A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, Sturnira ludovici, From Western Mexico

The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, Sturnira ludovici, From Western Mexico, by J. Knox Jones and Gary L. Phillips This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, Sturnira ludovici, From Western Mexico Author: J. Knox Jones Gary L. Phillips Release Date: August 6, 2010 [EBook #33364] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRUIT-EATING BAT--STURNIRA LUDOVICI *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 14, No. 16, pp. 475-481, 1 fig. March 2, 1964 A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, Sturnira ludovici, from Western Mexico BY J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND GARY L. PHILLIPS UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1964 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Volume 14, No. 16, pp. 475-481, 1 fig. Published March 2, 1964 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1964 A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, Sturnira ludovici, from Western Mexico BY J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND GARY L. PHILLIPS The fruit-eating bats of the genus _Sturnira_ are represented on the North American mainland by two species, _S. lilium_ and _S. ludovici_. The former, in most areas the smaller of the two, is widely distributed in México and Central America and is common in many places. On the other hand, _S. ludovici_, described by Anthony (1924:8) from near Gualea, Ecuador, generally has been regarded as rare; insofar as we can determine only 20 specimens of the species have been recorded previously from North America (Costa Rica, Honduras, and México). In 1961 (M. Raymond Lee) and 1962 (Percy L. Clifton), field representatives of the Museum of Natural History collected mammals in western México. Among the bats obtained by them were 23 specimens of _S. ludovici_, which represent an heretofore undetected subspecies that is named and described below. Sturnira ludovici occidentalis, new subspecies _Holotype._--Adult female, skin and skull, no. 92798 Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, from Plumosas, 2500 feet elevation, Sinaloa; obtained on August 31, 1962, by Percy L. Clifton (original no. 2939). _Distribution._--Western México; known certainly from south-western Durango south to southern Jalisco (see Fig. 1). _Diagnosis._--Size small both externally and cranially (forearm in adults 40.4-44.1 mm., greatest length of skull 21.7-22.9); rostrum short and abruptly elevated; skull relatively broad; dorsal pelage drab brownish over-all, usually lacking epaulets (pale yellowish brown when present); ventral pelage brownish gray. _Comparisons._--From _Sturnira ludovici ludovici_, the only other subspecies of the species, _S. l. occidentalis_ differs in averaging smaller in most external and cranial dimensions (in some measurements the upper size limits of _occidentalis_ barely overlap the lower limits in specimens of _ludovici_ examined), in having a relatively broader skull with a shorter, more abruptly elevated rostrum, and in being paler both dorsally and ventrally. From _Sturnira lilium parvidens_, with which it is sympatric, _S. l. occidentalis_ usually (but not always) differs in being brownish (rather than yellowish to yellowish orange) dorsally and in lacking epaulets, and differs in the following cranial features: first upper incisors simple (rather than weakly bifid in unworn condition), larger, and more nearly straight when viewed from the front; second upper incisors reduced; lower incisors bilobate rather than trilobate; lingual cusps on m1 and m2 greatly reduced; M2 usually turned inward from M1 at distinct angle. The two species have approximately the same external and cranial dimensions in western México. _Measurements_ (in millimeters).--External measurements of the holotype are as follows: total length, 58; length of hind foot, 15; length of ear, 18; forearm (average of both), 42.5. Corresponding average and extreme measurements of 11 adults from 4 km. N Durazno, Jalisco, followed by those of eight adults from 17 km. SE Talpa, Jalisco, are: 61.9 (59-65), 60.9 (57-68); 14.1 (12-15), 13.0 (13); 16.1 (15-18), 16.0 (15-17); 42.2 (40.4-43.8), 42.9 (41.6-44.1); weight in grams, 16.8 (15-19, six specimens only), 19.2 (16.3-22.5). Cranial measurements of the holotype additional to those given in Table 1 are: condyloincisive length, 19.7; breadth across upper canines, 5.5; length of mandibular tooth-row (c-m3), 6.7. _Remarks._--The pattern of geographic variation in size in _Sturnira ludovici_ resembles that in many other species of tropical bats in North America in that individuals from the northern parts of the range are smaller than those from the south. Mexican specimens herein assigned to _S. l. ludovici_ average somewhat smaller than specimens from Central America and the northern part of South America (but are within the currently understood size limits of that subspecies) and average paler as well. Additional material is needed from central and eastern México before the limits of distribution of the two subspecies of _ludovici_ can be determined accurately. All specimens examined of the new subspecies were trapped in mist nets. The holotype was captured in a net stretched across an old road among large fruit trees situated along a small river (a tributary of the Río del Baluarte). Tropical deciduous vegetation grew in the narrow valley of the river but the adjacent hills supported oak. A specimen of _Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis_ was netted along with the holotype and on the previous night, August 30, one individual each of _Glossophaga soricina leachii_ and _Sturnira lilium parvidens_ were taken in the same net. Baker and Greer (1962:69) also reported the two species of _Sturnira_ as netted together 6 mi. S Pueblo Nuevo in adjacent Durango. TABLE 1.--SOME MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS OF TWO SUBSPECIES OF STURNIRA LUDOVICI. Table Legend: Col. A: Number of specimens averaged, or catalogue number, and sex Col. B: Length of forearm Col. C: Greatest length of skull Col. D: Zygomatic breadth Col. E: Mastoid breadth Col. F: Interorbital constriction Col. G: Length of maxillary tooth-row Col. H: Breadth across upper molars ==========================+======+======+======+======+=====+=====+===== A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- _Sturnira ludovici occidentalis_, holotype 92798 KU, (Female) | 42.5 | 22.0 | 12.5 | 11.4 | 5.3 | 6.1 | 7.5 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- 1/2 mi. W Revolcaderos, Durango 5698 MSU, (Female) | 43.7 | 22.6 | 13.1 | 11.9 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 7.8 5699 MSU, (Female) | 42.3 | 22.2 | 12.7 | 11.3 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 7.5 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- 17 km. SE Talpa, Jalisco Average 8 (4 Male, 4 Female) | 42.9 | 22.5 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 7.7 Minimum | 41.6 | 21.7 | 12.6 | 10.9 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 7.5 Maximum | 44.1 | 22.9 | 13.5 | 11.8 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 7.9 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- 20 km. WNW Purificación, Jalisco 92811 KU, (Male) | 42.0 | 22.6 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 7.7 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- 4 km. N Durazno, Jalisco Average 11 (1 Male, 10 Female) | 42.4 | 22.5 | 13.0 | 11.4 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 7.7 Minimum | 40.4 | 21.8 | 12.6 | 10.8 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 7.5 Maximum | 43.8 | 22.9 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 8.0 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- _Sturnira ludovici ludovici_, 10 mi. SW Villa Juárez, Puebla 67399 KU, (Female) | 44.2 | 24.0 | 13.3 | 11.8 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 8.1 67400 KU, (Female) | 42.9 | 23.2 | 13.7 | 11.9 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 8.1 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- 11 km. W Quiroga, Michoacán 95703 UMMZ, (Male) | | 23.5 | 13.5 | 11.6 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 7.6 95704 UMMZ, (Female) | | 23.0 | 12.8 | 11.0 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 8.0 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca 91635 KU, (Female) | 45.1 | 23.9 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 8.0 91636 KU, (Female) | 46.0 | 23.6 | 13.1 | 11.9 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 8.0 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- La Cruz Grande, La Paz, Honduras 126791 AMNH, (Female) | 44.0 | 23.6 | 13.5 | 11.8 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 8.1 126811 AMNH, (Female)[1] | 45.5 | 24.6 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 8.2 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perijá, Colombia (after Hershkovitz, 1949) Minimum (2 Male, 2 Female) | 44.2 | 22.9 | 13.2 | | 6.2 | 6.5 | Maximum | 46.0 | 24.2 | 13.8 | | 6.7 | 7.0 | --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- near Gualea, Ecuador 67328 AMNH, (Male)[2] | | 25.0 | 14.0 | 12.4 | 6.3 | | 8.4 67329 AMNH, (Male) | 45.3 | 24.9 | 13.9 | 12.2 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 8.4 --------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- [1] Holotype of _Sturnira hondurensis_ (measurements after Goodwin, 1940:2). [2] Holotype of _Sturnira ludovici ludovici_ (measurements after Anthony, 1924:9). Other specimens of _S. l. occidentalis_ were taken under the following circumstances: 17 km. SE Talpa, Jalisco (night of November 3-4, 1962)--nine individuals netted over the Río Mascota in "pine-oak zone" along with representatives of _S. l. parvidens_, _Artibeus toltecus_, _Chiroderma salvini_, _Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis_, _Lasiurus borealis teliotis_, and _Rhogeëssa gracilis_; 20 km. WNW Purificación, Jalisco (night of November 20-21, 1962)--two specimens captured in a mist net stretched beneath branches of a fig tree at the edge of the Río Jicote in which _Glossophaga commissarisi_, _S. l. parvidens_, _Artibeus turpis nanus_, and _Artibeus lituratus palmarum_ also were taken; 4 km. N Durazno, Jalisco (nights of November 21-22 and 22-23, 1961)--11 specimens, of which 10 were females, netted in company with _G. s. leachii_, _S. l. parvidens_, _A. j. jamaicensis_, _A. toltecus_, _Centurio senex_, and _L. b. teliotis_ over a stream in a small canyon that supported "fairly dense stands of very tall deciduous trees." Five of the 10 females from 4 km. N Durazno were pregnant; each contained a single embryo. Crown-rump length of the embryos averaged 26.8 (24-30) mm. No gross reproductive activity was evident in other females of _S. l. occidentalis_ collected. [Illustration: FIG. 1. Distribution of _Sturnira ludovici_ in North America. 1. _S. l. ludovici._ 2. _S. l. occidentalis._] _Specimens examined._--A total of 26, arranged from north to south, as follows: DURANGO: 1/2 mi. W Revolcaderos, 6600 ft., 2 (MSU); 6 mi. S Pueblo Nuevo, 3000 ft., 1 (MSU). SINALOA: Plumosas, 2500 ft., 1 (the holotype). JALISCO: 17 km. SE Talpa, 5200 ft., 9; 20 km. WNW Purificación, 1400 ft., 2; 4 km. N. Durazno, 11. Specimens of _S. l. ludovici_ used in comparisons included a paratype (AMNH) from near Gualea, Ecuador, a specimen from Mindo, Ecuador, two specimens from La Cruz Grande, La Paz, Honduras (AMNH--paratypes of "_Sturnira hondurensis_"), and the following from México: 10 mi. SW Villa Juárez, 4850 ft., Puebla, 2; 11 km. W Quiroga, about 7000 ft., Michoacán, 2 (UMMZ); and Vista Hermosa, 1500 meters, Oaxaca, 5. _Acknowledgements._--For the loan of comparative materials we are grateful to R. H. Baker of The Museum, Michigan State University (MSU), W. H. Burt of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (UMMZ), and R. G. Van Gelder of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Specimens listed above that bear no designation as to collection are in the Museum of Natural History of The University of Kansas. Literature Cited ANTHONY, H. E. 1924. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 6. Amer. Mus. Novit., 139:1-9, October 20. BAKER, R. H., and J. K. GREER 1962. Mammals of the Mexican state of Durango. Publ. Mus., Michigan State Univ., Biol. Ser., 2:25-154, 4 pls., 6 figs., August 27. GOODWIN, G. G. 1940. Three new bats from Honduras and the first record of _Enchisthenes harti_ (Thomas) for North America. Amer. Mus. Novit., 1075:1-3, June 27. HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1949. Mammals of northern Colombia. Preliminary report no. 5: Bats (Chiroptera). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 99:429-454, fig. 38, May 10. _Transmitted June 24, 1963._ End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, Sturnira ludovici, From Western Mexico, by J. Knox Jones and Gary L. 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