Every-Day Errors of Speech

癤풲he Project Gutenberg EBook of Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. P. Meredith This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Every-Day Errors of Speech Author: L. P. Meredith Release Date: May 19, 2010 [EBook #32435] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH *** Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH BY L. P. MEREDITH, M.D., D.D.S., AUTHOR OF "THE TEETH, AND HOW TO SAVE THEM." PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 1876. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year, 1872, by L. P. MEREDITH, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. INTRODUCTION _Damas._ * * * The Prince of Como does not understand his own language. _Melnotte._ Not as you pronounce it: Who the deuce could? It may be regarded as one of the commendable peculiarities of the English language that, despite provincialisms, vulgarisms, neglected education, foreign accent, and the various corrupting influences to which it is subjected, it may be understood wherever it is heard, whatever differences of distance or associations may have existed between the speaker and the listener, both claiming familiarity with it. Considering these influences and the arbitrariness of the orthoepical rules of the language, there has been expressed surprise that frequent degenerations into uncouth dialects or patois have not occurred. A decent regard for the common weal should cause gratification that such degenerations have not taken place, for were it not for the ability of our tongue to preserve its individuality against the tendency toward corruption, we might reasonably fear such a Babel-like confusion, that, when asked, "Do you speak English?" one might appropriately, _sans_ the profanity, reply in the language of the text, "Not as you pronounce it: Who the deuce could?" While the majority of people place no other value upon language than that of convenience, and are indifferent to any corruption, so long as they can simply understand and be understood, there is happily a better class, the 챈sthetic cultivation of which is such that those who belong to it are anxious to preserve the purity of our vernacular and are ashamed of all errors of speech in their daily conversations. For such it will not be uninteresting to look over a number of errors, principally of pronunciation, that are not formally laid down as such in books, and which people, even many of the best educated, are constantly committing, just because they have never had their attention called to them. These errors are becoming more deeply rooted every day and if not soon eradicated, it will not be many years before our orthoepic standard will be overthrown as it was in England some years ago. Smart, one of the most celebrated of English orthoepists, in the preface of his dictionary says: "The proprietors of Walker's dictionary, finding it would slide entirely out of use unless it were adapted to the present day, engaged me as a teacher of elocution, known in London since Walker's time, to make the necessary changes." A standard pronouncing dictionary is a work that involves an extraordinary amount of labor and research in its compilation, and exerts an influence almost autocratical. The possibility of its becoming worthless in a short time is strange, especially when it is not on account of any work claiming superiority, but merely because error long persisted in finally becomes more authoritative than the original exemplar. With little effort, however, we can discern the causes. Persons are apt to acquire the pronunciation and use of the greater number of words by imitation, rather than by study. With confidence in the knowledge of the parent, teacher, minister, physician and others, their examples are followed without ever considering that they are often very fallible guides. A complete dictionary is an immense volume, and to turn over its pages with even a casual observation of each word, requires an amount of time that few would feel like devoting to it; and yet this is the only way in which a person can become _assured_ of the sanctioned pronunciation and meaning of a great many words. If they would make it an invariable rule to make memoranda of all the words they read or hear spoken, about the orthoepy and import of which they are not absolutely certain, and at their first leisure opportunity would consult their chosen authority, it would not be long before the majority of errors would be corrected; but this requires memory, inclination, time, continuity of purpose, possession of dictionaries or access to them--circumstances that are seldom found combined. It will doubtless be useless to rehearse any of the arguments commonly employed to prove the necessity of having some sovereign standard, to the guidance of which we must be willing to submit. Those for whom this work is intended will be willing to admit that. Nor is it necessary to assert that as far as the English speakers of the United States are interested, the only works that lay claim to such a position are the dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. If the right of the opinions of the majority of scholars throughout the land were alone considered, the former would certainly be entitled to the preference; but the work of the latter is too full of merit and has too many adherents in the ranks of the educated to permit any one to say that it is not worthy of high esteem. With my own preference for the former and with my willingness to acknowledge the worth of the latter, I have consulted both authorities concerning every word in the following vocabulary--that is, every word requiring reference to either. It will be seen that there is much less difference between the decisions of the two dictionaries than is commonly supposed. By this reference to each, I have not only corrected errors in an impartial manner, but have also stopped up that loop-hole through which so many try to escape by saying, when they are called to account according to one dictionary, that they do not accept that as their standard. As far as the people of this country are concerned, there is no escape from the conclusion that a person is considered a correct or an incorrect speaker of English, according to whether or not he conforms his discourse to one of the above mentioned authorities. At first glance it will appear that the size of this volume is not at all commensurate to the task of correcting the many errors that are heard in our communication with all classes that pretend to speak the English language. It is not intended to instruct those whose education has been so neglected that they are guilty of the grossest violation of syntax and orthoepy, nor to cultivate the taste of those whose selection of words and cant and slang phrases betrays the low grade of the associations by which they have been surrounded. It is designed rather as a collection of the more common of those errors, chiefly orthoepical, that I have before spoken of as being of constant occurrence even among people of education, unless they have paid considerable attention to philology or _belles-lettres_. If by presenting them in this convenient form, thus saving much time and trouble in referring to the dictionary, I have merited the thanks of my readers, or if I have contributed even a mite toward the conservation of the present usage, I shall feel amply repaid. I have taken advantage of the alphabetical arrangement to introduce a few miscellaneous errors that might have been placed under a separate heading. Instead of dividing the words into syllables and loading them with marks as is usually done in dictionaries, I have thought that it would make a deeper impression on the memory to present the words as they are commonly seen in print, depending on respelling to furnish the correct and incorrect accent and pronunciation. The corrections have first been made according to Webster; if Worcester is unmentioned, it is to be understood that both authorities agree. _Cincinnati, December 20, 1871._ Errors of Speech. KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE RESPELLING The long sounds of a, e, i, o, u, are represented by 훮, 휆, 카, 흲, 큰. The short sounds of a, e, i, o, u, " 훱, 휈, 칸, 흵, 큼. _a_, as in _air_, _pair_, is represented by 창. _a_, " _far_, _arm_, " " 채 or ah. _a_, " _all_, _haul_, " " aw. _a_, " _what_, _squat_, " " 흵. _e_, " _ere_, _where_, " " 챗. _e_, " _obey_, _weight_, " " 훮. _e_, " _her_, _term_, " " 챘. _i_, " _machine_, " " 휆 or ee. _i_, " _dirk_, _whirl_, " " 챦. _o_, " _done_, _son_, " " 큼. _o_, " _woman_, " " 흵흵. _o_, " _do_, _move_, " " 흲흲. _o_, " _for_, _storm_, " " 척 or aw. _oo_, " _soon_, _moon_, " " 흲흲. _oo_, " _foot_, _good_, " " 흵흵. _u_, " _rude_, _rule_, " " 흲흲. _u_, " _push_, _pull_, " " 흵흵. _u_, " _burn_, _turn_, " " 체. _oi_,} " _oil_, _toy_, " " oi. _oy_,} _ou_,} " _found_, _owl_, " " ow. _ow_,} _c_, as in _city_, _cite_, is represented by s or 챌. _c_, " _can_, _cut_, " " k. _ch_, " _child_, _much_, " " ch. _ch_, " _machine_, " " sh. _ch_, " _chorus_, " " k. _g_, " _ginger_, " " j. _n_, " _think_, _uncle_, " " 챰. _qu_, " _require_, " " kw. _s_, " _these_, _ease_, " " z. Obscure vowel sounds, or those which are glided over in a word without any noticeable accent, are unmarked. In those cases where the pronunciation is so evident that mistakes seem improbable, the marks are also omitted. EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH. A. =Abacus=--ab쨈a-k큼s, not a-b훱k쨈큼s. =Abdomen=--ab-d흲쨈men, not ab쨈do-men. =Acclimate=--ak-kl카쨈m훮te, not ak쨈kli-m훮te. =Acclimated= is also accented on the second syllable. =Acclimatization=--ak-kli-mat-i-z훮쨈shun, not ak-kl카쨈ma-ti-z훮-shun. =Adult=--a-d큼lt쨈, not 훱d쨈ult. =Aerated=--훮쨈er-훮-ted, not 훮쨈r휆-훮-ted. "_Areated bread_" is a mistake that is frequently made. =Ailantus=--훮-l훱n쨈t큼s, not 훮-l훱n쨈th큼s; 훱t-l훱n쨈tus is a still worse error. =Albumen=--al-b큰쨈men, not al쨈bu-men. =Alder=--awl쨈der, not 훱l쨈der; it is the name of a _tree_ and does not mean the ordinary _elder_. =Alike.= It is sufficient to say that two persons or things are _alike_, not _both alike_. The word associated with _alike_ is just as unnecessary as it is with _resemble_ and _equal_ in the following sentences: "These two men _both_ resemble each other." "These two sums are _both_ equal." =Allopathy=--al-l흵p쨈a-thy, not al쨈lo-path-y. =Allopathist= is similarly accented. =Alpaca=--al-p훱k쨈a, not al-la-p훱k쨈a. =Altercate=--훱l쨈ter-k훮te, not awl쨈ter-kate. =Amenable=--a-m휆쨈na-ble, not a-m휈n쨈a-ble. =Among.= A thing is divided _among_ many and _between_ two. =Amour=--a-m흲흲r쨈, not am쨈-m흲re nor 훮쨈m흲흲r. =Angry.= Say angry _with_ a person and _at_ a thing. =Animalcula= is the plural of _animalculum_; there is no such word as _animalcul흹_. Animalcule (singular) and animalcules (plural), are proper words; the former is pronounced an-i-mal쨈k큰le and the latter an-i-mal쨈k큰lz. =Antarctic=--ant-채rk쨈tik, not ant-채r쨈tik. =Antepenult=--an-te-pe-n큼lt쨈, not an-te-p휆쨈n큼lt. =Apex=--훮쨈pex, not 훱p쨈ex. =Apparatus=--ap-pa-r훮쨈tus, not ap-pa-r훱t쨈us. =Aquaria=, not _aquariums_, is the plural of _aquarium_. =Arabic=--훱r쨈a-b칸k, not a-r훱b쨈칸k, a-r훮쨈b칸k, nor 훱r쨈a-b훱k; which errors are very common, especially in the compound word _gum-arabic_. =Arbitrary= is often incorrectly pronounced as if spelled _ar-bi-ta-ry_. =Archangel=--채rk-훮n쨈jel, not 채rch-훮n쨈jel. =Archbishop=--채rch-bish쨈op, not 채rk-bish쨈op. =Archipelago=--채rk-i-pel쨈a-g흲, not 채rch-i-pel쨈a-g흲. =Architect=--채r쨈ki-tect, not 채r쨈chi-tect. =Archives=--채r쨈k카vez, not 채r쨈ch카vez, nor 채r쨈k휆vez. =Arctic=--채rk쨈tik, not 채r쨈tik. =Arid=--훱r쨈id, not 훮쨈rid. =Aroma=--a-r흲쨈ma, not 훱r쨈o-ma. =At= should not be used when it has no possible connection with the other words of a sentence; as, "Where are you living _at_?" =At all=, not a tall. =Attacked=, not attackted. =Auction=--awk쨈shun, not 흵k쨈shun. =Ay= or =Aye=, meaning _yes_, and =aye=, an affirmative vote, are pronounced 채칸 and not 카 nor 훮. =Aye=, meaning forever, always (used chiefly in poetry), is pronounced 훮 not 카 nor 채칸. B. =Bade=--b훱d, not b훮de. =Badinage=--b훱d쨈in-채zh, not b훱d쨈in-훮je. Worcester gives the same pronunciation, but places the accent on the last syllable. =Balance.= There are two common errors connected with this word. One is to write it _ballance_: the other is to use it in the sense of _remainder_, _rest_, etc.; as, the _balance_ of the day, the _balance_ of the people. Balance means properly "the excess on one side, or what added to the other makes equality." The corrupt use of the word, as above mentioned, is laid down as a vulgarism. =Bantam=, not _banty_. =Bellows=--b휈l쨈l큼s, not b휈l쨈l흲z. The plural is the same as the singular. =Besom=--b휆쨈zum, not b휆쨈sum. A broom. =Betroth=--be-tr흵th, not be-tr흲th. =Betrothed=, =Betrothal=, etc., are similarly pronounced. =Blacking=, not _blackening_ for boots and shoes. =Blouse=--blowz, not blowss. =Bologna=--b흲-l흲n쨈ya, not b흲-l흲쨈na. _Bologna_ sausage, _Bologna_ phial, etc. =Bona fide=--b흲쨈na-f카쨈de, not b흲쨈na-f카de nor b흵n쨈a-f카de. =Booth.= The _th_ is sounded as in the preposition _with_, not as in _both_. =Bouquet=--b흲흲-k훮쨈 or bo흲흲쨈k훮, not b흲-k훮쨈. =Bourgeois=, meaning a kind of type, is pronounced b체r-jois쨈, not like the following word: =Bourgeois=, a citizen, pronounced b흲흲r-zhwaw쨈. =Brand-new=, not _bran-new_. Although the latter adjective is much used, it is evidently a corruption of the former. An article in its newness may be bright like a _brand_ of fire, or the _brand_ of the manufacturer may remain intact, but there is certainly no _bran_ about it. =Breeches=--br칸tch쨈ez, not as spelled. =Bretzel=, not _pretzel_. A brittle German cake. =Brilliant.= A diamond of the finest cut, with its faces and facets so arranged as to secure the greatest degree of brilliancy--whence the name. The name to many conveys the idea of paste, or imitation. A _rose_ diamond may be just as pure, but its depth does not permit it to be made a _brilliant_ of without a much greater loss of substance. =Brougham=--br흲흲m or br흲흲쨈am, not br흲쨈am nor brow쨈am. A kind of carriage. =Burst=, =Burst= and =Bursting=, not _bust_, _busted_ and _busting_. C. =Calculate= is often inappropriately used in lieu of _believe_, _suppose_, _expect_, etc., as in the following sentences: "I _calculate_ you are my friend;" "I _calculate_ the report is true." Still worse than this passive misuse is that active one of using the word in some such sense as this: "Doctor, I know that you are a man of great intelligence and I have unlimited confidence in your honor and ability; but I must say that I think the course of treatment pursued by you during this epidemic, is _calculated_ to increase the mortality among your patients." How inconsistent with the encomium is the dreadful accusation just following! As if the Doctor had sat down and _calculated_ how he could cause injury rather than benefit. Calculate means to ascertain by means of figures or to study what means must be used to secure a certain result. A person may make a speech, write a book, or do anything else _calculated_ to do good, or more rarely, evil, but the intention to accomplish the object spoken of must be present, before the word can be properly used. =Calliope=--kal-l카쨈o-pe, not kal쨈li-흲pe. =Calvary=, not _cavalry_, when the place of our Saviour's crucifixion is meant. =Camelopard=--ka-mel쨈o-p채rd or kam쨈el-o-p채rd, not kam-el-l휈op쨈ard. =Cantatrice=--k훱n-ta-tr휆쨈che, not k훱n쨈ta-treess. =Canon=--k훱n쨈yun, not k훱n쨈nun. A deep gorge or ravine. Spelled also =Canyon=, pronounced k채n-y흲n쨈 or k훱n쨈yon. =Capoch=--ka-p흲흲tsh쨈, not ka-p흲ch쨈. =Capouch= is another orthography. =Caption= in the sense of the heading of a discourse, chapter, page, etc., is not sanctioned by good writers. =Carminative=--k채r-m카n쨈a-tive, not k채r쨈mi-n훮-tive. =Casualty=--k훱zh쨈u-al-ty, not k훱z-u-훱l쨈i-ty. =Cater-cornered=--k훮쨈ter-cor-nered, not k훱t쨈ty-cor-nered. Not down, thus compounded in Webster, but his pronunciation of the separate words is as given. Worcester gives the word as above and defines it as an adjective--diagonal. It is generally used though, I believe, as an adverb; as, "the piano stands cater-cornered" (diagonally). It is regarded as an inelegant word, diagonal and diagonally being preferred: though it is probable that this opinion has been caused by the abominable pronunciations _catty_ and _kitty_ cornered. =Catalpa=--ka-t훱l쨈pa, not ka-tawl쨈pa. =Catch=, =Catching=--k훱tch and k훱tching, not k휈tch and k휈tching. =Catholic= means liberal, general, not bigoted, and not _Roman_ Catholic, unless specially so applied. =Caucasian=--kaw-k훮쨈sian,not kaw-k훮zh쨈ian, kaw-k훱sh쨈ian, kaw-k훮z쨈ian nor kaw-k훱ss쨈ian. =Cayenne=--k훮-휈n쨈, not k카-휈n쨈. =Chaps=--ch흵ps, not ch훱ps. The jaws. =Chops= is also correct orthography. =Chasten=--ch훮s쨈en, not ch훱s쨈en. =Chastened=, =chastening=, etc., have also the long a. =Chew=, not _chaw_. The latter word either as a verb or noun is now considered quite vulgar. =Chid=, not ch카쨈ded, is the imperfect tense of chide. =Chimera=--k칸-m휆쨈ra, not chi-m휆쨈ra, nor k카-m휆쨈ra. =Chivalric=--sh칸v쨈al-rik, not sh칸v-훱l쨈rik. Worcester allows the latter. =Chivalrous=--sh칸v쨈al-r큼s, not sh칸v-훱l쨈rus. Worcester gives ch칸v쨈al-rus also. =Chivalry=--sh칸v쨈al-ry, not ch칸v쨈al-ry. Worcester sanctions both. =Cicerone=--ch휆-che-r흲쨈ne or s칸s-e-r흲쨈ne, not s칸s쨈e-r흲ne. A guide. =Citrate=--s칸t쨈rate, not s카쨈trate. "Citrate of magnesia." =Climbed=, not clomb (klum). One climbs _up_ but does not climb _down_. =Cochineal=--k흵ch쨈i-neel, not k흲쨈chi-neel nor k흲쨈ki-neel. =Cocoa= (k흲쨈k흲) is not made from the cocoa-nut or tree, but from the seeds of the _cacao_ (ka-k훮쨈o) or chocolate tree. The word is evidently a perversion, but it has gained a permanent footing in its present signification. =Cognomen=--k흵g-no쨈men, not k흵g쨈no-men. =Cold-chisel=, not _coal-chisel_. It is a chisel of peculiar strength and hardness for cutting _cold_ metal. =Cole-slaw.= In the former editions of some dictionaries it has been taught that this word is derived from _cole_ meaning cabbage, and _slaw_ meaning salad. Cole-slaw--cabbage-salad. The uninstructed soon changed the _cole_ into _cold_ and substituted _hot_ for the other extreme of temperature, thus entirely changing the signification. What was really meant, was _hot cole-slaw_ and _cold cole-slaw_. Many persons still regard _cole-slaw_ as the proper word, and receipt books give that orthography. The last editions of Webster and Worcester, however, only give the words _cole_ and _slaw_ in separate places and define the latter as "sliced cabbage." =Combatant=--k흵m쨈bat-ant, not kom-b훱t쨈ant. =Combativeness=--k흵m쨈bat-ive-ness, not kom-b훱t쨈ive-ness. =Come= is often thoughtlessly used for _go_ or some other word. If How is just leaving Howard's house it is right for How to say, "I'll come to see you soon," but Howard could not properly say, _at that place_, the same thing. He should say, "I will go to see you soon." If they both live in Philadelphia and should meet in New York, neither could say appropriately, "I'll come to see you after I get home;" that would mean that one would travel back from his home in Philadelphia to New York to see the other. But either might say, "Come and see me when you get home." =Comparable=--k흵m쨈pa-ra-ble, not k흵m-p훱r쨈a-ble. =Complaisance=--k흵m쨈pla-zans, not k흵m-pl훮쨈z훱ns. In complaisant and complaisantly, the accent is also on the first syllable. Worcester places it on the third, thus: complaisant (kom-pla-z훱nt쨈), etc. =Comptroller=--kon-tr흲l쨈ler, not k흵mp-tr흲l쨈ler. =Conduit=--k흵n쨈d칸t or k큼n쨈dit, not k흵n쨈du칸t or k흵n쨈d큰te. A pipe or canal for the conveyance of fluid. =Confab=, not _conflab_. A contraction of confabulation. =Congeries=--k흵n-j휆쨈r칸-eez, not kon-j휆쨈r휆z nor k흵n쨈je-r휆z. A collection of particles into one mass. =Contemptuous=, not =contemptible=, when the manifestation of contempt for another is meant. I once heard a young lady describing how she had withered at a glance a poor young man that had incurred her displeasure. "O, I gave him such a _contemptible_ look," said she. If in the enthusiasm of the rehearsal, the look that dwelt upon her features was akin to that given upon the occasion mentioned, no auditor doubted the exact truth of what she said; but she meant differently. =Contiguous=--kon-tig쨈큰-큼s, not kon-t칸j쨈큰-큼s. =Contour=--k흵n-t흲흲r쨈, not k흵n쨈t흲흲r. The boundary lines of a figure. =Contra-dance= is better than _country-dance_, the latter word being a corruption; but it has become admissible from long use. _Contredanse_ is the French original, and means that the parties stand opposite to each other. =Contrary=--k흵n쨈tra-ry, not kon-tr훮쨈ry, interfering with the rhythm of the distich from Mother Goose's Melodies: "Mary, Mary, quite contrary, How does your garden grow?" =Contumacy=--k흵n쨈tu-ma-sy, not kon-t큰쨈ma-sy. Obstinacy, stubbornness. =Contumely=--k흵n쨈tu-me-ly not k흵n-t큰쨈me-ly. Insolence, contemptuousness. =Conversant=--k흵n쨈ver-sant, not kon-v휈r쨈s훱nt. =Conversazione=--k흵n쨈ver-s채t-se-흲쨈n훮, not kon-ver-s훱s쨈si-흲ne. A meeting for conversation. Worcester pronounces it k흵n-ver-s채t-ze-흲쨈n훮. The plural is conversazioni (-n휆). =Corporal= punishment, not cor-p흲쨈re-al. =Cortege=--k척r쨈t훮zh, not kor쨈t휆je. A train of attendants. =Councilor=, is a member of council. =Counselor=, one who gives advice. Worcester's spelling is councillor and counsellor. =Creek=, not kr칸ck. =Creole.= From Webster's dictionary are taken the following definitions and remarks: 1. "One born in America, or the West Indies, of European ancestors. 2. "One born within or near the tropics, of any color. 'The term creole negro is employed in the English West Indies to distinguish the negroes born there from the Africans imported during the time of the slave trade. The application of this term to the colored people has led to an idea common in some parts of the United States, though wholly unfounded, that it implies an admixture greater or less of African blood.'--R. Hildreth." =Crinoline=--kr칸n쨈o-l칸n, not kr칸n쨈o-l카ne nor kr칸n쨈o-leen. =Cuirass=--kw휆-r훱s쨈 or kw휆쨈r훱s, not k큰쨈r훱s. A piece of armor. =Cuisine=--kwe-z휆n쨈, not k큰-seen쨈 or k큰-z카ne쨈. Cooking or cooking department. =Culinary=--k큰쨈li-na-ry, not k큼l쨈i-na-ry. =Cupola=--k큰쨈po-la, not k큰-po-l흲쨈. D. =Dahlia=--d채l쨈ya or d훮l쨈-ya, not d훱l쨈ya. =Dare not=, not darse'nt. =Data=--d훮쨈ta, not d훱t쨈a, is the plural of datum (d훮쨈tum). =Debris=--d훮-br휆쨈, not d휆쨈br칸s nor d훮쨈br휆. Rubbish, ruins. =Decade=--d휈k쨈ade, not d휆쨈kade nor d휆-k훮de쨈. Ten in number. =Defalcate=--de-f훱l쨈kate, not de-fawl쨈k훮te. =Defalcation=--d휆-f훱l-k훮쨈shun not d휆-fawl-k훮쨈shun. Worcester gives d휈f-al-k훮쨈shun. No such word as _defalcater_ is seen. =Deficit=--d휈f쨈i-sit, not de-f카쨈sit nor de-f칸s쨈sit. A deficiency. =Delusion=, not _illusion_, when deception occurs from want of knowledge of the world, ignorance of business or trade, or from lack of acumen generally. Illusions are deceptions arising from a temporarily or permanently disordered imagination, or from phenomena occurring in nature: thus we speak of the illusions of fancy, of dreams, and of optical illusions. The mirage of the desert and the fata Morgana are instances of the latter. =Demonstrative=--de-m흵n쨈stra-tive, not d휈m쨈on-str훮-tive. =Demonstrator=--d휈m쨈on-str훮-tor, not de-m흵n쨈str훮-tor. Worcester allows the latter. =Depot=--de-p흲쨈 or d휆쨈p흲, not d훮쨈p흲, nor d휈p쨈po. Worcester sanctions de-p흲쨈 only. I once had a friend, deceased now, of course, who called it de-p흵t쨈. =Dereliction=--der-e-l칸k쨈shun, not d휈r-e-l휈k쨈shun. A forsaking, abandonment. =Deshabille=--d휈s-a-b칸l쨈, } =Dishabille=--d칸s-a-b칸l쨈, } not d휈s쨈ha-beel nor d칸s쨈ha-beel. The French is d챕shabill챕, pronounced about like d훮-z채-be-y훮, without any particular accent. Some persons, in their vain efforts to get the peculiar liquid sound of the double l, sometimes used, distort the word terribly, pronouncing it even as broad as d칸s-ha-beel쨈yuh. =Desideratum=--de-sid-e-r훮쨈tum, not de-s칸d-er-훱t쨈um; plural, de-s칸d-er-훮쨈ta. Something particularly desired. =Desperado=--des-per-훮쨈do, not des-per-채쨈do. =Dessert=--d휈z-z챘rt쨈, not d휈z쨈zert, nor d휈s쨈sert: _dessert-spoon_ (dez-z챘rt쨈-spoon). =Die.= One dies _of_ a disease, not with it. =Differ.= One differs with a person in opinion; one person or thing differs _from_ another in some quality. =Disappointed.= One is disappointed _of_ a thing not obtained and _in_ a thing obtained. "He will be disappointed of his expectations." =Discourse=--dis-k흲rs쨈, not d칸s쨈k흲rs. =Disputable=--dis쨈pu-ta-ble, not dis-p큰쨈ta-ble. =Disputant=--dis쨈pu-tant, not dis-p큰쨈tant. =Distich=--d칸s쨈t칸k, not d칸s쨈t칸ch. Two poetic lines making sense. =Docible=--d흵s쨈i-ble, not d흲쨈si-ble. Tractable; teachable. =Docile=--d흵s쨈칸l, not d흲쨈s카le. =Dolorous=--d흵l쨈or-큼s, not d흲쨈lor-o큼s. =Dolorously= and =Dolorousness= are similarly accented; but =dolor= is pronounced d흲쨈lor. =Doubt.= "I do not doubt but that it is so," is a very common error. The meaning conveyed is just the opposite to that which the speaker intends. He declares in other words, that he has _no_ doubt _but_ a doubt that it is so; or he does not doubt that it is false. "I have no doubt but," and "there is no doubt but,"--are similar mistakes. The word "but" should be left out. =Dough-face= means one that is easily molded to one's will, or readily changed in his views, and not a putty-faced or white-faced person. =Dragomans=, not _dragomen_, is the plural of _dragoman_, an Eastern interpreter. =Drama=--dr채쨈ma or dr훮쨈ma, not dr훱m쨈a. Worcester says dr훮쨈ma or dr훱m쨈a. =Dramatis Person챈=--dr훱m쨈a-t카s per-s흲쨈n휆, not dra-m훱t쨈is p휈r쨈so-n휆. =Drank=, not _drunk_, is the imperfect tense of drink. =Ducat=--d큼k쨈at, not d큰쨈kat. E. =Ear=--휆ar, not y휆ar. Persons frequently speak of the _year-ache_, and occasionally "_a year of corn_," may be heard. =Ecce Homo=--휈k쨈s휆 h흲쨈m흲, not 휈k쨈k휆 h흲쨈m흲. =Eider=--카쨈der, not 휆쨈der. _Eider-down_ and _eider-duck_. =Elm= is pronounced in one syllable and not 휈l쨈lum. =Elysian=--e-l칸z쨈i-an, not e-l칸s쨈sian. Worcester gives e-l칸zh쨈e-an. =Embryo=--em쨈bry-흲, not em-bry쨈흲. =Employe= (Fr. employ챕)--휈m-ploy-훮쨈 or 흵ng-plwaw-y훮쨈, not employ쨈휆 or ong-ploy쨈훮. Employee is not allowed. =Encore=--흵ng-k흲r쨈, not 흵ng쨈k흲r nor 휈n쨈k흲r. =Eneid=--휆-n휆쨈id not 휆쨈ne-id. A poem of Virgil. Worcester sanctions both methods of pronunciation. =Ennui=--흵ng-nw휆쨈, not 흵ng쨈w휆. Worcester gives a much simpler pronunciation, viz: 채n-w휆쨈. =Enquiry=--en-kw카쨈ry, not 휈n쨈kw칸-ry. =Epsom Salt=, not Epsom _Salts_. =Equable=--휆쨈kwa-ble, not 휈k쨈wa-ble. =Equally well=, etc., not equally _as_ well, etc. =Espionage=--휈s쨈pe-on-훮je or 휈s쨈pe-on-채zh, not 휈s-p카쨈o-n훮je nor es-p휆쨈on-채zh. =Esquimau=--휈s쨈ke-m흲, not 휈s쨈qui-maw: plural, =Esquimaux= (휈s쨈ke-m흲z), not 휈s쨈ke-mawz nor 휈s쨈ke-m흲. =Etagere=--휈t-a-zh창r쨈, not e-t훱zh쨈er-y nor at-t훱zh쨈칸-a. Worcester's pronunciation is 훮-t채-zh창r쨈. A piece of parlor furniture with shelves, used for placing small ornaments and fancy articles upon; a what-not. =Excrescence=--ex-kr휈s쨈sense not ex-kr휆쨈sense. A superfluous appendage: morbid outgrowth. =Expect= has reference to the future only, and not to the present or past. "I _expect_ that you are wrong." "I _expect_ you were disappointed yesterday," are errors. There is an abundance of words that may be correctly used, as _suppose_, _suspect_, _imagine_, _believe_ and _think_. =Expose= (Fr. expos챕)--휈ks-po-z훮쨈, not ex-p흲z쨈. An exposition; statement. =Exquisite=--휈ks쨈qu칸-z칸t, not eks-qu칸z쨈it휈. =Exquisitely= is accented on the first syllable also. =Extant=--ex쨈tant not ex-t훱nt쨈. =Extol=--ex-t흵l쨈, not ex-t흲쨈. =Extolled=, ex-t흵ld쨈, etc. F. =Facet=--f훱s쨈set not f훮-s휈t쨈. A small surface or face; as one of the _facets_ of a diamond. =Falchion=--fawl쨈chun, not f훱l쨈ch칸-on. A sword. Worcester sanctions fawl쨈shun, also. =Falcon=--faw쨈kn, not f훱l-k흵n. =Fang.= When applied to a tooth, _fang_ means the portion that is outside of the jaw. This name is often, even by dentists, erroneously given to the _root_ or part that is set into the jaw. =Far=, not _fur_. =Febrile=--f휆쨈br칸l or f휈b쨈r칸l, not f휆쨈br카le. Relating to fever. =February=, as it is spelled, and not F휈b쨈u-a-ry, as many say and write it. =Feod=, =feodal=, =feodality=--f큰d, f큰d쨈al, and f큰-d훱l쨈i-ty. Relating to a kind of tenure formerly existing in Europe, in which military services were rendered by the tenant as a consideration. =Feud=, =feudal=, =feudality=, is the orthography generally adopted now. =Ferret.= A ferret is an animal of the weasel kind, used to drive rabbits out of their burrows, and not a species of dog. =Fetid=--f휈t쨈id, not f휆쨈tid. =Fetor=--f휆쨈tor, not f휈t쨈or. =Finale=---fe-n채쨈l훮, not f카쨈n훮le or f카-n훱l쨈ly. =Finance=--f칸-n훱ns쨈, not f카쨈-n훱ns. =Finances=--f칸-n훱n쨈s휈z, not f카쨈n훱n-s휈z. =Financier=--f칸n-an-seer쨈, not f카-nan-seer쨈. =Financial=, and =financially=, have also the short i in the first syllable. =Finis=--f카쨈nis, not f칸n쨈is. =Firmament= means the expanse of the sky: the heavens. The meaning, solid foundation, is obsolete. =Flannel=, not _flannen_. =Florid=--fl흵r쨈id, not fl흲쨈r칸d. =Florin=--fl흵r쨈in, not fl흲-r칸n. A piece of money. =Florist=--fl흲쨈rist, not fl흵r쨈ist. =Forage=--f흵r쨈aje, not f흲쨈raje. =Forceps=--f척r쨈seps, not f흲r쨈seps. The word is spelled the same in both the singular and the plural numbers. Such mistakes as, "hand me a forcep," instead of "hand me a forceps," are very common. Strictly speaking, "a pair of forceps," ought, I suppose, to mean _two_ forceps; but like the expressions "a pair of scissors" and "a pair of stairs," the phrase has been in use so long that it must be tolerated. =Forehead=--f흵r쨈ed, not f흲r쨈h휈d. Worcester allows either. =Foreign=--f흵r쨈in, not f큼r쨈in. =Fortnight=--f척rt쨈n카te, not f흲rt쨈n카te, f흲rt쨈n칸t nor f척rt쨈n칸t. Worcester gives what is authorized above and f척rt쨈n칸t. =Fortress=--f척r쨈tress, not f흲r쨈tress. =Fragile=--fr훱j쨈칸l, not fr훮쨈j칸l nor fr훮쨈j카le. =Fritter=, not _flitter_, is the name of a kind of fried cake. =Frivolity=--fri-v흵l쨈i-ty, not fr칸v쨈ol-ty. =Frontier=--fr흵nt쨈eer, not fr큼nt쨈eer nor fr큼n-teer쨈. =Frontispiece=--fr흵nt쨈is-p휆se, not fr큼nt쨈is-p휆se. =Fuchsia=--f흲흲k쨈s칸-a, not f큰쨈sh칸-a. Worcester gives the latter. =Fuzz=, not _furze_, is the word to use, if used at all, when the embryo whiskers, or the downy surface of fruit, etc., are meant. Down is the more appropriate word. _Furze_ is the name of an evergreen shrub. G. =Gallivating=, not _gallivanting_. Gallivanting is a word that is used to some extent, being applied to persons that are roaming about for amusement or adventure; as, "this young man has been _gallivanting_ around." If it is a corruption of _gallanting_, it should certainly be abolished as a vulgarism; but if it is a corruption of _gallivating_, from _gallivat_, the name of a small sailing vessel, it might be clothed in its proper garb and retained as a useful word in our language. If either is used, the one above preferred should be chosen, at any rate. =Gallows=--g훱l쨈lus, not g훱l쨈l흲z. =Gallowses=, plural. =Gamin=--ga-m훱ng쨈, not g훱m쨈in nor g훮쨈min. A street child. =Gape=--g채pe or g훮pe, not g훱p. =Gargle.= One _gargles_, not _gurgles_, the throat. =Gaseous=--g훱z쨈e-us, not g훱ss-e-us. Worcester gives g훮쨈ze-us too. =Gather=--g훱th쨈er, not g휈th쨈er. =Genealogy=--j휈n-e-훱l쨈o-jy, not j휆-ne-훱l쨈o-jy nor je-ne-흵l쨈o-jy. =Genealogist= (j휈n-e-훱l쨈o-jist), =genealogical= (j휈n-e-a-l흵j쨈i-kal) and =genealogically= (j휈n-e-a-l흵j쨈i-kal-ly). =Generic=--je-n휈r쨈ik, not j휈n쨈er-ik, nor je-n휆쨈rik. Relating to a genus, or kind. =Gerund=--j휈r쨈und, not j휆-rund. A kind of verbal noun in Latin. =Get=, not g칸t. =Giaour=--jowr, not g카쨈흲흲r, j카-owr쨈 nor j흲흲r. An epithet applied by the Turks to a disbeliever in Mahomet; the name of one of Byron's poems. =Gibbet=--j칸b쨈bet, not g칸b쨈bet. =Glamour=--gl훮쨈m흲흲r, not gl훱m쨈mur. Worcester gives gl훮쨈mer, also. A charm in the eyes, making them see things differently from what they really are. =Gneiss=--n카s, not n휆s nor gn휆s. A kind of rock. =Gondola=--g흵n쨈do-la, not gon-d흲쨈la. =Got.= There are some sticklers for niceties that overdo themselves in contending that the use of the verb _got_ is generally unnecessary and incorrect in conjunction with _have_ and _had_. Get means to procure, to obtain, to come into possession of, etc., and it is a very tame assertion that one simply _has_ a thing that cost much mental or physical labor. A scholar _has_ his lesson, but did it creep into his head while he passively shut his eyes and went to sleep? On the contrary, he _got_ it or learned it by hard study, and it is proper to say that he has _got_ it. A man _has_ a cold, but he _got_ it or _took_ it by exposing himself. A person _has_ a sum of money, but he _got_ or _earned_ it by his labor. Another _has_ good friends, but he _got_ or _secured_ them by his pleasant address. The great causes of the warfare against this word are, I think, that _have_ and _had_, though generally used as auxiliaries, can sometimes be used as principal verbs and make good sense; and that it has not been recollected that in the majority of cases _got_ either stands for, or can be substituted for another verb. In confirmation of this last statement, is appended the following composed by Dr. Withers: "I _got_ on horseback within ten minutes after I _got_ your letter. When I _got_ to Canterbury, I _got_ a chaise for town, but I _got_ wet before I _got_ to Canterbury; and I have _got_ such a cold as I shall not be able to _get_ rid of in a hurry. I _got_ to the Treasury about noon, but first of all I _got_ shaved and dressed. I soon _got_ into the secret of getting a memorial before the board, but I could not _get_ an answer then; however, I _got_ intelligence from the messenger, that I should most likely _get_ one the next morning. As soon as I _got_ back to my inn, I _got_ my supper and _got_ to bed. It was not long before I _got_ asleep. When I _got_ up in the morning, I _got_ my breakfast, and then I _got_ myself dressed that I might _get_ out in time to _get_ an answer to my memorial. As soon as I _got_ it, I _got_ into the chaise and _got_ to Canterbury by three, and about tea-time, I got home. I have _got_ nothing for you, and so adieu." Applying this test of substitution to any doubtful case, I think it right to assert that if there is no other verb, or participle, that will appropriately take the place of "got," the latter word is _unnecessary_; but it should hardly be considered as an error, as it is so slight an impropriety compared with many others that are allowed, and especially because we have long had the usage of many of the best writers to sanction the employment of the word. The very people that appear to be so shocked at the use of the superfluous _got_, may generally be heard making use of such expressions as "fell _down_ upon the ground," "rose _up_ and went away," "covered it _over_," and "a great, _big_ fire." The _down_, _up_, _over_ and _big_ are certainly superfluities, but they have been heard so long that they are seldom mentioned as errors. =Gourmand=--g흲흲r쨈m채nd, not g척r쨈mand, unless the orthography =gormand= is used. =Gout=--gowt, not g흲흲t, as actors are sometimes heard pronounce it in the following line from Macbeth: "On thy blade and dudgeon, _gouts_ of blood." =Government=--g큼v쨈ern-ment not g큼v쨈er-ment. It is a mistake, frequently made, to write and pronounce the word as if it had no "n" in the penultimate. =Gramercy=--gra-m챘r쨈sy, not gr훱m쨈er-sy. A word formerly used to express thankfulness with surprise. =Granary=--gr훱n쨈a-ry, not gr훮쨈na-ry. There are no such words as _grainery_ and _grainary_. =Gratis=--gr훮쨈tis, not gr훱t-is. =Grenade=--gre-n훮de쨈, not gr휈n쨈ade. A kind of explosive shell. =Guardian=--g채rd쨈칸-an, not g채r-d휆쨈an. =Guerdon=--g챘r쨈don, not gw휈r쨈don nor j휈r쨈don. A reward; a recompense. =Guild=--g칸ld, not g카ld. A society; a fraternity. =Guipure=--ge-p큰r쨈, not g칸m-p큰re쨈 nor gw칸-p큰re쨈. An imitation of antique lace. =Gunwale=--commonly pronounced g큼n쨈nel and spelled so sometimes. =Gutta-percha=--g큼t쨈ta-p챘r쨈cha, not g큼t쨈ta-p챘r쨈ka. =Gyrfalcon=--j챘r쨈faw-kn, not j휆r쨈f훱l-kun. H. =Habitue= (Fr. habitu챕)--채-b칸t-u-훮쨈, not h훱b-it-u-휆 nor h훱b-칸t-u-훮쨈. =Halloo= (hal-l흲흲쨈), =holla= (h흵l쨈l채), =hollo= (h흵l쨈l흲 or h흵l-l흲쨈) or =hollow= (h흵l쨈l흲w), but not h흵l쨈ler. Worcester gives =halloo= (hal-l흲흲쨈), =holla= (h흵l-l채쨈), =hollo= (h흵l-l흲쨈) and =hollow= (h흵l쨈l흲w or h흵l-l흲w쨈). It is strange that with such a variety of words to choose from, people generally say "_holler_." =Hanged= is preferable to _hung_, when the infliction of the death penalty by hanging is meant. =Harass=--h훱r쨈ass, not ha-r훱ss쨈. =Harem=--h훮쨈rem, not h훱r쨈em. Worcester gives h채쨈rem also. Written also =haram= (ha-r훱m쨈). =Hardly.= _Don't_ and _can't_ should not be used with =hardly=. Such errors as, "I don't hardly believe it," are not uncommon. _Hardly_ means _scarcely_, and the use of don't or can't gives an opposite signification to the sentence. =Haunt=--h채nt, not h훱nt. =Haunted=--h채nt쨈ed, not h훱nt쨈ed. =Hawaiian=--ha-w카쨈yan, not ha-waw쨈yan. Relating to the island of Hawaii. =Hearth=--h채rth, not h챘rth. =Hearth-stone=--h채rth쨈stone, not h챘rth쨈stone. =Heather=--h휈th쨈er, not h휆th쨈er. Worcester gives h휆th쨈er as the pronunciation. =Heinous=--h훮쨈nus, not h휆쨈nus, h휆n쨈yus nor h훮n쨈yus. =Herb=--챘rb, not h챘rb. =Herbaceous=--her-b훮쨈shus, not er-b훮쨈shus. =Herbage=--챘rb쨈ej or h휈rb쨈ej, not h휈r쨈b훮je. =Heroine=--h휈r쨈o-칸n, not h휆쨈-ro-카ne nor h휆쨈ro-칸n. Worcester gives the first and the last of the above. =Heroism=--h휈r쨈o-izm, not h휆쨈ro-칸zm. Worcester sanctions both. =Hieroglyphic=--h카-er-o-gl칸f쨈ik, not h카-er-o-gr칸f쨈ik. =Hindoostanee=} =Hindustani= } hin-d흲흲-st훱n쨈ee, not hin-d흲흲쨈st훱n-ee. Worcester's orthography is _Hindostanee_ and _Hindostany_, but the accent is on the penult as above. =Homage=--h흵m쨈aje, not 흵m쨈-aje. =Homeopathy=--h흲-me-흵p쨈a-thy, not h흲쨈me-o-p훱th-y. =Homeopathist=--h흲-me-흵p쨈a-thist, not h흲쨈me-o-p훱th-ist. =Hooping-cough=--h흲흲p쨈ing-cough, not h흵흵p쨈ing-cough. Spelled =Whooping-cough=, also. =Horizon=--ho-r카쨈zon, not h흵r쨈i-zon. =Horse-radish=--horse-r훱d-ish, not horse-r휈d-dish. =Hough=--h흵k, not h큼ff. To disable by cutting the sinews of the ham. As a noun, the word means the joint at the lower portion of the leg of a quadruped; written =hock=, also. =Houri=--howr쨈y, not owr쨈y. A nymph of paradise. =Hovel=--h흵v쨈el, not h큼v쨈el. =Hundred=, as spelled, not _hun쨈derd_. =Hydropathy=--h카-dr흵p쨈a-thy, not h카쨈dr흲-p훱th-y. =Hydropathist=--h카-dr흵p쨈a-thist, not h카쨈dr흲-p훱th-ist. =Hygiene=--h카쨈ji-휆ne, not h카-geen쨈 nor h카쨈geen. Worcester authorizes the first and last. I. =Illustrate=--il-l큼s쨈trate, not 칸l쨈lus-tr훮te. =Illustrated=, =illustrating=, =illustrative= and =illustrator=, are likewise accented on the second syllable. =Imbroglio=--칸m-br흲l쨈y흲, not 칸m-br흵l쨈y흲. Worcester says 칸m-br흲l쨈ye-흲. =Immobile=--im-m흵b쨈칸l, not 칸m-m흲쨈b칸l nor 칸m-m흲쨈b카le. =Imperturbable=--im-per-t체r쨈ba-ble, not 칸m-per-t흲흲쨈ra-ble, nor 칸m-p챘r쨈tu-ra-ble. Incapable of being disturbed. =Implacable=--im-pl훮쨈ka-ble, not 칸m-pl훱k쨈a-ble. =Impotent=--im쨈po-tent, not 칸m-p흲쨈tent. =Impotency= and =impotence= are accented similarly. =Improvise=--im-pro-v카ze쨈, not 칸m쨈pro-v카ze. =Incognito=--in-k흵g쨈ni-t흲, not in-c흵n쨈i-to nor in-c흵g-n칸sh쨈흲. =Incog= is an authorized abbreviation. =Incognita=, is a female in disguise. =Indiscretion=--칸n-dis-kr휈sh쨈un, not 칸n-dis-kr휆쨈shun. =Indissoluble=--in-d칸s쨈so-lu-ble, not 칸n-d칸s-s흵l쨈u-ble. =Indissolubly=, etc. =Industry=--in쨈dus-try, not 칸n-dus쨈try. =Infinitesimal=--in-fin-i-t휈s쨈i-mal, not 칸n-f칸n-t휈s쨈i-mal. =Ingenious=--칸n-j휆n쨈y큼s, means possessed of genius; skillful, etc. =Ingenuous=--칸n-j휈n쨈yu-us, means noble, open, frank, generous, etc. =Inquiry=--in-kw카쨈ry, not 칸n쨈kw칸-ry. =Inveigle=--칸n-v휆쨈gle, not 칸n-v훮쨈gle. =Inveigler= (in-v휆쨈gler) and =inveiglement= (in-v휆쨈gle-ment). =Irate= 카-r훮te쨈, not 카쨈r훮te. Worcester gives the latter. =Irrational=--ir-r훱sh쨈un-al, not 칸r-r훮쨈shun-al. =Irrationally= (칸r-r훱sh쨈un-al-ly), etc. =Irrecognizable=--ir-re-k흵g쨈ni-za-ble, not 칸r-r휈k쨈og-n카-za-ble. =Irrelevant=, not _irrevelant_. Not applicable; not suited. =Isinglass= 카쨈z칸ng-glass, is a kind of gelatine prepared from the sounds or air-bladders of certain fish, and is used in jellies, for clarifying liquors, etc.; while the transparent substance, frequently called _isinglass_, which is used in the doors of stoves and lanterns, is really _mica_, a mineral that admits of being cleaved into thin plates. =Isolate=--칸s쨈o-l훮te, not 카쨈so-late. =Isolated= (칸s쨈o-l훮-ted), etc. Worcester gives 칸z쨈o-l훮te, etc. =Itch=--칸tch, not 휆ch. J. =Jamb=, not _jam_ is the spelling of the side-piece of a door, window or fire-place. =Jaundice=--j채n쨈d칸s, not _jan-ders_. =Jean=--j훮ne, not jeen. A twilled cotton cloth. Written also =jane=. =Jew's-harp=--j큰z쨈h채rp, not j큰s쨈h채rp. =Jocund=--j흵k쨈und, not j흲쨈kund. =Jocundity=, =jocundly=, =jocundness=, have also the short o. =Jugular=--j큰쨈gu-lar, not j큼g쨈u-lar. =Jujube=--j큰쨈j큰be, not j큰쨈j큰-be. "Jujube paste." =Just=, not j휈st in such sentences as: "I have _just_ done it;" "He has _just_ enough," etc. K. =Knoll=--n흲l, not n흵l. L. =Lamm=, to beat, is not spelled l훱m nor l훱mb. =Lapel=--la-p휈l쨈, not l훱p쨈el. That part of a coat which laps over the facing. =Lariat=--l훱r쨈i-at, not l훮쨈ri-at. A lasso. =Lay=. This word in the sense here considered is a transitive verb, or one in which the action or state implied by the verb, passes over to an object. The present tense is _lay_; the imperfect tense and past participle are _laid_; and the present participle _laying_. Requiring an object in each of the various meanings attached to it, it is proper to say: "The hen _lays_ an egg every day;" "The man _laid_ his load on the ground;" "The rain has _laid_ the dust;" "The hunter is _laying_ a snare." The verb _lie_ is an _intransitive_ verb and can have _no object_ after it. The present tense is _lie_; the imperfect tense is _lay_; the past participle is _lain_; the present participle is _lying_. Having no objective case to which the action or state passes over, it is correct to say: "Ohio _lies_ north of Kentucky;" "The sick man _lay_ upon the bed yesterday;" "He has _lain_ there helpless for weeks;" "The goods I bought are _lying_ on my hands." Contrasting the sentences under each verb it will be readily seen that Ohio does not _lie_ Kentucky, but the hen _lays_ the egg; the invalid did not _lay_ the bed like the man _laid_ his load; he has not _lain_ anything, as the rain has _laid_ the dust; and the goods are not _lying_ anything, as the hunter is _laying_ the snare. If the foregoing differences have been carefully observed, I imagine that it will always be easy to select the proper word by remembering the following rules: 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that must pass over to an object, use _lay_, _laid_ and _laying_. 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that does not pass over to an object, use _lie_, _lay_, _lain_ and _lying_. "He _laid_ upon the bed," then, is incorrect, for the verb has no object. It should be: "He _lay_ upon the bed." But, "He _laid himself_ upon the bed," would be correct, for there is an objective case, _himself_, supplied. "Let these papers _lay_," should be, "Let these papers _lie_." "The ship _lays_ at anchor," should be, "The ship _lies_ at anchor." "The ship _laid_ at anchor," should be, "The ship _lay_ at anchor." "They have _laid_ in wait for you," should be, "They have _lain_ in wait for you." "This trunk is _laying_ in our way," should be, "This trunk is _lying_ in our way." Errors connected with the use of these verbs are more common, probably, than any others in our language, being detected in the conversation and writings of many of the best educated people. Attention to the above rules, and a few trial sentences in the different moods, tenses, numbers and persons, ought to make the selection of the proper word so simple, that persons should seldom make mistakes. =Learn.= _Learning_ is done by the scholar or student, and _teaching_ by the instructor. "She will _learn_ me how to play," should be, "She will _teach_ me how to play," etc. =Leasing=--leez쨈ing, not l휆s쨈ing. An obsolete word meaning falsehood; lying. "Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing."--_Bible._ =Leg.= Of late years there has become quite popular a prudish notion that it is indelicate to say _leg_ when one of the limbs that supports the human body is meant, _limb_ being preferred instead. _Leg_ is certainly a less euphonious word than _limb_, and if the latter had the same signification attached to it, there would be no objection to its employment; but _limb_ means _arm_ just as much as it does _leg_. There is nothing immodest in the sound or meaning of the word _leg_; if there were, it would be well to speak of the _limb_ of a table, a _limb_ of mutton, or a three _limbed_ stool; and the mention of such words as _legacy_ or _legate_ should cause the blush to rise to our cheeks. The very use of the word _limb_ indicates what is passing in the mind of the speaker--a thought of _leg_, an indelicate meaning attached to it, and a fear to speak the word. The mind of the listener is affected similarly and the result is that a conversation intended to be perfectly pure, has a slight stain left upon it. If we could pass through life without ever finding it necessary to speak of our legs to strangers, there would be no danger of compromising ourselves; but run-away and other accidents are constantly occurring in which legs are broken or otherwise injured. When a surgeon is called, if he is told that a _limb_ is injured, he has one chance in four of guessing the riddle. It is not always safe to trifle thus with some of the serious, practical old followers of Esculapius. Before now they have given such rebukes as to make people ashamed that they did not say _leg_ in the first place; or they have left the bedside abruptly with such a remark as: "When you find out whether it is your arm or your leg, send for me again." If people will persist in using _limb_ for _leg_, it is to be hoped that they will adopt some adjective prefix to remove all ambiguity. How would north-east, south-east, etc., do? Any one informed that the _south-east limb_ was fractured, would know at once that it was the _right leg_. =Legate=--l휈g쨈ate, not l휆쨈g훮te. =Legendary=--l휈j쨈end-a-ry, not l휆쨈j휈nd-a-ry. =Leisure=--l휆쨈zhur, not l휈zh쨈ur, nor l훮쨈zhur. =Leisurely= (l휆쨈zhur-ly). =Length=, not l휈nth. Every letter is sounded, also, in =lengthy=, =lengthen=, =lengthiness=, etc. =Lenient=--l휆쨈ni-ent, not l휈n쨈i-ent. =Leniently= (l휆쨈ni-ent-ly), etc. =Lethe=--l휆쨈the, not l휆th; the _th_ is as in _both_. The mythological and poetical name of a river of the infernal region, the drinking of a portion of which caused forgetfulness of the past. =Lethean=--l휆-th휆쨈an, not l휆쨈the-an. =Let's.= It should be remembered that _let's_ is really _let us_, the apostrophe denoting the elision of the u. Such expressions then as: "let's us go," "let's him and me go," should he, "let us go" (or let's go), and "let him and me go;" for who wishes to say "let us us go," or "let us him and me go." =Leverage=--l휈v쨈er-aje, not l휆쨈ver-aje. =Licorice=--l칸k쨈o-r칸s, not l칸k쨈er-칸sh. =Lie.= See =Lay=. =Lien=--l휆쨈en or l카쨈en, not _leen_. A charge upon property for the satisfaction of a debt. =Lighted= is preferable to l칸t as the imperfect tense and past participle of _light_. "He _lighted_ the gas," instead of, "He _lit_ the gas." "I have _lighted_ the fire," instead of, "I have _lit_ the fire." The same remarks apply to the imperfect and participle of _light_ taken as an intransitive verb. "The bird has _lighted_ upon the tree," instead of, "has _lit_ upon the tree." _Lit_ is condemned as common. =Lithographer=--l칸-thog쨈ra-pher, not l칸th쨈o-gr훱ph-er, nor l카-th흵g쨈ra-pher. =Lithography= (l칸-th흵g쨈ra-phy). =Loath=--l흲th, not l흵th; the _th_ is as in _both_. Reluctant. Written sometimes =loth=. The verb is =loathe=, with the _th_ as in _breathe_. =Lyceum=--l카-s휆쨈um, not l카쨈se-um. M. =Machiavelian=--m훱k-i-a-v휆l쨈ian, not m훱sh-i-a-v휈l쨈ian. pertaining to Machiavel; politically cunning. =Mad.= In the sense of provoked, wrathful or indignant, _angry_ is generally considered the more appropriate word. "_Mad as a March hare_," is an indelicate term that should not be used on account of its origin. =Madame=--m채-d채m쨈, not m훱d쨈am. =Magna Charta=--magna k채r쨈ta, not magna ch채r쨈ta. =Manes=--m훮쨈n휆z, not m훮nz. The souls of the dead. =Manor=--m훱n쨈or, not m훮쨈nor. =Marigold=--m훱r쨈i-gold, not m훮쨈ri-gold. =Matin=--m훱t쨈in, not m훮쨈tin. =Matins=--m훱t쨈inz, not m훮쨈tinz. =Mattress=--m훱t쨈tress, not ma-tr훱ss쨈. Written also =matress= and pronounced as the first. =Meaw=--m큰, not meyow. To cry like a cat. =Mediocre=--me쨈di-흲-ker, not m휆-di-흲쨈ker, nor m휆-di-흵k쨈er. =Melange=--m훮-l흵ngzh쨈, not me-l훱nj쨈. =Melanotype=--me-l훱n쨈o-type, not me-l훮n쨈o-type. =Melodrama=--m휈l-o-dr훮쨈ma, not m휈l-o-dr훱m쨈a, nor m휈l-o-dr채쨈ma. =Memoir=--m휈m쨈wor or m휆m쨈wor, according to Webster; Worcester gives m휆-moir쨈 or m휈m쨈w채r. =Mesdames=--m훮-d채m쨈, not m휈z-d훮mes쨈. =Metallurgy=--m휈t쨈al-lur-jy, not me-t훱l쨈lur-jy. =Metaphor.= The failure to distinguish between metaphors and similes, is a very common mistake. In a metaphor the resemblance is implied without any words to show the similarity; as soon as the latter are added it becomes a simile. "Hope is an anchor," and "Judah is a lion's whelp" are metaphors. "Hope is _like_ an anchor," and "Judah is _like_ a lion's whelp" are similes. =Metrical=--m휈t쨈rik-al, not m휆쨈trik-al. =Mezzo=--m휈d쨈z흲 or m휈t쨈z흲, not m휈z쨈z흲. An Italian word meaning middle; not extreme. =Mezzo-soprano= (m휈d쨈zo-so-pr채쨈no); between contralto and soprano; said of the voice of a female singer. =Mezzotinto=, etc. =Microscope=--m카쨈kro-scope, not m칸k쨈ro-scope. =Microscopic= (m카-kro-sc흵p쨈ic). =Microscopy= (m카-kros쨈co-py). =Mien=--meen, not m훮ne. =Mineralogy=--min-er-al쨈o-jy, not min-er-흵l쨈o-jy. =Minuet=--m칸n쨈큰-et, not m칸n-큰-휈t쨈. A dance. =Mischievous=--m칸s쨈che-v큼s, not m칸s-ch휆쨈v큼s, nor mis-ch휆쨈ve-us. =Mischievously= and =mischievousness= are also accented on the first syllable. =Modulate.= This word is often used incorrectly instead of _moderate_ in such sentences as: "_Modulate_ your voice," when it is meant to command or request that the tone be _moderated_ or lowered. _Modulate_ means to vary or inflect in a musical manner, and although the word might often be used with propriety in such sentences as the above, yet it is not always what is _meant_ by the speaker. A person's voice may be perfectly _modulated_ and yet the tone may be so high that it is desirable, upon certain occasions, to have it _moderated_. =Moire=--mw척r, not m흲re nor m흲쨈re. =Moire antique= (mwor 훱n-t휆k쨈). =Molasses.= It may seem incredible to those who have never heard the error I am about to mention, that such a ridiculous blunder could occur. I should hardly have believed it myself, if I had only heard _of_ it; but I was once in a portion of the country where all the people for miles around spoke of molasses as if it were a plural noun, and I frequently heard such remarks as the following: "_These_ molasses are very good; _they_ are the best I have seen for some time." I once began to remonstrate with one of the champions of the plurality of the treacle, and insisted that he should say, "_this_ molasses" and, "_it_ is good," etc.; but it was of no avail. He insisted that the word was analogous to _ashes_, and if one was plural so was the other. There was no good dictionary or other reliable authority in the neighborhood, as might be imagined from what has been said, so they were left happy in their ignorance. =Monad=--m흵n쨈ad, not m흲쨈nad. An ultimate atom. =Monogram=--m흵n쨈o-gram, not m흲쨈no-gram. =Monograph=--m흵n쨈o-graph, not m흲쨈no-graph. =Monomania=--m흵n-o-m훮쨈nia, not m흲-no-m훮쨈nia. =Monomaniac= (m흵n-o-m훮쨈ni-ac). =Moor=--m흲흲r, not m흲re. An extensive waste; a heath. _Moor_, the name of a native of North Africa, is similarly pronounced. =Morale=--mo-r채l쨈, not m흵r쨈훮le nor m흲-r훱l쨈. =Mountainous=--mount쨈ain-ous, not moun-t훮쨈ni-o큼s. =Multiplication=--m큼l-ti-pli-c훮쨈tion, not m큼l-ti-pi-c훮쨈tion. =Murrain=--m큼r쨈r칸n, not m큼r쨈r훮ne. A disease among cattle. =Museum=--mu-z휆쨈um, not m큰쨈ze-um. =Mushroom=, not _mush-roon_. =Musk-melon=, not _mush-melon_; but anything before _mush-million_. =Mussulmans=, not _musselmen_, is the plural of =Mussulman=. =Mythology=--m칸-th흵l쨈o-jy, not m카-th흵l쨈o-jy. N. =Naiad=--n훮쨈yad, not n훮쨈칸d nor n훮쨈훱d. A water nymph. =Nainsook=--n훮n-s흲흲k쨈, not n훱n-s흲흲k쨈. A kind of muslin. =Naive=--n채쨈휆v, not n훮ve nor n채ve. Natural; artless. =Naivete=--n채쨈휆v-t훮, not n훮-v휆te쨈 nor n훮-v휆쨈ta. =Nape=--n훮p, not n훱p. The back part of the neck. =Nasal=--n훮쨈zal, not n훮쨈sal nor n훱s쨈al. =Nasturtium= or =Nasturtion=, not _asturtion_. =Negligee=--n휈g-li-zh훮쨈, not n휈g-li-j휆쨈, nor n휈g쨈li-zh훮. =Newspaper=--n큰z쨈p훮-per, not n큰s쨈p훮-per. =Niche=--n칸ch, not n칸ck, when a concave recess in a wall for an ornament is meant. If a piece is chopped roughly out of anything, it is a _nick_. _Nick_ of time, not _niche_ of time, when a critical moment is meant; but in figurative language there is no doubt that the phrase "niche of time," may be appropriately used. A great event may be said to stand in a _niche of time_ as an example for coming ages. =Nomad=--n흵m쨈ad, not n흲쨈-mad. One of a wandering tribe. Written =nomade= (n흵m쨈ade) also. =Nomenclature=--no-men-cl훮쨈ture, not n흲쨈men-cl훮t큰re. =Nominative=, not _nom-a-tive_. =Nonillion=--n흲-n칸ll쨈ion, not n흵n-칸ll쨈ion. =Nook=--n흲흲k, as given by Webster. Worcester sanctions both n흲흲k and n흵흵k. =Notable=--n흵t쨈a-ble, not n흲쨈ta-ble, when it is applied to a person distinguished for thrift, management, care, etc.; as a _notable housekeeper_. =Nymphean=--n칸m-f휆쨈an, not n칸mf쨈e-an. Relating to nymphs. O. =Obesity=--o-b휈s쨈i-ty, not o-b휆쨈si-ty. =Obligatory=--흵b쨈li-ga-to-ry, not 흵b-l칸g쨈a-to-ry. =Often=--흵f쨈n, not 흵f쨈t휈n. =Omega=--o-m휆쨈ga or o-m휈g쨈a, not 흵m쨈e-ga. Worcester allows the first only. =Onerous=--흵n쨈er-ous, not 흲쨈ner-o큼s. =Only=--흲n쨈ly, not 큼n쨈ly. =Onyx=--흲쨈nyx, not 흵n쨈yx. =Opal=--흲쨈-pal, not 흲-p훱l쨈 nor 흲-pawl쨈. =Opponent=--op-p흲쨈nent, not 흵p쨈po-nent. =Ordnance=, not _ordinance_, when cannon, artillery, etc., are intended. _Ordinance_ is a rule established by authority. =Orgeat=--척r쨈zhat or 척r쨈zh훮, not 척r쨈je-at. Worcester gives 척r쨈zhat. =Orthoepy=--척r쨈tho-e-py, not 척r-th흲쨈e-py. =Orthoepist=--척r쨈tho-e-pist, not 척r-th흲쨈e-pist. =Overflowed=, not _overflown_. P. =Palaver=--pa-l채쨈ver, not pa-l훱v쨈er. =Pall-mall=--p휈l-m휈l쨈, not pawl-mawl쨈. The name of a game formerly played in England; and the name of a street in London. Written also _pail-mail_ and _pell-mell_, both pronounced as above. Pell-mell used as an adverb means mixed together in a disorderly manner; but one person can not rush _pell-mell_. =Papaw=--pa-paw쨈, not p흵p쨈paw as commonly called. Written also =pawpaw=. =Papyrus=--pa-p카쨈rus, not p훱p쨈i-r큼s. A material used for writing upon by the ancients, made from the inner bark of a plant. =Parent=--p창r쨈ent, not p훮쨈rent. =Parisian=--pa-r칸z쨈ian, not pa-r칸sh쨈ian nor pa-r칸ss쨈ian. Worcester gives pa-r칸zh쨈i-an. =Paroquet=--p훱r쨈o-quet, not p훱r-o-k휈t쨈. =Parquet=--p채r-k훮쨈 or p채r-k휈t쨈. Worcester allows p채r-k훮쨈 only. =Parquette=--p채r-ket쨈, not p채r-k훮쨈. =Partner=, not _pardner_. =Partridge=, not _pattrij_. =Patent.= The _adjective_ is pronounced either p훱t쨈ent or p훮쨈tent. When used as a verb or a noun it is pronounced p훱t쨈ent. =Patois=--p훱t-w흵쨈, not p훱t쨈w흵 nor p훱t-waw쨈. =Patriot=--p훮쨈tri-ot, not p훱t쨈ri-ot. =Patriotic=, =patriotism=, etc., have also the long a. Worcester gives the same with the exception of _patriotic_, which he pronounces both p훮쨈tri-ot-ic and p훱t쨈ri-ot-ic. =Patron=--p훮쨈tron, not p훱t쨈ron. =Patroness= and =patronless= have also the long a. =Patronize=--p훱t쨈ron-카ze, not p훮쨈tron-카ze. =Patronage=--p훱t쨈ron-aje, not p훮쨈tron-aje. =Pease=, not _peas_, when an uncounted quantity is referred to, as: a bushel of _pease_, a plateful of _pease_, some more _pease_, etc. _Peas_ when a certain number is mentioned, as: a dozen _peas_, fifty _peas_, etc. =Pedal=--p휈d쨈al, not p휆쨈dal, when that portion of a piano or harp that is acted upon by the feet, is meant. P휆쨈dal is an adjective, and means pertaining to the above, or to a foot. =Perfect.= I have selected this as the representative of a class of adjectives that, strictly speaking, do not admit of comparison. I have noticed, invariably, that those who appear to be so anxious to correct the error of giving degrees of comparison to a few stereotyped words of this class, such as _round_, _square_, _universal_, _chief_, _extreme_, etc., are singularly remiss in calling attention to a great many other mistakes of the same kind that are equally prominent. Amongst the latter may be mentioned the comparison of _correct_, _complete_, _even_, _level_, _straight_, etc. It will be admitted that if anything is _perfect_ it can not be _more_ so; and as soon as it is _less_ so it fails to be _perfect_ at all. So, if anything is _correct_ it is perfectly free from error; it can not be made _more_ correct, and if its correctness is detracted from, it is not quite correct any longer. A _straight_ line is one that does not vary from a perfectly _direct_ course in the slightest degree; it can not be _straighter_ and if it could be _less_ straight, it would be _curved_. It is ridiculous for any one to insist upon a national reformation of a few such errors, and suffer a hundred others just like them to exist without remonstrance. Either _nearer_ and _nearest_, _more nearly_, and _most nearly_, and the like, should be substituted for the degrees of comparison and used with all such words; or people should treat them as all other adjectives, just as the best writers and speakers have always done. The former course is the more desirable; the latter is certainly the more probable. =Perfidious=--per-f칸d쨈i-ous, not p휈r쨈f칸d-o큼s. Worcester allows per-f칸d쨈y큼s in addition to the first. =Peony=--p휆쨈o-ny) =P챈ony= (p휆쨈o-ny) or =Piony= (p카쨈o-ny) not p카쨈ny as often called. A flower. =Perambulate=, not _preambulate_. =Period=--p휆쨈ri-od, not p휈r쨈i-od. =Periodic=, =Periodical=, etc., have also the long e. =Perspire=, not _prespire_. =Perspiration=, not _prespiration_. =Persuade.= This word carries with it the idea of success in one's endeavors to convince or induce. "I _persuaded_ him for a long time, but he would not grant my request," should be, "I _tried_ to _persuade_ him," etc. =Petrel=--p휈t쨈rel, not p휆쨈trel. A bird. Worcester allows the latter also. =Phaeton=--ph훮쨈et-on, not ph훮'te-on. A vehicle. =Pharmaceutist=--f채r-ma-s큰쨈t칸st, not f채r-m훮-k큰쨈tist nor f채r-m훮쨈k큰-tist. =Pharmacop흹ia=--f채r-ma-co-p휆쨈ya, not f채r-m훮-c흲쨈pi-a. =Piano=--pi-채쨈no, not p카-훱n쨈o. Worcester allows p칸-훱n쨈o. =Piano-forte=--p칸-채쨈no-f흲r쨈t훮, not p카-훱n쨈o-f흲rt. Worcester sanctions p칸-채쨈no-f흲r쨈te, p칸-훱n쨈o-f척r-te, and remarks in parenthesis, _often_ pe-훱n쨈o-f흲rt; but the last pronunciation is evidently not preferred. =Pilaster=--p칸-l훱s쨈ter, not p칸l쨈as-ter. A square pillar set into a wall and projecting slightly. =Piquant=--p칸k쨈ant, not p칸k쨈w훱nt nor p휆k쨈w훱nt. =Piquantly= (p칸k쨈ant-ly), etc. =Placard=--pla-k채rd쨈, not pl훱k쨈ard. =Placid=--pl훱s쨈id, not pl훮쨈sid. =Placidly= and =placidness= have also the short a. =Plait=--pl훮t, not pl훱t nor pl휆t. A braid; or to braid. =Plat= (pl훱t) is a proper word, however, having the same meanings, but the difference in pronunciation must be observed, when the spelling is as above. =Plait=, meaning a fold of cloth, as in a shirt bosom, is also pronounced pl훮t. How common an error it is to speak of the _pleets_ when alluding to such folds. =Platina=--pl훱t쨈i-na or pla-t휆쨈na, not pla-t카쨈na nor pla-t칸n쨈a. Worcester allows pl훱t쨈i-na only. =Platinum=--pl훱t쨈i-num or pla-t카쨈num, not pla-t휆쨈num nor pla-t칸n쨈um. Worcester gives pl훱t쨈i-num only. =Plebeian=--ple-b휆쨈ian, not pl휆쨈bi-an. Ple-b흵n쨈, as some pronounce it, is outrageous, neither French, English, nor Hottentot. =Plenary=--pl휆쨈na-ry, not pl휈n쨈a-ry. Full; entire. Worcester gives both methods. =Poetaster=--p흲쨈et-훱s-ter, not p흲쨈et-t훮st-er. A petty poet. =Poniard=--p흵n쨈yard, not poin쨈yard. =Posthumous=--p흵st쨈hu-mous, not p흲st쨈hu-mo큼s nor p흵st-큰쨈mo큼s. =Posthumously= (p흵st쨈hu-mous-ly). =Potable=--p흲쨈ta-ble, not p흵t쨈a-ble. Drinkable. =Potheen=--po-theen쨈, not p흵t-teen쨈. When spelled =potteen=, however, as it may be correctly, the latter pronunciation is proper. =Prairie=--pr훮쨈ry, not per-r훮쨈ry. =Prebendary=--pr휈b쨈end-a-ry, not pr휆쨈bend-a-ry. A clergyman of a collegiate or cathedral church, who enjoys a prebend. =Prebend=--pr휈b쨈end, not pr휆쨈bend. A stipend. =Precedence=--pre-s휆쨈dence, not pr휈s쨈e-dence. =Precedency= and =precedently=, have the second syllable accented also. =Precedent=--pre-s휆쨈dent, not pr휈s쨈e-dent. An adjective meaning antecedent. =Precedent=--pr휈s쨈e-dent, not pre-s휆쨈dent nor pr휆쨈se-dent. A noun meaning an example or preceding circumstance. =Precedented= and =unprecedented= have also the short e. =Precocious=--pre-k흲쨈shus, not pre-k흵sh쨈큼s. =Precociously= and =precociousness= have also the long o. =Predatory=--pr휈d쨈a-to-ry, not pr휆쨈da-tory. Plundering; pillaging. =Predecessor=--pr휈d-e-c휈s쨈sor, not pr휆-de-c휈s쨈sor. =Preface=--pr휈f쨈ace, not pr휆쨈face. =Prefatory= (pr휈f쨈a-to-ry). =Prejudice=, not _predudice_. =Prelate=--pr휈l쨈ate, not pr휆쨈-late. =Presage=, not _prestige_, when something is meant that foreshows a future event; an omen. "This is a _presage_ of victory." =Prescription=, not _perscription_. =Prestige=, not _presage_, when it is meant that some one carries weight or influence from past deeds or successes. "The _prestige_ of the hero's name was half the battle." =Presentiment=--pre-sent쨈i-ment, not pre-zent쨈i-ment. =Pretty=--pr칸t쨈ty, not pr휈쨈ty. =Prettily= (pr칸t쨈ti-ly), etc. =Preventive=, not _preventative_. =Primeval=--pr카-m휆쨈val, not pr칸m쨈e-val. =Process=--pr흵s쨈ess, not pr흲쨈sess. =Prodigy=, not _projidy_. =Produce=--pr흵d쨈uce, not pr흲쨈d큰ce. The noun; the verb is pro-d큰ce쨈. =Product=--pr흵d쨈uct, not pr흲쨈duct. =Progress=--pr흵g쨈ress, not pro쨈gress. Noun; the verb is pro-gress쨈. =Prosody=--pr흵s쨈o-dy, not pr흲쨈so-dy nor pr흵z쨈o-dy. =Protean=--pr흲쨈te-an, not pro-t휆쨈an. Assuming different shapes. =Protege= (Fr. prot챕g챕)--pr흲-t훮-zh훮쨈, not pr흲쨈t휆je. One under the care of another. =Protegee= (Fr. prot챕g챕e)--pr흲-t훮-zh훮쨈, feminine. =Psalm=--s채m, not s훱m. =Psalmist= (s채m쨈ist). Worcester gives s훱m쨈ist also for the latter word. =Psalmody=--s훱l쨈mo-dy, not s채m쨈o-dy nor s훱m-o-dy. =Psychical=--s카쨈k칸k-al, not s칸k쨈칸k-al nor f칸z쨈칸k-al, as it is sometimes thoughtlessly pronounced in reading. Pertaining to the human soul. =Pumpkin=, not _punkin_. _Pumpkin_ itself is a corruption of _pumpion_ or _pompion_, but is the word that is now generally used. =Purulent=--p큰쨈ru-lent, not p큼r쨈u-lent. Containing pus or matter. =Purulence= and =purulency= have also the long u in the first syllable. =Put=--p흵흵t, not p큼t. This anomalous pronunciation is hard for some to adopt, the natural tendency being to sound the _u_ as it is in a host of other words consisting of two consonants with a short u between them, as: bun, but, cut, dug, fun, gun, hut, nut, etc. =Pyrites=--p카-r카쨈tez, not pe-r카쨈tez, p칸r쨈i-tez nor p카쨈r카tez. Q. =Qualm=--kw채m, not kw훱m. Worcester allows kwawm also. =Quay=--k휆, not kw훮. =Querulous=, means complaining, whining, etc., and not _questioning_. =Quinine=--kw카쨈n카ne or kw칸-n카ne쨈, not kwi-neen쨈. Worcester gives kw칸-n카ne쨈 or kw칸n쨈카ne. =Quoit=--kwoit, not kw훮te. =Quoth=--kw흲th or kw큼th, not kw흵th. R. =Rabies=--r훮쨈bi-휆z, not r훱b쨈휆z. Madness, as that of dogs. =Radish=--r훱d쨈ish, not r휈d-ish. =Raillery=--r훱l쨈ler-y, not r훮l쨈ler-y. Slight ridicule; pleasantry. =Raise=--=Rise.= _Raise_ is a transitive verb, or one in which the action passes over to an object. Present tense, _raise_; imperfect tense and past participle, _raised_; present participle, _raising_. _Rise_ is an intransitive verb, the action not passing over to an object. Present tense, _rise_; imperfect tense, _rose_; past participle, _risen_; present participle, _rising_. Errors in the use of these words ought to be avoided by remembering the following rules: 1. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that passes over to an object, use _raise_, _raised_, and _raising_. 2. If the person or thing spoken of exerts an action that does not pass over to an object, use _rise_, _rose_, _risen_, _rising_. To avoid further repetition in the method I have adopted to impress upon the mind the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs by contrasted sentences, I would refer the reader to the remarks under =Lay=. "I will _raise_ in the morning at five," should be, "I will _rise_," etc. "I will _raise_ the _window_," etc., is correct, for the action passes to or affects the window. "I will _raise myself_ if I have the strength" is correct, because an object, _myself_, is furnished. "The price of flour is _raising_," should be, "The price of flour is _rising_;" but it is right to say, "The merchants are _raising_ the price of flour." "Gold has _raised_ in value," should be, "Gold has _risen_ in value." "The price of bonds _raised_ in less than an hour," should be, "The price of bonds _rose_," etc. "The sun is _raising_," should be, "The sun is _rising_." "The sun is _raising_ the temperature," is proper. The pulse has _risen_, but excitement has _raised_ it. The river has _risen_ in its bed and has _raised_ the canal. Birds _rise_ in the air. _Arise_ can often be appropriately substituted for _rise_. =Rampant=--r훱m쨈pant, not ram-pant쨈. =Rapine=--r훱p쨈칸n, not r훱p쨈een nor r훮-peen쨈. =Raspberry=--r훱z쨈ber-ry, not r훱ss쨈ber-ry nor rawz쨈ber-ry. Worcester gives raz쨈ber-ry and r채s쨈ber-ry. =Rational=--r훱sh쨈un-al, not r훮-shun-al. =Rationalist= (r훱sh쨈un-al-칸st), etc. =Recess=--re-c휈ss쨈, not r휆쨈c휈ss. =Recherche= (Fr. recherch챕)--r큼h-sh챗r-sh훮쨈, not re-shersh쨈. Worcester gives r훮-sher-sh훮쨈. =Recluse=--re-kluse쨈, not re-kluze쨈. =Reconnoissance=--re-c흵n쨈no칸s-s채n챌e, not rek-on-nois쨈san챌e. Worcester gives re-c흵n쨈no칸s-s채n챌e쨈. =Reconnaissance= is another method of spelling. =Recriminations=, not _mutual recriminations_; the word itself tells of the _mutuality_. =Redolent=--r휈d쨈o-lent, not red흲쨈lent. Diffusing odor or fragrance. =Relevant=, not _revelant_. Pertinent; applicable. =Relic=, not _relict_, when that which remains, a corpse, or anything preserved in remembrance, is meant. =Relict= means a widow. =Rendezvous=--r휈n쨈de-v흲흲, not r흵n쨈de-v흲흲 nor r휈n쨈de-v흲흲z. Worcester gives r휈n쨈de-v흲흲 and r휈n쨈de-v흲흲z. The plural is =rendezvouses= (r휈n쨈de-v흲흲z-ez). =Requiem=--r휆쨈kwi-em, not r휈k쨈w칸-em. Worcester gives both pronunciations. =Resume= (Fr. r챕sum챕)--r훮-z큰-m훮쨈, not re-z큰me쨈 nor re-z큰쨈m훮. Worcester gives rez-u-m훮쨈. =Reticule=, not _ridicule_, when a little bag of net-work is meant. =Reveille=--re-v훮l쨈y훮, not rev-a-l휆쨈. Worcester gives the first and re-v훮l쨈. =Ribald=--r칸b쨈ald, not r카쨈bald. Low; obscene. =Ribaldry= (r칸b쨈ald-ry). =Rinse=--r칸nss, not r휈nse nor wr휈nch. "_Wrench_ your mouth," said an uneducated dentist to a patient after _wrenching_ out a large molar. "Thank you," replied the patient. "_You_ have done that, but I'll _rinse_ it, if you please." =Ripples=, not _riffles_. =Romance=--ro-manss쨈, not r흲쨈manss. =Roseate=--r흲쨈ze-at, not r흲z쨈훮te. Worcester gives r흲쨈zhe-at also. =Roue= (Fr. rou챕)--r흲흲-훮쨈, not r흲흲. Worcester gives r흲흲쨈훮. S. =Sacerdotal=--s훱s-er-d흲쨈tal, not s훮-ser-d흲쨈tal, s훮-ker-d흲쨈tal nor s훱k-er-d흲쨈tal. =Sacrament=--s훱k쨈ra-ment, not s훮쨈kra-ment. =Sacramental= (s훱k쨈ra-ment-al), etc. =Sacrifice=--s훱k쨈r칸-f카z, not s훱k쨈r칸-f칸s nor s훱k쨈r칸-f카se. Verb and noun the same. =Sacrificing= (s훱k쨈r칸-f카-z칸ng), etc. =Sacristan=--s훱k쨈rist-an, not s훮쨈krist-an nor s훮-kr칸s쨈tan. =Sacristy= (s훱k쨈rist-y). =Salam=--sa-l채m쨈, not sa-l훱m쨈. Written =salaam= also, and pronounced similarly. =Saline=--sa-l카ne쨈 or s훮쨈l카ne, not s훮-l휆휆n쨈. Worcester gives sa-l카ne쨈 only. =Salve=--s채v, not s훱v. Worcester gives s채lv also. =Samaritan=--sa-m훱r쨈i-tan, not sa-m훮쨈ri-tan. =Sanitary=, not _sanatory_, when _pertaining_ to health is meant. =Sanatory= is more restricted in its application, and means healing; curative. =Saracen=--s훱r쨈a-sen, not s훱r쨈a-ken. =Sarsaparilla=--s채r-sa-pa-r칸l쨈la, not s훱s-sa-pa-r칸l쨈la, nor s채r-sa-fa-r칸l쨈la. =Satyr=--s훮쨈tur, according to Webster. Worcester gives s훱t쨈ir also. =Saucy=--saw쨈sy, not _sassy_. =Said.= _Said_ (s휈d), not says (s휈z), in speaking of past remarks. Many of the most cultivated people are guilty of this vulgarism. "'I will call to see you soon,' _sez_ he." "'I will be glad to see you at any time,' _sez_ I." Where the details of a long conversation are given the frequent repetition of _sez_, or even _said_, is very grating to the refined ear. The use of _asked_, _inquired_, _remarked_, _suggested_, _answered_, _replied_, etc., instead, has a pleasing effect upon narrative or anecdote. It is preferable, also, to give the _exact words_ of the speaker after _said_, etc., as: "When he had finished reading the letter, he said: 'I will attend to the business the first leisure moment I have.'" When the word _that_ follows the _said_, the substance only of the remark may be given, as "He said that he would attend to the business the first leisure moment he had." Whichever form is used in narrative, it is not at all harmonious to give the _exact words_ of one speaker and only the substance of the remarks of another, at least without regard to regularity in alternation. =Schism=--s칸zm, not sk칸sm. =Seckel=, not s칸ck-el. A kind of pear. =See.= It is not uncommon to meet with people that incorrectly use _see_ in the imperfect tense, as: "I _see_ him yesterday," instead of, "I _saw_ him yesterday." See is never used in any tense but the present, without an auxiliary, as did, shall, etc. =Seignior=--s휆n쨈yur, not s훮n쨈yor. =Seine=--s휆n, not s훮n. A net for catching fish. =Senile=--s휆쨈n카le, not s휈n쨈카le. Pertaining to old age. =Separate=, not _seperate_. The loss of the a is not noticed in the pronunciation, but the mistake frequently occurs in writing this word as it does in the words =inseparable=, =inseparableness=, =separation=, etc. =Servile=--s챘r쨈v칸l, not s챘r쨈v카le. =Set.= Noun. There are many who incorrectly use _sett_ in writing of a _set_ of dishes, a _set_ of chess-men, a _set_ of teeth, or of some other collection of things of the same kind. A =sett= is a piece placed upon the head of a pile for striking upon, when the pile can not be reached by the weight or hammer. =Set=--=Sit.= Blunders in the use of these words are amongst the most common we have. _Set_, as we shall first consider it, is a transitive verb, or one in which the action passes over to an object. Present tense, _set_; imperfect tense and past participle, _set_; present participle, _setting_. _Sit_ is an intransitive verb, or one which has no object after it. Present tense, _sit_; imperfect tense and past participle, _sat_; present participle, _sitting_. To avoid repetition as much as possible, I would refer any one to whom the explanation here given is not perfectly clear, to the rules and remarks under =Lay= and =Raise=, which are equally applicable here. "Will you _set_ on this chair?" should be, "Will you _sit_ on this chair?" "Will you _set_ this _chair_ in the other room?" is correct. "I _set_ for my picture yesterday," should be, "I _sat_," etc. "This hat _sets_ well," should be, "This hat _sits_ well." "Court _sets_ next month," should be, "Court _sits_ next month." "The hen has been _setting_ for a week," should be, "The hen has been _sitting_," etc. "As cross as a _setting_ hen," should be, "As cross as a _sitting_ hen." But a person may _set_ a hen; that is, place her in position on eggs. One _sits_ up in a chair, but he _sets_ up a post. One _sits_ down on the ground, but he _sets_ down figures. _Set_ is also an intransitive verb and has special meanings attached to it as such, but they may be readily understood by a little study of the dictionary, and no confusion need arise. The sun _sets_. Plaster of Paris _sets_. A setter dog _sets_. One _sets_ out on a journey. _Sit_ may also be used in two senses as a transitive verb, as: "The general _sits_ his horse well," and "The woman _sat_ herself down." =Sew=--s흲, not s큰. =Shampoo=, not _shampoon_. =Shampooing.= Written also =champoo=. =Shekel=--sh휈k쨈el, not sh휆쨈kel. =Shumac=--sh큰쨈mak, not sh큰-mak쨈. Written also =sumac= and =sumach=, both accented on the first syllable. =Sick= _of_, not sick _with_, as sick _of_ a fever. =Sienna=--si-휈n쨈na, not _senna_, when paint is meant. =Senna= is a plant used as medicine. =Simultaneous=--s카-mul-t훮쨈ne-ous, not s칸m쨈ul-t훮쨈ne-o큼s. =Simultaneously= (s카-mul-t훮쨈ne-ous-ly), etc. =Since=, not _sence_. =Sinecure=--s카쨈ne-cure, not s칸n쨈e-cure. An office which yields revenue without labor. =Sit.= See =Sat=. =Slake=--sl훮ke, not sl훱k, when the word is spelled as given, as: _slaked_ lime, to _slake_ one's thirst, etc. If spelled =slack=, the ordinary pronunciation is right. =Slough=--slow, not sl흲흲 nor sl흲. A mudhole. Written =sloo= (sl흲흲) also. =Slough=--sl큼f, not as above. The cast skin of a serpent. Dead flesh which separates from the living. The verb expressing this action is pronounced the same. =Sobriquet=--so-bri-k훮쨈, not written _soubriquet_. Worcester pronounces it s흵b쨈r휆-k훮쨈. =Soften=--s흵f쨈fn, not sawf쨈ten. =Sonnet=--s흵n쨈net, not s큼n쨈net. =Soot=--s흲흲t or s흵흵t, not s큼t. =Soporific=--s흵p-o-r칸f쨈ik, not s흲-por-칸f쨈ik. =Sotto voce=--s흵t쨈t흲 v흲쨈ch훮, not s흵t쨈to v흲s쨈 nor s흵t쨈t흲 v흲쨈s휆. =Souse=--souss, not sowze. To plunge into water. =Spasmodic=, not _spasmotic_. =Spectacles=--sp휈k쨈ta-kls, not sp휈k쨈t칸k쨈els. =Spermaceti=--sperm-a-s휆쨈t칸, not sperm-a-챌칸t쨈y. =Spider=, not _spiter_. =Splenetic=--spl휈n쨈e-tic, not sple-n휈t쨈ic. Fretful; peevish. =Spoliation=--sp흲-li-훮쨈tion, not spoil-a쨈tion. =Spurious=--sp큰쨈ri-ous, not sp큼r쨈i-o큼s. =Spuriously= (sp큰쨈ri-ous-ly), etc. =Statical=--st훱t쨈i-cal, not st훮쨈ti-cal. Pertaining to bodies at rest. =Stationery=, not _stationary_, when paper, envelopes, ink, etc., are meant. =Statue=, not _statute_, when a carved image is meant. =Statute=, not _statue_, when a law or decree is meant. =Stearine=--st휆쨈a-r칸n, not st휈r쨈칸n. =Stereoscope= (st휆쨈re-o-scope), =Stereotype= (st휆쨈re-o-type), etc., according to Webster; and st휈r쨈e-o-scope, st휈r쨈-e-o-type, etc., according to Worcester. =Stolid=--st흵l쨈id, not st흲쨈lid. Stupid; dull. =Stratum=--str훮쨈tum, not str훱t쨈um. =Strata= (str훮쨈ta), the Latin plural is used much more than the English =stratums=. Errors like "a _strata_ of gravel," are also not infrequently heard. =Strategic=--stra-t휆쨈jik, not str훱t쨈e-j칸k. =Strategical= (stra-t휆쨈ji-cal) and =strategist= (str훱t쨈e-jist). Worcester gives stra-t휈j쨈ic and stra-t휈j쨈i-cal. =Strum= or =Thrum= should be used, and not _drum_, when the noisy and unskillful fingering of a musical instrument is meant. =Stupendous=--stu-pen쨈d큼s, not stu-p휈n쨈j큼s nor stu-p휈n쨈de-us. =Suavity=--sw훱v쨈칸-ty, not sw채v쨈칸-ty nor su훱v쨈i-ty. =Subtraction=, not _substraction_, when the act of deducting is meant. =Substraction= is a law term meaning the withholding of some right, for which, however, the word _subtraction_ is also used. =Subtract=, not _substract_. =Subtile=--s큼b쨈t칸l, not s큼t쨈tle. =Subtle=--s큼t쨈tle, not s큼b쨈tle. =Suffice=--s큼f-f카z쨈, not s큼f-f카s쨈. =Suicidal=--s큰-i-s카쨈dal, not s큰-칸s쨈i-dal. Worcester placed the principal accent on the first syllable. =Suite=--sweet, not s큰te. When the word =suit= is used, however, the latter pronunciation is correct. =Sulphurous=--s큼l쨈phur-큼s, not sul-ph큰쨈r큼s nor s큼l-ph큰쨈re-us. =Sulphureous= is another word. =Summoned=, not _summonsed_. =Supersede=, =superseded=, =superseding=. Observe the s in the penultimate. It is a common error to write _supercede_, etc. =Supposititious=--sup-pos-i-t칸쨈shus, not sup-po-s칸쨈shus. Put by a trick in the place of another, as, a _supposititious_ child, a _supposititious_ record. =Surtout=--s큼r-t흲흲t쨈, not s큼r-towt쨈 nor s큼r쨈t흲흲t. =Swath=--swawth, not swawthe. Worcester gives sw흵th. The sweep of the scythe in mowing. T. =Tabernacle=--t훱b쨈er-na-cle, not t훱b쨈er-n훱k쨈cle. =Tapestry=--t훱p쨈es-try, not t훮쨈p휈s-try. =Tarlatan=--t채r쨈la-tan, not t채rl쨈tun. =Tartan= is a different material. =Tarpaulin=--t채r-paw쨈lin, not t채r-p흲쨈lin. Written also =tarpauling= and =tarpawling=. =Tartaric=--tar-t훱r쨈ic, not tar-t채r쨈ic. Pertaining to or obtained from tartar, as _tartaric_ acid. =Tassel=--t훱s쨈sel, not taw쨈sel. Worcester gives t흵s쨈sl also. =Tatterdemalion=--t훱t-ter-de-m훱l쨈ion, not t훱t-ter-de-m훮l쨈ion. =Telegraphy=--te-l휈g쨈ra-phy, not t휈l쨈e-gr훱ph-y. =Telegraphist=--te-l휈g쨈ra-phist, not tel쨈e-gr훱ph-ist. A telegraphic operator. No such word as _telegrapher_ is given. =Terpsichorean=--terp-s칸k-o-r휆쨈an, not terp-si-k흲쨈re-an. Relating to =Terpsichore= (terp-sik쨈o-re), the muse who presided over dancing. =Tete-a-tete=--t훮t-채-t훮t쨈, not teet-채-teet. =Theatre= or =theater=--th휆쨈a-ter, not the-훮쨈ter. =Threshold=--thr휈sh쨈흲ld, not thr휈z쨈흲ld nor thr휈z쨈hold. Worcester gives thr휈sh쨈hold. =Thyme=--t카m, not as spelled. =Tic-douloureux=--t칸k쨈d흲흲-l흲흲-r흲흲쨈, not -d흵l-o-r흲흲쨈 nor -d흲-l흲-r흲흲쨈. =Tiny=--t카쨈ny, not tee쨈ny nor t칸n쨈y. =Tolu=--to-l큰쨈, not t큰쨈l큰. =Tomato=--to-m훮쨈to or to-m채쨈to, not to-m훱t쨈o. =Topographic=--t흵p-o-graph쨈ic, not t흲-po-gr훱ph쨈ic. =Topographical= and =topographically= have also the short o in the first syllable. =Tour=--t흲흲r, not towr. =Tournament=--t체r쨈na-ment according to Webster. Worcester gives t흲흲r쨈na-ment also. =Toward= and =towards=--t흲쨈-ward and t흲쨈wardz, not to-ward쨈 and to-wardz쨈. =Tragacanth=--tr훱g쨈a-k훱nth, not tr훱j쨈a-s칸nth nor tr훱g쨈a-s훱nth. A gum used for mucilage. =Traverse=--tr훱v쨈erse, not tra-verse쨈. =Traversable=, =traversing= and =traversed= have also the accent on the first syllable. =Tremendous=--tre-m휈n쨈d큼s, not tre-m휈n쨈de-큼s nor tre-m휈n쨈j큼s. =Trilobite=--tr카쨈lo-b카te, not tr칸l쨈o-b카te nor tr흵l쨈lo-b카te, as it is often called. =Troche=--tr흲쨈kee, not tr흲sh, tr흲쨈she, tr흲ke nor tr흵tch. Plural, =troches= (tr흲쨈keez). A lozenge composed of sugar, mucilage and medicine, as: _bronchial troches_. =Trochee=--tr흲쨈kee, is a foot in poetry. =Truculent=--tr큰쨈ku-lent, not tr큼k쨈u-lent. =Truths=--truths, not truthz, is the plural of =truth=. =Tryst=--tr칸st, not tr카st. An appointment to meet. =Tryster= (tr칸st쨈er), =trysting= (tr칸st쨈ing). =Turbine=--t체r쨈b칸n, not t체r쨈-b카ne. A kind of water wheel. U. =Umbrella=--um-br휈l쨈la, not um-ber-r휈l쨈 nor um-ber-r휈l쨈la. =Upas=--큰쨈p훱s, not 큰쨈paw nor 큰쨈pawz. =Usurp=--y큰-zurp쨈, not y큰-surp쨈. =Usurper= (y큰-zurp쨈er), etc. V. =Vagary=--va-g훮쨈ry, not v훮쨈-ga-ry. =Valenciennes=--va-l휈n쨈si-휈nz쨈, not v훱l-휈n-seenz쨈. A French lace. =Valleys=, not _vallies_, is the plural of =valley=. =Vamos= (v채쨈m흲s), or =vamose= (va-m흲se쨈), not vam-moos쨈. To depart. (Inelegant.) =Vase=, according to Webster; v훮se or v훮ze, according to Worcester. The pronunciations v채z and vawz are alluded to but not recommended. =Vehemence=--v휆쨈he-mence, not ve-h휆쨈mence nor ve-h휈m쨈ence. =Vehemently= and =vehement= have also the accent on the first syllable. =Vermicelli=---v챘r-me-ch휈l-l칸 or v챘r-me-s휈l쨈l칸, not v챗r-me-s칸l쨈ly. Worcester sanctions the first method only. =Veterinary=--v휈t쨈er-칸n-a-ry, not ve-t휈r쨈in-a-ry. =Vicar=--v칸k쨈ar, not v카쨈kar. =Vicarage= and =vicarship= have also the short i in the first syllable. =Violent= (v카쨈o-lent), =violence= (v카쨈o-lence), =violet= (v카쨈o-let), =violin= (v카-o-l칸n쨈), etc., not voi쨈o-lent, voi쨈o-lence, voi쨈o-let, voi-o-lin쨈, etc. =Viscount=--v카쨈kount, not v칸s쨈kount. =Viscountess= (v카쨈kountess), etc. =Visor=--v칸z쨈or, not v카쨈zor. W. =Wake=, etc. _Wake_ is both a transitive and an intransitive verb. Present tense, _wake_; imperfect and past participle, _waked_; present participle, _waking_. _Awake_ is also both transitive and intransitive. Present, _awake_; imperfect, _awoke_ or _awaked_; participles, _awaked_ and _awaking_. _Awaken_ is another verb, both transitive and intransitive. Present, _awaken_; imperfect and past participle, _awakened_; present participle, _awakening_. Thus it is seen that we have a great many words to express the fact of _being_ in a conscious state, and the arousing of a person who is asleep. With a little attention there is no reason for committing an error in the use of these words. One may say that he _waked_, _awoke_, or _awakened_ early in the morning, but it is wrong to say that he _woke_ in the morning, or that he _woke_ another; for there is no such word as _woke_. "I _wakened_ at five o'clock," should be, "I _awakened_ at five o'clock;" for there is no such word as _wakened_. _Up_ is used only with _wake_, _waked_ and _waking_, but even then it is one of our most senseless superfluities. There is no stronger meaning in the assertion that a man was _waked up_, than that he was _waked_ or _awakened_. If _waking up_ meant to _wake_ and make _get up_, it would be different, but it does not. One may be _waked up_ and it is just as likely that he will go to sleep again as if he were simply _awakened_. _Awake_ and _awaken_ are more elegant words than _wake_. =Wassail=--w흵s쨈s칸l, not w훱s쨈s칸l. A festive occasion, carousal, the song sung at such a time, etc. The verb and the adjective are spelled and pronounced similarly. =Water=--waw쨈ter, not w흵t쨈er. =Welsh=, not _Welch_. The latter word is seldom used. =Welshman=, etc. =Whinny=, not _winny_, when the cry of a horse is spoken of. =Whisk=, not _whist_, when a small hand-broom is meant. =Wisp=, however, is a proper word, meaning the same thing. =Whiting= is preferable to _whitening_. =Widow.= It is not necessary to say _widow woman_; no one will suspect her of being a man. =Wrestle=--r휈s쨈l, not r훱s쨈sl. Y. =Yacht=--y흵t, not y훱t. =Yachting= (y흵t쨈ing), etc. =Yeast=--y휆st, not 휆st. =Yellow=--y휈l쨈l흲, not y훱l쨈l흲. Z. =Zoology=--zo-흵l쨈o-jy, not z흲흲-흵l쨈o-jy. =Zoological= (zo-o-l흵j쨈i-cal), etc. SCRIPTURAL, MYTHOLOGICAL AND OTHER PROPER NAMES. In the vocabulary just completed, it has been the design to point out the majority of errors occurring in the pronunciation of the words usually selected by people of fair or excellent education to carry on ordinary English discourse. In the portion of the work now under consideration, nothing like such thoroughness is contemplated. After a moment's reflection, it will appear to any one, that to mention the thousands upon thousands of proper names, the erroneous pronunciation of which is rather to be expected than the correct, would require an elaborate volume. Every one who has striven to become a fine orthoepist has longed for the ability to comprehend the pronunciation of that myriad of names, any one of which is apt to confront him in any book or paper he may chance to pick up. But to become a proficient in this respect would require years of study and a knowledge of the principles of many foreign languages. Amongst geographical names, for example, who but the specially instructed would think of pronouncing correctly _Goes_ (H흵흵ce), _Gelves_ (H휈l쨈v휈s) or _Jalapa_ (H채-l채쨈p채); or amongst biographical names, _Gaj_ (g카), _Geel_ (H훮l) or _Geijer_ (g카'er). It is fortunate for the reputation of those who bear the name of being good scholars, that errors in the pronunciation of most proper names are excusable, which is not the case with the mistakes that have before been laid down. But there are some proper names, of such constant occurrence in daily lectures, reading and conversation, that errors connected with them are not to be overlooked. It is the intention here, simply to call attention to the more common of these, and to lead the reader to appreciate the fact that if one depends upon the usual power of the English letters to gain a correct pronunciation of proper names, he will be more often led astray than otherwise. The Authorities consulted are the best--Webster, Worcester, Lippincott's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology and Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World. SCRIPTURAL NAMES. =Abednego=--a-b휈d쨈ne-g흲, not 훱b-휈d-n휆쨈go. =Abiathar=--a-b카쨈a-thar, not ab-i-훮쨈thar. =Adonibezek=--a-d흵n-i-b휆쨈z휈k, not a-d흵n쨈i-be-zek. =Adonijah=--ad-o-n카쨈jah, not a-d흵n쨈i-jah. =Agee=--훱g쨈e-휆, not 훮쨈j휆. =Ahasuerus=--a-h훱s-u-휆쨈rus, not a-haz-u-휈r쨈us. =Aijalon=--훱j쨈a-lon, not 훮쨈ja-lon. =Akrabattine=--훱k-ra-b훱t-t카쨈ne, not 훱k-ra-b훱t쨈i-ne. =Alpheus=--훱l-ph휆쨈us, not 훱l쨈phe-us. =Amasai=--a-m훱s쨈a-카, not 훱m-a-s훮쨈카. =Andronicus=--an-dron-카쨈cus, not an-dr흵n쨈i-cus. =Antiochia=--an-ti-o-k카쨈a, not an-ti-흲쨈kia. =Ararat=--훱r쨈a-r훱t, not 훮쨈ra-r훱t. =Arimathea=--훱r쨈i-ma-th휆쨈a, not 훱r-i-m훮쨈the-a. =Aristobulus=--훱r-is-to-b큰쨈lus, not ar-is-t흵b쨈u-lus. =Aroer=--훱r쨈o-er, not a-r흲쨈er. =Aroerite=--훱r쨈o-er-카te, not a-r흲쨈er-칸te. =Asarael=--a-s훱r쨈a-el, not az-a-r훮쨈el. =Asmodeus=--az-mo-d휆쨈us, not az-m흲쨈de-us. =Beelzebub=--be-휈l쨈ze-bub, not b휈l쨈ze-bub. =Belial=--b휆쨈li-al, not be-l카쨈al. =Bethhaccerem=--b휈th-h훱k쨈se-rem, not beth-h훱s쨈se-rem. =Bethphage=--b휈th쨈pha-j휆, not b휈th쨈ph훮je. =Bethuel=--be-th큰쨈el, not b휈th쨈u-el. =Cainan=--ka-카쨈nan, not k훮쨈nan. =Cherub= (a city)--k휆쨈rub, not ch휈r쨈ub. =Chittim=--k칸t쨈tim, not ch칸t쨈tim. =Chloe=--kl흲쨈e, not kl흲. =Crates=--kr훮쨈t휆z, not kr훮tz. =Cyprians=--s칸p쨈ri-anz, not s카쨈pri-anz. =Delilah=--d휈l쨈i-lah, not de-l카쨈lah. =Ecbatana=--ek-b훱t쨈a-na, not ek-ba-t훮쨈na. =Eloi=--e-l흲쨈카 not 휆쨈loi. =Esther=--휈s쨈ter, not 휈s쨈ther. =Eumenes=--큰쨈me-n휆z, not 큰-m휆쨈n휆z. =Gennesaret=--g휈n-n휈s쨈a-r휈t, not j휈n-n휈s쨈a-ret. =Gerar=--ge휈쨈rar, not j휆쨈rar. =Idumea=--칸d-u-m휆쨈a, not 카-du-m휆쨈a. =Iturea=--칸t-u-r휆쨈a, not 카-tu-r휆쨈a. =Jacubus=--ja-k큰쨈bus, not j훱k쨈u-bus. =Jadau=--ja-d훮쨈u, not j훱d쨈a-u. =Jairus= (Old Test.)--j훮쨈i-rus. =Jairus= (New Test.)--j훮-카쨈rus. =Jearim=--j휆쨈a-r칸m, not je-훮쨈rim. =Jeiel=--je-카쨈el, not j휆쨈el nor j카쨈el. =Jephthae=--j휈ph쨈tha-휆, not j휈ph쨈tha. =Jeshohaiah=--j휈sh-o-ha-카쨈ah, not j휈sh-o-h훮쨈yah. =Keilah=--k휆쨈lah, not k카쨈lah nor ke-카쨈lah. =Kolaiah=--k흵l-a-카쨈ah, not k흵l-훮쨈yah. =Labana=--l훱b쨈a-na, not la-b훮쨈na. =Lebanah=--l휈b쨈a-nah, not le-b훮쨈nah. =Magdalene=--m훱g-da-l휆쨈ne, not m훱g쨈da-l휆ne. =Mahalath=--m훮쨈ha-lath, not ma-h훮쨈lath. =Mardocheus=--mar-do-k휆쨈us, not mar-d흲쨈ke-us. =Matthias=--m훱th-th카쨈as, not m훱th쨈thi-as. =Meremoth=--m휈r쨈e-moth, not me-r휆쨈moth. =Meshach=--m휆쨈sh훱k, not m휈sh쨈ak. =Methuselah=--me-th큰쨈se-lah, not m휈th-큰쨈ze-lah. =Moosias=--mo-o-s카쨈as, not m흲쨈si-as. =Nebuchadnezzar=--n휈b쨈u-k훱d-nez쨈zar, not ne-b큼k쨈kad-nez쨈zar. =Orthosias=--척r-tho-s카쨈as, not 척r-th흲쨈si-as. =Othonias=--흵th-o-n카쨈as, not 흵th-흲쨈ni-as. =Oziel=--흲쨈zi-el, not 흲-z카쨈el. =Penuel=--pe-n큰쨈el, not p휈n쨈큰-el. =Perseus=--p챘r쨈s큰s, not p챘r쨈se-us. =Pethuel=--pe-th큰쨈el, not p휈th쨈u-el. =Phanuel=--pha-n큰쨈el, not ph훱n쨈u-el. =Pharaoh=--ph훮쨈r흲 or ph훮쨈ra-흲, not ph훱r쨈흲 nor ph훱r쨈a-흲. =Philippi=--ph칸-l칸p쨈pi, not ph칸l쨈lip-pi. =Philistine=--ph칸-l칸s쨈t칸n, not ph칸l쨈칸s-t카ne. =Pontius=--p흵n쨈sh칸-us, not p흵n쨈ti-us. =Raguel=--ra-g큰쨈el, not r훱g쨈u-el. =Sabachthani=--s훮-b훱k-th훮쨈n카, not sa-b훱k쨈tha-n카. =Sathrabuzanes=--s훱th-ra-bu-z훮쨈n휆z, not s훱th-r훱b쨈u-z훮nz. =Shabbethai=--sh훱b-b휈th쨈a-카, not sh훱b-b휈th-훮쨈카 =Shadrach=--sh훮쨈dr훱k, not sh훱d쨈r훱k. =Shemiramoth=--she-m칸r쨈a-moth, not sh휈m-i-r훮쨈moth. =Shemuel=--she-m큰쨈el, not sh휈m쨈큰-el. =Sinai=--s카쨈훮, not s카쨈n훮-카. =Zaccheus=--zak-k휆쨈us, not z훱k쨈ke-us. =Zerubbabel=--z휆-r큼b쨈ba-bel, not ze-rub-b훮쨈bel. =Zipporah=--z칸p-p흲쨈rah, not z칸p쨈po-rah. GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES--MYTHOLOGICAL, ETC. =Act챈on=--훱k-t휆쨈on, not 훱k쨈te-on. =Adonis=--a-d흲쨈nis, not a-d흵n쨈is. =Alcides=--훱l-s카쨈d휆z, not 훱l쨈si-d휆z. =Amphion=--훱m-ph카쨈on, not 훱m쨈phi-on. =Amphitrite=--훱m-phi-tr카쨈te, not 훱m쨈phi-tr카te nor am-ph칸t쨈ri-te. =Anabasis=--a-n훱b쨈a-sis, not an-a-b훮쨈sis. =Antiope=--훱n-t카쨈o-pe, not 훱n쨈ti-흲pe nor 훱n-ti-흲쨈pe. =Anubis=--a-n큰쨈bis, not 훱n쨈u-bis. =Arion=--a-r카쨈on, not 훮쨈ri-on. =Aristides=--ar-is-t카쨈d휆z, not ar-칸s쨈ti-d휆z. =Aristogiton=--a-ris-to-j카쨈ton, not ar-is-t흵j쨈i-ton. =Belides= (singular, masculine)--b휈-l카쨈d휆z. =Belides= (plural, female descendants of Belus)--b휈l쨈-i-d휆z. =Bellerophon=--bel-l휈r쨈o-phon, not bel-ler-흲쨈phon. =C챈culus=--s휈k쨈u-lus, not s휆쨈ku-lus. =Calliope=--kal-l카쨈o-pe, not kal-li-흲쨈pe nor k훱l쨈li-흲pe. =Caucasus=--kaw쨈ka-sus, not kaw-k훮쨈sus. =Charon=--k훮쨈ron, not ch훮쨈ron nor ch훱r쨈on. =Ch챈ronea=--ker-o-n휆쨈a, not cher-o-n휆쨈a. =Chimera=--ke-m휆쨈ra, not k칸m쨈er-a nor ch카-m휈r쨈a. =Codrus=--k흲쨈drus, not k흵d쨈rus. =Corcyra=--kor-s카쨈ra, not kor쨈si-ra. =Coriolanus=--ko-ri-o-l훮쨈nus, not kor-i-흵l쨈a-nus. =Crete=--kr휆쨈te, not kreet. =Cyclades=--s칸k쨈la-d휆z, not s카쨈kla-d휆z. =Cyclops=--s카쨈klops, not s칸k쨈lops. =Cyclopes=--s카쨈klo-p휆z, not s카쨈kl흲ps. =Cyrene=--s카-r휆쨈ne, not s칸-r휆ne쨈. =Cyzicus=--s칸z쨈i-kus, not s칸-z카쨈kus. =Danaides=--da-n훮쨈칸-dez, not da-n카쨈dez. =Darius=--da-r카쨈us, not d훮쨈ri-us. =Deianira=--de-카-an-카쨈ra, not de-yan-카쨈ra. =Diodorus=--d카-o-d흲쨈rus, not d카-흵d쨈o-rus. =Diomedes=--d카-o-m휆쨈d휆z, not d카-흵m쨈e-d휆z. =Dodon챈us=--do-do-n휆쨈us, not do-d흲쨈ne-us. =Echo=--휆쨈ko, not 휈k쨈ko. =Endymion=--en-d칸m쨈i-on, not en-d카쨈mi-on. =Epirus=--e-p카쨈rus, not 휈p쨈i-rus. =Erato=--휈r쨈a-to, not e-r훮쨈to. =Eumenes=--큰쨈me-n휆z, not 큰-m휆쨈n휆z. =Euripus=--큰-r카쨈pus, not 큰쨈ri-pus. =Eurydice=--큰-r칸d쨈i-se, not 큰쨈ri-d카ce쨈 nor 큰-ri-d카쨈se. =Ganymedes=--gan-칸-m휆쨈d휆z, not gan-칸-m휆dz쨈. =Geryon=--j휆쨈r칸-on, not je-r카쨈on. =Halcyone=--h훱l-s카쨈o-ne, not h훱l쨈si-흲ne nor hal-si-흲쨈ne. =Hebe=--h휆쨈be, not h휆b쨈. =Hecate=--h휈k쨈a-te or h휈k쨈at, not h휆쨈k훮te. =Hecuba=--h휈k쨈u-ba, not he-k큰쨈ba. =Helena=--h휆l쨈en-a, not he-l휆쨈na. =Hermione=---h휈r-m카쨈o-ne, not h휈r쨈mi-흲ne nor h휈r-mi-흲쨈ne. =Herodotus=--he-r흵d쨈o-tus, not her-o-d흲쨈tus. =Hiero=--h카쨈er-o, not h카-휆쨈ro. =Hippocrene=--hip-po-kr휆쨈ne, not hip-p흵k쨈re-ne. =Hippodromus=--hip-p흵d쨈ro-mus, not hip-po-dr흲쨈mus. =Icarus=--칸k쨈a-rus, not 카k-훮쨈-rus. =Iolaus=--카-o-l훮쨈us, not 카-흲쨈la-us. =Iphiclus=--칸ph쨈i-klus, not 칸ph-카쨈klus. =Iphigenia=--칸ph-i-je-n카쨈a, not 칸ph-i-j휆쨈ni-a. =Irene=--카-r휆쨈ne, not 카-r휆ne쨈. =Ithome=--i-th흲쨈me, not 카th쨈o-me. =Lachesis=--l훱k쨈e-sis, not la-k휈쨈sis. =Laocoon=--la-흵k쨈o-on,not l훮-o-k흲흲n쨈. =Lethe=--l휆쨈the, not l휆th. =Leucothoe=--l큰-k흵th쨈o-e, not l큰-k흲쨈tho-e nor l큰-ko-th흲쨈e. =Libitina=--l칸b-i-t카쨈na, not li-b칸t쨈i-na. =Lycaon=--l카-k훮쨈on, not l칸k쨈a-on. =Lyceus=--l카-s휆쨈us, not l칸s쨈e-us. =Meleager=--m휆-le-훮쨈ger, not me-le-훮쨈jer nor me-l휆쨈a-jer. =Meroe=--m휈r쨈o-e, not me-r흲쨈e. =Mitylene=--m칸t-칸-l휆쨈ne, not m칸t쨈i-l휆ne. =Myrmidones=--myr-m칸d쨈o-n휆z, not myr쨈m칸-d흲nz nor myr-m칸-d흲쨈n휆z. =Naiades=--n훮-카쨈a-d휆z, not n훮쨈a-d휆z. =Nemesis=--n휈m쨈e-sis, not ne-m휆쨈sis. =Nereides=--ne-r휆쨈i-d휆z, not n휆r쨈yi-d휆z. =Nereus=--n휆쨈r큰s, not ne-r휆쨈us. =Nic챈a=--ni-s휆쨈a, not n칸s쨈e-a. =Nundina=--n큼n쨈di-na, not nun-d카쨈na. =Oceanus=--o-s휆쨈a-nus, not o-se-훮쨈nus. =Ocypete=--o-s칸p쨈e-te, not o-si-p휆쨈te. =흸dipus=--휈d쨈i-pus, not 휆쨈di-pus nor e-d카쨈pus. =Opigena=--o-p칸j쨈e-na, not op-i-j휆쨈na. =Orion=--o-r카쨈on, not 흲쨈ri-on. =Pactolus=--pak-t흲쨈lus, not p훱k쨈to-lus. =Pal챈mon=--pa-l휆쨈mon, not p훱l쨈e-mon. =Parrhasius=--par-r훮쨈she-us, not par-r훱s쨈i-us. =Pasiphae=--pa-s칸ph쨈a-e, not p훱s-i-ph훮쨈e. =Pegasus=--p휈g쨈a-sus, not pe-g훮쨈sus. =Penelope=--pe-n휈l쨈o-pe, not p휈n쨈e-l흲pe. =Phlegethon=--phl휈j쨈e-thon, not phl휈g쨈e-thon. =Pleiades=--pl휆쨈ya-d휈z not pl휆쨈y훱dz. =Polyphemus=--pol-y-ph휆쨈mus, not po-l칸ph쨈e-mus. =Priapus=--pr카-훮쨈pus, not pr카쨈a-pus. =Proserpine=--pr흵s쨈er-p카ne, not pro-s휈r쨈pi-ne. =Rhode=--r흲쨈de, not r흲de. =Sarapis=--sa-r훮쨈pis, not s훱r쨈a-pis. =Sardanapalus=--sar-da-na-p훮쨈lus, not sar-dan-훱p쨈a-lus. =Semiramis=--se-m칸r쨈a-mis, not s휈m-i-r훮쨈mis. =Tereus=--t휆쨈re-us, not te-r휆쨈us. =Terpsichore=--terp-s카k쨈o-re, not t휈rp쨈si-k흲re. =Theb챈=--th휆쨈be, not th휆be. =Theodamas=--the-흵d쨈a-mas, not the-o-d훮쨈mas. =Theodamus=--the-o-d훮쨈mus, not the-흵d쨈a-mus. =Theodotus=--the-흵d쨈o-tus, not the-o-d흲쨈tus. =Theodorus=--the-o-d흲쨈rus, not the-흵d쨈o-rus. =Thessalonica=--thes-sa-lo-n카쨈ka, not thes-sa-l흵n쨈i-ka. =Thrace=--thr훮쨈se, not thr훮se. MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. =Adam.= As an English name is pronounced 훱d쨈am; as French, 채-d처ng쨈, as German, 채쨈d채m. =Annesley=--훱nz쨈le, not 훱n쨈nes-le. =Arundel=--훱r쨈큼n-d휈l, not a-r큼n쨈d휈l. =Bacciochi=--b채t-ch흲쨈kee, not b훱k-ki-흲쨈kee. =Beatrice=--b훮-채-tree쨈ch훮 or b휆쨈a-treess, not be-훱t쨈r칸s. =Beethoven=--b훮쨈t흲-ven, not beet쨈h흲-ven. =Belvedere=--b휈l-v훮-d훮쨈r훮, not b휈l-ve-d휆re쨈. =Beranger= (Fr. B챕ranger)--b훮-r흵ng-zh훮쨈, not b휈r쨈an-jer. =Blucher=--bl흲흲쨈ker, not bl큰쨈cher. =Boccaccio=--bo-k채t쨈cho, not b흵k-k훱s쨈i-o. =Boleyn=--b흵흵l쨈칸n, not b흲쨈l칸n nor b흲-l칸n쨈. =Boniface=--b흵n쨈e-fass or Fr. bo-ne-f채ss쨈, not b흵n쨈e-face. =Boucicault= or =Bourcicault=--b흲흲-se-k흲쨈 or b흲흲r-se-k흲쨈, not b흲흲쨈se-kawlt. =Bozzaris=--b흵t쨈z채-r칸s, not boz-z훱r쨈is, as generally called. =Brown-Sequard= (Fr. S챕quard)--brown-s훮-k채rr쨈, not see-kward쨈. =Buchanan=--b큼k-훱n쨈an, not b큰-k훱n쨈an. =Bull, Ole=--흲쨈l휈h b흵흵l, not 흲l쨈 b흵흵l. =Buonaparte=--b흲흲-o-n채-p채rr쨈t훮, not b흲쨈na-p채rt; the latter is the allowed English pronunciation when spelled =Bonaparte=. =Bysshe=--b칸sh, not b칸sh쨈she. =Cecil=--s휈s쨈칸l or s칸s쨈칸l, not s휆쨈s칸l. =Cenci=--ch휈n쨈chee, not s휈n쨈see. =Chevalier=--sheh-v채-le-훮쨈, not shev-a-leer쨈. =Crichton=--kr카쨈ton, not kr칸k쨈ton. =D'Aubigne= (Fr. D'Aubign챕)--d흲-b휆n-y훮쨈, not daw-been쨈. =Daubigny=--d흲-b휆n-y휆쨈, not daw-b휆쨈ny. =Disraeli=--d칸z-r훮쨈el-e, not d칸z쨈rel-ee. =Drouyn de Lhuys=--dr흲흲-훱ng쨈 deh lwee쨈. =Gillot=--zh휆-y흲쨈, not j칸l쨈lot nor j칸l-l흲쨈. =Giovanni=--jo-v채n쨈nee, not je-o-v훱n쨈nee. =Goethe=--pronounced much like g체r쨈teh, leaving out the r; not g흵th nor g흲th. =Hemans=--h휈m쨈anz, not h휆쨈manz. =Ingelow=--칸n쨈je-l흲, not 칸ng쨈e-l흲. =Ivan=--e-v채n쨈, not 카쨈van. =Juarez=--j흲흲-채쨈r휈z or H흲흲-채쨈r휈th, not jaw쨈r휈z. =Lancelot=--l흵ngss-l흲쨈, not l훱n쨈se-l흵t. =Lavater=--l채쨈v채-ter or l채-v채-tair쨈, not l훱v쨈a-ter. =Macleod=--m훱k-lowd쨈, not mak-l휆쨈od. =Marat=--m채-r채쨈, not ma-r훱t쨈. =Marion=--m훱r쨈i-on, not m훮쨈ri-on. =Medici=--m휈d쨈e-chee or m훮쨈de-chee, not m휈d쨈i-see nor me-d휆쨈see. =Minie= (Fr. Mini챕)--me-ne-훮쨈, not m칸n쨈ne. =Montague=--m흵n쨈ta-g큰, not m흵n쨈t훮g. =Moultrie=--m흲흲쨈tre, not m흲l쨈tre. =Muhlbach=--(Ger. M체hlbach). The u in the first syllable of this word is very difficult for those to pronounce who are not German or French, and can not be well represented in English; but there is no need of coming so far from the mark as is generally done, especially in the last syllable. It is not m큰l쨈b훱k nor m휆l쨈b훱k; meul쨈b채k is nearer correct. =Mundt=--m흵흵nt, not m큼nt. =Neumann=--noi쨈m채n, not n큰쨈man. =Ovid=--흵v쨈칸d, not 흲쨈vid [Ovidius]. =Paganini=--p채-g채-nee쨈nee, not p훱j-a-n칸n쨈칸. =Pepin=--p휈p쨈칸n or p칸p쨈칸n, not p휆쨈p칸n. French pronunciation peh-p훱ng쨈. =Piccolomini=--p휆k-ko-l흵m쨈e-nee, not p칸k-ko-lo-mee쨈nee. =Pliny=--pl칸n쨈y, not pl카쨈ny [Plinius]. =Ponce de Leon=--p흲n쨈ch훮 d훮 l훮-흲n쨈, not ponss de l휆쨈on. =Rachel=--r채-sh휈l쨈, not r훮쨈chel as the English name. When a German name it is pronounced r채k쨈el. =Richelieu=--r휆sh쨈e-l흲흲, not r칸ch쨈e-l흲흲. =Rochefort=--rosh-for쨈, not roch쨈fort. =Rothschild=--ros쨈ch카ld or r흲t쨈sh칸lt, not r흵th쨈ch카ld. =Stael=--st채l, stawl or st채-휈l쨈, not st훮le. =Strauss=--strowss, not strawss. =Taliaferro=--t흵l쨈i-v휈r, not t훱l-i-f휈r쨈ro. =Thiers=--te-air쨈, not theers. MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. =Abomey=--훱b-o-m훮쨈, not a-b흵m쨈ey nor a-b흲쨈mey. =Acapulco=--채-k채-p흲흲l쨈ko, not 훱k-a-p큼l쨈ko. =Adriatic=--훱d-ri-훱t쨈칸k, not 훮-dr칸-훱t쨈칸k. =Afghanistan=--채f-g채n-is-t채n쨈, not 훱f-g훱n-칸s쨈t훱n. =Agulhas=--채-g흲흲l쨈y채s, not a-g큼l쨈h훱s. =Aix-la-Chapelle=--훮kz-l채-sh채-p휈l쨈, not 훮-l채-sh훱-p휈l쨈. =Alsace=--채l-s채ss쨈, not 훱l쨈s훮s. =Altai=--채l-t카쨈, not 채l쨈t훮 nor 채l쨈t카. =Amherst=--훱m쨈erst, not 훱m쨈herst. =Amoor=--채-m흲흲r쨈, not 훱m쨈흲흲r nor 훮쨈m흲re. =Antilles=--흵ng-teel쨈, not 훱n쨈-teelz. =Araguay=--채-r채-gw카쨈, not 훱r쨈a-gw훮. =Aral=--훱r쨈al, not 훮쨈ral. =Arkansas=--채r-k훱n쨈sas, not 채r쨈kan-saw nor 채r-k훱n-zaz. =Asia=--훮쨈she-a, not 훮쨈zhe-a. =Bantam= (Java)--b채n-t채m쨈, not b훱n쨈tam. =Barbados= or =Barbadoes=--bar-b훮쨈d흲z, not b채r쨈ba-d흲z. =Barbados=, a river of Brazil, is pronounced bar-b채쨈doce. =Bayou=--b카쨈흲흲 or b카쨈흲, not b훮쨈큰. =Belfast=--b휈l-f훱st쨈, not b휈l쨈f훱st. =Beloochistan=--b휈l-oo-ch칸s-t채n쨈, not b휈l-oo-ch칸s쨈tan. =Bingen=--b칸ng쨈en, not b칸n쨈jen. =Bombay=--b흵m-b훮쨈, not b흵m쨈b훮. =Bremen= (Germany)--br휈m쨈en or br훮쨈men, not br휆쨈men. =Bremen= (U. S.)--br휆쨈men. =Buena Vista=--bw훮쨈n채 vees쨈t채 or b흲쨈na v칸s쨈ta, not b큰쨈na v칸s쨈ta. =Buenos Ayres=--b흲쨈nos 훮쨈riz or b흲쨈nos airz, not b큰쨈nos 훮rz; Spanish pronunciation, bw훮쨈noce 카쨈r휈s. =Cairo= (Italy and Egypt)--k카쨈ro, not k훮쨈ro. =Cairo= (U. S.)--k훮쨈ro. =Calais=--k훱l쨈칸s or k채-l훮쨈, not ka-l훮s쨈. =Canton= (China)--kan-t흵n쨈, not k훱n쨈ton. =Canton= (U. S.)--k훱n쨈ton. =Cape Girardeau=--jee-r채r-d흲쨈, not jee-r채r쨈d흲. =Caribbean= or =Carribbean=--k훱r-칸b-b휆쨈an, not ka-r칸b쨈be-an. =Cashmere=--k채sh-meer쨈, not k훱sh쨈mere. =Cayenne=--k카-휈n쨈 or k훮-y휈n쨈, not k훮-휈n쨈. =Cheyenne=--she-휈n쨈, not sh카-휈n쨈 nor ch훮-휈n쨈. =Chili=--ch칸l쨈lee, not sh휆쨈lee. =Christiania=--kr칸s-te-채쨈ne-채, not kr칸s-te-훮쨈ne-a nor kr칸s-te-훱n쨈a. =Chuquisaca=--ch흲흲-ke-s채쨈k채, not ch흲흲-kw칸s쨈a-k채. =Cincinnati=--sin-sin-nah쨈t칸, not sin-sin-n훱t쨈ta. =Cochin China=--k흲쨈chin ch카쨈na, not k흵ch쨈in ch카쨈na. =Delhi= (India)--d휈l쨈lee, not d휈l쨈h카. =Delhi= (U. S.)--d휈l쨈h카. =Dubuque=--d큰-b흲흲k쨈, not d큰-b큰k쨈. =Fezzan=--f휈z-z채n쨈, not f휈z쨈zan nor f휈z-z훱n쨈. =Freiburg=--fr카쨈b흵흵rg, not fr휆쨈burg. =Genoa=--j휈n쨈o-a, not je-n흲쨈a. =Gloucester=--glos쨈ter, not as spelled. =Gloucestershire= (glos쨈ter-shir). =Greenwich= (England)--gr칸n쨈칸dge, not as spelled. =Greenwich= (U. S.)--green쨈칸ch. =Havre de Grace=--h훱v쨈er de grass, not h훮쨈ver de gr훮s쨈. French pronunciation, h채쨈v'r deh gr채ss or 채쨈v'r deh gr채ss쨈. =Iowa=--카쨈o-wa, not 카-흲쨈wa nor 카쨈o-w훮. =Java= (Island)--j채쨈va, not j훱v쨈a nor j훮쨈va. =Java= (U. S.)--j훮쨈va. =Jeddo= (Japan)--y휈d쨈do, not j휈d쨈do. =Jeddo= (U. S.)--j휈d쨈do. =Juniata=--j흲흲-ne-ah쨈ta, not j흲흲-ne-휈t쨈a. =Kankakee=--kan-kaw쨈kee, not kang-ka-kee쨈. =Ladoga=--l채쨈do-g채, not la-d흲쨈ga. =Lausanne= (Switzerland)--l흲-z채n쨈, not law-san쨈. =Lausanne= (Pennsylvania)--law-s훱n쨈. =Leicester=--l휈s쨈ter, not as spelled. =Leicestershire= (l휈s쨈ter-shir). =Leipsic= (Saxony)--l카p쨈s칸k, not leep쨈s칸k. =Leipsic= (U. S.)--leep쨈s칸k. =Madrid= (Spain)--m채-dr칸d쨈, not m훱d쨈r칸d; Spanish pronunciation, m채-DreeD쨈--almost maTH-reeTH쨈. =Madrid= (U. S.)--m훱d쨈rid. =Mauch Chunk=--mawk ch큼nk쨈, not mawch shunk쨈. =Milan=--m칸l쨈an, not m카쨈lan. =Modena= (Italy)--m흵d쨈en-a, not mo-d휆쨈na. =Modena= (U. S.)--mo-d휆쨈na. =Nantes=--n훱ntz, not n훱n쨈tez; French pronunciation, n흵ngt. =Neufchatel=--nush-채-t휈l쨈, not n흲흲f쨈ch훱t-el. =Newfoundland=--n큰쨈fond-land쨈, not nu-found쨈land. =Norwich= (England)--n흵r쨈r칸j, not n흵r쨈wich. =Norwich= (U. S.)--n흵r쨈wich or n흵r쨈rich. =Otaheite=--흲-t채-hee쨈te, not 흲-ta-heet쨈. =Panama=--p채n-a-m채쨈, not p훱n쨈a-maw. =Persia=--per쨈she-a, not per쨈zhe-a. =Pesth=--p휈st, not pesth; Hungarian pronunciation, p휈sht. =Piqua=--p칸k쨈wa, not p칸k쨈w훮. =Pompeii=--p흵m-p훮쨈yee, not p흵m쨈pe-카. =Popocatapetl=--po-po-k채-t훮-p휈tl쨈, not po-po-k훱t-a-p휆쨈tel. =Poughkeepsie=--po-k칸p쨈see, not po-keep쨈see. =Quebec=--kwe-b휈k쨈, not kw휆쨈bek. =Queretaro=--k훮-r훮-t채쨈ro, not kwer-e-t훮쨈ro. =Sahara=--s채-h채쨈r채 or s채쨈ha-r채, not s훮-h훮쨈ra nor sa-h훱r쨈a. =San Diego=--s채n-de-훮쨈go, not s훱n-d카-휆쨈go. =Sangamon=--s훱ng쨈ga-mon, not s훱ng-g훱m쨈on. =San Joaquin=--s채n-Ho-채-keen쨈, not s훱n쨈j흲쨈a-kw칸n. =Shang-Hai=--shang-h카쨈, not sh훱ng쨈-h훮 nor sh훱ng쨈-h카. =Siam=--s카-am쨈 or se-am쨈, not s카쨈am. =Sumatra=--s흲흲-m채쨈tra, not s흲흲-m훮쨈tra nor s흲흲-m훱t쨈ra. =Swabia=--sw훮쨈bi-a, not swaw쨈be-a. =Taliaferro=--t흵l쨈e-ver, not t훱l-칸-a-f휈r쨈ro. =Toulouse=--t흲흲-l흲흲z쨈, not t흲흲-l흲흲ss쨈. =Truxillo=--tr흲흲-Heel쨈yo, not tr큼x-칸l쨈lo. =Tyrol=--t칸r쨈ol or te-r흵l쨈, not t카쨈rol. =Ulster= (Germany)--흵흵l쨈ster, not 큼l쨈ster. =Ulster= (Ireland and U. S.)--큼l쨈ster. =Valenciennes=--v채-long-se-휈nn쨈, not va-l휈n-se-휈nz쨈. =Valparaiso= (Chili)--v채l-p채-r카쨈so, not v훱l-pa-r훮쨈zo. =Valparaiso= (U. S.)--v훱l-pa-r훮쨈zo. =Venezuela=--ven-ez-wee쨈la or v훮-n휈th-w훮쨈l채, not ven-ez-흲흲-휆쨈la. =Vevay=--ve-v훮쨈, not v휆쨈v훮. =Vosges=--v흲zh, not v흵s쨈jez. =Worcester=--w흵흵s쨈ter, not as spelled. =Worcestershire= (w흵흵s쨈ter-shir). =Wyandot= or =Wyandotte=--w카-an-dott쨈, not w카쨈an-d흵t. =Wyoming=--w카-흲쨈ming, not w카쨈o-ming. =Yang-tse-kiang=--y채ng-tse-ke-채ng쨈, not yang쨈ste-k카쨈훱ng. =Yo Semite=--y흲-sem쨈e-te, not y흲쨈se-m카te. =Zanzibar=--z채n-ze-b채r쨈, not z훱n쨈ze-b채r. ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. =Ada=--훮쨈da, not 훱d쨈a. =Agnes=--훱g쨈n휆z, not 훱g쨈ness. =Alphonso=--al-phon쨈so, not al-ph흵n쨈zo. =Artemas=--채r쨈te-mas, not 채r-t휆쨈mas. =Augustine=--aw-g큼s쨈t칸n, not aw쨈g큼s-teen. =Basil=--b훱z쨈il, not b훮쨈sil nor b훱s쨈il. =Bernard=--b챘r쨈nard, not b챘r-nard쨈. =Bernard= (French)--be<sc>R</sc>-na<sc>R</sc>쨈. =Cecily=--s휈s쨈i-ly, not s휆쨈si-ly. =Chloe=--kl흲쨈e, not kl흲. =Darius=--da-r카쨈us, not d훮쨈ri-us. =Deborah=--d휈b쨈o-rah, not de-b흲쨈rah. =Eben=--휈b쨈en, not 휆쨈ben. =Eleanor=--휈l쨈e-a-nor, not 휈l쨈en-or. =Esther=--휈s쨈ter, not 휈s쨈ther. =Eva=--휆쨈va, not 휈v쨈a. =Frances=--fr훱n쨈sez, not fr훱n쨈sess nor fr훱n쨈s칸s. =Giles=--j카lz, not g카lz. =Hosea=--ho-z휆쨈a, not h흲쨈se-a. =Ivan=--칸v쨈an, not 카쨈van. =Ivan= (Russian)--e-v채n쨈. =Irene=--카-r휆쨈ne, not 카-reen쨈. =Jacqueline=--j훱q쨈ue-l칸n, not j훱k쨈a-l카ne. =Joan=--j흲-훱n쨈, not j흲쨈an. =Joshua=--j흵sh쨈u-a, not j흵sh쨈a-w훮. =Leopold=--l휆쨈o-p흲ld, not l휈p쨈흲ld. =Leopold= (German)--l훮-o-p흲lt. =Lionel=--li쨈o-nel, not l카-흲쨈nel. =Louisa=--l흲흲-휆쨈za, not l흲흲-카쨈za. =Marion=--m훱r쨈i-on, not m훮쨈ri-on. =Penelope=--pe-n휈l쨈o-pe, not p휈n쨈el-흲pe. =Phebe=--ph휆쨈be, not pheeb. =Philander=--ph카-l훱n쨈der, not ph칸l-훱n쨈der. =Philemon=--ph카-l휆쨈mon, not ph칸l쨈e-mon. =Reginald=--r휈j'i-nald, not r휈g쨈i-nald. =Rosalie=--r흵z쨈a-l휆, not r흲쨈za-l휆. =Rosalind=--r흵z쨈a-lind, not r흲쨈za-lind. =Rosamond=--r흵z쨈a-mond, not r흲쨈za-mond. =Rowland=--r흲쨈land, not row쨈land. =Sigismund=--s칸j쨈is-mund, not s칸g쨈is-mund. =Sigismund= (German)--see<sc>G</sc>쨈is-m흵흵nt. =Silvester=--s칸l-v휈s쨈ter, not s칸l쨈v휈s-ter. =Sophia=--so-ph카쨈a, not s흲쨈phi-a. =Ursula=---체r쨈su-la, not 체r-s큰쨈la. =Viola=---v카쨈o-la, not v카-흲쨈la. NAMES OF ROMANCE, SOBRIQUETS, ETC. =Achitophel=--a-k칸t쨈o-phel, not a-ch칸t쨈o-phel. A nickname given to the Earl of Shaftesbury and used by Dryden in his satirical poem of "Absalom and Achitophel." =Adonais=--훱d-o-n훮쨈is, not a-d흲쨈ni-as nor a-d흵n쨈i-as. A name given to the poet Keats by Shelley. =Adriana=--훱d-ri-훱n쨈a, not 훮-dri-훮쨈na nor 훮-dri-훱n쨈a. A character in the "Comedy of Errors." =횈geon=--휆-j휆쨈on, not 휆쨈je-on. A Syracusan merchant in the "Comedy of Errors." =횈milia=--휆-m칸l쨈i-a, not 휆-m휆쨈li-a. Wife of 횈geon in the "Comedy of Errors." =Agramante=--채-gr채-m채n쨈t훮, not 훱g쨈ra-m훱nt unless written =Agramant=. King of the Moors in "Orlando Furioso." =Agricane=--채-gre-k채쨈n훮, not 훱g쨈ri-k훮ne. Written also =Agrican= (훱g쨈ri-k훱n). King of Tartary in "Orlando Innamorato." =Al Borak=--채l b흵r쨈ak, not 훱l b흲쨈rak. An imaginary animal of wonderful appearance and fleetness, with which it was claimed that Mohammed made a journey to the seventh heaven. =Alcina=--채l-ch휆쨈na, not 훱l-s휆쨈na. A fairy in "Orlando Innamorato." =Alciphron=--훱l쨈si-phron, not 훱l-s칸ph쨈ron. The name of a work by Bishop Berkeley and of a character in the same. =Alciphron= is also the name of a poem by Thomas Moore and the hero of his romance, "The Epicurean." =Almanzor=--al-m훱n쨈zor, not 훱l쨈man-zor. A character in Dryden's "Conquest of Granada." =Al Rakim=--채r r채-keem쨈, not 훱l r훮쨈kim. The dog in the legend of the "Seven Sleepers of Ephesus." =Al Sirat=--채s se-r채t쨈, not 훱l쨈 si-r훱t. An imaginary bridge between this world and the Mohammedan paradise. =Angelica=--an-j휈l쨈i-ka, not an-jel-챘쨈ka. A princess of great beauty in "Orlando Innamorato." =Angelo=--훱n쨈je-lo, not an-j휈l쨈o. A prominent character in "Measure for Measure." A goldsmith in the "Comedy of Errors." =Archimago=--채r-ki-m훮쨈go, not 채r-chi-m훮쨈go nor 채r-ch칸m쨈a-go. A character in Spenser's "Fa챘ry Queen." =Argalia=--a<sc>R</sc>-g채-lee쨈채, not 채r-g훮쨈li-a. Brother of Angelica in "Orlando Innamorato." =Argantes=--a<sc>R</sc>-g채n쨈tess, not 채r-g훱n쨈t휆z. An infidel hero in "Jerusalem Delivered." =Asmodeus=--훱s-mo-d휆쨈us, not 훱z-m흲쨈de-us. An evil spirit. =Baba, Ali=--채쨈lee b채쨈b채, not 훱l쨈i b훮쨈ba. A character in the "Forty Thieves." =Baba, Cassim=--k채s쨈sim b채쨈b채, not k훱s쨈sim b훮쨈ba. Brother of Ali Baba. =Bajardo=--b채-e-a<sc>R</sc>쨈do, not ba-j채r쨈do. Rinaldo's steed in "Orlando Innamorato." =Balwhidder=--b훱l쨈hw칸th-er, not bawl쨈wh칸d-der. A pastor in Galt's "Annals of the Parish." =Banquo=--b훱nk쨈wo, not b훱ng쨈ko. A Scottish warrior and a character in "Macbeth." =Bassanio=--bas-s채쨈ni-o, not bas-s훮쨈ni-o. Husband of Portia in "Merchant of Venice." =Biron=--b칸r쨈on, not b카쨈ron. A character in "Love's Labor's Lost." =Boyet=--boy-휈t쨈, not b흲쨈yet. A character in "Love's Labor's Lost." =Bradamante=--br채-d채-m채n쨈t훮, not br훱d쨈a-m훱nt. Sister to Rinaldo, in "Orlando Innamorato." =Brunehilde=--br흲흲쨈n훮-h칸l쨈d훮, not br큼n-h칸l쨈dah. Written also =Brunehild= (br흲흲쨈neh-h칸lt). =Carrasco, Sanson=--s채n-s흲n쨈 k채<sc>R</sc>-<sc>R</sc>채s쨈ko, not s훱n쨈son k훱r-r훱s쨈ko. A character in "Don Quixote." =Cedric=--s휈d쨈rik, not s휆쨈drik. A character in "Ivanhoe." =Clarchen=--kl휈<sc>R</sc>쨈ken, not kl채r쨈chen. A female character in Goethe's "Egmont." =Clavileno Aligero=--kl채-ve-l훮n쨈yo 채-le-<sc>R</sc>훮쨈ro, not kl훱v-i-l휆쨈no 훱l-i-j휆쨈ro. A celebrated steed in "Don Quixote." =Consuelo=--k흲ng-su-훮-l흲쨈, not k흵n-su-휈l쨈o. The heroine of a novel of the same name by Georges Sand. =Don Adriano Armado=--훱d-re-채쨈no 채r-m채쨈do, not 훮-dri-훮쨈no 채r-m훮쨈do. A character in "Love's Labor's Lost." =Don Cleofas=--kl휆쨈o-fas, not kle-흲쨈fas. Hero of "The Devil on Two Sticks." =Don Juan=--j큰쨈an, not j큰-훱n쨈. =Dulcamara=--d흵흵l-k채-m채쨈r채, not d큼l-sa-m훮쨈ra nor d큼l-ka-m훮쨈ra. The itinerant physician in "L'Elisire d'Amore." =Egeus=--휆-j휆쨈us, not 휆쨈je-us. The Father of Hermia in "Midsummer Night's Dream." =Eyre, Jane=--챗r, not 카re. =Fata Morgana=--f채쨈t채 mo<sc>R</sc>-g채쨈n채, not f훮쨈ta mor-g훱n쨈a. =Fatima=--f훱t쨈i-ma, not fa-t휆쨈-ma. A female character in the story of Aladdin, or the Wonderful Lamp; also, one of the wives of Blue Beard. =Fidele=--f카-d휆쨈le, not f카-d휆le쨈. A name assumed by Imogen, in "Cymbeline." =Fra Diavolo=--fr채 de-채쨈vo-lo, not fr채 de-채-v흲쨈lo. =Genevra=--je-n휈v쨈ra, not je-n휆쨈vra. =Ginevra= is pronounced the same as the above. =Gil Blas=--zh휆l bl채ss, not j칸l bl채 nor jeel bl채z. =Gotham=--g흲쨈tham, not g흵th쨈am. A name applied to New York City. =Haidee=--h카쨈dee, not h훮쨈dee. One of the heroines in "Don Juan." =Iachimo=--y훱k쨈i-mo, not 카-훱k쨈i-mo. A prominent character in "Cymbeline." =Iago=--e-채쨈go, not 카-훮쨈go. One of the principal characters in "Othello." =Jacques=--zh채k, not j훱k쨈kw휈s. A character in "As You Like It." =Klaus, Peter=--klowss, not klawz. The hero of a German tradition similar to that of "Rip Van Winkle." =Lalla Rookh=--l채쨈la r흲흲k, not l훱l쨈la r흵흵k. The heroine of Moore's poem of the same name. =Laodamia=--la-흵d-a-m카쨈a, not la-o-d훮쨈mi-a. The wife of Protesilaus slain by Hector, and the name of a poem by Wordsworth. =Lara=--l채쨈ra, not l훮쨈ra nor l훱r쨈a. The hero and name of Byron's poem. =Le Fevre=--leh f휈v쨈r, not le f휆쨈ver. A poor lieutenant in "Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy." =Leonato=--l휆-o-n채쨈to, not l휆-o-n훮쨈to. Governor of Messina in "Much Ado About Nothing." =Mahu=--ma-h흲흲쨈 or m채쨈hoo, not m훮쨈hu. A fiend spoken of in "King Lear." =Maid of Orleans=--척r쨈le-anz, not 척r-l휆nz쨈. Another name of Joan of Arc. =Meister, Wilhelm=--v칸l쨈helm m카s쨈ter, not w칸l쨈helm m휆s쨈ter. The hero of a novel by Goethe. =Mohicans, Last of the=--mo-h휆쨈kans, not mo-h칸sh쨈ans nor m흲쨈he-kans. =Montague=--m흵n쨈ta-g큰, not mon-t훮g쨈. A noble family in "Romeo and Juliet." =Moreno, Don Antonio=--채n-t흲쨈ne-o m흲-r훮쨈no, not 훱n-t흲쨈ne-o m흲-r휆쨈no. A gentleman in "Don Quixote." =Munchausen=--mun-chaw쨈sen, not mun-kaw쨈sen. German, M체nchhausen (m체n<sc>K</sc>-how쨈zen). =Oberon=--흵b쨈er-on, not 흲쨈ber-on. King of the fairies. Takes an important part in "Midsummer Night's Dream." =Ossian=--흵sh쨈an, not aw쨈si-an. =Parizade=--p채-re-z채쨈d훮, not p훱r쨈i-z훮de쨈. A princess in "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." =Parolles=--pa-r흵l쨈les, not pa-r흲lz쨈. A follower of Bertram in "All's Well That Ends Well." =Perdita=--p챘r쨈di-ta, not p챘r-d카쨈ta nor p챘r-d휆쨈ta. A princess in "Winter's Tale." =Petruchio=--pe-tr흲흲쨈ch칸-o, not pe-tr흲흲쨈k칸-o. A principal character in "Taming of the Shrew." =Pisanio=--p칸-z채쨈n칸-o, not p칸-s훮쨈n칸-o. A character in "Cymbeline." =Posthumus=--p흵st쨈hu-m큼s, not p흲st-h큰쨈m큼s. Imogen's husband in "Cymbeline." =Prospero=--pr흵s쨈pe-ro, not pros-p휆쨈ro. An important character in the "Tempest." =Rosalind=--r흵z쨈a-l칸nd, not r흲z쨈a-lind. The lady loved by Orlando in "As You Like It." =Rosaline=--r흵z쨈a-l칸n or r흵z쨈a-l카n, not r흲z쨈a-leen. A lady in "Love's Labor's Lost;" also the name of a lady loved by Romeo before Juliet. =Rosamond, Fair=--r흵z쨈a-mond, not r흲쨈za-mond. =Rozinante=--r흵z-i-n훱n쨈te, not r흲-zi-n훱n쨈te. Don Quixote's famous horse. =Ruggiero=--r흲흲d-j훮쨈ro, not r큼g-gi-휈r쨈o or r큼j-ji-휆쨈ro. A knight in "Orlando Furioso." =Sakhrat=--s채<sc>K</sc>-r채쨈, not s훱k쨈rat. A sacred stone of great powers, in "Mohammedan mythology." =Stephano=--st휈f쨈a-no, not ste-f훮쨈no. A drunken butler in "Tempest;" also a servant of Portia in "Merchant of Venice." =Titania=--t칸-t훮쨈ni-a, not t칸-t훱n쨈i-a. The wife of Oberon, king of the fairies. =Tybalt=--t칸b쨈alt, not t카쨈balt. One of the Capulets in "Romeo and Juliet. =Ulrica=--ul-r카쨈ka, not 큼l쨈ri-ka. An old sibyl in "Ivanhoe." =Ursula=--체r쨈su-la, not 체r-s흲흲쨈la. An attendant in "Much Ado About Nothing." =Viola=--v카쨈o-la, not v카-흲쨈la. The disguised page of Duke Orsino in "Twelfth Night." ORTHOEPICAL ERRORS OF THE PROFESSIONS. Although errors of speech are at all times to be deprecated, and are generally criticised without much leniency, it must be admitted that unless they are very gross, reasonable excuses are to be taken for those who have never made their language a subject of close study, and whose only use of words is entirely impromptu in the business affairs of life, in the home circle, or in the social gathering. Though a person's descent from Belgravia or Billingsgate is in a great measure revealed by the propriety of his discourse, yet this refers principally to those words that are employed by the masses in the every-day conversations of life, rather than to technicalities and words related to particular professions, the use of which is generally confined to the specially instructed. But when a man stands forth as an orator, a teacher, a minister, or a professor of some college, it is certainly not unreasonable for those that sit under his instruction, to expect and demand that his speech should be almost free from errors. One occupying such a position may well be excused for occasional embarrassment, poor voice, unpleasant address, hesitation of delivery, and various failings and peculiarities that can not be overcome, but little or no allowance can be made for constantly repeated errors. Probably there has never been a public speaker so perfect in diction, that he has not in moments of embarrassment, or when much absorbed in his subject, been guilty of grammatical inaccuracies or mistakes of pronunciation; and doubtless he is as often aware of them as his listeners are, as soon as they drop from his lips, but it would be foolish to call attention to them by going back to correct them. But when these offenses are so glaring and so frequently repeated that it is evident the speaker knows no better, it is no wonder that the educated hearer often thinks that the teacher had better leave his position and submit to being taught. What allowance can an intelligent congregation make for their minister who has nothing else to do but prepare his sermons, if, besides a multitude of common English mistakes, he pronounces more than half of his scriptural names in a manner that is not sanctioned by any authority? When the orotund medical professor stands up to address his students, or to engage in the discussions of a convention, and rolls out technicality after technicality pronounced in a manner that would be disowned by the original Latin or Greek, and is totally at variance with established usage, who would not ask for a little less elegance and a little more education? If it required a great amount of labor outside of the usual course of study for professional men to acquire a knowledge of the pronunciation of words peculiar to the professions, the subject might be treated with more tolerance; but as the definitions and the orthoepy might be so readily learned together during those years of daily reference to books that are required before one should be considered competent to stand as a guide to others, it certainly seems that they do not properly appreciate the dignity of their position by thus laying themselves open to public criticism. Many a student, in order to become instructed in certain branches, has been compelled to reluctantly sit for months or years at the feet of those that he felt were far inferior to him in common school education, hearing hourly such violations of orthoepy and syntax as would be a discredit to school children. And, doubtless, many such students have had such a charity for their teachers that they have wished to direct their attention to their faults, but have been restrained on account of the fear of enmity, expulsion, or of lessening the chances for passing the final examination. The bare thought of being so criticised should be so galling to any one bearing the dignified title of "professor," that he ought to be stimulated to endeavor to make himself an authority concerning the proprieties of speech. The study of orthoepy was held in such high esteem by the accent Greeks, and their delicate ears were so offended by any violation of its rules, that if an orator mispronounced a single word, the entire audience immediately hissed him. During the present state of pronunciation it would indeed be embarrassing to the public speaker, if such a custom existed in this country. Let us imagine, for instance, our friend Professor Abdominous Gyn챈cophonus, with his face ebullient with smiles of self-conceit, arising to address such an audience. "Gentlemen: I have listened patiently to this op쨈po-nent (_hisses_) of al쨈lo-path-y (_hisses_) and now arise to make a few remarks and in쨈quir-ies (_hisses_). In answer to his objections against hy-os-cy-훮쨈mus (_hisses_) as an anodyne and s흲쨈por-if-ic, (_hisses_) I would say that in cases of cough and sleeplessness, I have long used hyoscyamia combined in tr흲쨈ch휈z (_hisses_) without any of those effects that the p훱t쨈ron (_hisses_) of h흲쨈me-o-path-y (_hisses_) mentions. And having made almost a specialty of the treatment of f훱챌쨈i-al (_hisses_) neuralgia or tic-d흵l-o-r흲흲쨈" (_hisses_)--and it would certainly be time for him to dolorously sit down, although he might raise the question-- "What's in a name? that which we call a rose, By any other name would smell as sweet," and argue therefrom that the pronunciation of a word should make no difference so long as its meaning was understood. Amongst professional men, it has been observed that physicians and dentists are by far more prone than others to orthoepical errors. Attention is requested to a few of the more common of these in addition to those found in the preceding vocabulary connected with words that are alike used by the professional and the unprofessional, such as: _abdomen_, _acclimated_, _albumen_, _animalcula arabic_, _citrate_, _embryo_, _excrescence_, _fetid_, _fetor_, _forceps_, _homeopathy_, _hydropathy_, _jugular_, _jujube_, _nasal_, _pharmacop흹ia_, _purulent_, _spasmodic_, _sulphurous_, _tragacanth_, etc. The authorities appealed to are Dunglison, Thomas, Webster and Worcester. Notwithstanding the superior merit of Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, as far as the comprehensiveness and reliability of its definitions are concerned, it is evident that it is almost useless as an orthoepical guide. The principal accent is in many cases marked, but the pronunciation of preceding and succeeding syllables can not be determined, and there is no attempt at syllabication. Dr. Thomas' dictionary, though less comprehensive, is equally reliable in its definitions, and is excellent authority in regard to orthoepy; though it is to be regretted that in some words important syllables are not sufficiently marked. For instance, take the words _as-bes쨈tos_ and _bis쨈muth_; how can it be determined whether the first should be pronounced 훱s-b휈s쨈toss or 훱z-b휈s쨈t흲z or the latter b칸z쨈muth or b칸ss쨈muth? Webster and Worcester are undoubtedly good authorities for the pronunciation of the medical words they give. In the following vocabulary all of the authorities that mention the words may be considered as agreeing, unless notice is made of their disagreement. MEDICAL AND DENTAL WORDS. [In Latin and Latinized Greek words, the English sounds of the vowels are given as those used by the majority of professional men. If any one, however, prefers to adopt the continental method, sounding _a_ as in _father_, _y_ and _i_ as _e_ in _veto_, etc., and consistently applies it to all such words, no one, of course, has a right to object.] =Adipose=--훱d쨈i-p흲se, not ad쨈i-p흲ze. =Ala=--훮쨈la, not 훱l쨈a. =Al챈=, plural. =Alis=--훮쨈l칸s, not 훱l쨈칸s. This as a termination of many words, such as =abdominalis=, =digitalis=, =frontalis=, =lachrymalis=, =transversalis=, etc., is often erroneously pronounced 훱l쨈is. =Alumen=--al-큰쨈men, not 훱l쨈u-men. =Alveolus=--al-v휆쨈o-lus, not al-ve-흲쨈lus. Plural, =alveoli= (al-v휆쨈o-l카). =Alveolar=--(al-v휆쨈o-lar). Alveolus is the name given to the _cavity_ in the jaw that is seen upon the removal of the root of a tooth, and it possesses no more tangibility than a pinch of air; almost daily, however, we hear dentists speak of extracting a tooth with a piece of the _alveolus_ attached. What a curiosity for preservation in a museum is a tooth with a piece of a little hole fastened to the root! What is meant is a piece of the _alveolar process_, or portion of bone around the alveolus. =An챈mic=--a-n휈m쨈칸k, not a-n휆쨈m칸k. Dunglison gives the latter. =Andral=--흵ng-dr채l쨈, not 훱n쨈-dral. =Aphth챈=--훱f쨈th휆, not 훱p쨈th휆. =Aqua=--훮쨈kwa, not 훱k쨈wa. =Arcus Senilis=--se-n카쨈lis, not s휈n쨈i-lis. =Areolar=--a-r휆쨈o-lar, not a-re-흲쨈lar. =Aris=--훮쨈r칸s, not 훱r쨈is in the termination of =angularis=, =medullaris=, =palmaris=, =orbicularis=, =pulmonaris=, etc. =Asarum=--훱s쨈a-rum, not a-s훮쨈rum. =Asbestos=--훱s-b휈s쨈t흵ss, not 훱z-b휈s쨈t흲z. =Attollens=--at-t흵l쨈lenz, not at-t흲쨈lenz. =Azygos=--az쨈y-gos, not a-zy쨈gos. =Bagge=--b채g쨈geh, not b훱g. =Bimana=--b카-m훮쨈na, not b카-m훮쨈n칸-a. =Bismuth=--b칸z쨈muth, not b칸ss쨈muth. =Bitumen=--b칸-t큰쨈men, not b칸t쨈u-men. =Cadaver=--ka-d훮쨈ver, not ka-d훱v쨈er. =Caries=--k훮쨈r칸-휆z, not k훮쨈r휆z nor k훱r쨈r휆z. =Carminative=--kar-m칸n쨈a-tive, not kar쨈mi-n훮-t칸ve. =Caryophillus=--k훱r-칸-o-ph칸l쨈lus, not k훱r-칸-흵ph쨈칸l-lus. =Cerebral=--s휈r쨈e-bral, not ser-휆쨈bral. =Cerebric=--s휈r쨈e-bric, not ser-휆쨈bric. =Cerebrum=--s휈r쨈e-brum, not ser-휆쨈brum. Dunglison gives both. =Cerumen=--se-r큰쨈men, not s휈r쨈큰-men. =Cheyne=--ch훮n or cheen, not sh훮ne. =Choledochus=--ko-l휈d쨈o-kus, not k흵l-e-d흲쨈kus nor ko-l칸d쨈a-kus. =Cicatrix=--si-k훮쨈trix, not s칸k쨈a-trix nor si-k훱t쨈rix. Plural, =cicatrices= (s칸k쨈a-tr카쨈s휆z), not s칸-k훱t쨈r칸-s휆z. =Cimicifuga=--s칸m-칸-s칸f쨈u-ga, not s칸m-i-s칸-f큰쨈ga nor s칸m-칸s쨈i-f큰쨈ga. =Cochlea=--k흵k쨈le-a, not k흲k쨈le-a. =Conein=--ko-n휆쨈칸n, not k흲쨈ne-칸n. =Conium=--ko-n카쨈um, not k흲쨈ni-um. =Cranium=--kr훮쨈ni-um, not kr훱n쨈i-um. =Cynanche=--s칸-n훱n쨈k휆, not s카-n훱n쨈ch휆. =Diastase=--d카쨈as-t훮se, not d카-as쨈t훮ze. =Diastole=--d카-as쨈to-le, not d카쨈as-t흲le. =Diploe=--d칸p쨈lo-e, not dip-l흲쨈e. =Dulcamara=--dul-ka-m훮쨈ra, not dul-sa-m훮쨈ra. Webster gives dul-kam쨈a-ra also. =Duodenum=--du-o-d휆쨈num, not du-흵d쨈e-num. =Dyspn흹a=--d칸sp-n휆쨈a, not d칸s-n휆쨈a. =Emesis=--휈m쨈e-sis,not em-휆쨈sis. =Epiploon=--e-p칸p쨈lo-on, not ep-ip-l흲쨈on. =Facial=--f훮쨈shal, not f훱sh쨈i-al. =Foramen=--fo-r훮쨈men, not fo-r훱m쨈en. =Fungi=--fun쨈j카 not fun쨈g카. Plural of =fungus=. =Galbanum=--g훱l쨈ba-num, not gal-b훮쨈num. =Gingiva=--j칸n-j카쨈va, not j칸n쨈ji-va. =Glenoid=--gl휆쨈noid, not gl휈n쨈oid. =Glut챈us=--gl큰쨈t챈-us, according to Webster. The rest give gl큰-t챈쨈us. =Helleborus=--hel-l휈b쨈o-rus, not hel-le-b흲쨈rus. =Hyoscyamus=--h카-os-s카쨈a-mus, not h카-os-sy-훱m쨈us nor hi-os-sy-훮쨈mus. =Hyoscyamine= (h카-os-s카쨈a-m칸n). =Impetigo=--칸m-pe-t카쨈go, not 칸m-p휈t쨈i-go. =Incisive=--칸n-s카쨈s칸v, not in-s칸s쨈ive. =Iodoform=--카-흵d쨈o-form, not 카-흲쨈do-form. Dunglison gives 카쨈o-do-form. =Itis.= According to Webster and Worcester this termination is pronounced 카쨈t칸s in =bronchitis=, =pleuritis=, =gastritis=, etc. Thomas and Dunglison do not specify, but the inference is that they intend the same. It is, however, so generally pronounced 휆쨈tis, that many would object to the attention attracted by calling it 카쨈tis. =Jejunum=--je-j큰쨈num, not j휈j쨈u-num. =Juniperus=--ju-n칸p쨈e-rus, not j큰쨈ni-per-us nor ju-ni-p휆쨈rus. =Laudanum=--law쨈da-num, not l흵d쨈a-num. =Lentigo=--len-t카쨈go, not l휈n쨈ti-go. =Lepra=--l휈p쨈ra, not l휆쨈pra. Dunglison gives the latter. =Leuwenhoek=--l흲흲쨈en-h흵흵k or l<sc>U</sc>h쨈wen-h흵흵k (U as in fur), not l흲흲쨈wen-h흲ke. =Levator=--le-v훮쨈tor, not le-v훱t쨈or. =Liquor= (Latin)--l카쨈kwor, not l칸k쨈ur as in English. =Magendie=--m채-zh흵ng-d휆쨈, not m훮-j휈n쨈d휆. =Malic=--m훮쨈lic, not m훱l쨈ic. Thomas gives the latter. =Matrix=--m훮쨈trix, not m훱t쨈rix. =Mistura=--m칸s-t큰쨈ra, not m칸s쨈tu-ra. =Molecule=--m흵l쨈e-k큰le, not m흲쨈le-k큰le. =Mollities=--mol-l칸sh쨈칸-휆z, not m흵l쨈l칸-t휆z. =Molybdenum=--m흵l-칸b-d휆쨈num, not mo-l칸b쨈de-num. =Nasmyth=--n훮쨈smith, not n훱z쨈m칸th. =Nicolai=--nee쨈ko-l카, not n칸k쨈o-l훮. =Nucleolus=--nu-kl휆쨈o-lus, not nu-kle-흲쨈lus. =Oris=--흲쨈r칸s, not 흵r쨈is. =Ovale=--흲-v훮쨈le, not 흲-v훱l쨈e. =Panizzi=--p채-n칸t쨈see or p채-n휆t쨈see, not pan-칸z쨈zy. =Pepys=--p휈ps, not p휆쨈p칸s nor p휈p쨈칸s. =Pes Anserinus=--p휆z an-ser-카쨈nus, not p휈z an-s휈r쨈i-nus. I once heard a professor describing the facial nerve to his class, and he dwelt upon this plexus for some time, calling it the "Pons Asinorum." =Podagra=--p흵d쨈a-gra, not po-d훮쨈gra. Worcester gives po-d훱g쨈ra also. =Podophyllum=---p흵d-o-phyl쨈um, not po-d흵ph쨈yl-lum. =Process=--pr흵s쨈ess, not pr흲쨈sess. =Prostate=--pros쨈t훮te, not pr흵s쨈tr훮te. =Purkinje=--p흵흵<sc>R</sc>쨈k칸n-yeh or p흵흵r쨈k칸n, not par-k칸n쨈j휆. =Pylorus=--p칸-l흲쨈rus, not p카-l척r쨈us. =Pyrethrum=--p칸r쨈e-thrum, not p카-r휆쨈thrum. =Quadrumana=--quad-r큰쨈ma-na, not quad-ru-m훮쨈nia. =Rubeola=--ru-b휆쨈o-la, not ru-be-흲쨈la. =Sacrum=--s훮쨈krum, not s훱k쨈rum. =Sagittal=--s훱j쨈it-tal, not sa-j칸t쨈tal. Danglison gives the latter. =Sanies=--s훮쨈n칸-휆z, not s훮쨈n휆z nor s훱n쨈휆z. =Scabies=--sc훮쨈b칸-ez, not sc훱b쨈휆z nor sc훮쨈b휆z. =Seidlitz=--s카d쨈l칸tz, not s휈d쨈l칸tz, unless spelled =Sedlitz=. =Sinapis=--si-n훮쨈pis, not s칸n쨈a-pis. =Squamous=--skw훮쨈mus, not skwaw쨈mus. =Systole=--s칸s쨈to-le, not s칸s쨈t흲le. =Tinctura=--tinc-t큰쨈ra, not tinct쨈u-ra. =Titanium=--ti-t훮쨈ni-um, not ti-t훱n쨈i-um. =Trachea=--tra-k휆쨈a or tr훮쨈ke-a, not tr훱ck쨈e-a. =Tremor=--tr휆쨈mor, not tr휈m쨈-or. Webster allows the latter also. =Trismus=--triss쨈mus, not tr칸z쨈mus. =Umbilicus=--um-b칸-l카쨈kus, according to Worcester, Thomas and Dunglison. Webster gives um-bil쨈i-kus. =Variola=--va-r카쨈o-la, not va-ri-흲쨈la. =Veratrum=--ve-r훮쨈trum, not ve-r훱t쨈rum. =Vertebral=--v휈r쨈te-bral, not ver-t휆쨈bral. =Virchow=--f칸r쨈ko, not v챦r쨈chow nor v챦r쨈kow. =Zinci=--z칸n쨈si, not zink쨈카. SENTENCES FOR PRACTICE. The following extract is from the letter of a friend, to whom were sent some of the advance pages of this work: "I am absolutely filled with astonishment to see how many simple words I have been mispronouncing all my life, and would have kept on mispronouncing to the end of my days if my thoughts had not been directed to them. If I were in your place I would end the book with a story in which all the words would be used in the course of the narrative. I can imagine no amusement more instructive or interesting than for a social party to read in turns, under some penalty for each mistake." I had myself conceived the idea of presenting the words untrammeled with explanation of the orthoepy, or marks of accent; but the form was not decided upon. The effort to compose a narrative was abandoned after a fair trial; for to have a plot and also bring the words in natural position would require a large volume; otherwise, it made senseless jumble. In the trial sentences given the objects are gained in small space. Those objects are to allow readers to exercise the memory and test their friends; and at the same time to use the words syntactically. It is hoped that the reader will pardon any absurdities of context; as they can not be avoided where one is compelled to use so many selected words, and is obliged to force them into a small compass. MELANGE. The invalid came from _Bremen_ to America and hoped to be soon _acclimated_, but was stricken down with a disease that was not _amenable_ to treatment, although he had many physicians: _allopathists_, _hydropathists_ and _homeopathists_. He said that the aim of _allopathy_ was to poison him; of _hydropathy_ to drown him; and of _homeopathy_ to let him die unaided. * * * * * One of the _combatants_ struck his _opponent_ in the _abdomen_ with a club, cut off an _alder_ tree; he was carried under the shade of an _ailantus_ and immediately expired. * * * * * _Sophia_ found the egg under a _piony_ near the _shumac_ tree; but she broke it in carrying, and spilled the _albumen_ all over her _alpaca_ dress. * * * * * The dose for an _adult_ is a _dessert-spoonful_. * * * * * It was a plain supper--nothing but _aerated_ bread, _Bologna_ sausage and _radishes_. * * * * * He told his _demonstrative disputant_ that he did not wish to _get_ into an _altercation_, but it only appeared to arouse his _combativeness_ still more. * * * * * Why do you accent the _antepenult_ of _espionage_? * * * * * He _illustrated_ his proposition by cutting off the _apex_ of the figure, and then exhibited his _apparatus_ for the production of _statical_ electricity. * * * * * Two-thirds _gum-arabic_ and one-third _gum-tragacanth_ make a good mucilage. * * * * * The _archbishop_ dreamed that an _archangel_ came to him and told him to have his _architect_ send to an island in the Grecian _Archipelago_ for white marble for the _pilasters_. * * * * * Search the _archives_ of history and you will not find another such _prodigy_ as Admirable _Crichton_. * * * * * When, after _traversing_ the ocean, you find yourself in the _arid_ desert of _Sahara_, where there is no _aroma_ of sweet flowers, or anything _at all_ to regale your exhausted energies; where there is no _herb_ nor _herbaceous_ plant near you; where you are almost famished for want of some _potable_ fluid; where you are in constant fear of being _harassed_ by _truculent nomads_--then will you realize that there are no joys _comparable_ to those that exist around the _hearthstone_ of your humble home. * * * * * When the contents of the _museum_ were sold by _auction_, the antiquary bought a roll of _papyrus_ filled with _hieroglyphics_, a kind of _bellows_ used by the ancients for starting their fires, and a fine collection of _trilobites_. * * * * * The attempt at a _reconnoisance_ in force had been unsuccessful; immediately after _reveille_, the commander of the _fortress_ _put_ it to vote amongst his officers, whether or not they should surrender. The _ayes_ carried it, although some _vehemently_ opposed on account of the excellent _morale_ of the garrison. * * * * * The _heroine_ of the _melodrama_ sent to her _betrothed Seignior_ an _exquisite bouquet_, composed of _catalpa_ flowers, _dahlias_, _marigold_ and _thyme_, and prayed his forgiveness for not allowing him the promised _t챗te-횪-t챗te_ at the _trysting_ place; she had been suffering with the _tic-douloureux_, she said. He generously forgave her and sent her a _sonnet_, in which he said that her voice was sweeter than that of _Piccolomini_, or any other _cantatrice_; that no _houri_ could be more beautiful than she; he called her a fair _florist_, and after _extolling_ her _na챦vet챕_, _roseate_ cheeks and _nymphean_ graces, he swore eternal _homage_ and that he would love her forever and for _aye_. * * * * * The judge _bade_ the _desperado_ cease his _badinage_ and answer his _inquiries_, and threatened that if he did not, he would punish him for his _contumacy_. * * * * * The _vicar_ was one of the _notable_ men of his day; his wife was a pattern of _industry_, a _notable_ housekeeper. While the birds were chirping their _matin_ song, she might be seen with her _besom_ in her hand. * * * * * Is this a _bona fide_ transaction, or is it a _Machiavelian_ attempt to _inveigle_ the _prelate_ into an _imbroglio_? * * * * * A _booth_ was erected at the fair where the _pretty_ Misses _Agnes_ and _Rosalind_ with much _complaisance_ dispensed _gratis_ to the visitors, _soda-water_ flavored with _orgeat_ or _sarsaparilla_. * * * * * General _Silvester_ and his _prot챕g챕_, _Reginald_, met with a _casualty_ that nearly cost them their lives. The horses attached to their _Brougham_ became frightened at a _yacht_ and made a _tremendous_ leap over a high embankment into a _creek_. * * * * * At the _zoological_ garden was found nearly every animal _extant_, from a mouse to a _camelopard_. * * * * * The _rendezvous_ of the _topographical_ surveyors was at the camp of some hunters on a _knoll_ near the banks of a _ca챰on_. * * * * * The monk concealed his features with his _capoch_ and would have been _irrecognizable_ if his _discourse_ had not betrayed him. * * * * * The _챕tag챔re_ stands _cater-cornered_ in a _recess_ and contains many beautiful ornaments that his _predecessor_ _gathered_ within the last _decade_ of years; amongst which may be mentioned the heads of _Beethoven_, _B챕ranger_, _Goethe_, Percy _Bysshe_ Shelley, and many other celebrities, cut in _onyx_. * * * * * The _Caucasian_ races obtained their name on account of originating near Mount _Caucasus_. * * * * * The _mischievous_ children got _cayenne_ all over their _chaps_, by which they were sufficiently punished without any further _chastening_. * * * * * The _chivalric_ Don Quixote, having become a _monomaniac_ on the subject of _chivalry_, bestrode his _Rosinante_, and, attended by his squire, started out to perform _chivalrous_ deeds. * * * * * Lord C. has been absent since _February_, 1870; it is said that he has been traveling _incognito_, but it is certain that in Italy he has retained his _cognomen_. He is now at _Modena_ awaiting the recovery of his _Cicerone_, when he intends to visit _Genoa_ and _Milan_. * * * * * The _obesity_ of the _florid_-faced prebendary is observed to increase with his _prebend_. * * * * * I have heard much of the _gamins_ of _Gotham_, but I never realized what the _gallows_-deserving rascals were till I settled in New York City. I opened business as a _pharmaceutist_ on a corner that was a favorite _haunt_ of theirs. Such a crowd of _tatterdemalions_ as stood in front of my show-window the first day I made my display of _Parisian_ fancy goods, baffles description. One had the _hooping_ cough, and every now and then would hoop till the _perspiration_ rolled down his face; then he would shriek out the daily _newspapers_, in a voice like a _calliope_. One dirty-faced _gourmand_ ate _papaws_ till he had to _gape_ for breath, and would shoot the seeds and throw the skins at his _hundred_ comrades, half of them coming in my front door. Another, dressed in ragged _jean_, his face covered with _soot_, played the _jew's-harp_ hour after hour, with as much pride in his ability as _Paganini_ at his violin. Another, a tall, _jaundice_ visaged youth with an _embryo_ beard of about a dozen hairs, covered nearly to his heels with his great-grandfather's _surtout_, in the _lapel_ of which was pinned a death's-head, danced upon the iron cellar door till it roared like distant artillery. Then there were many other "_partners_" bearing such _sobriquets_ as "Sore Snoot," "Pig Eye," "Limpy," etc., _improvising irrational_ songs, boxing, _wrestling_, indulging in _raillery_ and _ribald_ jests, pitching _quoits_, _meawing_ like cats, howling at my _patrons_ and driving reputable _patronage_ away. Every now and then they would send in little, _saucy_, _precocious_ urchins, who offered to _patronize_ me by asking for two cents' worth of _jujube_ paste, _tolu_ or _licorice_, or some _Samaritan_ _salve_ for Jim Biles' sore nose. At last, when the sun had reached the _horizon_, as a _finale_ of the day's _progress_, one of the young villains hurled a bowlder through my French plate-glass, which, after its flight through a lot of _citrate_ of magnesia, _cochineal_ and _quinine_, finally spilled a large bottle of red ink all over my new _pharmacop흹ia_. Springing over the _d챕bris_, I rushed to the door with _implacable_ anger flashing from my eyes. But one glance at that _imperturbable_ crowd showed me how _impotent_ I was. One of them with _placid_ countenance and _stolid_ indifference simply accosted me with, "Say, Mister, are you going to see the '_Naiad_ Queen' to-night?" I left that store in less than a _fortnight_. * * * * * The _comptroller_ was appointed by the _government_ upon the supposition that he was _conversant_ with the details of _finance_; but he was only a _mediocre financier_ and was not aware of the _deficit_ in the _finances_, until the conscience-stricken _defalcating_ officer acknowledged his _defalcation_. * * * * * The emigrants to the _frontier_ chose a beautiful spot for their settlement; but they found that the wells dug there and on the _contiguous prairies_ had a _saline_ taste; so they were obliged to bring water from the _mountainous_ region beyond, by means of a _conduit_. * * * * * From the _congeries_ presented to the professor, he, at his _leisure_, _isolated_ each genus and gave _generic_ names to each; and at the next meeting of the _lyceum_, he solicited attention to his _data_ and the _truths_ he had deduced. * * * * * The handsome _contour_ of _Madame_ G's face has been spoiled by an _excrescence_ like a _raspberry_ on her _nasal_ organ. * * * * * Young _Philemon_ after reading _Lalla Rookh_, _Lara_, Don _Juan_, The _Giaour_, the productions of Mrs. _Hemans_, and a few others, was seized with the determination to become a poet; but he has only succeeded in becoming a _poetaster_, without any ideas of _prosody_. More _metrical_ excellence and sense can be found in the _distich_: "Mary, Mary, quite _contrary_, How does your garden grow?" than in any of the _products_ of his brain that he has given us. His brothers, _Eben_ and _Philander_, have become stage-struck, and expect to excel in the _Protean_ art. Their _guardian_, himself a great lover of _drama_, having foolish confidence in their success, grants them _plenary_ indulgence in all their whims. They are _habitu챕s_ of the _theatre_, and have fitted up a _suite_ of apartments next to a _suit_ of rooms occupied by some stock actors, with whom they are bound in _indissoluble_ bonds of friendship. There they spend the day in practice, and if you should call at any hour, there is no telling what will present itself to you. Perhaps Macbeth with the _glamour_ of his eyes, viewing the imaginary _gouts_ of blood; or _Banquo_ with his gory locks; or some knight with his _cuirass_ on and his _visor_ down, plunging, without a _qualm_, his carmine-stained _poniard_ into the _jugular_ of some _patriot_. Possibly, Othello the _Moor_, King John with the _Magna Charta_, or a _legendary_ warrior of frightful _mien_ with his _falchion_ drawn, will admit you. Or you may see a _viscount_ with _falcon_, a _rampant_ villain, a _jocund_ host, or an _irate_, _splenetic_ old man with _spectacles_, pronouncing with _senile vehemence_ a curse upon some _fragile_ female in _negligee_ before him, who beseeches the aid of an _immobile statue_ in a _niche_ in the wall. You may get there in the nick of time to save Desdemona by an _expos챕_ of _Iago_'so villainy, to rescue Pythias whom Damon holds by the _nape_ of the neck on the _threshold_ of eternity, or to restrain the _suicidal_ design of the _Montague_ by informing him that the fair Capulet is only under the influence of a _soporific_--not dead. You may arrive soon enough to arouse the womanhood in the _docile_ Kate, making her less _docible_, and talk woman's rights to _Petruchio_, making him more _lenient_. And you will find the guardian of these promising youths, sitting there all day shouting _encore_ to their absurdities, and not _rational_ enough to see his _indiscretion_ in permitting their _frivolity_. * * * * * The _ennui_, recently complained of, was relieved by an invitation to a party given by the _Mesdames_ B., the same you met at the _conversazione_ of the church _guild_. The ladies received their guests with their usual _suavity_. Their niece, _Rosamond_, recently from _Madrid_, was the attraction of the evening; she wore an elegant _moire_ antique with a profusion of _valenciennes_; she had a beautiful set of jewelry--_opal_ and diamonds. It was marvelous how her _tiny_ hands flew over the _piano-forte_. She sings very sweetly too; her voice is a sort of _mezzo-soprano_. The _na챦ve_ Miss _Ursula_ was present, nearly smothered in black silk and _guipure_. She looks much prettier in _dishabille_. The little _piquant_ Miss _Irene_, with her _plaited_ hair, sang with a voice like a _paroquet_ her favorite, "_Tassels_ on the Boots." That disgusting young _Leopold_ was there, feeling as important as a _Rothschild_, making his _salams_, and _palavering sotto voce_ to all the girls, circulating his _monogram_ cards and sporting his paste pin with its dazzling _facets_. He thinks he cuts a wide _swath_. Late in the evening those that were fond of _Terpsichorean_ amusement were ushered into a room where the _tapestry_ was covered and there spent several hours in _minuets_, waltzes, quadrilles, etc. The topics of conversation amongst the more sensible during the evening were the object of the visit of the new _prelate_, and the recent speeches of _Disraeli_ and _Thiers_. Madame B. caused a good deal of merriment by describing an improvement in her _cuisine_ that had been introduced that day. Bridget, a late importation from _Belfast_, who had charge of the _culinary_ department, was told to send for some _vermicelli_ to put in the soup, but she ordered _spermaceti_ instead. * * * * * There was an old superstition that when the _sacristan_ caused the bell in the _cupola_ to toll its _dolorous_ funeral notes, the _manes_ of former friends joined in the solemn _cortege_, and gathering around the grave moved their lips in inaudible _requiem_, and wrote in invisible letters upon the tomb, _omega_. * * * * * The great _desideratum_ in the successful argument of _disputable_ points, is the possession of an _equable_ temper. * * * * * _Alphonso_, while out hunting _partridges_, fell into a _slough_. Being clothed only in _nainsook_, he took a severe cold, which soon resulted in _febrile_ symptoms. * * * * * Dr. Mastiff's _posthumous monograph_ on "_Rabies_" will soon appear. The _frontispiece_ represents a group of dogs. Next to the _preface_ is a _memoir_ of the author. It was his own design to have "_Finis_" placed upon a cut of a tombstone. It almost seems that he had a _presentiment_ of his death. * * * * * _Suffice_ it to say that the dentist gave the patient enough letheon to produce unconsciousness, and then applied his _forceps_ to the offending tooth. Letheon, accented on the first syllable, and _lethean_ are derived from _Lethe_, the name of a river described in mythology, a draught from which caused forgetfulness. * * * * * _Sulphurous_ acid is _gaseous_, not liquid. * * * * * It is reported in the _Pall Mall_ Gazette that _Basil_ S., whom you met several years ago at _Leipsic_, is dead. He lived the life of a _rou챕_ for some years in Paris and London, and turned out to be a most _perfidious_ villain. In the latter city he committed many _heinous_ offenses and acts of _subtle_ knavery that were almost without _precedent_. He was engaged for a long time in the manufacture of _spurious_ money by a new _process_, in which dies were taken from _gutta-percha_ impressions. He had purchased the services of an experienced professor of _metallurgy_, and the _produce_ of their crime would have been immense, if some of his other crimes had not been betrayed. _Placards_, offering a large reward for his arrest, were posted all over the city. He fled to Venice where he was soon afterward drowned by falling from a _gondola_, thus cheating the _gibbet_ of its dues. * * * * * The foolish lover, _Ivan_, rendered desperate because his rival _Darius_ had gained the _precedence_ in _Marion's_ esteem, resolved to commit suicide and rushed _toward_ the _quay_ and plunged into the water. Some fishermen rescued him with their _seine_, poured some _potheen_ down his throat, and carried him home on a piece of _tarpaulin_. His _sousing_ cured him of his folly, but was a poor _guerdon_ for his faithfulness. * * * * * The _Saracens_, taking advantage of the _strategic_ point, made a sudden dash into the territory of the _usurper_; while a detachment _houghed_ the horses of the enemy's _cavalry_, the rest proceeded on a _predatory_ raid characterized by _rapine_ and terror, and after the _spoliation_ of the villages, and the burning of the _granaries_, returned to their own possessions. * * * * * _Lionel_, _prejudiced_ against the world on account of _onerous_ cares, concluded to make a _sacrifice_ of his wealth and position and become a _recluse_. His little _hovel_ on the _heather_, whitened with lime which he himself _slaked_, and the little flower garden _redolent_ of spring, present a strange contrast with his former mansion and magnificent grounds. * * * * * _Eva_ answered the _inquiry_ of the French gentleman, "Parlez-vous fran챌ais?" with a "Oui;" but when she came to converse with him, he understood about as much of her _patois_ as he did of _Hindoostanee_. * * * * * There is a fabulous report that the _upas_ tree exhales a _subtile_ vapor that is fatal to animal life. * * * * * Since _Joshua_ has obtained his lucrative _sinecure_, he spends his time in riding about in his _phaeton_ and reading _romances_. He is _loth_ to acknowledge that he was ever a _plebeian_ and did all kinds of _servile_ work. He is confident that his _genealogy_, if known, would show that he was unto a _manor_ born, and that some _supposititious_ child robbed him of his rights. * * * * * The knight dropped his _wassail cup_ and sprang to the assistance of the ladies. "_Gramercy_," _quoth_ they, _simultaneously_. * * * * * The _veterinary_ physician said that the disease was _murrain_. * * * * * An _infinitesimal_ quantity of _yeast_ excited the fermentation. * * * * * _Augustine_ studied _microscopy_ just long enough to learn that a _monad_ is one of the simplest kind of minute _animalcules_; he then tried chemistry and _mineralogy_, but he could not master the _nomenclature_; he then took a fancy for _telegraphy_, but soon abandoned the idea of becoming a _telegraphist_. At last accounts, he apprenticed himself to a druggist, but was told to _vamos_ soon after making up a lot of _Seidlitz_ powders with oxalic instead of _tartaric_ acid. * * * * * _Artemas_ has applied for a _patent_ on an improved _turbine_ wheel. * * * * * Mr. B., recollecting the _precedent_ services of his servant, advanced him money enough to lift the _lien_ on his dwelling. * * * * * The _lithographer_ had only a poor _melanotype_ to copy from, but he succeeded in making an excellent print. * * * * * "Thou shalt destroy them that speak _leasing_," is found in the sixth verse of the fifth _psalm_. * * * * * At the examination in _orthoepy_, _Deborah_ had the following words given to her: _contumely_, _crinoline_, _feudal_, _fetid_, _fetor_, _gerund_, _gneiss_, _gyrfalcon_, _harem_, _Hawaiian_, _hygiene_, _lariat_, _leverage_, _nonillion_, _obligatory_, _platina_, _platinum_, _psalmody_, _psychical_, _purulent_, _pyrites_, _recherch챕_, _r챕sum챕_, _sacerdotal_, _sacrament_, _schism_, _shekel_, _stearine_ and _troches_. * * * * * The objective, me, is _often_ erroneously used instead of the _nominative_, I, in answer to the question--"Who is there?" * * * * * In the _dramatis person챈_ of "Midsummer Night's Dream," _Oberon_ and _Titania_, king and queen of the fairies, are introduced. * * * * * At the examination in geography, _Ada_ was required to draw a map of _Asia_, which would have been well done, if she had not drawn _Persia_, _Afghanistan_ and _Beloochistan_ nearly twice their proper size. She was then asked to give the location and length of the _Altai_ and _Vosges_ mountains, and the height of their principal peaks; a description of the _Aral_, _Adriatic_ and _Caribbean_ seas; the course and length of the _Amoor_ and _Yang tse-kiang_; and the location and population of _Valparaiso_ (_Chili_), _Bantam_, (_Java_), _Norwich_, (Eng.), _Pesth_, _Quebec_, _Valenciennes_, _Neufchatel_, _Nantes_ and _Aix-la-Chapelle_. Her sister, _Frances_, was told to draw maps of _Buenos Ayres_ and _Otaheite_, and to bound _Venezuela_ and _Arkansas_; to give the length and direction of the _Araguay_, _Juniata_, _Kankakee_, _Barbados_ and _San Joaquin_; the location of Cape _Agulhas_; the situation and population of _Bingen_, _Calais_, _Canton_, _Acapulco_, _Chuquisaca_, _Delhi_, _Dubuque_, _Jeddo_, _Quereturo_, _Truxillo_, _Leicester_ and _Vevay_, and a description of _Sumatra_, _Zanzibar_, _Barbadoes_ and the _Antilles_. * * * * * _Sigismund_ has just returned from _Yosemite_ Valley. * * * * * _Cecily_, _Chloe_ and _Viola_ have just passed their examination in biography. The names presented to them were the following: _N. S. Adam_ (Fr.), _G. Adam_ (Ger.), _Beatrice Cenci_, _Blucher_, _Boccaccio_, _Anne Boleyn_, _Marco Bozzaris_, _Joseph Buonaparte_, _D'Aubign챕_, _Daubigny_, _Drouyn de Lhuys_, _Juarez_, _Lavater_, _Marat_, _Marion_, _Catherine de Medici_, _Moultrie_, _Ovid_, _Pliny_, _Ponce de Leon_ and _Richelieu_. VIOLATED RULES OF GRAMMAR. Many, who claim to be good grammarians, are occasionally guilty of the violation of certain important rules. Attention is solicited to a few of the more common errors of this nature. NUMBER. Certain compounds change the form of the first word in pluralizing, as: _court-martial_, _brother-in-law_, _sister-in-law_. Plural, _courts-martial_, _brothers-in-law_, etc. "John has three brother-in-laws," then, is incorrect. But _tea-spoonful_, _table-spoonful_, _cupful_, _pocketful_, etc., are not considered such compounds; therefore, "two tea-spoonsful of medicine" and "two-cupsful of flour," should be, "two tea-spoonfuls of medicine," and "two cupfuls of flour." When name and title are given, with a numeral adjective prefixed, the _name_ is pluralized. "Are the two Misses Wilson at home?" should be, "Are the two Miss Wilsons at home?" But when the numeral is omitted the _title_ must be pluralized. "Were the Dr. Browns there?" should be, "Were the Drs. Brown there?" The rule has been given that the _name_ only of married ladies is pluralized, but there appears to be no reason except that of euphony: the _Mrs. Clarks_ certainly sounds more agreeably than the _Mistresses Clark_. In giving the plural of such titles as: _Hon._, _Rev._, _Squire_ and _Capt._, euphony is also often considered; but in such cases it would doubtless be better to add the numeral, as: the _three Hon. Jacksons_. EACH OTHER--ONE ANOTHER. _Each other_ applies to two; _one another_ to more than two. "The three witnesses contradicted each other," and "the two men accused one another," are incorrect. NEITHER, NOT--NOR. _Neither_ and _not_ are followed by _nor_, not _or_. "Neither James or Charles will come," and "it is not white or black," are incorrect. TO BE, UNITING WORDS. Words united by _to be_, referring to the same person, must be of the same case. "It is me," "It may have been him," "It could not be her," and "It was not them," are not correct: _it_, in each of the sentences, is _nominative_ and the other pronouns should be _I_, _he_, _she_ and _they_. "I took it to be he," and "I understood it to be they," are also wrong; for _it_ is objective in both instances, and the following pronouns should be _him_ and _them_. THAN, AS. _Than_ and _as_ implying comparison, have the same case after as before. "He loses more than me," "John knows more than him" and "James is not so tall as her," should be, "He loses more than I" (lose), "John knows more than he" (knows) and "James is not so tall as she" (is tall). WHO. Errors connected with the use of this word are very common, even amongst good speakers. "Who did you see?" "Who do you know?" and "Who did you hear?" are wrong: _whom_ should be used, for it is the object of the transitive verbs, _see_, _know_ and _hear_. _Who_ in such sentences as: "Who are you looking at?" and "Who are you writing to?" should likewise be changed into _whom_, for it is the _object_ of the prepositions _at_ and _to_. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. Adjectives are often erroneously used for adverbs in sentences like the following: "This is an uncommon good portrait," "It is a miserable poor painting. "_Uncommonly good_ and _miserably poor_ are right. Adverbs are still more commonly used for adjectives. "Mary looked _beautifully_ at the party," and "Janauschek looked _majestically_ on the stage," are incorrect, for it is intended to describe the appearance of Mary and Janauschek, not their manner of looking; therefore the adjectives _beautiful_ and _majestic_ should be used. When _two_ objects are compared, the _comparative_ degree should be used. "William is the heaviest of the two," and "Which is the most desirable--health or wealth?" ought to be, "William is the heavier of the two," and "Which is the more desirable--health or wealth?" THESE, THOSE. The plural demonstratives _these_ and _those_ are often erroneously used with singular nouns, as: "I don't like these kind of people," and "Those sort of things are very embarrassing." _Kind_ and _sort_ are singular and should have _this_ and _that_. INTO. _Into_, not _in_, is used to show the relation between verbs expressing motion, entrance, change of state, etc., and an objective case, as: "Come into the house," "Step into the carriage," and "Look into the room." [Transcriber's Note: * Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original (=bold=). * Added punctuation as needed to preserve the author's and publisher's intent. * Addition to the pronunciation guide: Small capital "D" indicates a sound similar to "th" (this). Small capital "G" and "K" indicates the sound of the German "ch". Small capital "H" resembles a guttural and strongly-aspirated "h". Small capital "R" resembles the sound of "rr" (terror). Small capital "U" indicates the sound of the French "eu", and resembles the sound of the German "철". The sound for the small capitals "TH" is unknown. * Page 17 Corrected spelling of "spellling" to "spelling" in "Worcestor's spellling is". * Page 29 Corrected spelling of "lenghten" to "lengthen" in "also, in lengthy, lenghten".] End of Project Gutenberg's Every-Day Errors of Speech, by L. P. Meredith *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EVERY-DAY ERRORS OF SPEECH *** ***** This file should be named 32435-0.txt or 32435-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/4/3/32435/ Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at http://gutenberg.org/license). Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email [email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at http://pglaf.org For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director [email protected] Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit http://pglaf.org While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: http://www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.