twice a Year: The first Time is in _May_, the second in _July_. _Merian_ says, the _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Grass_, and that it changes to a small green _Chrysalis_, from which proceeds this elegant _Fly_, adorned with brown and black Spots, having two white Horns spotted with black, and Eyes of a beautiful Colour. This _Butterfly_ is very common; its Flight is not swift: It delights to settle on dry Banks and Walls, and in Path-Ways, and is not difficult to take. Its _Caterpillar_ is seldom found. See _Merian_, Vol. 2. Chap. 4. The Passion-Flower. _Granadilla Pentaphyllos Flore cæruleo magno._ Boerh. L. 3. CH. 1. IV. CL. 2. S. _b._ 4. The WOOD ARGUS-BUTTERFLY. This also breeds twice a Year: The first Brood appears at the Beginning of _May_, the second at the Beginning of _July_. It flies slowly, and is to be taken in Woods, green Lanes, _&c._ _Reaumur_ informs us, that the _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Grass_; that it changed to a _Chrysalis_ on the 19th of _June_, and that ten Days after the _Fly_ was bred. See _Reaumur_, Plate 27. Pag. 431. The Spanish Broom. _Genista Iuncea_, J. B. SECT. _c._ _CATERPILLARS having little HAIR, producing BUTTERFLIES, whose Head and Body are much larger (for their Size) than any other BUTTERFLIES: Of which there are several belonging to this Section, whose ~Caterpillars~ have not as yet been discovered._ L. 3. CH. 1. I. CL. 2. S. _c._ 1. The GRIZZLED BUTTERFLY. Mr. _Rosel_ tells us, that the _Caterpillar_ of this _Fly_ was found on the _Mallow_, with the Leaves of which he fed it till the End of _June_, when it spun a Web amongst the Leaves, and changed to a _Chrysalis_, the _Butterfly_ of which was bred the _May_ following. This _Fly_ is to be taken in Woods and Meads, at the Beginning of _May_: and although small, it flies swiftly, so that you must be very quick to take it. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 10. _Merian_, Vol. 1 Chap. 48. The common Mallow. _Malva vulgaris._ Park. [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] CLASS III. CATERPILLARS armed with Spikes. SECT. _a._ _Whose ~Chrysalis~ hangs by the Tail perpendicularly downwards._ L. 3. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. _a._ 1. The ADMIRABLE BUTTERFLY. The great _Stinging Nettle_ is the Food of this _Caterpillar_, which is to be found by observing where the _Nettle-Leaves_ appear to be folded or spun together, for within such Leaves the _Caterpillar_ feeds. It turns in _August_ to a _Chrysalis_, hanging perpendicularly downwards by the Tail, fourteen Days after the _Chrysalis_ is formed the _Fly_ appears. The _Caterpillars_ shelter themselves after this Manner, that they may be the better secured from the too great Heat of the Sun, from Rain, Birds, and a small _Ichneumon Fly_, which often hinders their coming to Perfection, by laying its Eggs therein, which Eggs are of such a glutenous Nature, that they stick fast as soon as laid. Some of the _Chrysalides_ appear as if gilded with burnished Gold, but such usually produce not a _Butterfly_, but a Brood of small, though very beautiful _Ichneumons_. The _Fly_ may be taken in Gardens and other Places, it feeds on _Fruit_ that lies under Trees, _&c._ and is no uncommon _Fly_. It lives quite through the Winter. See _Goedart_, Vol. 1. Tab. 26. Pag. 96. Fig. Opt. List. Fig. 4. Gr. V. 2. Pag. 81. Tab. 81. Fig. Opt. Moff. 100. Num. 6. _An. Hoef._ Tab. 12. Fig. 15. _Raii_, Hist. Insect. P. 126. _Albin_, Pl. 3. _Reaumur_, Pl. 10. Pag. 284, Vol. 1. The Great Stinging-Nettle. _Urtica major vulgaris._ J. B. L. 3. CH. 1. II. CL. 3. S. _a._ 2. The PEACOCK-BUTTERFLY. You must look for the _Caterpillar_ that produces this _Fly_ in the great _Stinging-Nettle_. They are sociable and feed together, are very easy to find, and may be taken full fed towards the End of _June_, at which Time many of them change to the _Chrysalis_, and about fourteen Days after the _Fly_ appears. It is very common, and may be taken on _Thistles_, _Burdock_, _Clover_, &c. The _Chrysalis_ of this _Fly_, as well as the preceding, sometimes looks as if gilt with Gold: but such fine outsides usually produce _Ichneumons_. This _Fly_ likewise lives all the Winter. See _Reaumur_, Pl. 25. Pag. 446. Vol. 1. _Goed._ Vol. 1. P. 23. Fig. opt. 1. _List._ Fig. 1. _Graf._ Vol. 1. Tab. 26. Pag. 53. _Raii_, Hist. Insect. Pag. 122. N. 14. _Moufet_, P. 99. N. 4. _Hoef._ Tab. 12. Fig. opt. 9. _Johns._ Inst. 40. n. 4. Tab. 5. _Albin_, Pl. 4. _Rosel_, Cl. 1. T. 3. _Smith’s_ Newington Peach. L. 3. CH. 1. III. CL. 3. S. _a._ 3 The PAINTED-LADY-BUTTERFLY. In this Plate two _Butterflies_ are represented, the upper one of which is the _Painted Lady_. Its _Caterpillar_ feeds on the great _Stinging-Nettle_, _Thistles_, _&c._ changes to a _Chrysalis_ within the Leaves folded together in the Middle of _June_, is fourteen Days in that State, and then the _Fly_ comes forth. It may be taken on the same Growths as the last, but is not so common. Figure 4 represents, the SMALL TORTOISE-SHELL-BUTTERFLY, which is very common, and breeds twice a Year: The first Brood is towards the End of _June_, the second about the End of _August_. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Nettles_, is open and sociable, and may be taken full fed about the Middle of _June_, and the Middle of _August_, and is about fourteen Days in _Chrysalis_. This _Butterfly_ out-lives the Winter. See _Lister_ on _Goedart_, Pag. 7. N. 5. _Albin_, Pl. 56. Fig. 4. _Goed._ Vol. 1. Pag. 90, Fig. opt, 21. _List._ Fig. 2. _Graf._ Vol. 1. P. 89. _Mouff_, 101. N. 11, figured against N. 12. _Hoef._ Tab. 2. Fig. opt. 16. _Raii_, Hist. Insect. Pag. 117. N. 1. _Albin_, Pl. 4. _Rosel_, Cl. 1. Tab. 4. _Reaumur_, Pl. 26. Pag. 446. Vol. 1. The Great Stinging-Nettle. _Urtica major vulgaris._ J. B. L. 3. CH. 1. V. CL. 3. S. _a._ 5. The GREAT TORTOISE-SHELL-BUTTERFLY. When the _Caterpillars_ of this _Fly_ are young, they feed together on the Leaves of the _Elm-Tree_, _&c._ About the Middle of _June_ they are full fed, and usually tie themselves up by the Tail under the Copings of Walls, or some such Shelter; in the Beginning of _July_ the _Fly_ comes out, and delights to settle in dry Path-ways, as also on the Bodies of Trees, _&c._ is swift in its Flight, and requires Nimbleness to take it. The _Chrysalis_ is very apt to produce _Ichneumons_ instead of its own _Butterfly_, those Creatures having laid their Eggs therein. This _Fly_ lives all Winter. See _Reaumur_, Pl. 23. Pag. 382. Vol. 1. _List._ on _Goedart_, Pag. 3. N. 3, _Merian_, Vol. 2. Tab. 2. _Albin_, Pl. 55. _Rosel_, Cl. 1. Tab. 2. The Common Elm-Tree. _Ulmus minor folio Angusto Scabro._ Ger. Emac, 1480. L. 3. CH. 1. VI. CL. 2. S. _a._ 6. The COMMA-BUTTERFLY breeds twice a Year: The first Time towards the End of _June_, and the second about the Beginning of _September_. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Hop-Leaves_, _Nettles_, _&c._ puts on the _Chrysalis_ Form in _June_ and _August_, and is about fourteen Days in that State, when the _Fly_ appears, which may be taken in Gardens, on _Blackberry_ Blossoms, by the Sides of Hedges, and in such like Places. The Colours of the first Brood of this _Butterfly_ are considerably lighter than as here represented. The Double Wild Poppy, with a fiery-coloured Flower edged with white. _Papaver, erraticum, flore pleno igneo marginibus candidis._ H. L. L. 3. CH. 1. VII. CL. 2. S. _a._ 7. The GREAT FRITILLARY-BUTTERFLY. Mr. _Rosel_ says, the _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Nettles_, in the private Recesses of Woods, that it changes into the _Chrysalis_ State at the End of _May_, and that the _Fly_ is produced in _June_. This _Butterfly_ is very swift in Flight, and is best taken in the Forenoon, when it will settle and feed on _Blackberry Blossoms_, _Thistles_, _&c._ They are most commonly found in Woods, and the Fields adjacent to Woods. See _Rosel_, Cl. 1. Tab. 7. The Bramble. _Rubus major, fructu nigro._ J. B. L. 3. CH. 1. VIII. CL. 2. S. _a._ 8. The PLANTAIN FRITILLARY-BUTTERFLY. The _Caterpillar_ hereof feeds on _Plantain_, _Clover_, and _Grass_, changes to a _Chrysalis_, within a Web of its own spinning, upon the Surface of the Ground, at the Beginning of _May_, and the _Fly_ appears fourteen Days after. The _Caterpillars_ are sociable, and feed together. They appear of a very timorous Nature, for if you move the Food on which they are, they immediately quit their Hold and fall to the Ground, and there remain in a curl’d up Form till such Time they think the Danger over. The _Butterfly_ is swift in Flight, but may be taken if diligently attended to, in Fields of _Hay-Grass_, at the Time above-mentioned. _Figure_ 1. Rough Grass. 2. Plantain. 3. Clover. 1. _Gramen asperum._ J. B. 2. _Plantago major vulg._ C. B. L. 3. CH. 1. IX. CL. 2. S. _a._ 9. The HEATH FRITILLARY-BUTTERFLY. I found the _Caterpillars_ of this _Fly_ feeding on common _Heath_ in _Tottenham_-Wood, about the Middle of _May_, 1745, and they are of the same fearful Nature as the last-mentioned. Six or seven of them were feeding near each other, I observed their Manner of eating, which was extremely quick, and when they moved it was at a great Rate. I fed them with common _Heath_ for three or four Days; at the End of which some of them changed into _Chrysalis_, in which State they remained about fourteen Days, and then the _Flies_ came forth. This _Butterfly_ is very common in most Woods, but its _Caterpillar_ is very rarely found. Common Heath in Flower. _Erica Vulgaris._ Park. L. 3. CH. 1. X. CL. 2. S. _a._ 10. The WILLOW-BUTTERFLY. About the Middle of _August_, 1748, two of this Species of _Butterfly_ were taken near _Camberwell_, in _Surry_: But in all my Practice I have never seen any of them in the Fields; so that they were look’d upon as very great Rarities. They are very common in _Germany_, and Mr. _Rosel_ tells us, the _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Willow_, and may be found all the Summer. The _Caterpillar_ and _Chrysalis_, in the Plate, are taken from a Draught by Mr. _Rosel_. See _Rosel_, Cl. 1, Tab. 1. The White Dog-Rose. _Rosa arvensis candida._ C. B. L. 3. CH. 1. XI. CL. 3. S. a. 11. The SMALL FRITILLARY-BUTTERFLY. About the 10th of _April_, 1741, I took upon the Ground upwards of one Hundred of these _Caterpillars_, in _Cain_ Wood. I gave them to eat a Variety of Growths (which I gathered on the Spot where I found the _Caterpillars_) but they were so restless and uneasy under Confinement, that they seemed in continual Motion, neither would they eat any of the Food I gave them. On the 18th of _April_ ten of the _Caterpillars_ fastened themselves up by the Tail, in order to their changing into the _Chrysalis_ State, (the rest being dead or gone away) and on the 3d of _May_ following the _Flies_ were bred. This _Butterfly_ is to be taken in Woods and Grass-Fields adjacent to Woods, in the Month of _May_. The Variegated Ketmia. _Ketmia Syrorum Flore variegato._ J. R. H. L. 3. CH. 1. XII. CL. 2. S. a. 12. The GREAT FRITILLARY-BUTTERFLY, with SILVER SPOTS. I take this _Fly_ to be of the Class under Consideration. On the 15th of _July_, 1748, I had three Eggs laid by such a _Fly_ as is represented in the Plate at Fig. 1, and on the 5th of _August_ the young _Caterpillars_ came forth; which, being examined with a Microscope, appeared to be of the Size represented. They were of a Flesh Colour, with Rows of Black Spots on each Joint like the _Caterpillars_ of the _Emperor Moth_, and out of each Spot grew Hairs of a sandy Colour. The Eggs were beautifully fluted down the Sides, were flat at the Bottom, and had a glutenous Moisture upon them, which occasioned their sticking fast wherever the _Fly_ chose to leave them. The _Caterpillars_ on this present 10th of _February_, 1748-9, seem to be alive, but are very small, and, I believe, have eat nothing all the Winter, though they have had Grass given them, which I take to be their proper Food. The _Fly_ frequents Woods and Meads, and loves to settle on _Blackberry Blossoms_, _Thistles_, &c. At the Beginning of _July_ they may be taken with your Net; but as no _Butterfly_ is more swift in Flight, you must attend till they settle, then be nimble and you may catch them. The Scorpion Sena. _Emerus Cæsalpin._ [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] CHAP. II. CATERPILLARS shaped like Wood-Lice. CLASS I. SECT. _a._ L. 3. CH. 2. I. CL. 1. S. _a._ 1. The PURPLE HAIR-STREAK-BUTTERFLY. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Oak-Leaves_, becomes a _Chrysalis_ at the Beginning of _June_, and in a Month after the _Fly_ appears. This _Butterfly_ is not so easily taken as some others, for when it is not feeding it usually settles high. I have taken the greatest Numbers early in a Morning, when I have found them feeding on the Blossoms of the _Blackberry_. See _Albin_, P. 57. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 9. The Oak-Tree. _Quercus._ L. 3. CH. 2. II. CL. 1. S. _a._ 2. The BROWN HAIR-STREAK-BUTTERFLY. The _Caterpillar_ of this _Butterfly_ is seldom found: which, I believe, is owing to the oddness of its Shape and Colour, which are exactly represented in the Plate. I took four of them by beating the _Black-Thorn_, and fed them on the same till the Middle of _June_, at which Time they changed into the _Chrysalis_, and the _Fly_ was bred in the Middle of _August_. This _Butterfly_ delights to settle on the _Maple-Tree_, &c. by beating the Branches whereof the _Fly_ will rise, and may be taken in your Net. The Black-Thorn. _Prunus Sylvestris._ Germ. Emac. L. 3. CH. 2. III. CL. 1. S. _a._ 3. The GREEN BUTTERFLY. Mr. _Dandridge_ took the _Caterpillar_ of this _Fly_ at the Beginning of _July_, feeding on the inside of the _Blackberry_ Buds, in which it made a small Hole, whereby it entered, and eating all the inward Part, left the Buds seemingly entire: It fed on them till the Middle of _July_, and then changed to a _Chrysalis_; and in the Middle of _April_, the Year following, the _Fly_ was bred. This _Butterfly_ is most common in and near Woods; it delights to settle on Boughs four or five Feet from the Ground, by moving which the _Fly_ will rise, and if not much frighted will settle on or near the same Place again, by which Means you may take it with your Net. The best Time to catch this _Butterfly_ is from the first to the fifteenth of _May_. The Blackberry, with its Fruit and Blossom. _Rubus, major, fructu nigro._ J. B. [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] CHAP. III. _Of BUTTERFLIES whose Generation is not yet known._ CLASS I. SECT. _A._ L. 3. CH. 3. I. CL. 1. S. _A._ 1. The BLUE ARGUS-BUTTERFLY breeds twice a Year: The first Brood appears in _May_, the second at the End of _July_ and Beginning of _August_. This _Fly_ is very common in most _Hay-Fields_ at those Times, and is easily taken. As for the _Caterpillar_ and _Chrysalis_, I have never yet heard that they have been discovered by any Body. The Green Gage-Plumb. _Prunus fructu rotundo e viridi flavescente, carne dura suavissima._ Miller. L. 3. CH. 3. II. CL. 1. S. _A._ 2. The PURPLE HIGH-FLYER, or EMPEROR OF THE WOODS. Neither the _Caterpillar_ nor _Chrysalis_ of this charming _Fly_ has been yet discovered, although sought after with the utmost Diligence for several Years past. The _Butterfly_ appears at the End of _June_ and Beginning of _July_, and may be taken in _Comb_-Wood in _Surry_, about _Westram_ in _Kent_, and in other Places. It flies like a Hawk, delighting to soar aloft and skim in the Air. When it settles it is usually on some extreme Part of the _Oak_, _Hasle_, or _Ash-Tree_: and what is very singular, I myself have seen twenty of them taken on the same Branch one after another, for although the _Fly_ seems to be extremely wild whilst on the Wing, yet, when settled, you may lay your Net over it with little Trouble. The Oak _with its_ Acorns. _Quercus._ _FINIS._ INDEX to the _FLIES_. A. Admirable Butterfly. 55 Angle Shades. 3 Argus Butterfly. —— great. 53 —— Wood. _ibid._ —— blue. 63 Argus Moth. —— Buff. 37 Arrach Moth. —— July. 36 —— Wild. 3 B. Bindweed Hawk. See Hawk Moth. Black Arches. 19 Black-thorn Moth. 6 Black Tussock. See Tussock-Moth. Bramble Moth. 26 Brimstone Butterfly. 48 Brimstone Moth. 39 Brindled Beauty. 35 Brindle Moth. 43 Broom Moth. 4 —— green. 37 Buff-Argus. See Argus Moth. Buff Moth. —— spotted. 20 Buff Tip. 21 Burnet Moth. 46 C. Cinnabar Moth. 26 Codling Moth. 5 Comma Moth. 57 Cleifden Nonpareil. 45 Cream-spot Tyger. See Tyger Moth. Crimson Underwing. See Underwing Moth. Curran Moth. See large Magpye. D. Dagger Moth. 28 December Moth. 23 Drinker. 27 E. Ealing’s Glory. 12 Egger. —— Grass. 23 —— great. 22 —— small. 25 —— small Oak. 44 Elephant, or, Ladies Bedstraw Moth. 11 —— small. 7 Emperor Moth. 15 Emperor of the Woods, or, Purple High-Flyer. 63 Ermine Moth. —— great. 20 —— small. 4 Eyed Willow Hawk. See Hawk Moth. F. Fox-coloured Moth. 25 Fritillary Butterfly. —— great. 57 —— —— with silver Spots. 59 —— Heath. 58 —— Plantain. _ibid._ —— small. 59 G. Gipsey Moth. 20 Glory of Kent. 45 Goat Moth. 15 Gold-spot Moth. 8 Gooseberry Moth. 42 Green Broom Moth. See Broom Moth. Green Butterfly. 62 Green Moth with silver Lines. H. Hair-streak Butterfly. —— Purple. 61 —— Brown. _ibid._ Hawk Moth. —— Bindweed, or, Unicorn Moth. 9 —— Eyed Willow. 10 —— Jessamine. 9 —— Lime; or, Olive Shades. 10 —— Poplar. 11 —— Privet. 10 Hawthorn Moth. 40 J. Jessamine Hawk. See Hawk Moth. July Arrach Moth. See Arrach Moth. July Sallow Moth. See Sallow Moth. L. Lackey Moth. 21 Lady of the Woods; or, Orange Tip. 51 Ladies Bedstraw Moth. See Elephant. Lappit Moth. 27 —— Wild Pine Tree. 29 Lime Hawk. See Hawk Moth. Lime Moss Moth. 37 M. Large Magpye, or Curran Moth. 42 Marmoris, or marble Butterfly. 52 Meadow Brown. _ibid._ Mother of Pearl Moth. 24 Mottled Umber. 36 N. Nut-tree Tussock. Sec Tussock Moth. O. Oak-Moth. —— yellow July. 24 —— small Green. 4 —— scallop-wing’d. 6 Oak Egger. See Egger Moth. October Moth. 38 Olive Shades. See Lime Hawk. Orange Moth. 40 Orange Tussock. See Tussock. Orange Tip. See Lady of the Woods. Ozier, or Pebble Moth. 12 P. Painted Lady. 56 Peacock Butterfly. 55 Pease Blossom. 3 Pebble Moth. See Ozier Moth. Plumb-Tree Moth. 17 Poplar Hawk. See Hawk Moth. Privet Hawk. See Hawk Moth. Province Rose Moth. 5 Purple High-Flier. See Emperor of the Woods. Puss Moth. 13 R. Ranunculus Moth. 7 Red Spot Tussock. See Tussock Moth. Richmond Beauty. 39 S. Sallow Moth. 5 —— July. 36 Scallop-wing’d Moth. 39 Scarlet Tyger. See Tyger Moth. Silver Y Moth. 34 Spotted Buff. See Buff Moth. Spotted Elm Moth. 38 Spotted red and white Underwing. See Underwing. Swallow-Tail Butterfly. 47 Swallow-Tail Moth. 38 Sword-Grass Moth. 8 Sycamore Tussock. See Tussock Moth. T. Great Tortoise-shell Butterfly. 56 Tussock Moth. —— black. 30 —— Nut-tree. 31 —— Orange. _ibid._ —— Red-spot. 30 —— Sycamore. 32 —— yellow. 30 Tyger Moth. —— Cream-spot. 18 —— great. _ibid._ —— Scarlet. 19 —— Wood. 24 U. Underwing Moth. —— Crimson. 33 —— great yellow. 2 —— spotted red and white. 23 —— Willow red. 17 Unicorn Moth, See Bindweed Hawk Moth. W. Water Betony Moth. 7 White Butterfly with black Veins. 49 —— with green Veins. 50 White Garden Butterfly. —— large. 49 —— small. 50 White Satin Moth. 21 Wild Arrach Moth. 3 Wild Rose Moth. 14 Willow Butterfly. 58 Willow red Underwing. See Underwing Moth. Wood Tyger. See Tyger Moth. Y. Yellow Tail. 28 Great yellow Underwing. See Underwing Moth. [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] Index to the _PLANTS._ A. Alder Tree. _Alnus._ 28 Almond Tree. _Amygdalus sativa._ 25 —— double flowering. 50 Apple Tree. _Malus._ 19 Apricot. _Malus Armeniaca._ —— Brussels. 6 —— Masculine. 31 —— Orange. 26 Red Archangel. _Lamium rubrum._ 30 Wild Arrach. _Atriplex._ 3 Arsmart. _Persicaria._ 20 B. Small Bindweed. _Convolvulus minor._ 9 Bistort. _Bistorta._ 28 Blackberry. _Rubus._ 25 Black-thorn. _Prunus sylvestris._ 12, 16, 24, 61 Blue Bells. _Hyacinthus Anglicus._ 39 Bramble. _Rubus._ 38, 57, 62 —— white Fruit. 16 Broom. _Genista._ 5 —— Spanish. _Genista Juncea._ 53 Buckthorn. _Rhamnus Cartharticus._ 48 C. Cherry. _Cerasus._ —— double flowering. 23 —— Honey. 35 —— May. 25 —— Wild Black. 36 Chickweed. _Alsine media._ 19 Codling. _Pomum coctile._ 5 Wild Cole. _Brassica sylvestris._ 51 Columbine. _Aquilegia._ 24 Crab Tree. _Malus sylvestris._ 21 Cranes Bill. _Geranium._ 22 Curran Tree. _Ribes._ 42 —— black. _Ribes nigrum._ 36 —— Mountain. _Ribes Alpinum._ 51 D. Double Stock July Flower. _Leucoium._ 2 E. Elder. —— Mountain. _Sambucus._ 49 —— Water. _Opulus._ 53 Elm. _Ulmus._ —— Common. 57 —— smooth leav’d. 31, 39 —— Witch. 38 G. Gooseberry Tree. _Grossularia._ 42 Grass. —— Bent. _Gramen Segetum._ 52 —— brown Millet. _Gramen Miliaceum._ _ibid._ —— great Fox-tail. _Gramen Alopecuroides._ 52 —— rough. _Gramen Asperum._ 58 —— white Darnel. _Gramen loliaceum._ 28 Guelder Rose. _Opulus._ 8 H. Carolina Hawthorn. _Mespilus Caroliniana._ 40 Common Heath. _Erica vulgaris._ 58 Hounds Tongue. _Cynoglossum._ 19 Vredenriek Hyacinth. _Hyacinthus Belgicus._ 24 J. Jessamine. _Jasminum._ 9 —— Spanish. _Jasminum Humilius._ 40 Persian Iris. _Xiphium Persicum._ 8 K. Ketmia. —— Purple flower’d. _Ketmia._ 8 —— Variegated. _Ketmia Syrorum._ 59 L. Ladies Bedstraw. —— yellow. _Gallium luteum._ 52 —— white. _Gallium album._ 11 Larkspur. _Delphinium._ 3 Small-leav’d Lime Tree. _Tilia fœmina._ 10 M. Common Mallow. _Malva vulgaris._ 54 N. Nasturtium. _Acriviola._ 50 Red Roman Nectarine. _Nucipersica._ 17 Needle Furze. _Genista spinosa._ 37 Nut Tree. _Corylus._ 23 O. Oak Tree. _Quercus._ 33, 61, 63 Ozier. _Salix vulgaris._ 12 P. Passion Flower. _Granadilla._ 53 Peach. _Persica._ —— double flowering. _Persica Africana._ 45 —— Orange. 4 —— Smith’s Newington. 56 Periwinkle. _Pervinca_. 6 Privet-headed Phylerea. _Phyllyrea._ 27 Plantain. _Plantago major._ 58 —— lesser. _Plantago minor._ 24 Plumb. _Prunus._ —— Apricot. 36 —— Cherry. 24 —— Great Mogul. 3 —— Green Gage. 63 —— Hatfield. 18 Poplar. _Populus._ —— black. 11 —— white. 21 Double wild Poppy. _Papaver erraticum_. 57 Ever green Privet. _Ligustrum._ 10 R. Ragwort. _Jacobea._ 26 Ranunculus. _Ranunculus._ 24 —— double Orange. 7 —— red. 39 Rose. _Rosa._ —— Burnet. _Rosa Pumila._ 46 —— Ciphian. _Pimpinella Scotica._ 45 —— double Velvet. _Rosa holoserica._ 44 —— Moss Provence. _Rosa Provincialis._ 6 —— Sweet Briar. _Eglanteria._ 28 —— —— double flowered. 37 —— white Dog. _Rosa arvensis candida._ 59 —— Wild. _Rosa sylvestris._ 12 —— yellow. _Rosa lutea._ 6 —— white double Garden. _Rosa alba hortensis._ 30 S. Sage. _Salvia._ 34 —— yellow flowered. _Phlomis._ 37 Sallow. _Salix._ 5 Meadow Saxifrage. _Seseli pratense._ 48 Sena. —— Bladder. _Colutea vesicaria._ 43 —— Scorpion. _Emerus._ 60 St. John’s Wort. _Hypericum._ 31 Great Stinging-Nettle. _Urtica major._ 55, 56 Small Sun-Flower. _Corona solis._ 20 Sycamore Tree. _Acer._ 32 T. Yellow-striped Tulip. _Tulipa._ 4 Tway-Blade. _Bifolium._ 22 V. Yellow Vetchling. _Lathyrus._ 22, 28 W. Water Betony, or Water Figwort. _Betonica aquatica_, _Scrophularia aquatica._ 7 Willow. _Salix._ 13, 15 —— Crack. _Salix Fragilis._ 11 —— Dwarf. 41 —— Weeping. 17 —— Yellow Dwarf. 21 White Bells. _Hyacinthus._ 24 White-thorn. _Mespilus, sive Oxyacanthus._ 22, 39, 49 Wild Pine Tree. _Pinus sylvestris._ 29 Wood Pease. _Astragalus sylvaticus._ 28 [Illustration: (Decorative Design)] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 3._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 4._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 5._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 6._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 7._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 8._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 9._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 10._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 11._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 12._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 13._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 14._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 15._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 16._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 17._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. A. 18._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. B. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. B. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. B. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. B. 3._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. B. 4._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. B. 5._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. B. 6._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. B. 7._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. C. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. D. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. E. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. E. 3._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 3._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 4._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. b. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. 1. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 3._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 4._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 5._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 6._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 7._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 8._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 9._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 10._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 11._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 12._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 13._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 14._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 15._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 16._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 17._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 18._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 19._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. 2. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. 3. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. b. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. b. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. b. 3._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. b. 4._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. s. b. 5._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. c. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. c. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. c. 3._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. c. 4._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. c. 5._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. c. 6._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. 2._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. 2._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 3._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 4._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 5._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 6._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 7._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. b. 3._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. b. 4._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. b. 5._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. s. b. 6._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 3. s. b. 7._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. s. b. 8._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 2. S. b. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. II._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 2._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. b. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. IV._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. V._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. I. ch. V._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 2._] [Illustration: _L. II. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. I. S. a. 2._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 2._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 3._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 4._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. a. 5._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. b. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. b. 2._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. b. 3._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. b. 4._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 2. S. c. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 2._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 3._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 5._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 6._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 7._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 8._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 9._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 10._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 11._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. I._ _Cl. 3. S. a. 12._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. II._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. II._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. II._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 3._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 1._] [Illustration: _L. III. ch. III._ _Cl. 1. S. a. 2._] TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE Plates in this eBook have been positioned to be adjacent to the content that references them. Illustrations without captions have had a description added, this is denoted with parentheses. The indexes were not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references. Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources. Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a predominant preference was found in the original book. Punctuation of Plate numbers has been standarized. Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. Introduction: “Mohts” replaced with “Moths” Table: “Sattin” replaced with “Satin” Pg 24: “Vredenrick” replaced with “Vredenriek” Pg 28: “Darnell” replaced with “Darnel” Pg 29: “Arminiaca” replaced with “Armeniaca” Pg 36: “Ichnemon” replaced with “Ichneumon” Pg 28: “Darnell” replaced with “Darnel” Pg 53: “Archangle” replaced with “Archangel” Pg 59: “FRITTILLARY” replaced with “FRITILLARY” twice. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 73622 ***