Primeira origem da arte - de imprimir dada à luz pelo primeiros characteres

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Primeira origem da arte, by Jo„o Villeneuve This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Primeira origem da arte de imprimir dada ‡ luz pelo primeiros characteres Author: Jo„o Villeneuve Release Date: August 3, 2006 [EBook #18974] Language: Portuguese Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRIMEIRA ORIGEM DA ARTE *** Produced by Rita Farinha and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by National Library of Portugal (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal).) PRIMEIRA ORIGEM DA ARTE DE IMPRIMIR DADA A LUZ PELOS PRIMEIROS CHARACTERES, Que Joaı de Villeneuve formou para serviÁo da Academia Real da Historia Portugueza. Dedicada a ELREY Dom JOA’ V. seu Augustissimo Protector. LISBOA OCCIDENTAL. Na Officina de Joseph Antonio Da Sylva, Impressor da Academia Real. MDCCXXXII. [Figura: aberto por Pedro de Rochefort. Lisboa 1732] Senhor Com a generosa protecÁaı de Vossa Magestade naı sÛ renascem em Portugal as Letras, mas agora pode dizerse [~q] nascem; pois sem as [~q] eu venho a introduzir nos dilatados dominios de Vossa Magestade, naı podiam as outras propagarse, e fazer-se eternas sendo os bronzes, em [~q] eu as deixo gravadas, as primeiras formas para as estatuas, e para as InscripÁoens, [~q] Vossa Magestade merece como Heroe, de quem os Sabios da Academia Real haı de escrever a Historia, [~q] se h· de imprimir com estas minhas letras, se o seu grande Character podese descreverse, e escreverse em Characteres tam pequenos. Attrahido pela fama [~q] com verdade pinta a Vossa Magestade por toda Europa segundo Augusto no seculo litterario de Portugal, sem valerme de outro Mecenas, vim buscar a felicidade de ser subdito seu, deixando Paris por Lisboa para introduzir nella a incognita, e utilissima Arte de fundir, e gravar as Matrises, e PunÁoens, deque se serve a maravilhoza Arte Typografica, e [~q] atÈ agora ou se mandavam vir de fÛra do Reyno, saindo delle consideravel cabedal, ou se uzava das imperfeitas, e gastadas com o tempo, sem poder aperfeiÁoarse por esta causa as ediÁoens dos melhores Livros: como em Europa h· tam poucos Artifices desta minha manufactura, he crivel, [~q] venhaı a Portugal procuralla dos Reynos mais vizinhos, convertendose o damno em publico beneficio. Teve Vossa Magestade, Senhor, com a sua alta comprehenÁaı tam prompto conhecimento deste meu zelo, [~q] logo o remunerou com huma pensaı, e o [~q] he mais, o admittio, e honrou com o seu Real agrado: para o naı desmerecer, offereÁo a os pes de Vossa Magestade alguns indicios das letras [~q] tenho fabricado, estando prompto para fazer as outras, sem me intimidarem as Hebraicas, Gregas, e Arabigas, [~q] sam taı precizas para as doutas dissertaÁoens da Academia, e para perpetuar os monumentos originaes, [~q] nestas, e outras Lingoas se conservaı em todo o dilatado Imperio de Vossa Magestade pelas quatro partes do mundo. Espero, Senhor, [~q] nem a ociozidade, nem a distracÁaı me faÁaı indigno da benevolencia de Vossa Magestade, [~q] procurarei naı desmerecer em quanto a Vida me durar. Joaı de Villeneuve. PRIMEIRA ORIGEM DA ARTE DE IMPRIMIR. _Primeira Prova Destes Novos Characteres_. De muitas cousas grandes, que se admiraı no Mundo, se naı sabe o principio; assim succedeo ‡ Patria de Homero, ao nascimento do rio Nilo; e assim acontece tambem ‡ origem da Arte de imprimir; se naı he que os progressos das mesmas Artes muitas vezes saı os mayores impedimentos para se saberem com certeza os seus nascimentos, por[~q] com a experiencia, e o uso dos artifices se costumaı augmentar de forte, [~q] naı parecem as mesmas, e como insensivelmente crescem, naı he facil determinarlhe, nem o lugar em [~q] se inventaraı, nem as primeiras pessoas [~q] as acharaı, por[~q] a diversidade dos lugares, e multiplicidade dos Authores, [~q] as aperfeiÁoaraı, fazem provaveis as muitas opinioens, que naı sem fundamento se seguem, e que por ambiÁaı de gloria se arrogaı as Cidades, e naÁoens, [~q] se costumaı jactar de terem produzido homens em qualquer profissaı insignes; para o que naı concorre menos a emulaÁaı taı poderosa, quando he louvavel para exercitar as mais laboriosas, e engenhosas producÁoens, e taı efficaz quando he viciosa, para promover os effeitos mais escandalosos do odio. Alguns querem fazer nesta Arte a differenÁa, [~q] costuma haver nas producÁoens da natureza, affirmando [~q] foy muy diverso o tempo, em [~q] se concebeo, daquelle em que sahio a luz, e diversas tambem as pessoas, [~q] concorreraı para [~q] se conseguisse o fim pertendido. Os Hollandezes, como Boxornio affirma no seu Theatro de Holanda, attribuem a LourenÁo Coster, guarda do Palacio Real da Cidade de Harlem, a invenÁaı desta admiravel Arte; o que pertendem provar com huma inscripÁaı, [~q] ainda presentemente se lÍ na porta da Casa, em [~q] o mesmo LourenÁo Coster assistio, na qual se anticipa muito o nascimento da Impressaı ‡ opiniaı cımua, declarando-se, que ella se inventara no anno de 1440. havendo a contradiÁaı de se ler na Estatua do mesmo LourenÁo Coster, que elle fora outro Cadmo, e o primeiro inventor deste utilissimo Artefacto no anno 1430. o [~q] ainda se faz tanto mais incrivel, quanto mais se afasta esta opiniaı do anno em que se vÍ [~q] foraı impressos os primeiros Livros, que appareceraı no Mundo. Servese este Author tambem do [~q] escreveo Adriaı Junio, Medico, e Historiador de Hollanda, [~q] no seu Livro, [~q] intitulou _de Batavia_, diz [~q] assistindo LourenÁo Coster em huma Casa de Campo, e passeando por hum Bosque, lhe lembrara fazer huns characteres de pao de _Faia_ com os quaes imprimira alguns Versos em papelaı; e assim este Author, como o primeiro em que fallei, seguraı existirem varios Livros, [~q] nomeaı para mostrarem [~q] LourenÁo Coster seu Nacional fora quem inventara a Arte de imprimir taı anticipadamente, como ambos affirmaı; e para corroborarem mais a sua opiniaı, dizem [~q] o mesmo LourenÁo Coster vendo, que lhe succedera bem na primeira prova dos characteres de pao, os fizera de chumbo, ou de estanho, e para o ajudar chamara a Joaı Fauste, ou Fust. PorËm Malinchrot na sua Arte Typographica he de parecer, [~q] as primeiras folhas de alg[~u] dos Livros, [~q] os Hollandezes allegaı para mostrar que os imprimira LourenÁo Coster, se lhe ajuntaraı depois, e por este, e outros principios mais solidos segue, que a invenÁaı da Arte de imprimir pertence aos naturaes de Moguncia, e naı aos de Harlem, como entendem todos os que fazem o melhor, e mais certo juizo sobre esta materia, julgando [~q] este invento se deve a Joaı Guttemberg natural de Strasbourg, a quem ajudara muito Joaı Fauste, ou Fust no anno 1440. ou [~q] pelo contrario, o inventor fora Joaı Fust; e [~q] Joaı Guttemberg, e Pedro Schofer seu genro, [~q] depois foy do mesmo Fust, contribuira sÛmente com a despeza necessaria para se pÙr em pratica este projecto; e a isso se accrescenta, que dos primeiros Livros, que se imprimiraı, foy hum intitulado: _Speculum Salutis_, que os de Harlem pertendem [~q] j· de antes estivesse impresso em vulgar por LourenÁo Coster; porËm o [~q] Berthio diz no 3^{ro} Livro da descripÁaı de Alemanha, fallando de Moguncia, pÛde tirar toda a duvida, [~q] se mover nesta questaı, ficando satisfeitos os sequazes de huma, e outra opiniaı; por[~q] diz elle, [~q] neste Livro _Speculum Salutis_, como em outros muitos das primeiras ediÁoens da Officina de LourenÁo Coster, observara, que cada pagina fora impressa sobre numa forma, ou taboa, em [~q] se esculpiraı as letras como abertas ao buril, e naı com characteres separados; do que se pÛde julgar, que LourenÁo Coster achou em Harlem a invenÁaı de imprimir com esta forma, ou taboa, do modo de que dizem usaı os Chinas; e [~q] Guttemberg, Fauste, e Schofer foraı os [~q] inventaraı em Moguncia os characteres moveis, e separados huns dos outros, para se poderem compor as syllabas, as palavras, e as paginas, como presentemente se pratica; mas a mais cımua opiniaı he a [~q] seguem Tritemio na sua Chronica, Polidoro Virgilio, Bruschio no Catalogo dos Bispos de Moguncia, Salmuth sobre Pancirolo Sabellico nas suas Eneadas, e Wemphelingo, que escreveo em 1511. os quaes affirmaı, [~q] Joaı Guttemberg natural de Strasbourg fora o primeiro, que nesta Cidade inventara a Arte de imprimir; e que passando a Moguncia, ahi a concluira felizmente. Esta he a opiniaı, que commummente se segue como mais verdadeira, com que concorda Ferrario na descripÁaı da Cidade de Moguncia, com outros que Naude cita na addiÁaı ‡ Historia de Luiz XI. os quaes affirmaı, que Joaı Guttemberg, Cavalhero Alemaı, natural da Cidade de Strasbourg, procurando, ainda [~q] sem fruto, pÙr esta Arte na ultima perfeiÁaı na mesma Cidade de Strasbourg, se achara obrigado a hir para Moguncia, aonde passou o resto da sua vida, alcanÁando o Privilegio de natural della, o que foy cauza de muitos Authores lhe chamarem Moguntino, como tambem na InscripÁaı seguinte. JOANNI GUTTEMBERGENSI MOGUNTINO, Qui Primus omnium Litteras AEre imprimendas invenit Hac Arte de Orbe toto benemerenti YVO Vintigensis Hoc Saxum pro Monumento posuit. Guttemberg naı podendo fazer os gastos, e despezas necessarias para se pÙr em pratica esta Arte, (porque a mayor parte dos primeiros Livros se imprimiraı em pergaminho para poderem passar por Manuscritos, e por isto custavaı muy caros) se vio obrigado a fazer sociedade com Joaı Fust, ou Fauste, acima nomeados, ajudado de seu genro Pedro Schoffer, ou Opilio de Gernshain, [~q] se tem pelo primeiro inventor dos PunÁoens e Matrizes, aos quaes cımunicou o seu projecto, com que ultimamente se publicaraı tantos effeitos desta Arte, como o explicou Arnaldo Bergellano nestes Versos. Addidit huic operi lucem sumptumque laboris Faustus Germamus, munera fausta ferens. Et levi ligno sculpunt & grammata prima, Quae poterat variis quisque referre modis. Materiam bibulae supponunt indË papyri Aptam, quam libris littore Nilus alit. Insuper aptabant mitti quas sepia guttas Reddebat pressas sculpta tabella notas. Sed qui non poterat propria de classe character Tolli, nec variis usibus aptus erat, Illi succurrit Petrus cognomine Schoffer, Quo vix caelando promptior alter erat. Ille sagax animi praeclare toreumata finxit, Quae sanxit matris nomine posteritas. Et primus vocum fundebat in aere figuras, Innumeris cogi quae potuere modis. E mais adiante fallando nesta mesma sociedade neste distico: Illo primus erat tunc Guttembergus in albo, Alter erat Faustus, tertius Opilio. Principiaraı estes Inventores a imprimir os primeiros Livros no anno de 1450. como se acha escrito no Livro intitulado _Trithemianarum Historiarum Breviarium_: isto mesmo confirma Erasmo no prologo de hum Tito Livio, impresso em 2 Volumes no anno de 1519 em Moguncia, por Joaı Schoffer, filho de Pedro Schoffer, e Neto de Joaı Fust, no fim do qual se lÍ tambem hum Privilegio do Emperador Maximiliano, dado ao mesmo Joaı Schoffer em consideraÁaı de seu avou Joaı Faust ter inventado a Arte de imprimir. A Biblia, que estes mesmos primeiros inventores imprimiraı, era tam semelhante ‡s manuscritas, que levando Joaı Faust muitos Exemplares a Pariz, de que a mayor parte eraı de pergaminho, ornados com grandes Letras, e Vinhetas de ouro feitas de maı, como ainda muitos existem, os vendeo por Escritos de maı por hum preÁo muy consideravel; porËm advertindo os [~q] os tinhaı comprado, que os Exemplares eraı muitos, o accusaraı pelo crime de feitiÁaria; e isto obrigou a Joaı Fauste a retirarse para Moguncia; e naı se achando ainda seguro, passou a Strasbourg, aonde assistio alg[~u] tempo, e alli ensinou esta Arte a Joaı Metelin, ou Mentel, que foy o primeiro, que a exercitou em Strasbourg. Depois publicou por hum Edital o Parlamento de Pariz, que declarava livre de culpa a Joaı Faust, reconhecendo a grande utilidade da admiravel Arte de imprimir. Tendo estes engenhosos Artifices impresso estas Biblias, e alguns mais Livros, se deviaı separar, ou morrer, porque se naı achaı outros com os seus nomes; e assim se principiou a divulgar este invento pelos criados, e Officiaes destes primeiros Impressores. Joaı de la Caille na sua Historia da Impressaı, de quem tirey a mayor parte destas noticias, diz que Roma fora a primeira Cidade aonde se principiou a exercitar esta Arte no anno de 1467. sendo Pontifice Paulo II, e que o primeiro Livro, [~q] ahi imprimiraı Conrado Suvenhein, e Arnoldo Parmarts, fora a Cidade de Deos de Santo Agostinho, e que por isto se ficara chamando a letra em que esta Obra foy impressa, com o mesmo nome do Santo; porËm eu entendo, que Joaı de la Caille se engana, se he certo o que pessoas dignas de mayor credito me affirmaraı, dizendome que na Livraria de huma das primeiras Casas deste Reyno se acha hum Livro impresso em Lisboa sem data, porËm em lugar della, se lÍ nelle, que fora impresso 8 annos depois de se inventar a Arte da Imprimissaı; (saı palavras do mesmo Livro) e como o mesmo de la Caille assenta, que os primeiros Livros se principiaraı a imprimir no anno 1450. sendo certa a noticia da nossa primeira ediÁaı, tambem fica sem duvida, que j· em Lisboa havia Impressaı no anno 1458. que saı nove annos antes que esta Arte se exercitasse em Roma, como diz o mesmo de la Caille; mas sobre esta materia espero tratar mais com extenÁaı em outra Obra a [~q] mais propriamente pertence. Foy tal o progresso, [~q] em breve tempo fez esta utilissima Arte, que dentro do mesmo seculo de 400. se introduzio o seu uso nas Cidades mais principaes de Europa, e os que a exercitaraı, tiveraı tanta estimaÁaı, que mereceraı occupar muitos lugares, e Officios pela sua capacidade, a qual parece que adquiriraı pelo mesmo emprego em que se occupavaı, tirando do seu trabalho o melhor lucro no estudo [~q] faziaı, e pelas noticias com [~q] se instruiaı. Sirva a todos de exemplo o celebre Aldo Manuntio, que floreceo no mesmo seculo de 400. e a quem devem os Professores da Lingua Latina a mayor luz para penetrarem os mysterios mais escuros, e o methodo mais efficaz de se aproveitarem das riquezas deste Thesouro da erudiÁaı. Os louvores desta Arte naı cabem nem ainda em tantos volumes, quantos por ella se tem publicado, porque todas quantas ediÁoens se fizerem pelos seculos futuros, todas seraı novas provas da sua utilidade, porque ninguem negar‡, que se a Arte de escrever he a mais necessaria para o cımercio dos homens de Negocio, e para o mais trato civil, a Arte de imprimir he a mais precisa para os homens de letras, e para todas as Artes, e Sciencias, que tambem ajudaı ao negocio, e ‡ conservaÁaı do genero humano, com a differenÁa, [~q] a Arte de escrever suppre ordinariamente a falta da presenÁa dos que vivem, e a Arte de imprimir resuscita os que j· naı existem, conservando lhes o nome, e a fama, que he huma vida mais perduravel. Devem pois entre os Artifices, que concorrem para este fim, ser mais estimados, naı sÛ os que fundem os characteres, mas os que formaı aquelles instrumentos donde elles nascem, e muito mais os que executaı huma, e outra cousa; de sorte que naı sÛ enriquecem as officinas da Impressaı com as letras mais bem formadas, mas lhes deixaı as fontes inexgotaveis dos PunÁoens, Matrizes, e Moldes, de que por muitos seculos se poder·ı valer para se refazerem de toda a especie de characteres, que lhes forem necessarios. Aos Soberanos pertence mais que a ninguem exaltar, e favorecer a Arte de imprimir, porque nesta Officina se forja a trombeta da sua Fama; e o metal [~q] se emprega neste exercicio, naı he menos conducente para permanecer a sua gloria, que o das Estatuas, em que tanto se ostenta a dos Heroes, a quem se dedicaı semelhantes incentivos da memoria, ficando esta mais diffusa, e nobremente eternizada pelas relaÁoens das faÁanhas, escritas, e impressas pelo character das virtudes referidas, e pela eloquencia dos Historiadores, e Panegyristas, do que pela semelhanÁa da figura representada, ou pela estatura do corpo figurada, que mais serve para lembrar a pessoa, do que para persuadir o merecimento. Assim espera _Joaı de Villeneuve_ ter a mayor fortuna, [~q] he merecer o agrado de Vossa Magestade por esta prova, [~q] offerece dos characteres [~q] formou, e fundio para o serviÁo da Impressaı da Academia Real da Historia Portugueza. * * * * * O Director, e Censores da Academia Real da Historia Portugueza mandaı imprimir esta prova dos primeiros characteres, que fez Joaı de Villeneuve para uso da Impressaı da mesma Academia. Lisboa Occidental, 18 de Janeiro de 1732. O Conde da Ericeira. O Marquez de Alegrete. Joseph da Cunha Brochado. O Marquez de Abrantes. O P. D. Manoel Caetano de Sousa. O Marquez Manoel Telles da Sylva. 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