Petrified Forest National Monument (1953)

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Petrified Forest National Monument (1953), by National Park Service This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Petrified Forest National Monument (1953) Author: National Park Service Release Date: June 7, 2019 [EBook #59692] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PETRIFIED FOREST NATIONAL MONUMENT *** Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net [Illustration: Cover: _Petrified Logs in the Rainbow Forest._] Petrified Forest NATIONAL MONUMENT · ARIZONA [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE · DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR] PETRIFIED WOOD MAY NOT BE REMOVED FROM THE MONUMENT _The National Park System, of which Petrified Forest National Monument is a unit, is dedicated to the conservation of America’s scenic, scientific, and historic heritage for the benefit and enjoyment of the people._ Petrified Forest National Monument, containing 85,304 acres of federally owned land, has the greatest and most colorful concentration of petrified wood known in the world. In the monument are six separate “forests” where giant logs of agatized wood lie prostrate, surrounded by numerous broken sections and smaller chips and fragments. The area is a part of the Painted Desert of northern Arizona, a region of banded rocks of many hues carved by wind and rain into a fantastic landscape. Here and there beds of shale contain perfectly preserved fossil leaves of plants of a remote age. Occasionally the bones of giant reptiles and amphibians are washed from their burial places in the deposits. _PREHISTORIC INDIANS LIVED IN PETRIFIED FOREST_ The ruins of pueblos built by Indians in pre-Columbian times, from 800 to 1,400 years ago, are scattered on nearly every mesa throughout the monument. Low mounds, strewn with blocks of sandstone and bits of broken pottery, mark the sites of these ancient homes. Some of the dwellings, such as the Agate House in the Third Forest, were built of blocks of petrified wood, and smaller fragments of this material were chipped into arrowheads, knives, and scrapers. Many petroglyphs (pictures carved into the surface of the rock) are found on the sandstone rocks throughout the area. _HISTORY_ Apparently the first man to report the “stone trees” was Lieutenant Sitgreaves, an Army officer who explored parts of northern Arizona in 1851, soon after Arizona was acquired by the United States. The petrified forests remained largely unknown, however, until the settlement of northern Arizona began in 1878 and the Atlantic and Pacific, now the Santa Fe Railway, was completed across northern Arizona in 1883. During the following years, the existence of the petrified forests was threatened by souvenir hunters, gem collectors, commercial jewelers, and abrasive manufacturers. Entire logs were blasted to obtain the quartz and amethyst crystals often found within the logs, and much agate was carried away for making jewelry. The erection of a stamp mill near the forests to crush the petrified logs into abrasives offered the most serious threat. Alarmed, the citizens of Arizona, through their territorial legislature, petitioned Congress to make the area a national reserve “so that future generations might enjoy its beauties, and study one of the most curious results of nature’s forces.” Following an investigation by Lester F. Ward, of the United States Geological Survey, Petrified Forest National Monument was established by President Theodore Roosevelt on December 8, 1906, under authority of the Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities. _THE GEOLOGIC STORY_ _The Forests._—About 160 million years ago, in Triassic time, northern Arizona was probably a lowland where shifting streams spread sand and mud over the plains. Scientists believe that the growing forests were upstream, possibly as much as a hundred miles west and southwest of the present petrified forests. The principal tree resembled modern pines, but was more closely related to the Araucarian pines of South America and Australia. Remains of two other kinds of primitive trees are also occasionally found. _The Trees Were Buried._—Natural processes, sometimes hastened by destructive fires and ravages of insects, are believed to have killed the trees. Certainly, many of them decayed on the ground, but others fell into streams and came to rest in bays or on sand bars where rapid burial by mud and sand prevented their decay. The deposits in which these trees were buried eventually turned to the hard sandstones and shales now called the Chinle formation. These were buried at least 3,000 feet beneath layers of sand and silt spread by shallow seas. _The Logs Petrified._—The sediments in which the logs were buried contained a large amount of volcanic ash, high in the mineral silica. This silica was picked up by ground water, carried into the wood, and deposited in the cell tissue. The mineral filled the wood solidly, forming the present petrified log. However, the greater part of the original cellulose remains. The various color patterns were caused by oxides of iron and manganese. This particular type is known as agatized wood. Cavities in the logs were often filled or lined with quartz crystals. _How the Forest Was Brought to Light._—Since the forest was buried there have been several periods of great mountain making. Forces from deep in the earth thrust the Rockies and Sierras upward several thousand feet, and the land between was lifted far above its former position near sea level. As a result of this great mountain growth, certain areas became arid and desertlike; soon wind and rain started wearing down the great deposits that covered this region. Large river systems carried away the loose mud, sand, and gravel which finally found its way to the sea. Thus the sediments that once covered the forest were removed. Finally the layers in which the logs were buried were cut by canyons and ravines, revealing the great petrified logs and the many bands of colored rock that make up the Painted Desert. It is believed that the petrified logs were cracked in many places by the weight of sediments and earthquakes during the mountain uplift period. As the logs wash from the hillsides, they break into sections which accumulate in piles at the base of the cliffs. Only a small portion of the petrified forests is now exposed, for logs occur below the surface of the ground to a depth of about 300 feet. _Broken Log Sections._—Rhythmic vibrations of earthquakes during the period of uplift of the land are believed to have produced fine cracks at more or less regular intervals across the petrified logs. As erosion of the softer material around the logs took place at the surface of the land, the exposed cracks widened, separating the logs into sections. _The Painted Desert._—The badlands of the Petrified Forest areas and the Painted Desert get their color from the ancient volcanic deposits of that region, and the surface forms are typical of desert erosion. The material from which the badlands were sculptured originally was deposited layer upon layer as volcanic ash. The decomposition of the ash which released silica for petrification converted the ash into claylike rock, called bentonite. When pure, the bentonite is nearly white, but in the Painted Desert it is stained all shades of red, orange, maroon, blue, purple, and yellow by iron minerals that also came from volcanic ash. [Illustration: _Interesting Formations in the Third Forest._] Bentonitic beds in arid or semiarid regions erode into badlands. The bentonite absorbs water like a sponge, swells, and disintegrates into a fine mud. As a result, the torrential summer rains that fall in northern Arizona rapidly cut the banded, bentonitic beds into sharp, conical hills, turreted ridges, and sharp, interbranching canyons and ravines. When dry, the bentonite is hard and strong, thus preserving these intricate badlands forms during the long periods between rains. Locally, a hard sandstone caprock may prevent rapid erosion of the shales beneath to form an abrupt-sided, table-topped butte or mesa. The resistant capping of the rim of the Painted Desert is composed of ancient volcanic rock. _INTERPRETIVE SERVICE_ All visitors are invited to see the Rainbow Forest Museum. Its exhibits include many outstanding examples of polished petrified wood, fossils, and minerals; charts explaining the formation of the petrified forests and the badlands; and a diorama. Other exhibits may be seen at the Painted Desert Museum, which is open during the summer. During the summer months short talks are given periodically in the Rainbow Forest Museum; and, as circumstances permit, guided tours through the Rainbow Forest are conducted by park ranger naturalists. All of these services are free of charge. _TRAVEL INFORMATION_ Excellent paved approach roads make Petrified Forest National Monument easily accessible by car, and it can be visited throughout the year. US 66, crossing the area near the Painted Desert, is the approach from the east. Travelers from the southeast, south, and west enter from US 260. The monument road connects these two main highways and leads through the more interesting parts of the area. This road through the monument is closed to through travel at night. Travelers by rail must obtain privately operated cars in Gallup, N. Mex., and Holbrook and Winslow, Ariz., for tours through the monument as no scheduled tours are available. _ACCOMMODATIONS AND SUPPLIES_ At the Rainbow Forest, a small picnic ground, equipped with table, shade, and water supply, is available for free use in daytime only. There are no camping facilities. The nearest towns having cabin, hotel, store, and garage facilities are Holbrook, Ariz., 20 miles west; Gallup, N. Mex., 92 miles east; and St. Johns, Ariz., 42 miles southeast. Distances are from monument headquarters. Meals, gasoline, and souvenirs may be obtained at the Painted Desert Inn and at the Rainbow Forest Lodge. _ADMINISTRATION_ A superintendent is in immediate charge of the monument. Communications should be addressed to him at Petrified Forest National Monument, Holbrook, Ariz. _GUIDE FOR VISITORS_ From US 66—Read down From US 260—Read up _Painted Desert Rim Drive._—Take road from US 66 to rim. Distance back to US 66, via rim, about 4 miles. Beautiful view of Painted Desert. Museum of Indian Arts and Crafts in basement of Painted Desert Inn. _Painted Desert._—Erosion cutting across the many colored beds of shale and sandstone produced the “Painted Desert.” _Puerco River Ranger Station._—To enter monument, secure automobile permit, 50 cents. Visit Puerco Indian Ruin back of ranger station. Ruin indicates 150 to 160 rooms. Built 800 to 900 years ago. To leave monument, get clearance. _Newspaper Rock._—Side road ¼ mile. Fine trail—12 to 15 minutes. Remarkable prehistoric Indian “writings” (petroglyphs) probably 800 to 900 years old. Made by chipping through outer dark sandstone surface with sharp tool, probably of petrified wood. The many interesting figures, symbolic designs, and characters have never been interpreted. Please do not deface them. _Lower Blue Forest Drive._—Fine side road—½ mile to parking area. Typical badlands exposures. _Blue Forest Connecting Trail._—Gravel trail—1 mile long—50 to 60 minutes. Leads to Upper Blue Forest Parking Area, where driver can meet anyone walking across trail. Logs on 3 levels. The only forest with pink logs. Remarkable “chip” piles. _Upper Blue Forest Drive._—Good graveled road—3 miles to parking area. Fine panoramic view of Blue Forest badlands and Puerco River Valley. Conglomerate capped mesa. Head of Blue Forest Connecting Trail. [Illustration: _Agate Bridge._] _Agate Bridge Trail._—5 to 10 minutes. Petrified log, 111 feet long, forms natural bridge; span about 40 feet. Erosion of sandstone by rain water produced this bridge. Pedestal Log a short distance south. _First Forest._—Fine side road—8 to 10 minutes. Highly colored, broken logs very abundant, eroding from conglomerate bed that caps mesa. _Second Forest._—Good trail—20 to 25 minutes. Peculiar white, silicified logs; logs are fire scarred; carbonized material present. Hollow logs show crystals in place. _Third Forest and Agate House._—Paved trail—25 to 40 minutes. Finest long log area—some 150 to 160 feet. Panorama Knoll gives good view. Agate House side trail to pre-historic Indian dwelling partially restored; built of petrified wood 800 to 900 years ago. _Rainbow Forest._—Start from museum on all-paved trail—15 to 20 minutes. Logs show beautiful bands of color. Old Faithful, one of the largest logs, at top of trail. Mather Memorial on side trail. _Rainbow Forest Museum._—Charts and exhibits tell the complete story of the Petrified Forest. They include beautiful polished sections of agatized wood, fossil reptiles, and amphibian skulls, bones, and teeth. _US 260 Ranger Station._—To enter monument, secure automobile permit, 50 cents. Drive carefully. To leave monument, get clearance and information on roads. _Please help to maintain and protect Petrified Forest National Monument by refraining from destroying or removing specimens of petrified wood (no matter how small the piece) or defacing or marking ruins, pictographs, petroglyphs, or other works of prehistoric man. If each of the hundreds of thousands of yearly visitors took pieces of petrified wood, there would soon be none left. Once removed, it is gone forever—it cannot be replaced._ Your cooperation in observing the above will make it unnecessary to impose penalties of fines or imprisonment, or both, as provided for under the laws of the United States Government for the protection of Petrified Forest National Monument. You may purchase petrified wood from the monument concessioner, who gets his supply from dealers handling wood obtained from private lands outside of the monument. The following items, which through their observance will tend to make your trip and that of your neighbors more enjoyable, are listed for your guidance: The monument is a sanctuary for all living things. Please do not molest the wild birds or animals or pick wild flowers. Pets may be brought into the monument only on leash, crated, or otherwise under physical restrictive control. Picnicking is permitted at the headquarters picnic area only. Unless adequately sealed, cased, broken down, or otherwise packed to prevent their use while in the monument, firearms are prohibited except upon written permission from the superintendent. Professional photographers using motion picture cameras must obtain a permit from the superintendent. All accidents should be reported to the nearest ranger station. The speed limit is 35 miles per hour. Please drive with caution and heed all traffic signs. Lost and found articles should be reported to the nearest ranger station. An annual fee of 50 cents is charged each automobile and motorcycle entering the monument. The monument road between the Rainbow Forest and the Painted Desert is closed to through travel at night. THE PARK RANGERS ARE HERE TO ASSIST YOU AS WELL AS TO PROTECT THE MONUMENT AREA. WHEN IN DOUBT ASK A RANGER—THANK YOU. [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR · March 3, 1849] UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, _Secretary_ NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, Conrad L. Wirth, _Director_ [Illustration: PETRIFIED FOREST NATIONAL MONUMENT ARIZONA] PAINTED DESERT Pilot Rock HIGHEST POINT IN MONUMENT (EL. 6235) CHINDE MESA Black Forest RIM OF PAINTED DESERT PAINTED DESERT INN MUSEUM PUERCO RIVER LITHODENDRON WASH DEAD RIVER Cottonwood Wash ATCHISON TOPEKA & SANTA FE RY. ADAMANA TO GALLUP NEW MEXICO U. S. 66 TO GALLUP 72 MILES TO HOLBROOK 25 MILES U.S. 260 TO HOLBROOK 20 MILES TO ST. JOHNS 42 MILES PUERCO RIVER CHECKING STATION HIGHWAY CLOSED AT NIGHT PARKING AREA PETROGLYPHS INDIAN RUINS NEWSPAPER ROCK Twin Buttes The Haystacks Blue Forest 3 MILES PARKING AREA First Forest PARKING AREA AGATE BRIDGE SECOND FOREST PARKING AREA Rainbow Forest PETROGLYPHS The Flattops Third Forest RAINBOW FOREST ADMINISTRATION OFFICE HEADQUARTERS CHECKING STATION (El. 5472) HIGHWAY CLOSED AT NIGHT MUSEUM STORE PARKING AREA RAINBOW FOREST LODGE Picnic Area VICINITY MAP PETRIFIED FOREST NAT. MON. NAVAJO INDIAN RESERVATION U. S. 66 Gallup Holbrook U. S. 260 Concho St. Johns NM PF 7001 Revised Aug. 1952 REVISED 1953 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1953 O-F—2307 Transcriber’s Notes —This eBook is based on a U.S. government publication which is public domain in the United States. —Corrected a few palpable typos. —Within the map, transcribed labels, and added italicized text where needed to define the context. —In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Petrified Forest National Monument (1953), by National Park Service *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PETRIFIED FOREST NATIONAL MONUMENT *** ***** This file should be named 59692-0.txt or 59692-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/6/9/59692/ Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director [email protected] Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.