A classical dictionary - containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 68769 *** A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes │ │ │ │ │ │ Punctuation has been standardized. │ │ │ │ To facilitate usage by modern readers, most abbreviated │ │ Latin words and names have been expanded to their common │ │ non-abbreviated form. (Example: Hom. expanded to Homer; │ │ Hor. expanded to Horace.) Also, labels have been added to │ │ references for book (bk.), chapter (ch.), line (li.), and │ │ letter (ltr.) for clarity. │ │ │ │ Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. │ │ │ │ Non-printable characteristics have been given the following │ │ Italic text: --> _text_ │ │ bold text: --> =text=. │ │ │ │ This book was written in a period when many words had │ │ not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have │ │ multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in │ │ the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated │ │ with a Transcriber’s Note. │ │ │ │ The symbol ‘‡’ indicates the description in parenthesis has │ │ been added to an illustration. This may be needed if there │ │ is no caption or if the caption does not describe the image │ │ adequately. │ │ │ │ In the listings, the alphabetical order of topics has been │ │ corrected, but no topics have been added or removed. The │ │ letters “I” and “J”, and the letters “U” and “V”, are │ │ considered synonymous and alphabetized together by the author.│ │ │ │ Footnotes are identified in the text with a superscript │ │ number and are shown immediately below the paragraph in which │ │ they appear. │ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the │ │ text or to provide additional information for the modern │ │ reader. These notes are identified by ♦♠♥♣ symbols in the │ │ text and are shown immediately below the paragraph in which │ │ they appear. │ │ │ │ Some of the tables at the end are extra wide and may require │ │ scrolling to the right to see the entire table. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ LEMPRIERE’S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY CONTAINING A COPIOUS ACCOUNT OF ALL THE PROPER NAMES MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS WITH THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS AND A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE BY J. LEMPRIERE, D.D. Illustration: (‡ Colophon) LONDON GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, LIMITED NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON AND CO. 1904 Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. At the Ballantyne Press PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION. IN the following pages it has been the wish of the author to give the most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading the Classics, and by a judicious collection of anecdotes and historical facts to draw a picture of ancient times, not less instructive than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not be deemed a useless acquisition in the hands of the public; and while the student is initiated in the knowledge of history and mythology, and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and cities that no longer exist, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a contemptible companion, from which he may receive information, and be made, a second time, acquainted with many important particulars which time, or more laborious occupations, may have erased from his memory. In the prosecution of his plan, the author has been obliged to tread in the steps of many learned men, whose studies have been directed, and not without success, to facilitate the attainment of classical knowledge, and of the ancient languages. Their compositions have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their labours have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a due consideration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate their excellences, without copying their faults. Many compositions of the same nature have issued from the press, but they are partial and unsatisfactory. The attempts to be concise, have rendered the labours of one barren and uninstructive, while long and unconnected quotations of passages from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure the page of the other, and render the whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot, therefore, be a discouraging employment now, to endeavour to finish what others have left imperfect, and with the conciseness of Stephens, to add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After paying due attention to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the most authentic information can be received, the labours of more modern authors have been consulted, and every composition distinguished for the clearness and perspicuity of historical narration, or geographical descriptions, has been carefully examined. Truly sensible of what he owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators, the author must not forget to make a public acknowledgment of the assistance he has likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Siècles Payens of l’Abbé Sabatier de Castres he has found all the information which judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mythology, could procure. The compositions of l’Abbé Banier have also been useful; and in the Dictionnaire Historique, of a literary society, printed at Caen, a treasure of original anecdotes, and a candid selection and arrangement of historical facts, have been discovered. It was the original design of the author of this Dictionary to give a minute explanation of all the names of which Pliny and other ancient geographers make mention; but, upon a second consideration of the subject, he was convinced that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in value. The learned reader will be sensible of the propriety of this remark, when he recollects that the names of many places mentioned by Pliny and Pausanias occur nowhere else in ancient authors; and that to find the true situation of an insignificant village mentioned by Strabo, no other writer but Strabo is to be consulted. This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of schools, it has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate of every word, and to assist the student who can receive no fixed and positive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority of Smethius has been followed, as also Leede’s edition of Labbe’s Catholici Indices. As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to be serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author of this Dictionary did not presume to intrude himself upon the public, before he was sensible that his humble labours would be of some service to the lovers of the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the use of schools, therefore he thought none so capable of judging of its merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who preside over the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to communicate his intentions to several gentlemen in that line, not less distinguished for purity of criticism, than for their classical abilities, and from them he received all the encouragement which the desire of contributing to the advancement of learning can expect. To them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly communications, he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes that, now his labours are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage and that support to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be entitled. He has paid due attention to their remarks, he has received with gratitude their judicious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging recommendations, and particularly the friendly advice he has received from the Rev. R. Valpy, master of Reading School. For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly indebted to the useful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. In the tables of ancient coins, weights and measures, which he has annexed to the body of the Dictionary, he has followed the learned calculations of Dr. Arbuthnot. The quoted authorities have been carefully examined, and frequently revised: and, it is hoped, the opinions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be found divested of all obscurity. Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being useful can command, the author offers the following pages to the public, conscious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictionary, the candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once; it must still have its faults and omissions, however cautious and vigilant the author may have been; and in every page there may be found, in the opinion of some, room for improvement and for addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays his publication, and for whatever observations the friendly critic may make, he will show himself grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of every judicious reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the public demand a second edition. A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, FROM THE CREATION OF THE WORLD TO THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST, AND IN THE EAST ¹In the following table, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras of before (B.C.) and after (A.D.) Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish the exclusion of the Julian period, it is necessary to observe that, as the first year of the christian era always falls on the 4714th of the Julian years, the number required either before or after Christ will easily be discovered by the application of the rules of subtraction or addition. The era from the foundation of Rome (A.U.C.) will be found with the same facility, by recollecting that the city was built 753 years before Christ; and the Olympiads can likewise be recurred to by the consideration that the conquest of Corœbus (B.C. 776) forms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were celebrated after the revolution of four years. Before Christ.¹ The world created in the 710th year of the Julian period 4004 The deluge 2348 The tower of Babel built, and the confusion of languages 2247 Celestial observations are first made at Babylon 2234 The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under Misraim the son of Ham, and to have continued 1663 years, to the conquest of Cambyses 2188 The kingdom of Sicyon established 2089 The kingdom of Assyria begins 2059 The birth of Abraham 1996 The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus 1856 Memnon the Egyptian said to invent letters, 15 years before the reign of Phoroneus 1822 The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above 200 years, till the coming of Cecrops 1764 Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren 1728 The chronology of the Arundelian marbles begins about this time, fixing here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an epoch which other writers have placed later by 26 years 1582 Moses born 1571 The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from Egypt with a colony of Saites. This happened about 780 years before the first Olympiad 1556 Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of Troy 1546 The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly 1503 The Panathenæa first celebrated at Athens 1495 Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 1493 The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idæi Dactyli 1453 The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where he dies the following year, aged 110 1452 Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyli by the accidental burning of the woods of Ida, in Crete 1406 The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 1356 The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus king of Corinth 1326 The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games celebrated by Adrastus king of Argos 1263 Gideon flourishes in Israel 1245 The Theban war of the seven heroes against Eteocles 1225 Olympic games celebrated by Hercules 1222 The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris 1213 Troy taken, after a siege of 10 years. Æneas sails to Italy 1184 Alba Longa built by Ascanius 1152 Migration of the Æolian colonies 1124 The return of the Heraclidæ into Peloponnesus, 80 years after the taking of Troy. Two years after, they divide the Peloponnesus among themselves; and here, therefore, begins the kingdom of Lacedæmon under Eurysthenes and Procles 1104 Saul made king over Israel 1095 The kingdom of Sicyon ended 1088 The kingdom of Athens ended in the death of Codrus 1070 The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their settlement in Asia Minor 1044 Dedication of Solomon’s temple 1004 Samos built 986 Division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel 975 Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to the marbles 907 Elias the prophet taken up into heaven 896 Lycurgus, 42 years old, establishes his laws at Lacedæmon, and, together with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympic games at Elis, about 108 years before the era which is commonly called the first Olympiad 884 Phidon king of Argos is supposed to have invented scales and measures, and coined silver at Ægina. Carthage built by Dido 869 Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era placed 80 years earlier by Justin 820 The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years, till the battle of Pydna 814 The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years 797 The triremes first invented by the Corinthians 786 The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the Prytanes elected 779 Corœbus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the institution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first Olympiad, about 23 years before the foundation of Rome 776 The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedæmon by Theopompus 760 Isaiah begins to prophesy 757 The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is the first 754 Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian period 753 The rape of the Sabines 750 The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins 747 The first Messenian war begins, and continues 19 years, to the taking of Ithome 743 Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony 732 The kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Samaria by Salmanasar king of Assyria. The first eclipse of the moon on record March 19th, according to Ptolemy 721 Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian throne 718 Tarentum built by the Parthenians 707 Corcyra built by the Corinthians 703 The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to the taking of Ira, after a siege of 11 years. About this time flourished the poets Tyrtæus and Archilochus 685 The government of Athens intrusted to annual archons 684 Alba destroyed 665 Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for 30 years 659 Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians 658 Cyrene built by Battus 630 The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep possession for 28 years 624 Draco established his laws at Athens 623 The canal between the Nile and the Red sea begun by king Necho 610 Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his allies 606 The Phœnicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About this time flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alcæus, Sappho, &c. 604 The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares 596 The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this time flourished Chilo, Anacharsis, Thales, Epimenides, Solon, the prophet Ezekiel, Æsop, Stersichorus 591 Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a siege of 18 months 587 The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every first and third year of the Olympiads 582 Death of Jeremiah the prophet 577 The Nemæan games restored 568 The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon 562 Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens 560 Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes, Bias, Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus 559 Crœsus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flourished Theognis and Pherecydes 548 Marseilles built by the Phocæans. The age of Pythagoras, Simonides, Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon 539 Babylon taken by Cyrus 538 The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and the rebuilding of the temple 536 The first tragedy acted at Athens on the waggon of Thespis 535 Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built 526 Egypt conquered by Cambyses 525 Polycrates of Samos put to death 522 Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time flourished Confucius the celebrated Chinese philosopher 521 The tyranny of the Pisistratidæ abolished at Athens 510 The consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion of the Tarquins, and continues independent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia 509 Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became afterwards the cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. About this time flourished Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aristagoras, &c. 504 The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome 498 The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer 493 The battle of Marathon 490 The battles of Thermopylæ, August 7th, and Salamis, October 20th. About this time flourished Æschylus, Pindar, Charon, Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, Aristides, &c. 480 The Persians defeated at Platæa and Mycale on the same day, 22nd September 479 The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th 477 Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes 471 The Persians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Eurymedon 470 The third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 years 465 Egypt revolts from the Persians under Inarus, assisted by the Athenians 463 The Romans send to Athens for Solon’s laws. About this time flourished Sophocles, Nehemiah the prophet, Plato the comic poet, Aristarchus the tragic, Leocrates, Thrasybulus, Pericles, Zaleucus, &c. 454 The first Sacred war concerning the temple of Delphi 448 The Athenians defeated at Chæronea by the Bœotians 447 Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and receives public honours in the 39th year of his age. About this time flourished Empedocles, Hellanicus, Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias Artemones, Charondas, &c. 445 A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians 444 Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained in force for three years 440 A war between Corinth and Corcyra 439 Meton begins here his 19 years’ cycle of the moon 432 The Peloponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and continues about 27 years. About this time flourished Cratinus, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, Euctemon, Malachi the last of the prophets, Democritus, Gorgias, Thucydides, Hippocrates, &c. 431 The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time. A plague at Athens for five years 430 A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians, which is kept only during six years and ten months, though each continued at war with the other’s allies 421 The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The Agrarian law first moved at Rome 416 Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrtæus is appointed king 414 The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and Himera, but they are repulsed by Hermocrates 409 The battle of Ægospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius 405 Athens taken by Lysander, 24th of April. The end of the Peloponnesian war, and the appointment of 30 tyrants over the conquered city. About this time flourished Parrhasius, Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, Euclid, Cebes, Telestes, &c. 404 Cyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants from Athens by Thrasybulus 401 Socrates put to death 400 Agesilaus of Lacedæmon’s expedition into Asia against the Persians. The age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis, Antisthenes, Evagoras, Aristippus of Cyrene, and Archytas 396 The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon 395 The Lacedæmonians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon at Cnidus; and, a few days after, the allies are defeated at Coronæa, by Agesilaus 394 The battle of Allia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome by the Gauls 390 Dionysius besieges Rhegium, and takes it after 11 months. About this time flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias, Iphicrates, &c. 388 The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace of Antalcidas, between the Lacedæmonians and Persians 387 The war of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had continued two years 385 The Lacedæmonians defeated in a sea-fight at Naxos, September 20th, by Chabrias. About this time flourished Philistus, Isæus, Isocrates, Arete, Philolaus, Diogenes the cynic, &c. 377 Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,000 Greeks, commanded by Iphicrates 374 The battle of Leuctra, July 8th, where the Lacedæmonians are defeated by Epaminondas the general of the Thebans 371 The Messenians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to Peloponnesus 370 One of the consuls at Rome elected from the plebeians 367 The battle of Mantinea gained by Epaminondas, a year after the death of Pelopidas 363 Agesilaus assists Tachos king of Egypt. Some of the governors of Lesser Asia revolt from Persia 362 The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle that Philip of Macedon ever won in Greece 360 Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The second Sacred war begins, on the temple of Delphi being attacked by the Phocians 357 Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by tyrants. About this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus, Ibis, Theopompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. 354 The Phocians, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by Philip 353 Egypt is conquered by Ochus 350 The Sacred war is finished by Philip taking all the cities of the Phocians 348 Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years’ banishment 347 Timoleon recovers Syracuse and banishes the tyrant 343 The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum. About this time flourished Speusippus, Protogenes, Aristotle, Æschines, Zenocrates, Demosthenes, Phocion, Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades 340 The battle of Cheronæa, August 2nd, where Philip defeats the Athenians and Thebans 338 Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanius. His son Alexander, on the following year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, &c. 336 The battle of the Granicus, 22nd of May 334 The battle of Issus in October 333 Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, and Alexandria built 332 The battle of Arbela, October 2nd 331 Alexander’s expedition against Porus. About this time flourished Apelles, Callisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus, Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c. 327 Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided into four kingdoms. The Samian war, and the reign of the Ptolemies in Egypt 323 Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek cities. The age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus, Menander, Demetrius, Dinarchus, Polemon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Leosthenes 320 Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens for 10 years 317 Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army 315 Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era of the Seleucidæ 312 The conquests of Agathocles in Africa 309 Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes 307 The title of kings first assumed by the successors of Alexander 306 The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About this time flourished Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes, Crantor, &c. 301 Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year’s siege 296 The first sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and the time first divided into hours 293 Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia, which he peopled with different nations. The age of Euclid the mathematician, Arcesilaus, Epicurus, Bion, Timocharis, Erasistratus, Aristyllus, Strato, Zenodotus, Arsinoe, Lachares, &c. 291 The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 287 Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus 286 The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to be translated about this time 284 Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine war begins, and continues 10 years. The Achæan league begins 281 Pyrrhus of Epirus goes to Italy to assist the Tarentines 280 The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple of Delphi. About this time flourished Dionysius the astronomer, Sostratus, Theocritus, Dionysius Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, Persæus, &c. 278 Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus 274 The first coining of silver at Rome 269 Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years 268 The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The chronology of the Arundelian marbles composed. About this time flourished Lycon, Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenus, Clinias, Aristotimus, &c. 264 Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus 262 The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius 260 Regulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to liberty by Antigonus 256 Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achæan league. About this time flourished Cleanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, Timæus, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris, Neanthes, Ctesibius, Sosibius, Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice, Lysias, Ariobarzanes 251 The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under Theodotus, revolt from the Macedonians 250 The sea-fight of Drepanum 249 The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of August 243 Agis king of Sparta put to death for attempting to settle an Agrarian law. About this period flourished Antigonus Carystius, Conon of Samos, Eratosthenes, Apollonius of Perga, Lacydes, Amilcar, Agesilaus the ephor, &c. 241 Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus 240 Amilcar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son 237 The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa 235 The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years 234 Original manuscripts of Æschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, lent by the Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge of 15 talents 233 The first divorce known at Rome, by Spurius Carvilius. Sardinia and Corsica conquered 231 The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth 228 The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues for five years 227 The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The Romans first cross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had entered Italy. About this time flourished Chrysippus, Polystratus, Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Messala, C. Nævius, Aristarchus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Aristo Ceus, Fabius Pictor the first Roman historian, Philarchus, Lysiades, Agro, &c. 224 The battle of Sellasia 222 The Social war between the Ætolians and Achæans, assisted by Philip 220 Saguntum taken by Annibal 219 The second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years 218 The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year that of Cannæ, May 21st 217 The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip in Epirus, which is continued by intervals for 14 years 214 Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years 212 Philopœmen defeats Machanidas at Mantinea 208 Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus, Archagathus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion, Ennius, Hieronymus of Syracuse, Tlepolemus, Epicydes 207 The battle of Zama 202 The first Macedonian war begins and continues near four years 200 The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopas 198 The battle of Cynoscephale, where Philip is defeated 197 The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three years 192 Lacedæmon joined to the Achæan league by Philopœmen 191 The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of Antiochus 189 The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by Philopœmen 188 Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this time flourished Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades, Tegula, C. Lælius, Aristonymus, Hegesinus, Diogenes the stoic, Critolaus, Massinissa, the Scipios, the Gracchi, Thoas, &c. 187 A war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and Prusias, till the death of Annibal 184 Philopœmen defeated and killed by Dinocrates 183 Numa’s books found in a stone coffin at Rome 179 Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage 175 Ptolemy’s generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between Pelusium and mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war 171 The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire. About this period flourished Attalus the astronomer, Metrodorus, Terence, Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius, Hipparchus, Heraclides, Carneades, Aristarchus, &c. 168 The first library erected at Rome, with books obtained from the plunder of Macedonia 167 Terence’s Andria first acted at Rome 166 Time measured out at Rome by a water-machine, invented by Scipio Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials 159 Andriscus the Pseudophilip assumes the royalty of Macedonia 152 Demetrius king of Syria defeated and killed by Alexander Balas 150 The third Punic war begins. Prusias king of Bithynia put to death by his son Nicomedes 149 The Romans make war against the Achæans, which is finished the next year by Mummius 148 Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by ♦Mummius 147 ♦ ‘Mummus’ replaced with ‘Mummius’ Viriathus is defeated by Lælius, in Spain 146 The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years 141 The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by 4000 Numantines 138 Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal patronage offered to all learned men by Ptolemy Physcon. The age of Satyrus, Aristobulus, Lucius Accius, Mnaseas, Antipater, Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, Ctesibius, Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c. 137 The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panætius, into Egypt, Syria, and Greece 136 The history of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile war in Sicily begins, and continues for three years 135 Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire 133 Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated by Perpenna 130 Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina 127 The Romans make war against the pirates of the Beleares. Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate 123 Caius Gracchus killed 121 Dalmatia conquered by Metellus 118 Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of Erymnæus, Athenion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius, Herodicus, Lucius Cælius, Castor, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. 116 The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years 111 The famous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expenses of eating every day 110 The Teutones and Cimbri begin their war against Rome, and continue it for eight years 109 The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone 105 The Teutones defeated by Caius Marius at Aquæ Sextiæ 102 The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus 101 Dolabella conquers Lusitania 99 Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans 97 The Social war begins, and continues three years, till finished by Sylla 91 The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years 89 The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six years 88 Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to Rome 86 Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator 82 The death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo, Charmidas, Asclepiades, Apellicon, Lucius Sisenna, Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius Gallus, Diotimus, Zeno, Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Geminus, &c. 78 Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans 75 The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and, two years after, the rebel general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Crassus 73 Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus 69 Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is subdued by Metellus, after a war of two years 66 The reign of the Seleucidæ ends in Syria, on the conquest of the country by Pompey 65 Catiline’s conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills himself 63 The first triumvirate in the person of Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus. About this time flourished Apollonius of Rhodes, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion, Aristodemus of Nysa, Lucretius, Dionysius the grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus, Spurinus, Andronicus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes, Cratippus, &c. 60 Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year 58 Cæsar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades Britain 55 Crassus is killed by Surena, in June 53 Civil war between Cæsar and Pompey 50 The battle of Pharsalia about May 12th 48 Alexander taken by Cæsar 47 The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called the year of confusion, because the calendar was corrected by Sosigenes, and the year made to consist of 15 months, or 445 days 46 The battle of Munda 45 Cæsar murdered 44 The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Sosigenes, Cornelius Nepos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus Pompey, Didymus the scholiast, Varro the poet, &c. 43 The battle of Philippi 42 Pacorus general of Parthia defeated by Ventidius, 14 years after the disgrace of Crassus, and on the same day 39 Pompey the younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius 36 Octavius and Antony prepare for war 32 The battle of Actium, 2nd September. The era of the Roman emperors properly begins here 31 Alexander taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province 30 The title of Augustus given to Octavius 27 The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time flourished Virgil, Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio, Mæcenas, Agrippa, Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy, Musa, Tibullus, Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c. 25 The conspiracy of Muræna against Augustus 22 Augustus visits Greece and Asia 21 The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius 20 The secular games celebrated at Rome 17 Lollius defeated by the Germans 16 The Rhæti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus 15 The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius 12 Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus 11 Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing years to be without intercalation. About this time flourished Damascenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius the geographer 8 Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years 6 Our Saviour is born, four years before the vulgar era, in the year 4709 of the Julian period, A.U.C. 749, and the fourth of the 193rd Olympiad 4 A.D. Tiberius returns to Rome 2 The leap year corrected, having formerly been every third year 4 Ovid banished to Tomos 9 Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius 10 Augustus dies at Nola, August 19th, and is succeeded by Tiberius. The age of Phædrus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius Paterculus, Germanicus, Cornel. Celsus, &c. 14 Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake 17 Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch 19 Tiberius goes to Capreæ 26 Sejanus disgraced 31 Our Saviour crucified, Friday, April 3rd. _This is put four years earlier by some chronologists_ 33 St. Paul converted to Christianity 35 Tiberius dies at Misenum, near Baiæ, March 16th, and is succeeded by Caligula. About this time flourished Valerius Maximus, Columella, Pomponius Mela, Appion, Philo Judæus, Artabanus, and Agrippina 37 St. Matthew writes his Gospel 39 The name of christians first given, at Antioch, to the followers of our Saviour 40 Caligula murdered by Chæreas, and succeeded by Claudius 41 The expedition of Claudius into Britain 43 St. Mark writes his Gospel 44 Secular games celebrated at Rome 47 Caractacus carried in chains to Rome 51 Claudius succeeded by Nero 54 Agrippina put to death by her son Nero 59 First persecution against the christians 64 Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death 65 Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of Persius, Quintus Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus, Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo, Thrasea, Boadicea, &c. 66 St. Peter and St. Paul put to death 67 Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba 68 Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills himself. Vitellius is defeated by Vespasian’s army 69 Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus 70 The Parthians revolt 77 Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of mount Vesuvius, November 1st 79 Death of Titus, and succession of Domitian. The age of Silius Italicus, Martial, Apollon. Tyanæus, Valerius Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola, &c. 81 Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated every fourth year 86 Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins, and continues 15 years 88 Second persecution of the christians 95 Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c., and succeeded by Nerva. The age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c. 96 Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan 98 Pliny proconsul of Bithynia sends Trajan an account of the christians 102 Dacia reduced to a Roman province 103 Trajan’s expedition against Parthia. About this time flourished Florus, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Biblius, Dion, Prusæus, Plutarch, &c. 106 Third persecution of the christians 107 Trajan’s column erected at Rome 114 Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian 117 Fourth persecution of the christians 118 Adrian builds a wall in Britain 121 Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years 126 He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter 130 The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years, and all banished 131 Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign of Adrian flourished Teon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Trallian, Aristides, Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp, Arian, Ptolemy, &c. 138 Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians 145 The worship of Serapis brought to Rome 146 Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, the last of whom reigned nine years. In the reign of Antoninus flourished Maximus Tyrius, Pausanias, Diophantus, Lucian, Hermogenes, Polyænus, Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius, &c. 161 A war with Parthia, which continues three years 162 A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years 169 Another, which continues three years 177 Marcus Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last reign flourished Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athenæus, Montanus, Diogenes, Laërtius 180 Commodus makes peace with the Germans 181 Commodus put to death by Martia and Lætus. He is succeeded for a few months by Pertinax, who is murdered 193; and four rivals arise, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Severus, and Albinus. Under Commodus flourished Julius Pollux, Theodotion, St. Irenæus, &c. 192 Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus 194 Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th 198 Severus conquers the Parthians 200 Fifth persecution against the christians 202 Severus visits Britain, and two years after builds a wall there across from the Frith of Forth 207 Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. In his reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius Felix, Papinianus, Clemens of Alexandria, Philostratus, Plotianus, and Bulas 211 Geta killed by his brother Caracalla 212 The Septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. Flourished Oppian 217 Opilius ♦Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by Heliogabalus 218 ♦ ‘Macrinius’ replaced with ‘Macrinus’ Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then exacted an annual payment not to invade or molest the Roman empire. The age of Julius Africanus 222 The Arsacidæ of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king of Media, and their empire destroyed 229 Alexander defeats the Persians 234 The sixth persecution against the christians 235 Alexander killed and succeeded by Maximinus. At that time flourished Dion Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius 235 The two Gordians succeeded Maximinus, and are put to death by Pupienus, who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus, by the soldiers of the younger Gordian 236 Sarbinianus defeated in Africa 240 Gordian marches against the Persians 242 He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes peace with Sapor the next year. About this time flourished Censorius, and Gregory Thaumaturgus 244 Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished 249 The seventh persecution against the christians 250 Decius succeeded by Gallus 251 A great pestilence over the empire 252 Gallus dies, and is succeeded by Æmilianus, Valerianus, and Gallienus. In the reign of Gallus flourished St. Cyprian and Plotinus 254 The eighth persecution against the christians 257 The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively 258 Valerian is taken by Sapor and flayed alive 260 Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus 264 The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athenæus 267 Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign flourished Longinus, Paulus Samosatenus, &c. 268 Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them. Zenobia takes possession of Egypt 269 Aurelian succeeds 270 The ninth persecution against the christians 272 Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa 273 Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor 274 Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign of six months, and was succeeded by Florianus, and, two months after, by Probus 275 Probus makes an expedition into Gaul 277 He defeats the Persians in the east 280 Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his sons Carinus and Numerianus 282 Diocletian succeeds 284 The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north. Diocletian takes Maximianus as his imperial colleague 286 Britain recovered, after a tyrant’s usurpation of 10 years. Alexandria taken by Diocletian 296 The tenth persecution against the christians, which continues 10 years 303 Diocletian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retirement, succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus the two Cæsars. About this period flourished Julius Capitolinus, Arnobius, Gregory and Hermogenes the lawyers, Ælius Spartianus, Hierocles, Flavius Vopiscus, Trebellius Pollio, &c. 304 Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son 306 At this time there were four emperors, Constantine, Licinius, Maximianus, and Maxentius 308 Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine 312 The emperor Constantine begins to favour the christian religion 319 Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine 324 The first general Council of Nice, composed of 318 bishops, who sit from June 19th to August 25th 325 The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Constantinople 328 Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the 11th of May 330 Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed 331 The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of Constantine flourished Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, and Eusebius 337 Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Constans at Aquilea 340 Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius 350 Gallus put to death by Constantius 354 One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by an earthquake 358 Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war; but the former dies the next year, and leaves the latter sole emperor. About this period flourished Ælius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian. Marcellinus, Jamblicus, St. Hilary, &c. 360 Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian’s reign flourished Gregory Nazienzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor, &c. 363 Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Valentinian, the empire is divided, the former being emperor of the east, and the other of the west 364 Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by Valentinian 367 Firmus tyrant of Africa defeated 373 Valentinian II. succeeds Valentinian I. 375 The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled by the Huns 376 Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire. The Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals 379 Gratian defeated and killed by Andragathius 383 The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius 388 Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after defeated by Theodosius 392 Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius in the east and Honorius in the west. In the reign of Theodosius flourished Ausonius, Eunapius, Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, &c. 395 Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself 398 Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulæ 405 The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi permitted to settle in Spain and France by Honorius 406 Theodosius the younger succeeds Arcadius in the east, having Isdegerdes king of Persia as his guardian, appointed by his father 408 Rome plundered by Alaric king of the Visigoths, August 24th 410 The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain 412 The kingdoms of the Burgundians is begun in Alsace 413 The Visigoths found a kingdom at Toulouse 415 The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths 417 The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine 420 The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian III. Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Anianus, Panodorus, Stobæus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia, Pelagius, Synesius, Cyrill, Orosius, Socrates, &c. 423 Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople, and attempts the restoration of learning 425 The Romans take leave of Britain and never return 426 Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals pass into Africa 427 The French defeated by Ætius 428 The Theodosian code published 435 Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom of the Vandals in Africa 439 The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated complaint to Ætius against the Picts and Scots, and three years after the Saxons settle in Britain, upon the invitation of Vortigern 446 Attila king of the Huns ravages Europe 447 Theodosius II. dies, and is succeeded by Marcianus. About this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius, Theodoret, Sozomen, Olympiodorus, &c. 450 The city of Venice first began to be known 452 Death of Valentinian III., who is succeeded by Maximus for two months, by Avitus for 10, and, after an interregnum of 10 months, by Majorianus 454 Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent first established 455 The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro 456 Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the Thracian. Vortimer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in Kent 457 Severus succeeds in the western empire 461 The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius of Aquitain 463 ♦Anthemius succeeds in the western empire, after an interregnum of two years 467 ♦ ‘Athemius’ replaced with ‘Anthemius’ Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the next year, by Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos 472 Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of Ariadne, though an infant, succeeds his grandfather Leo in the eastern empire, and, some months after, is succeeded by his father Zeno 474 The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer king of the Heruli, who assumes the title of king of Italy. About this time flourished Eutyches, Prosper, Victorius, Sidonius Apollinaris 476 Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which lasted 40 days at intervals 480 The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Siagrius the Roman general 485 After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married Anastasius, surnamed the Silentiary, who ascends the vacant throne 491 Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths revolts about this time, and conquers Italy from the Heruli. About this time flourished Boethius and Symmachus 493 Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis 496 The Burgundian laws published by king Gondebaud 501 Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Vorcillè near Poitiers 507 Paris made the capital of the French dominions 510 Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is burned with a brazen speculum by Proclus 514 The computing of time by the christian era, introduced first by Dionysius 516 Justin I., a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor 518 Justinian I. nephew of Justin succeeds. Under his glorious reign flourished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the Silentiary, Simplicius, Dionysius, Procopius, Proclus, Narses, &c. 527 Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws, and four years after his digest 529 Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two years after 534 Italy is invaded by the Franks 538 The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian 542 A great plague, which arose in Africa, and desolated Asia and Europe 543 The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia 545 Rome taken and pillaged by Totila 547 The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe by monks 551 Defeat and death of Totila the Gothic king of Italy 553 A dreadful plague over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which continues for 50 years 558 Justin II., son of Vigilantia the sister of Justinian, succeeds 565 Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who form a kingdom there 568 Tiberius II., an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted, and soon after succeeds 578 Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time 581 Maurice the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius, succeeds 582 Gregory I., surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter’s chair at Rome. The few men of learning who flourished the latter end of this century were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours the father of French history, Evagrius, and St. Augustin the monk 590 Augustin the monk, with 40 others, comes to preach christianity in England 597 About this time the Saxon heptarchy began in England 600 Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor after the revolt of the soldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children 602 The power of the popes begins to be established by the concessions of Phocas 606 Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder of the usurper Phocas 610 The conquests of Chosroes king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, and afterwards his siege of Rome 611 The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of 90,000 men, and the next year they overrun Africa 614 Mahomet, in his 53rd year, flies from Mecca to Medina, on Friday, July 16th, which forms the first year of the Hegira, the era of the Mahometans 622 Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs 626 Death of Mahomet 632 Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years after Alexandria and its famous library destroyed 637 Constantine III. son of Heraclius, in partnership with Heracleonas, his brother by the same father, assumes the imperial purple. Constantine reigns 103 days, and after his death, his son. Constantine’s son Constans is declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with his mother Martina, wished to continue in possession of the supreme power 641 Cyprus taken by the Saracens 648 The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus 653 Constantine IV., surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds, on the murder of his father in Sicily 668 The Saracens ravage Sicily 669 Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is destroyed by the Greek fire 673 Justinian II. succeeds his father Constantine. In his exile of 10 years the purple was usurped by Leontius and Absimerus Tiberius. His restoration happened 704. The only men of learning in this century were Secundus, Isidorus, Theophylactus, Georgius Pisides, Callinicus, and the venerable Bede 685 Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French monarchy 690 Africa finally conquered by the Saracens 709 Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople, on the murder of Justinian 711 Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius, or Anastasius II., to the throne 713 Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius III., who, two years after, yields to the superior influence of Leo III., the first of the Isaurian dynasty 715 Second, but unsuccessful, siege of Constantinople by the Saracens 717 Tax called Peter-pence begun by Ina king of Wessex, to support a college at Rome 727 Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and Poitiers in October 732 Constantine V., surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father Leo 741 Dreadful pestilence for three years over Europe and Asia 746 The computation of years from the birth of Christ first used in historical writings 748 Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas caliph of the Saracens 749 The Merovingian race of kings ends in France 750 Bagdad built, and made the capital of the caliphs of the house of Abbas 762 A violent frost for 150 days from October to February 763 Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantine 770 Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the Lombards, after a duration of 206 years 774 Leo IV. son of Constantine succeeds, and, five years after, is succeeded by his wife Irene and his son Constantine VI. 775 Irene murders her son and reigns alone. The only men of learning in this century were Johannes Damascenus, Fredegaire, Alcuinus, Paulus Diaconus, and George the monk 797 Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome and of the western empire. About this time the popes separate themselves from the princes of Constantinople 800 Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total reduction of the Saxon heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after 801 Nicephorus I., great treasurer of the empire, succeeds 802 Stauracius son of Nicephorus, and Michael I., surnamed Rhangabe, the husband of Procopia sister of Stauracius, assume the purple 811 Leo V. the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace, ascends the throne of Constantinople 813 Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almanon, who made observations on the sun, &c. 816 Michael II. the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, succeeds, after the murder of Leo 821 The Saracens of Spain take Crete, which they call Candia 823 The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of Almanon 827 Theophilus succeeds his father Michael 829 Origin of the Russian monarchy 839 Michael III. succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother Theodora 842 The Normans get possession of some cities in France 853 Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil I. the Macedonian 867 Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice 872 Basil is succeeded by his son Leo VI. the philosopher. In this century flourished Mesué, the Arabian physician Eginhard, Rabanus, Albumasar, Godescalchus, Hincmarus, Odo, Photius, John Scotus, Anastasius the librarian, Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon, John Asser 886 Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by bishop Goslin 887 Death of Alfred king of England, after a reign of 30 years 900 Alexander brother of Leo succeeds, with his nephew Constantine VII., surnamed Porphyrogenitus 911 The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo 912 Romanus I., surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet, usurps the throne, with his three sons, Christopher, Stephen, and Constantine VIII. 919 Fiefs established in France 923 Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms 936 Naples seized by the eastern emperors 942 The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and the tumults this occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyrogenitus 945 Romanus II. son of Constantine VII., by Helena the daughter of Lecapenus, succeeds 959 Romanus, poisoned by his wife Theophana, is succeeded by Nicephorus Phocas II., whom the empress, unable to reign alone under the title of protectress of her young children, had married 963 Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire 964 Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophana, is murdered by John Zimisces, who assumes the purple 969 Basil II., and Constantine IX., the two sons of Romanus by ♦Theophana, succeed on the death of Zimisces 975 ♦ ‘Theopana’ replaced with ‘Theophana’ The third or Capetian race of kings in France begins July 3rd 987 Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Arabia by the Saracens 991 The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. The learned men of this century were Eudes de Cluni, Azophi, Luitprand, Alfarabius, Rhazes, Geber, Abbo, Aimoin, Gerbert 996 A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th 1002 All old churches about this time rebuilt in a new manner of architecture 1005 Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm 1014 Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his brother 1025 Romanus III., surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds by marrying Zoe the daughter of the late monarch 1028 Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian money-lender, causes her husband Romanus to be poisoned, and afterwards marries her favourite, who ascends the throne under the name of Michael IV. 1034 The kingdoms of Castile and Arragon begin 1035 Zoe adopts for her son Michael V., the trade of whose father (careening vessels) had procured him the surname of Calaphates 1041 Zoe and her sister Theodora are made sole empresses by the populace, but after two months Zoe, though 60 years old, takes for her third husband Constantine X., who succeeds 1042 The Turks invade the Roman empire 1050 After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers the sovereignty, and, 19 months after, adopts, as her successor, Michael VI., surnamed Stratioticus 1054 Isaac Commenus I. chosen emperor by the soldiers 1057 Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him, he appoints his friend Constantine XI., surnamed Ducas 1059 Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens 1065 The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold by the battle of Hastings, October the 14th, to William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy 1066 On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of protecting his three sons, Michael, Andronicus, and Constantine, usurps the sovereignty, and marries Romanus III., surnamed Diogenes 1067 Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young princes ascend the throne, under the name of Michael Parapinaces VII., Andronicus I., and Constantine XII. 1071 The general Nicephorus Botaniates III. assumes the purple 1078 Doomsday-book begun to be compiled from a general survey of the estates of England, and finished in six years 1080 Alexius Commenus I. nephew of Isaac I. ascends the throne. His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his daughter, the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under Robert of Apulia, invade the eastern empire 1081 Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks 1084 Accession of William II. to the English throne 1087 The first crusade 1096 Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The only learned men of this century were Avicenna, Guy d’Arezzo, Glaber, Hermannus, Franco, Peter Damiani, Michael Celularius, George Cedrenus, Berenger, Psellus, Marianus Scotus, Arzachel, William of Spires, Suidas, Peter the Hermit, Sigebert 1099 Henry I. succeeds to the throne of England 1100 Learning revived at Cambridge 1110 John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at Constantinople 1118 Order of Knights Templars instituted 1118 Accession of Stephen to the English crown 1135 Manuel son of John succeeds at Constantinople 1143 The second crusade 1147 The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years’ labour 1151 The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy 1154 Henry II. succeeds in England 1154 The Teutonic order begins 1164 The conquest of Egypt by the Turks 1169 The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th. Conquest of Ireland by Henry II. 1172 Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in England 1176 Alexius II. succeeds his father Manuel 1180 English laws digested by Glanville 1181 From the disorders of the government, on account of the minority of Alexius, Andronicus the grandson of the great Alexius is named Guardian, but he murders Alexius, and ascends the throne 1183 Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus, a descendant of the great Alexius by the female line, succeeds 1185 The third crusade, and siege of Acre 1188 Richard I. succeeds his father Henry in England 1189 Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of Ascalon 1192 Alexius Angelus brother of Isaac revolts, and usurps the sovereignty by putting out the eyes of the emperor 1195 John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men of this century were Peter Abelard, Anna Commena, St. Bernard, Averroes, William of Malmesbury, Peter Lombard, Otho ♦Frisingensis, Maimonides, Humenus, Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry of Monmouth, Tzetzes, Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Comestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, William of Newburgh 1199 ♦ ‘Trisingensis’ replaced with ‘Frisingensis’ Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and Isaac is taken from his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his son Alexius. This year is remarkable for the fourth crusade 1203 The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and Constantinople is again besieged and taken by the French and Venetians, who elect Baldwin count of Flanders emperor of the east. In the mean time, Theodore Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice; Alexius grandson of the tyrant Andronicus becomes emperor of Trebizond; and Michael, an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds an empire in Epirus 1204 The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and next year is succeeded by his brother Henry 1205 Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan first emperor of the Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death, 1227 1206 Aristotle’s works imported from Constantinople are condemned by the council of Paris 1209 Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John 1215 Henry III. succeeds his father John on the English throne 1216 Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda sister of the two last emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by the Latins 1217 Robert son of Peter Courtenay succeeds 1221 Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son-in-law John Ducas Vataces 1222 John of Brienne, and Baldwin II. son of Peter, succeeded on the throne of Constantinople 1228 The inquisition which had been begun 1204 is now trusted to the Dominicans 1233 Baldwin alone 1237 Origin of the Ottomans 1240 The fifth crusade 1248 Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso XI. of Castile 1253 Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son Theodore Lascaris II. 1255 Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor 1259 Michael Palæologus son of the sister of the queen of Theodore Lascaris ascends the throne, after the murder of the young prince’s guardian 1260 Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek emperors of Nice 1261 Edward I. succeeds on the English throne 1272 The famous Mortmain act passes in England 1279 Eight thousand French murdered during the Sicilian vespers, 30th of March 1282 Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England 1283 Michael Palæologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had already reigned nine years conjointly with his father, ascends the throne. The learned men of this century are Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry, Accursius, Anthony of Padua, Alexander Halensis, William of Paris, Peter de Vignes, Matthew Paris, Grosseteste, Albertus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon, Cimabue, Durandus, Henry of Ghent, Raymond Lulli, Jacob Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, Thebit 1293 A regular succession of English parliaments from this time 1293 The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia 1298 The mariner’s compass invented or improved by Flavio 1302 The Swiss cantons begin 1307 Edward II. succeeds to the English crown 1307 Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation continues 68 years, till the return of Gregory XI. 1308 Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his grandson the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts against his grandfather, who abdicates 1320 Edward III. succeeds in England ♦1327 ♦ ‘1337’ replaced with ‘1327’ First comet observed, whose course is described with exactness, in June 1337 About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor at Florence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Chrysoloras, where may be fixed the era of the revival of Greek literature in Italy 1339 Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Palæologus in the ninth year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been left guardian of the young prince, assumes the purple. First passage of the Turks into Europe 1341 The knights and burgesses of parliament first sit in the same house 1342 The battle of Crecy, August 26th 1346 Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship 1347 Order of the Garter in England established April 23rd 1349 The Turks first enter Europe 1352 Cantacuzene abdicates the purple 1355 The battle of Poictiers, September 19th 1356 Law pleadings altered from French into English as a favour from Edward III. to his people, in his 50th year 1362 Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand, and his extensive conquests till his death, after a reign of 35 years 1370 Accession of Richard II. to the English throne 1377 Manuel succeeds his father John Palæologus 1391 Accession of Henry IV. in England. The learned men of this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus Villa, Nicholas Lyra, William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras, Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of Westminster, Wickliff, Froissart, Nicholas Flamel, &c. 1399 Henry IV. is succeeded by his son Henry V. 1413 Battle of Agincourt, October 25th 1415 The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese 1420 Henry VI. succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople is besieged by Amurath II. the Turkish emperor 1422 John Palæologus II. succeeds his father Manuel 1424 Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that family at Florence 1434 The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France 1439 Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in 22 years 1440 Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne after his brother John 1448 Mahomet II. emperor of the Turks besieges and takes Constantinople on the 29th of May. Fall of the eastern empire. The captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction of the imperial families of the Commeni and Palæologi. About this time the House of York in England began to aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to deluge the whole kingdom in blood. The learned men of the 15th century were Chaucer, Leonard Aretin, John Huss, Jerome of Prague, Poggio, Flavius Blondus, Theodore Gaza, Frank Philelphus, Georgius Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho, Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemberg, John Faustus, Peter Schoeffer, Wesselus, Peurbachius, Æneas Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas à Kempis, Argyropulus, Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Ficinus, Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola, Picus, Politian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Mantuanus, John Colet, Reuchlin, Lynacre, Alexander ab Alexandro, Demetrius Chalcondyles, &c. 1453 A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC. A =ABA= and =Abæ=, a town of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo, surnamed Abæus. The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of Thracian origin. After the ruin of their country by Xerxes, they migrated to Eubœa, which from them was called Abantis. Some of them passed afterwards from Eubœa into Ionia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.―― _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 55.――――A city of Caria.――――Another of Arabia Felix.――――A mountain near Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.―― _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Abacēne=, a country of Sicily near Messana. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Abălus=, an island in the German ocean, where, as the ancients supposed, the amber dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned there, and his body never appeared above the water, propitiatory sacrifices were offered to his manes during a hundred years. _Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 2. =Abāna=, a place of Capua. _Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_. =Abantes=, a warlike people of Peloponnesus, who built a town in Phocis called Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also their name originated. They afterwards went to Eubœa. _See:_ Abantis. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146. =Abantias= and =Abantiădes=, a patronymic given to the descendants of Abas king of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta, &c. _Ovid._ =Abantĭdas=, made himself master of Sicyon, after he had murdered Clinias the father of Aratus. He was himself soon after assassinated, B.C. 251. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_. =Abantis=, or =Abantias=, an ancient name of the island of Eubœa, received from the Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――Also a country of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 22. =Abarbarea=, one of the Naiades, mother of Æsepus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laomedon’s eldest son. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 23. =Abarīmon=, a country of Scythia, near mount Imaus. The inhabitants were said to have their toes behind their heels, and to breathe no air but that of their native country. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2. =Abăris=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 86.――――A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344.――――A Scythian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Crœsus, or the Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from Apollo, with which he gave oracles, and transported himself wherever he pleased. He is said to have returned to the Hyperborean countries from Athens without eating, and to have made the Trojan Palladium with the bones of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote treatises in Greek; and it is reported, that there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to Phalaris, in the library of Augsburg. But there were probably two persons of that name. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 33. =Abārus=, an Arabian prince, who perfidiously deserted Crassus in his expedition against Parthia. _Appian_, _Parthia_.――――He is called Mezeres by _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11, and Ariamnes by _Plutarch_, _Crassus_. =Abas=, a mountain in Syria, where the Euphrates rises.――――A river of Armenia Major, where Pompey routed the Albani. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, changed into a lizard for laughing at Ceres. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7. ――――The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and valour. He was father to Prœtus and Acrisius, by Ocalea, and built Abæ. He reigned 23 years, B.C. 1384. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16; bk. 10, ch. 35.――_Hyginus_, fable 170, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――One of Æneas’s companions, killed in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 170.―――― Another lost in the storm which drove Æneas to Carthage. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 125.――――A Latian chief, who assisted Æneas against Turnus, and was killed by Lausus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 170, &c.――――A Greek, son of Eurydamus, killed by Æneas during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 286.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 150.――――A centaur, famous for his skill in hunting. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 306.――――A soothsayer, to whom the Spartans erected a statue in the temple of Apollo, for his services to Lysander. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.――――A son of Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――A sophist who wrote two treatises, one on history, the other on rhetoric. The time in which he lived is unknown.――――A man who wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by Servius in _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9. =Abāsa=, an island in the Red sea, near Æthiopia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 26. =Abasītis=, a part of Mysia in Asia. _Strabo._ =Abassēna=, or =Abassinia=. _See:_ Abyssinia. =Abassus=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15. =Abastor=, one of Pluto’s horses. =Abătos=, an island in the lake near Memphis in Egypt, abounding with flax and papyrus. Osiris was buried there. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 323. =Abdalonīmus=, one of the descendants of the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain himself, he worked in a garden. When Alexander took Sidon, he made him king, in the room of Strato the deposed monarch, and enlarged his possessions on account of the great disinterestedness of his conduct. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 10.―― _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Abdēra=, a town of Hispania Bætica, built by the Carthaginians. _Strabo_, bk. 3.――――A maritime city of Thrace, built by Hercules, in memory of Abderus, one of his favourites. The Clazomenians and Teians beautified it. Some suppose that Abdera the sister of Diomedes built it. The air was so unwholesome, and the inhabitants of such a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was commonly called _Abderitica mens_. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, Protagoras, Anaxarchus, and Hecatæus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 186.――_Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 25. =Abdēria=, a town of Spain. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Abderītes=, a people of Pæonia, obliged to leave their country on account of the great number of rats and frogs which infested it. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2. =Abdērus=, a man of Opus in Locris, arm-bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the mares of Diomedes, which the hero had entrusted to his care when going to war against the Bistones. Hercules built a city, which, in honour of his friend, he called Abdera. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 25. =Abeătæ=, a people of Achaia, probably the inhabitants of Abia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6. =Abella=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants were called Abellani. Its nuts, called _avellanæ_, and also its apples, were famous. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 740.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 544. =Abelux=, a noble of Saguntum, who favoured the party of the Romans against Carthage. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 22. =Abenda=, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were the first who raised temples to the city of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 6. =Abia=, formerly _Ire_, a maritime town of Messenia, one of the seven cities promised to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia, daughter of Hercules and nurse of Hyllus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 292. =Abii=, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. They lived upon milk, were fond of celibacy, and enemies to war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 6.――According to _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 6, they surrendered to Alexander, after they had been independent since the reign of Cyrus. =Abĭla=, or =Abyla=, a mountain of Africa, in that part which is nearest to the opposite mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, only eighteen miles distant. These two mountains are called the columns of Hercules, and were said formerly to be united, till the hero separated them, and made a communication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3. =Abisăres=, an Indian prince, who offered to surrender to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12. =Abisăris=, a country beyond the Hydaspes in India. _Arrian._ =Abisontes=, some inhabitants of the Alps. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20. =Ablētes=, a people near Troy. _Strabo._ =Abnoba=, a mountain of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 1. =Abobrĭca=, a town of Lusitania. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 20.――――Another in Spain. =Abœcrĭtus=, a Bœotian general, killed with a thousand men, in a battle at Chæronea, against the Ætolians. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_. =Abolāni=, a people of Latium, near Alba. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5. =Abōlus=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_. =Aboniteichos=, a town of Galatia. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_. =Aborāca=, a town of Sarmatia. =Aborigĭnes=, the original inhabitants of Italy; or, according to others, a nation conducted by Saturn into Latium, where they taught the use of letters to Evander the king of the country. Their posterity was called Latini, from Latinus, one of their kings. They assisted Æneas against Turnus. Rome was built in their country.――The word signifies _without origin_, or whose _origin is not known_, and is generally applied to the original inhabitants of any country. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Aborras=, a river of Mesopotamia. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Abradātes=, a king of Susa, who, when his wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and his troops to the conqueror. He was killed in the first battle he undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed herself on his corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. _Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_, bks. 5, 6, &c. =Abrentius=, was made governor of Tarentum by Annibal. He betrayed his trust to the enemy to gain the favours of a beautiful woman, whose brother was in the Roman army. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Abrocŏmas=, son of Darius, was in the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was killed at Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 224.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_. =Abrodiætus=, a name given to Parrhasius the painter, on account of the sumptuous manner of his living. _See:_ Parrhasius. =Abron=, an Athenian, who wrote some treatises on the religious festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his works are preserved. _Suidas._――――A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome.――――Another who wrote a treatise on Theocritus.――――A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. _Plutarch_, _Decem Oratorum_. ――――A native of Argos, famous for his debauchery. =Abronius Silo=, a Latin poet in the Augustan age. He wrote some fables. _Seneca._ =Abronycus=, an Athenian, very serviceable to Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 91.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 21. =Abrŏta=, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of the sons of Ægeus. As a monument to her chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the garments which she wore to become the models of fashion in Megara. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_. =Abrotŏnum=, the mother of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_. ――――A town of Africa, near the Syrtes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――――A harlot of Thrace. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_. =Abrus=, a city of the Sapæi. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10. =Abrypŏlis=, an ally of Rome, driven from his possessions by Perseus, the last king of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 13 & 41. =Abseus=, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. _Hyginus_, preface to fables. =Absinthii=, a people on the coasts of Pontus, where there is also a mountain of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34. =Absŏrus=, =Absyrtis=, =Absyrtides=, islands in the Adriatic, or near Istria, where Absyrtus was killed, whence their name. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190. =Absyrtos=, a river falling into the Adriatic sea, near which Absyrtus was murdered. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190. =Absyrtus=, a son of Æetes king of Colchis, and Hypsea. His sister Medea, as she fled away with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and strewed his limbs in her father’s way, to stop his pursuit. Some say that she murdered him in Colchis, others, near Istria. It is said by others, that he was not murdered, but that he arrived safe in Illyricum. The place where he was killed has been called Tomos, and the river adjoining to it Absyrtos. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.―― _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Hyginus_, fable 23.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 261.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26. =Abulītes=, governor of Susa, betrayed his trust to Alexander, and was rewarded with a province. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Abydēnus=, a disciple of Aristotle, too much indulged by his master. He wrote some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and Assyria. _Philo Judæus._――_Josephus_, _Against Apion_. =Abȳdos=, a town of Egypt, where was the famous temple of Osiris. _Plutarch_, on _De Iside et Osiride_.――――A city of Asia, opposite Sestos in Europe, with which, from the narrowness of the Hellespont, it seemed, to those who approach it by sea, to form only one town. It was built by the Milesians, by permission of king Gyges. It is famous for the amours of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. The inhabitants, being besieged by Philip the father of Perseus, devoted themselves to death with their families, rather than fall into the hands of the enemy. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 18.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 674. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Musæus_, _Hero & Leander_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 285. =Abȳla.= _See:_ Abila. =Abȳlon=, a city of Egypt. =Abyssinia=, a large kingdom of Africa, in Upper Æthiopia, where the Nile takes its rise. The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian origin, and were little known to the ancients. =Acacallis=, a nymph, mother of Philander and Phylacis by Apollo. These children were exposed to the wild beasts in Crete; but a goat gave them her milk, and preserved their life. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 16.――――A daughter of Minos, mother of Cydon by Mercury, and of Amphithemis by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, li. 1493. =Acacēsium=, a town of Arcadia, built by Acacus son of Lycaon. Mercury, surnamed Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as his foster-father, was worshipped there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3, 36, &c. =Acacius=, a rhetorician in the age of the emperor Julian. =Acadēmia=, a place near Athens surrounded with high trees, and adorned with spacious covered walks, belonging to Academus, from whom the name is derived. Some derive the word from ἑκας δημος, _removed from the people_. Here Plato opened his school of philosophy, and from this, every place sacred to learning has ever since been called _Academia_. To exclude from it profaneness and dissipation, it was even forbidden to laugh there. It was called _Academia vetus_, to distinguish it from the _second Academy_, founded by Arcesilaus, who made some few alterations in the Platonic philosophy, and from the _third_ which was established by Carneades. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 35. =Acadēmus=, an Athenian, who discovered to Castor and Pollux where Theseus had concealed their sister Helen, for which they amply rewarded him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Acalandrus=, or =Acalyndrus=, a river falling into the bay of Tarentum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Acalle=, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Acamarchis=, one of the Oceanides. =Acămas=, son of Theseus and Phædra, went with Diomedes to demand Helen from the Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his embassy he had a son called Munitus, by Laodice the daughter of Priam. He was concerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards built the town of Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his return to Greece called a tribe after his own name at Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 12.――_Hyginus_, fable 108.――――A son of Antenor in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 60, &c.――――A Thracian auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11. =Acampsis=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._ =Acantha=, a nymph loved by Apollo, and changed into the flower Acanthus. =Acanthus=, a town near mount Athos, belonging to Macedonia, or, according to others, to Thrace. It was founded by a colony from Andros. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 84.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.―――― Another in Egypt near the Nile, called also Dulopolis. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28.――――An island mentioned by _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32. =Acăra=, a town of Pannonia.――――Another in Italy. =Acaria=, a fountain of Corinth, where Iolas cut off the head of Eurystheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Acarnania=, anciently Curetis, a country of Epirus, at the north of the Ionian sea, divided from Ætolia by the Achelous. The inhabitants reckoned only six months in the year; they were luxurious, and addicted to pleasure, so that _porcus Acarnas_ became proverbial. Their horses were famous. It received its name from Acarnas. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 90.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Meretricii_. =Acarnas= and =Amphoterus=, sons of Alcmæon and Callirhöe. Alcmæon being murdered by the brothers of Alphesibœa his former wife, Callirhöe obtained from Jupiter, that her children, who were still in the cradle, might, by a supernatural power, suddenly grow up to punish their father’s murderers. This was granted. _See:_ Alcmæon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10. =Acarnas= and =Acarnan=, a stony mountain of Attica. _Seneca_, _Hippolytus_, li. 20. =Acasta=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356. =Acastus=, son of Pelias king of Thessaly by Anaxibia, married Astydamia or Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, when in banishment at her husband’s court. Peleus, rejecting the addresses of Hippolyte, was accused before Acastus of attempts upon her virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned to Thessaly, and put to death Acastus and his wife. _See:_ Peleus and Astydamia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 306; _Heroides_, poem 13, li. 25.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.――――The second archon at Athens. =Acathantus=, a bay in the Red sea.――_Strabo_, bk. 16. =Acca Laurentia=, the wife of Faustulus shepherd of king Numitor’s flocks, who brought up Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed on the banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness, she was called _Lupa_, prostitute, whence the fable that Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4. ――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――The Romans yearly celebrated certain festivals [_See:_ Laurentalia] in honour of another prostitute of the same name, which arose from this circumstance: the keeper of the temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice, made the god one of the number, on condition that if Hercules was defeated, he should make him a present, but if he conquered he should be entertained with an elegant feast, and share his bed with a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, and accordingly Acca was conducted to the bed of Hercules, who in reality came to see her, and told her in the morning to go into the streets, and salute with a kiss the first man she met. This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried man, who, not displeased with Acca’s liberty, loved her, and made her the heiress of all his possessions. These, at her death, she gave to the Roman people, whence the honours paid to her memory. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_, _Romulus_.――――A companion of Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 820. =Accia=, or =Atia=, daughter of Julia and Marcus Atius Balbus, was the mother of Augustus, and died about 40 years B.C. _Dio Cassius._―― _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 4.――――Variola, an illustrious female, whose cause was eloquently pleaded by Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 33. =Accĭla=, a town of Sicily. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 35. =Lucius Accius=, a Roman tragic poet, whose roughness of style Quintilian has imputed to the unpolished age in which he lived. He translated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but of his numerous pieces only some of the names are known; and among these his Nuptiæ, Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phœnice, Medea, Atreus, &c. The great marks of honour which he received at Rome may be collected from this circumstance: that a man was severely reprimanded by a magistrate for mentioning his name without reverence. Some few of his verses are preserved in Cicero and in other writers. He died about 180 years B.C. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 56.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 19.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_ & _Brutus or de Claris Oratoribus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A famous orator of Pisaurum in Cicero’s age.――――Labeo, a foolish poet mentioned _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 50.――――Tullius, a prince of the Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when banished by his countrymen, fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_. =Acco=, a general of the Senones in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, chs. 4 & 44.――――An old woman who fell mad on seeing her deformity in a looking-glass. _Hesychius._ =Accua=, a town in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20. =Ace=, a town in Phœnicia, called also Ptolemais, now Acre. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 5.――――A place of Arcadia near Megalopolis, where Orestes was cured from the persecution of the furies, who had a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34. =Acerātus=, a soothsayer, who remained alone at Delphi when the approach of Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 37. =Acerbas=, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who married Dido. _See:_ Sichæus. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4. =Acerīna=, a colony of the Brutii in Magna Græcia, taken by Alexander of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 24. =Acerræ=, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanius. It still subsists; and the frequent inundations from the river which terrified its ancient inhabitants, are now prevented by the large drains dug there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 225.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17. =Acersecŏmes=, a surname of Apollo, which signifies _unshorn_. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 128. =Aces=, a river of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 117. =Acesia=, part of the island of Lemnos, which received this name from Philoctetes, whose wound was cured there. _Philostratus._ =Acesīnes=, a river of Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 25. =Acesīnus=, or =Acesīnes=, a river of Persia falling into the Indus. Its banks produce reeds of such an uncommon size, that a piece of them, particularly between two knots, can serve as a boat to cross the water. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Acesius=, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and Attica, as god of medicine. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24. =Acesta=, a town of Sicily, called after king Acestes, and known also by the name of Segesta. It was built by Æneas, who left there part of his crew, as he was going to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 746, &c. =Acestes=, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was king of the country near Drepanum in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kindly entertained Æneas during his voyage, and helped him to bury his father on mount Eryx. In commemoration of this, Æneas built a city there called Acesta, from Acestes. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 746. =Acestium=, a woman who saw all her relations invested with the sacred office of torch-bearer in the festivals of Ceres. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 37. =Acestodōrus=, a Greek historian, who mentions the review which Xerxes made of his forces before the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_. =Acestorĭdes=, an Athenian archon.――――A Corinthian, governor of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. =Acetes=, one of Evander’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 30. =Achabȳtos=, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple. =Achæa=, a surname of Pallas, whose temple in Daunia was defended by dogs which fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all other persons. _Aristotle_, _de Mirabilibus_.――――Ceres was called Achæa, from her _lamentations_ (ἀχεα) at the loss of Proserpine. _Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_. =Achæi=, the descendants of Achæus, at first inhabited the country near Argos, but being driven by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan war, they retired among the Ionians, whose 12 cities they seized and kept. The names of these cities are Pellene, Ægira, Æges, Bura, Tritæa, Ægion, Rhypæ, Olenos, Helice, Patræ, Dyme, and Pharæ. The inhabitants of these three last began a famous confederacy, 284 years B.C., which continued formidable upwards of 130 years, under the name of the _Achæan league_, and was most illustrious whilst supported by the splendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and Philopœmen. Their arms were directed against the Ætolians for three years, with the assistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, and freed their country from foreign slavery, till at last they were attacked by the Romans, and, after one year’s hostilities, the Achæan league was totally destroyed, B.C. 147. The Achæans extended the borders of their country by conquest and even planted colonies in Magna Græcia.――――The name of _Achæi_ is generally applied to all the Greeks, indiscriminately, by the poets. _See:_ Achaia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 145; bk. 8, ch. 36.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 164. ――_Polybius._――_Livy_, bks. 27, 32, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 605. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.――――Also a people of Asia on the borders of the Euxine. _Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 27. =Achæium=, a place of Troas, opposite Tenedos. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Achæmĕnes=, a king of Persia, among the progenitors of Cyrus the Great; whose descendants were called Achæmenides, and formed a separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were members. Cambyses, son of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his nobles, and particularly the Achæmenides, not to suffer the Medes to recover their former power, and abolish the empire of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125; bk. 3, ch. 65; bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 21.――――A Persian, made governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B.C. 484. =Achæmenia=, part of Persia, called after Achæmenes. Hence Achæmenius. _Horace_, _Epodes_, poem 13, li. 12. =Achæmenĭdes=, a native of Ithaca, son of Adramastus, and one of the companions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, where Æneas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 624.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 417. =Achæorum littus=, a harbour in Cyprus. _Strabo._――――In Troas,――――in Æolia,――――in Peloponnesus,――――on the Euxine. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34. =Achæorum statio=, a place on the coast of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxena was sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and where Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered her son Polydorus. =Achæus=, a king of Lydia, hung by his subjects for his extortion. _Ovid_, _Ibis_.――――A son of Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the accidental murder of a man, to Peloponnesus; where the inhabitants were called from him, Achæi. He afterwards returned to Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of Eretria, who wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the titles are preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, Cycnus, Eumenides, Philoctetes, Pirithous, Theseus, Œdipus, &c.; of these only one obtained the prize. He lived some time after Sophocles.――――Another of Syracuse, author of 10 tragedies.――――A river which falls into the Euxine. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.――――A relation of Antiochus the Great, appointed governor of all the king’s provinces beyond Taurus. He aspired to sovereign power, which he disputed for eight years with Antiochus, and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. His limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, was exposed on a gibbet. _Polybius_, bk. 8. =Achaia=, called also _Hellas_, a country of Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on the bay of Corinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was originally called Ægialus (_shore_) from its situation. The Ionians called it Ionia, when they settled there; and it received the name of Achaia, from the Achæi, who dispossessed the Ionians. _See:_ Achæi.――――A small part of Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which Alos was the capital. =Achaicum bellum.= _See:_ Achæi. =Achăra=, a town near Sardis. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Acharenses=, a people of Sicily near Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3. =Acharnæ=, a village of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 19. =Achātes=, a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity was so exemplary that _Fidus Achates_ became a proverb. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 316.――――A river of Sicily. =Achĕlōĭdes=, a patronymic given to the Sirens as daughters of Achelous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 15. =Achelorium=, a river of Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Achelōus=, the son of Oceanus or Sol by Terra or Tethys, god of the river of the same name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suitors of Dejanira daughter of Œneus he entered the lists against Hercules and being inferior, changed himself into a serpent, and afterwards into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous being defeated, retired in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled with fruits and flowers, and after it had for some time adorned the hand of the conqueror, it was presented to the goddess of plenty. Some say that he was changed into a river after the victory of Hercules. This river is in Epirus, and rises in mount Pindus, and after dividing Acarnania from Ætolia, falls into the Ionian sea. The sand and mud which it carries down, have formed some islands at its mouth. This river is said by some to have sprung from the earth after the deluge. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5; bk. 9, fable 1; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 35.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 3 & 7; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.――――A river of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus.――――Another flowing from mount Sipylus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38. =Acherdus=, a tribe of Attica; hence _Acherdusius_, _Demosthenes_. =Acherĭmi=, a people of Sicily. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Against Verres_. =Achĕron=, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus, falling into the bay of Ambracia. Homer called it, from the dead appearance of its waters, one of the rivers of hell, and the fable has been adopted by all succeeding poets, who make the god of the stream to be the son of Ceres without a father, and say that he concealed himself in hell for fear of the Titans, and was changed into a bitter stream, over which the souls of the dead are at first conveyed. It receives, say they, the souls of the dead, because a deadly languor seizes them at the hour of dissolution. Some make him son of Titan, and suppose that he was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for supplying the Titans with water. The word Acheron is often taken for hell itself. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 36.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 292; _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 295, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 16.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2.――_Sylvæ_, poem 6, li. 80.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus.――――Another on the Riphæan mountains. _Orpheus._――――Also a river in the country of the Brutii in Italy. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 2. =Acherontia=, a town of Apulia on a mountain, thence called _Nidus_ by _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 14. =Acherūsia=, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, over which, as Diodorus, bk. 1, mentions, the bodies of the dead were conveyed, and received sentence according to the actions of their life. The boat was called Baris, and the ferryman Charon. Hence arose the fable of Charon and the Styx, &c., afterwards imported into Greece by Orpheus, and adopted in the religion of the country.――――There was a river of the same name in Epirus, and another in Italy in Calabria. =Acherūsias=, a place or cave in Chersonesus Taurica, where Hercules, as is reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 6. =Achetus=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14. =Achillas=, a general of Ptolemy, who murdered Pompey the Great. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 538. =Achillēa=, a peninsula near the mouth of the Borysthenes. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 55 & 76.――――An island at the mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, over which it is said that birds never flew. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 29.――――A fountain of Miletus, whose waters rise salted from the earth, and afterwards sweeten in their course. _Athenaeus_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Achilleienses=, a people near Macedonia. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 3. =Achillēis=, a poem of Statius, in which he describes the education and memorable actions of Achilles. This composition is imperfect. The poet’s premature death deprived the world of a valuable history of the life and exploits of this famous hero. _See:_ Statius. =Achilles=, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was the bravest of all the ♦Greeks in the Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him in the Styx, and made every part of his body invulnerable, except the heel, by which she held him. His education was entrusted to the centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of war and made him master of music, and by feeding him with the marrow of wild beasts, rendered him vigorous and active. He was taught eloquence by Phœnix, whom he ever after loved and respected. Thetis, to prevent him from going to the Trojan war, where she knew he was to perish, privately sent him to the court of Lycomedes, where he was disguised in a female dress, and, by his familiarity with the king’s daughters, made Deidamia mother of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of Lycomedes, in the habit of a merchant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, choosing the arms, discovered his sex, and went to the war. Vulcan, at the entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of armour, which was proof against all weapons. He was deprived by Agamemnon of his favourite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot at the division of the booty of Lyrnessus, and for this affront, he refused to appear in the field till the death of his friend Patroclus recalled him to action, and to revenge. _See:_ Patroclus. He slew Hector the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpse by the heels to his chariot, and dragged it three times round the walls of Troy. After thus appeasing the shades of his friend, he yielded to the tears and entreaties of Priam, and permitted the aged father to ransom and to carry away Hector’s body. In the 10th year of the war, Achilles was charmed with Polyxena; and as he solicited her hand in the temple of Minerva, it is said that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which wound he died. His body was buried at Sigæum, and divine honours were paid to him, and temples raised to his memory. It is said, that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who accordingly was sacrificed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. Some say that this sacrifice was voluntary, and that Polyxena was so grieved at his death that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thessalians yearly sacrificed a black and a white bull on his tomb. It is reported that he married Helen after the siege of Troy; but others maintain, that this marriage happened after his death, in the island of Leuce, where many of the ancient heroes lived, as in a separate elysium. _See:_ Leuce. When Achilles was young, his mother asked him, whether he preferred a long life, spent in obscurity and retirement, or a few years of military fame and glory? and that, to his honour, he made choice of the latter. Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander going to the conquest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the tomb of Achilles, and admired the hero who had found a Homer to publish his fame to posterity. _Xenophon_, _On Hunting_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_; _De facie in orbe Lunæ_; _De Musica_; _De amicorum multitudine_; _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Statius_, _Achilleid_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 3, &c.; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 37, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 472, 488; bk. 2, li. 275; bk. 6, li. 58, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fables 96 & 110.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 15.――_Maximus of Tyre_, Oration 27.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 8; bk. 2, odes 4 & 16; bk. 4, ode 6; bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 42.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.―― _Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 210.―― _Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_, li. 869.―――― There were other persons of the same name. The most known were――a man who received Juno when she fled from Jupiter’s courtship――――the preceptor of Chiron the centaur――――a son of Jupiter and Lamia, declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus――――a man who instituted ostracism at Athens――――Tatius, a native of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius, but originally a pagan, converted to Christianity, and made a bishop. He wrote a mixed history of great men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on the loves of Clitophon and Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts of his works are preserved in the Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best edition of his works is that in 12mo, Leiden, 1640. ♦ ‘Geeeks’ replaced with ‘Greeks’ =Achillēum=, a town of Troas near the tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30. ♦=Achilleus=, or =Aquileus=, a Roman general in Egypt, in the reign of Diocletian, who rebelled, and for five years maintained the imperial dignity at Alexandria. Diocletian at last marched against him; and because he had supported a long siege, the emperor ordered him to be devoured by lions. ♦ Placed in alphabetical order =Achīvi=, the name of the inhabitants of Argos and Lacedæmon before the return of the Heraclidæ, by whom they were expelled from their possessions 80 years after the Trojan war. Being without a home, they drove the Ionians from Ægialus, seized their 12 cities, and called the country Achaia. The Ionians were received by the Athenians. The appellation of _Achivi_ is indiscriminately applied by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c. _See:_ Achaia. =Achladæus=, a Corinthian general, killed by Aristomenes. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 19. =Acholōe=, one of the Harpies. _Hyginus_, fable 14. =Acichōrius=, a general with Brennus in the expedition which the Gauls undertook against Pæonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 10. =Acidālia=, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of the same name in Bœotia, sacred to her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 720.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 468. =Acidāsa=, a river of Peloponnesus, formerly called Jardanus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5. =Acilia=, a plebeian family at Rome, which traced its pedigree up to the Trojans.――――The mother of Lucan. =Acilia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 556, by Acilius the tribune, for the plantation of five colonies in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.―――― Another called also Calpurnia, A.U.C. 684, which enacted, that no person convicted of _ambitus_, or using bribes at elections, should be admitted in the senate, or hold an office.――――Another concerning such as were guilty of extortion in the provinces. =Marcus Acilius Balbus=, was consul with Portius Cato, A.U.C. 640. It is said that during his consulship, milk and blood fell from heaven. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 56.――――Glabrio, a tribune of the people, who with a legion quelled the insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul with Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, A.U.C. 563, he conquered Antiochus at Thermopylæ, for which he obtained a triumph, and three days were appointed for public thanksgiving. He stood for the censorship against Cato, but desisted on account of the false measures used by his competitor. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 40; bk. 31, ch. 50; bk. 33, ch. 10, &c.――――The son of the preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which his father had vowed to this goddess when fighting against Antiochus. He raised a golden statue to his father, the first that appeared in Italy. The temple of piety was built on the spot where once a woman had fed with her milk her aged father, whom the senate had imprisoned, and excluded from all aliments. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The enactor of a law against bribery.――――A prætor in the time that Verres was accused by Cicero.――――A man accused of extortion, and twice defended by Cicero. He was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cæsar in the civil wars. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A consul, whose son was killed by Domitian, because he fought with wild beasts. The true cause of this murder was, that young Glabrio was stronger than the emperor, and therefore envied. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 94. =Acilla=, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum. Some read Acolla. _Cæsar_, _African War_, ch. 33. =Acis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and the nymph Simæthis. Galatæa passionately loved him; upon which his rival Polyphemus, through jealousy, crushed him to death with a piece of a broken rock. The gods changed Acis into a stream, which rises from mount Ætna. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 8. =Acmon=, a native of Lyrnessus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. His father’s name was Clytus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 128. =Acmonĭdes=, one of the Cyclops. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 288. =Acœtes=, the pilot of the ship whose crew found Bacchus asleep, and carried him away. As they ridiculed the god, they were changed into sea monsters, but Acœtes was preserved. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 8, &c. _See:_ Acetes. =Acontes=, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Aconteus=, a famous hunter changed into a stone by the head of Medusa, at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 201.――――A person killed in the wars of Æneas and Turnus, in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 615. =Acontius=, a youth of Cea, who, when he went to Delos to see the sacrifice of Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin, and being unable to obtain her, on account of the obscurity of his origin, wrote these verses on an apple, which he threw into her bosom: _Juro tibi sanctæ per mystica sacra Dianæ, Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque futuram._ Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled by the oath she had inadvertently made, married Acontius. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 20. ――――A mountain of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Acontobūlus=, a place of Cappadocia, under Hyppolyte queen of the Amazons. _Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 2. =Acōris=, a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras king of Cyprus against Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Acra=, a town in Italy,――――Eubœa,――――Cyprus,――――Acarnania,―――― Sicily, ――――Africa,――――Sarmatia, &c.――――A promontory of Calabria, now Capo di Leuca. =Acradīna=, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by Marcellus the Roman consul. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4. =Acræ=, a mountain in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34. =Acræa=, a daughter of the river Asterion.――――A surname of Diana, from a temple built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos.――――A surname of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17. =Acræphnia=, a town in Bœotia; whence Apollo is called Acraæphnius. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 135. =Acragallĭdæ=, a dishonest nation living anciently near Athens. _Æschines_, _Against Ctesiphon_. =Acrăgas.= _See:_ Agragas. =Acrātus=, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 45; bk. 16, ch. 23. =Acrias=, one of Hippodamia’s suitors. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.―――― He built Acriæ, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Acridophăgi=, an Æthiopian nation, who fed upon locusts, and lived not beyond their 40th year. At the approach of old age swarms of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their belly and breast, till the patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, which increased their number, and ended in his death. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 16. =Acrīon=, a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris. _Cicero_, _De Finibus_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Acrisioneus=, a patronymic applied to the Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, called after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 410. =Acrisioniădes=, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 70. =Acrisius=, son of Abas king of Argos, by Ocalea daughter of Mantineus. He was born at the same birth as Prœtus, with whom it is said that he quarrelled even in his mother’s womb. After many dissensions, Prœtus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice daughter of Lacedæmon; and being told by an oracle, that his daughter’s son would put him to death, he confined Danae in a brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mother. She, however, became pregnant, by Jupiter changed into a golden shower; and though Acrisius ordered her, and her infant called Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet they were saved; and Perseus soon after became so famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhappily fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. _Hyginus_, fable 63.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 16.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 16.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.――_See:_ Danae, Perseus, Polydectes. =Acrītas=, a promontory of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Acroāthon=, or =Acrothoos=, a town on the top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived to an uncommon old age. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 10. =Acroceraunium=, a promontory of Epirus, with mountains called Acroceraunia, which project between the Ionian and Adriatic seas. The word comes from ἀκρος, _high_, and κεραυνος, _thunder_; because, on account of their great height, they were often struck with thunder. _Lucretius_, bk. 6, li. 420.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 506.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 20. =Acrocorinthus=, a lofty mountain on the isthmus of Corinth, taken by Aratus, B.C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, and Corinth is built at the bottom. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 106. =Acron=, a king of Cenina, killed by Romulus in single combat, after the rape of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――A physician of Agrigentum, B.C. 430, educated at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote physical treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague by lighting a fire near the houses of the infected. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――――One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 719. =Acropātos=, one of Alexander’s officers, who obtained part of Media after the king’s death. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4. =Acropŏlis=, the citadel of Athens, built on a rock, and accessible only on one side. Minerva had a temple at the bottom. _Pausanias_, _Atticus_. =Acrotătus=, son of Cleomenes king of Sparta, died before his father, leaving a son called Areus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidonis wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased her husband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot to avenge his wrongs. When Sparta was besieged by Pyrrhus, Acrotatus was seen bravely fighting in the middle of the enemy, and commended by the multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis on being mistress to such a warlike lover. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_. =Acrothoos.= _See:_ Acroathon. =Acta=, or =Acte=, a country of Attica. This word signifies _shore_, and is applied to Attica, as being near the sea. It is derived by some writers from Actæus, a king, from whom the Athenians have been called Actæi. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 312.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 23. =Acta=, a place near mount Athos, on the Ægean sea. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 109. =Actæa=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 250.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 41.――――A surname of Ceres.――――A daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Actæon=, a famous huntsman, son of Aristæus and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, whence he is called _Autonoeius heros_. He saw Diana and her attendant, bathing near Gargaphia, for which he was changed into a stag, and devoured by his own dogs. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 2. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 3.――――A beautiful youth, son of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one of the Heraclidæ, endeavoured to debauch and carry away. He was killed in the struggle which in consequence of this happened between his father and ravisher. Melissus complained of the insult, and drowned himself; and soon after, the country being visited by a pestilence, Archias was expelled. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_. =Actæus=, a powerful person who made himself master of a part of Greece, which he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos married Cecrops, whom the Athenians called their first king, though Actæus reigned before him. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 14.――――The word is of the same signification as _Atticus_, an inhabitant of Attica. =Acte=, a mistress of Nero, descended from Attalus. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 28.――――One of the Horæ. _Hyginus_, fable 183. =Actia=, the mother of Augustus. As she slept in the temple of Apollo, she dreamt that a dragon had lain with her. Nine months after she brought forth, having previously dreamt that her bowels were scattered all over the world. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 94. ――――Games sacred to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of Augustus over Marcus Antony at Actium. They were celebrated every third, sometimes fifth, year, with great pomp, and the Lacedæmonians had the care of them. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.―― _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 280; bk. 8, li. 675.――――A sister of Julius Cæsar. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_. =Actis=, son of Sol, went from Greece into Egypt, where he taught astrology, and founded Heliopolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Actisănes=, a king of Æthiopia who conquered Egypt, and expelled king Amasis. He was famous for his equity, and his severe punishment of robbers, whose noses he cut off, and whom he banished to a desert place, where they were in want of all aliment, and lived only upon crows. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Actium=, now _Azio_, a town and promontory of Epirus, famous for the naval victory which Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopatra, the 2nd of September, B.C. 31, in honour of which the conqueror built there the town of Nicopolis, and instituted games. _See:_ Actia. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――――A promontory of Corcyra. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 2. =Actius=, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, where he had a temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 704.――――A poet. _See:_ Accius.――――A prince of the Volsci. _See:_ Accius. =Actius Navius=, an augur, who cut a loadstone in two with a razor, before Tarquin and the Roman people, to convince them of his skill as an augur. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 36.―――― Labeo. _See:_ Labeo. =Actor=, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. ――――The father of Menœtius by Ægina, whence Patroclus is called _Actorides_. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 8.――――A man called also Aruncus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 93.――――One of the friends of Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 500.――――A son of Neptune by Agameda. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A son of Deion and Diomede. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――The father of Eurytus, and brother of Augeas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A son of Acastus, one of the Argonauts. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――The father of Astyoche. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37.――――A king of Lemnos. _Hyginus_, fable 102. =Actorĭdes=, a patronymic given to Patroclus grandson of Actor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 1.――――Also to Erithus son of Actor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.――――Two brothers so fond of each other, that in driving a chariot, one generally held the reins, and the other the whip; whence they are represented with two heads, four feet, and one body. Hercules conquered them. _Pindar._ =Actŏris=, a maid of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 23. =Marcus Actorius Naso=, a Roman historian. _Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 9. =Caius Aculeo=, a Roman lawyer celebrated as much for the extent of his understanding, as for his knowledge of law. He was uncle to Cicero. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 43. =Acūphis=, an ambassador from India to Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Acusilāus= and =Damagētus=, two brothers of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic games. The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras their father, and called him happy in having such worthy sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Acusilāus=, an historian of Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He wrote on genealogies, in a style simple and destitute of all ornament. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Suidas._――――An Athenian who taught rhetoric at Rome under Galba. =M. Acutĭcus=, an ancient comic writer whose plays were known under the names of Leones, Gemini, Anus, Bœotia, &c. =Ada=, a sister of queen Artemisia, who married Hidricus. After her husband’s death, she succeeded to the throne of Caria; but being expelled by her younger brother, she retired to Alindæ, which she delivered to Alexander after adopting him as her son. _Curtius_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Adad=, a deity among the Assyrians, supposed to be the sun. =Adæus=, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a Greek treatise on statuaries. _Athenæus_, bk. 13. =Adamantæa=, Jupiter’s nurse in Crete, who suspended him in his cradle to a tree, that he might be found neither in the earth, the sea, nor in heaven. To drown the infant’s cries, she had drums beat and cymbals sounded around the tree. _Hyginus_, fable 139. =Adămas=, a Trojan prince, killed by Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 560.――――A youth who raised a rebellion on being emasculated by Cotys king of Thrace. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 10. =Adamastus=, a native of Ithaca, father of Achæmenides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 614. =Adaspii=, a people at the foot of mount Caucasus. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 5. =Addephagia=, a goddess of the Sicilians. _Ælian_, bk. 1, _Varia Historia_, ch. 27. =Addua=, now _Adda_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. =Adelphius=, a friend of Marcus Antoninus, whom he accompanied in his expedition into Parthia, of which he wrote the history. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Adēmon=, raised a sedition in Mauritania to avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula had put to death. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 35. =Ades=, or =Hades=, the god of hell among the Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the Latins. The word is derived from _α_ and ειδειν [_non videre_], because hell is deprived of light. It is often used for hell itself by the ancient poets. =Adgandestrius=, a prince of Gaul who sent to Rome for poison to destroy Arminius, and was answered by the senate, that the Romans fought their enemies openly, and never used perfidious measures. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 88. =Adherbal=, son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, was besieged at Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid of Rome, B.C. 112. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. =Adherbas=, the husband of Dido. _See:_ Sichæus. =Adiante=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 11. =Adiatōrix=, a governor of Galatia, who, to gain Antony’s favour, slaughtered, in one night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony of Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken at Actium, led in triumph by Augustus, and strangled in prison. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Adimantus=, a commander of the Athenian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the men of the fleet were put to death, except Adimantus, because he had opposed the designs of his countrymen, who intended to mutilate all the Spartans. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_. Pausanias says, bk. 4, ch. 17; bk. 10, ch. 9, that the Spartans had bribed him.――――A brother of Plato. _Laërtius_, bk. 3.――――A Corinthian general who reproached Themistocles with his exile.――――A king struck with thunder for saying that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 337. =Admēta=, a daughter of Eurystheus, was priestess of Juno’s temple at Argos. She expressed a wish to possess the girdle of the queen of the Amazons, and Hercules obtained it for her. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――――One of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 349. =Admētus=, son of Pheres and Clymene, king of Pheræ in Thessaly, married Theone daughter of Thestor, and, after her death, Alceste daughter of Pelias. Apollo when banished from heaven, is said to have tended his flocks for nine years, and to have obtained from the Parcæ, that Admetus should never die, if another person laid down his life for him; a proof of unbounded affection, which his wife Alceste cheerfully exhibited by devoting herself voluntarily to death. Admetus was one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt of the Calydonian boar. Pelias promised his daughter in marriage only to him who could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild boar; and Admetus effected this by the aid of Apollo, and obtained Alceste’s hand. Some say that Hercules brought him back Alceste from hell. _Seneca_, _Medeâ_.――_Hyginus_, fables 50, 51, & 243.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9, &c.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A king of the Molossi, to whom Themistocles fled for protection. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_, ch. 8.――――An officer of Alexander, killed at the siege of Tyre. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Adōnia=, festivals in honour of Adonis, first celebrated at Byblos in Phœnicia. They lasted two days, the first of which was spent in howlings and lamentations, the second in joyful clamours, as if Adonis was returned to life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt they lasted eight days; the one half of which was spent in lamentations, and the other in rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and such as did not appear were compelled to prostitute themselves for one day; and the money obtained by this shameful custom was devoted to the service of Adonis. The time of the celebration was supposed to be very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens to Sicily on that day, whence many unfortunate omens were drawn. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――_Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 9. =Adōnis=, son of Cinyras by his daughter Myrrha [_See:_ Myrrha], was the favourite of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts, for fear of being killed in the attempt. This advice he slighted, and at last received a mortal bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, and Venus, after shedding many tears at his death, changed him into a flower called anemone. Proserpine is said to have restored him to life, on condition that he should spend six months with her, and the rest of the year with Venus. This implies the alternate return of summer and winter. Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because the festivals of both were generally begun with mournful lamentations, and finished with a revival of joy as if they were returning to life again. Adonis had temples raised to his memory, and is said by some to have been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 53.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10, li. 18.――_Bion_, _Adonis_.――_Hyginus_, fables 58, 164, 248, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 10.――_Musæus_, _Hero & Leander_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 41.――――A river of Phœnicia, which falls into the Mediterranean, below Byblus. =Adramyttium=, an Athenian colony on the sea coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Adrāna=, a river in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 56. =Adrānum=, a town of Sicily, near Ætna, with a river of the same name. The chief deity of the place was called Adranus, and his temple was guarded by 1000 dogs. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_. =Adrasta=, one of the Oceanides who nursed Jupiter. _Hyginus_, fable 182. =Adrastia=, a fountain of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――A mountain. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A country near Troy called after Adrastus, who built there a temple to Nemesis. Here Apollo had an oracle. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. She is called by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of injustice. The Egyptians placed her above the moon, whence she looked down upon the actions of men. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Melisseus, to whom some attribute the nursing of Jupiter. She is the same as Adrasta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Adrastii Campi=, a plain near the Granicus, where Alexander first defeated Darius. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 6. =Adrastus=, son of Talaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos. Polynices, being banished from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Argos, where he married Argia daughter of Adrastus. The king assisted his son-in-law, and marched against Thebes with an army headed by seven of his most famous generals. All perished in the war except Adrastus, who, with a few men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens, and implored the aid of Theseus against the Thebans, who opposed the burying of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus went to his assistance, and was victorious. Adrastus, after a long reign, died through grief, occasioned by the death of his son Ægialeus. A temple was raised to his memory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was annually celebrated. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 480.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.―― _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 68, 69, & 70. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 8, ch. 25; bk. 10; ch. 90.―― _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.――――A peripatetic philosopher, disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that a copy of his treatise on harmonics is preserved in the Vatican.――――A Phrygian prince, who having inadvertently killed his brother, fled to Crœsus, where he was humanely received, and entrusted with the care of his son Atys. In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew the young prince, and in his despair, killed himself on his grave. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.――――A Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against the Persians. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son of Merops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 6.――The father of Eurydice, who married Ilus the Trojan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A king of Sicyon, who reigned four years, B.C. 1215.――――A son of Hercules. _Hyginus_, fable 242. =Adria=, =Adriānum=, or =Adriatĭcum mare=, a sea lying between Illyricum and Italy, now called the gulf of Venice, first made known to the Greeks by the discoveries of the Phocæans. _Herodotus_, bk. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33; bk. 3, odes 3 & 9.――_Catullus_, poems 4, 6. =Adrianopŏlis=, a town of Thrace on the Hebrus.――――Another in Ætolia, ――――in Pisidia,――――and Bithynia. =Adriānus=, or =Hadrianus=, the 15th emperor of Rome. He is represented as an active, learned, warlike, and austere general. He came to Britain, where he built a wall between the modern towns of Carlisle and Newcastle, 80 miles long, to protect the Britons from the incursions of the Caledonians. He killed in battle 500,000 Jews who had rebelled, and built a city on the ruins of Jerusalem, which he called Ælia. His memory was so retentive, that he remembered every incident of his life, and knew all the soldiers of his army by name. He was the first emperor who wore a long beard, and this he did to hide the warts on his face. His successors followed his example, not through necessity but for ornament. Adrian went always bare-headed, and in long marches generally travelled on foot. In the beginning of his reign, he followed the virtues of his adopted father and predecessor Trajan; he remitted all arrears due to his treasury for 16 years, and publicly burnt the account-books, that his word might not be suspected. His peace with the Parthians proceeded from a wish of punishing the other enemies of Rome, more than from the effects of fear. The travels of Adrian were not for the display of imperial pride, but to see whether justice was distributed impartially: and public favour was courted by a condescending behaviour, and the meaner familiarity of bathing with the common people. It is said that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods of Rome; but his apparent lenity towards the Christians was disproved, by the erection of a statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose from the dead, and one to Venus on mount Calvary. The weight of diseases became intolerable. Adrian attempted to destroy himself; and when prevented, he exclaimed, that the lives of others were in his hands, but not his own. He wrote an account of his life, and published it under the name of one of his domestics. He died of a dysentery at Baiæ, July 10, A.D. 138, in the 72nd year of his age, after a reign of 21 years. _Dio Cassius._――――An officer of Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A rhetorician of Tyre in the age of Marcus Antoninus, who wrote seven books of metamorphoses, besides other treatises now lost. =Adrimētum=, a town of Africa, on the Mediterranean, built by the Phœnicians. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. =Aduataca=, a town of Belgic Gaul, now Tongres, on the Maese. =Adŭla=, a mountain among the Rhætian Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise, now St. Gothard. =Adulis=, a town of Upper Egypt. =Adyrmachīdæ=, a maritime people of Africa, near Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 168. =Æa=, a huntress changed into an island of the same name by the gods, to rescue her from the pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. It had a town called Æa, which was the capital of Colchis. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 420.――――A town of Thessaly,――――of Africa.――――A fountain of Macedonia near Amydon. =Æacēa=, games at Ægina, in honour of Æacus. =Æacĭdas=, a king of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus and brother to Olympias. He was expelled by his subjects for his continual wars with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom Chaucus king of Illyricum educated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11. =Æacĭdes=, a patronymic of the descendants of Æacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Telamon, Pyrrhus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 103, &c. =Æăcus=, son of Jupiter by Ægina daughter of Asopus, was king of the island of Œnopia, which he called by his mother’s name. A pestilence having destroyed all his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to repeople his kingdom; and according to his desire, all the ants which were in an old oak were changed into men, and called by Æacus _myrmidons_, from μυρμηξ, _an ant_. Æăcus married Endeis, by whom he had Telamon and Peleus. He afterwards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids. He was a man of such integrity that the ancients have made him one of the judges of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 4, ode 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 25; bk. 13, li. 25. ――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Consolatio ad Apollonium_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Ææ=, =Æa=, or =Ææa=, an island of Colchis, in the Phasis. _See:_ Æa. _Apollonius_, bk. 3. =Ææa=, a name given to Circe, because born at Ææ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 386. =Æantēum=, a city of Troas, where Ajax was buried. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.――――An island near the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Æantĭdes=, a tyrant of Lampsacus, intimate with Darius. He married a daughter of Hippias tyrant of Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 59. ――――One of the seven poets called Pleiades. =Æantis=, an Athenian tribe. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 2. =Æas=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. In the fable of Io, Ovid describes it as falling into the Peneus, and meeting other rivers at Tempe. This some have supposed to be a geographical mistake of the poet. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 361.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 580. =Æātus=, son of Philip, and brother of Polyclea, was descended from Hercules. An oracle having said that whoever of the two touched the land after crossing the Achelous, should obtain the kingdom, Polyclea pretended to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother to carry her across on his shoulders. When they came near the opposite side, Polyclea leaped ashore from her brother’s back, exclaiming that the kingdom was her own. Æatus joined her in her exclamation, and afterwards married her, and reigned conjointly with her. Their son Thessalus gave his name to Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Æchmacŏras=, a son of Hercules by Phyllone daughter of Alcimedon. When the father heard that his daughter had had a child, he exposed her and the infant in the woods to wild beasts, where Hercules, conducted by the noise of a magpie which imitated the cries of a child, found and delivered them. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12. =Æchmis=, succeeded his father Polymnestor on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of Theopompus of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5. =Ædepsum=, a town of Eubœa. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. =Ædessa=, or =Edessa=, a town near Pella. Caranus king of Macedonia took it by following goats that sought shelter from the rain, and called it from that circumstance (αἰγας, _capras_) Ægeas. It was the burying place of the Macedonian kings; and an oracle had said, that as long as the kings were buried there, so long would their kingdom subsist. Alexander was buried in a different place; and on that account some authors have said that the kingdom became extinct. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1. =Ædicŭla Ridiculi=, a temple raised to the god of mirth, from the following circumstance: after the battle of Cannæ, Hannibal marched to Rome, whence he was driven back by the inclemency of the weather; which caused so much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a temple to the god of mirth. This deity was worshipped at Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, _Agis_, & _Cleomenes_. Pausanias also mentions a θεος γελωτος. =Ædīles=, Roman magistrates, that had the care of all buildings, baths, and aqueducts, and examined the weights and measures, that nothing might be sold without its due value. There were three different sorts: the Ædiles _Plebeii_, or _Minores_; the _Majores_ Ædiles, and the Ædiles _Cereales_. The plebeian ediles were two, first created with the tribunes; they presided over the more minute affairs of the state, good order, and the reparation of the streets. They procured all the provisions of the city, and executed the decrees of the people. The Majores and Cereales had greater privileges, though they at first shared in the labour of the plebeian ediles; they appeared with more pomp, and were allowed to sit publicly in ivory chairs. The office of an edile was honourable, and was always the primary step to greater dignities in the republic. The ediles were chosen from the plebeians for 127 years, till A.U.C. 338. _Varro_, _De Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Cicero_, _De Legibus_, bk. 3. =Ædipsus=, a town in Eubœa, now Dipso, abounding in hot baths. =Valerius Ædituus=, a Roman poet before the age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry and epigrams. =Ædon=, daughter of Pandarus, married Zethus brother to Amphion, by whom she had a son called Itylus. She was so jealous of her sister Niobe, because she had more children than herself, that she resolved to murder the elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by mistake killed her own son, and was changed into a goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 518. =Ædui=, or =Hedui=, a powerful nation of Celtic Gaul, known for their valour in the wars of Cæsar. When their country was invaded by this celebrated general, they were at the head of a faction in opposition to the Sequani and their partisans, and they had established their superiority in frequent battles. To support their cause, however, the Sequani obtained the assistance of Ariovistus king of Germany, and soon defeated their opponents. The arrival of Cæsar changed the face of affairs; the Ædui were restored to the sovereignty of the country, and the artful Roman, by employing one faction against the other, was enabled to conquer them all, though the insurrection of Ambiorix, and that more powerfully supported by Vercingetorix, shook for a while the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of the conqueror. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Æēta=, or =Æētes=, king of Colchis, son of Sol and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idya, one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to his court on a golden ram. This murder he committed to obtain the fleece of the golden ram. The Argonauts came against Colchis, and recovered the golden fleece by means of Medea, though it was guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. Their expedition has been celebrated by all the ancient poets. _See:_ Jason, Medea, and Phryxus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 1, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.――_Flaccus_ & _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_. =Æetias=, a patronymic given to Medea, as daughter of Æetes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 9. =Æga=, an island of the Ægean sea, between Tenedos and Chios. =Ægēas=, a town whose inhabitants are called Ægeates. _See:_ Ædessa. =Ægæ=, a city of Macedonia, the same as Ædessa. Some writers make them different, but Justin proves this to be erroneous, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――――A town of Eubœa, whence Neptune is called Ægæus. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Ægææ=, a town and seaport of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 227. =Ægæon=, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――The son of Cœlus, or of Pontus and Terra, the same as Briareus. _See:_ Briareus. It is supposed that he was a notorious pirate, chiefly residing at Æga, whence his name; and that the fable about his 100 hands arises from his having 100 men to manage his oars in his piratical excursions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 565.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 149.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10, li. 404.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 10. =Ægæum mare=, now Archipelago, part of the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. The word Ægæum is derived by some from Ægæ, a town of Eubœa; or from the number of islands which it contains, that appear above the sea, as αἰγες, goats; or from the promontory Æga, or from Ægea, a queen of the Amazons; or from Ægeus, who is supposed to have drowned himself there. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. =Ægæus=, a surname of Neptune, from Ægæ in Eubœa. _Strabo_, bk. 9. ――――A river of Corcyra.――――A plain in Phocis. =Ægaleos=, or =Ægaleum=, a mountain of Attica opposite Salamis, on which Xerxes sat during the engagement of his fleet with the Grecian ships in the adjacent sea. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 90.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 19. =Ægan= [_Greek_ αἰγαν or αἰγαων], the Ægean sea. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 5, li. 56. =Ægas=, a place of Eubœa.――――Another near Daunia in Italy. _Polybius_, bk. 3. =Ægātes=, a promontory of Æolia.――――Three islands opposite Carthage, called Aræ by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, near which the Romans under Catulus, in the first Punic war, defeated the Carthaginian fleet under Hanno, 242 B.C. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 10 & 41; bk. 22, ch. 54.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 61. =Ægēleon=, a town of Macedonia taken by king Attalus. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 46. =Ægēria.= _See:_ Egeria. =Ægesta=, the daughter of Hippotes, and mother of Ægestus, called Acestes. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 554.――――An ancient town of Sicily near mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. _Diodorus_, bk. 10. =Ægeus=, king of Athens, son of Pandion, being desirous of having children, went to consult the oracle, and in his return, stopped at the court of Pittheus king of Trœzene, who gave him his daughter Æthra in marriage. He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as he could lift a stone under which he had concealed his sword. By this sword he was to be known to Ægeus, who did not wish to make any public discovery of a son, for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his crown. Æthra became mother of Theseus, whom she accordingly sent to Athens with his father’s sword. At the time, Ægeus lived with Medea the divorced wife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea attempted to poison him; but he escaped, and upon showing Ægeus the sword he wore, discovered himself to be his son. When Theseus returned from Crete after the death of the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeably to the engagement made with his father, to hoist up white sails as a signal of his success: and Ægeus, at the sight of black sails, concluding that his son was dead, threw himself from a high rock into the sea; which, from him, as some suppose, has been called the Ægean. Ægeus reigned 48 years, and died B.C. 1235. He is supposed to have first introduced into Greece the worship of Venus Urania, to render the goddess propitious to his wishes in having a son. _See:_ Theseus, Minotaurus, and Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5, 22, 38; bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Hyginus_, fables 37, 43, 79, & 173. =Ægiăle=, one of Phaeton’s sisters changed into poplars, and their tears into amber. They are called Heliades.――――A daughter of Adrastus, by Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She married Diomedes, in whose absence, during the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to her servants, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the king had left master of his house. At his return, Diomedes, being told of his wife’s wantonness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say that Venus implanted those vicious and lustful propensities in Ægiale, to revenge herself on Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Trojan war. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 350.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 412.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 48. =Ægiălea=, an island near Peloponnesus, in the Cretan sea.――――Another in the Ionian sea, near the Echinades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.―― _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 107.――――The ancient name of Peloponnesus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Ægialeus=, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or Demoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, _i.e._ one of the sons of those generals who were killed in the first Theban war. They went against the Thebans, who had refused to give burial to their fathers, and were victorious. They all returned home safe, except Ægialeus, who was killed. That expedition is called the war of the Epigoni. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 43, 44; bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.――――The same as Absyrtus brother to Medea. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Ægiălus=, son of Phoroneus, was entrusted with the kingdom of Achaia by king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus was called Ægialea from him.――――A man who founded the kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 before the christian era, and reigned 52 years. =Ægialus=, a name given to part of Peloponnesus. _See:_ Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.――――An inconsiderable town of Pontus.――――A city of Asia Minor.――――A city of Thrace near the river Strymon.――――A mountain of Galatia.――――Another in Æthiopia. =Ægīdes=, a patronymic of Theseus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 265. =Ægĭla=, a place in Laconia, where Aristomenes was taken prisoner by a crowd of religious women whom he had attacked. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 17. =Ægilia=, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus.――――A place in Eubœa. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 101. =Ægimius=, an old man who lived, according to Anacreon, 200 years. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.――――A king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted to conquer the Lapithæ. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Ægimōrus=, or =Ægimūrus=, an island near Libya, supposed by some to be the same which Virgil mentions under the name of Aræ. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7. =Ægīna=, daughter of Asopus, had Æacus by Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She afterwards married Actor son of Myrmidon, by whom she had some children, who conspired against their father. Some say that she was changed by Jupiter into the island which bears her name. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.―― _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 5 & 29.――――An island formerly called Œnopia, and now Engia, in a part of the Ægean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 miles in circumference. The inhabitants were once destroyed by a pestilence, and the country was repeopled by ants changed into men by Jupiter, at the prayer of king Æacus. They were once a very powerful nation by sea, but they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius when he demanded submission from all the Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles made war against them; and after taking 70 of their ships in a naval battle, they expelled them from Ægina. The fugitives settled in Peloponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander, they returned to their country, but never after rose to their former power or consequence. _Herodotus_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 10. =Æginēta Paulus=, a physician born in Ægina. He flourished in the 3rd, or, according to others, the 7th century, and first deserved to be called man-midwife. He wrote _De Re Medicâ_, in seven books. =Ægīnētes=, a king of Arcadia, in whose age Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5. =Ægiŏchus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his being brought up by the goat Amalthæa, and using her skin instead of a shield, in the war of the Titans. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Ægĭpan=, a name of Pan, because he had goat’s feet. =Ægīra=, a town between Ætolia and Peloponnesus.――――A town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 145. =Ægiroessa=, a town of Ætolia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149. =Ægis=, the shield of Jupiter, ἀπο της αἰγος, _a goat’s skin_. This was the goat Amalthæa, with whose skin he covered his shield. The goat was placed among the constellations. Jupiter gave this shield to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa’s head, which turned into stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, lis. 352 & 435. =Ægisthus=, king of Argos, was son of Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyestes being at variance with his brother Atreus, was told by the oracle that his wrongs could be revenged only by a son born of himself and his daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pelopea had been consecrated to the service of Minerva by her father, who some time after met her in a wood, and ravished her, without knowing who she was. Pelopea kept the sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be her father’s, exposed the child she had brought forth. The child was preserved, and when grown up presented with the sword of his mother’s ravisher. Pelopea soon after this melancholy adventure had married her uncle Atreus, who received into his house her natural son. As Thyestes had debauched the first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent Ægisthus to put him to death; but Thyestes, knowing the assassin’s sword, discovered that he was his own son, and fully to revenge his wrongs, sent him back to murder Atreus. After this murder Thyestes ascended the throne, and banished Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. These children fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon; but as he dreaded the power of their persecutors, he permitted the protection of them to Œneus king of Ætolia. By their marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, they were empowered to recover the kingdom of Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, while Menelaus reigned in his father-in-law’s place. Ægisthus had been reconciled to the sons of Atreus; and when they went to the Trojan war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon’s kingdom, and of his wife Clytemnestra. Ægisthus fell in love with Clytemnestra, and lived with her. On Agamemnon’s return, these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a public marriage, strengthened themselves on the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon’s son, would have shared his father’s fate, had not his sister Electra privately sent him to his uncle Strophius king of Phocis, where he contracted the most intimate friendship with his cousin Pylades. Some time after, Orestes came to Mycenæ the residence of Ægisthus, and resolved to punish the murderers of his father, in conjunction with Electra, who lived in disguise in the tyrant’s family. To effect this more effectually, Electra publicly declared that her brother Orestes was dead; upon which Ægisthus and Clytemnestra went to the temple of Apollo to return thanks to the god for his death. Orestes, who had secretly concealed himself in the temple, attacked them, and put them both to death, after a reign of seven years. They were buried without the city walls. _See:_ Agamemnon, Thyestes, Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pylades, and Electra. _Ovid_, _de Remedia Amoris_, li. 161; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 396.――_Hyginus_, fables 87 & 88.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.――_Sophocles_, _Electra_.――_Aeschylus_ & _Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 3 & 11.――_Lactantius [Placidus]_ on [Statius’] _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 684.――――Pompey used to call Julius Cæsar, Ægisthus, on account of his adultery with his wife Mutia, whom he repudiated after she had borne him three children. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 50. =Ægĭtum=, a town of Æolia, on a mountain eight miles from the sea. _Thucydides_. Bk. 3, ch. 97. =Ægium=, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, where Jupiter was said to have been fed by a goat, whence the name. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7. =Ægle=, the youngest daughter of Æsculapius and Lampetie.――――A nymph, daughter of Sol and Neæra. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 20.――――A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by Theseus after he had left Ariadne. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――One of the Hesperides. ――――One of the Graces.――――A prostitute. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 95. =Ægles=, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. Seeing some unlawful measures pursued in a contest, he broke the string which held his tongue, through the desire of speaking, and ever after spoke with ease. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Æglētes=, a surname of Apollo. =Æglŏge=, a nurse of Nero. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 50. =Ægobolus=, a surname of Bacchus at Potnia, in Bœotia. =Ægocĕros=, or =Capricornus=, an animal into which Pan transformed himself when flying before Typhon in the war with the giants. Jupiter made him a constellation. _Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 613. =Ægon=, a shepherd. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_. ――――A promontory of Lemnos.――――A name of the Ægean sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 628.――――A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large bull by the heel from a mountain into the city. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 4. =Ægospotămos=, i.e. _the goat’s river_, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus, with a river of the same name, where the Athenian fleet, consisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, on the 13th Dec., B.C. 405, in the last year of the Peloponnesian war. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 58.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 11. =Ægosāgæ=, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, with whom he conquered Asia, and to whom he gave a settlement near the Hellespont. _Polybius_, bk. 5. =Ægus= and =Roscillus=, two brothers amongst the Allobroges, who deserted from Cæsar to Pompey. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 59. =Ægūsa=, the middle island of the Ægates, near Sicily. =Ægy=, a town near Sparta, destroyed because its inhabitants were suspected by the Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Ægypānes=, a nation in the middle of Africa, whose body is human above the waist, and that of a goat below. _Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8. =Ægypsus=, a town of the Getæ, near the Danube. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, ltr. 8; bk. 4, ltr. 7. =Ægypta=, a freedman of Cicero. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8. =Ægyptii=, the inhabitants of Egypt. _See:_ Ægyptus. =Ægyptium mare=, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt. =Ægyptus=, son of Belus, and brother to Danaus, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had established himself at Argos, and was jealous of his brother, who, by following him from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of his prosperity, obliged all his daughters to murder their husbands the first night of their nuptials. This was executed; but Hypermnestra alone spared her husband Lynceus. Even Ægyptus was killed by his niece Polyxena. _See:_ Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus. Ægyptus was king, after his father, of a part of Africa, which from him has been called Ægyptus. _Hyginus_, fables 168, 170.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――――An extensive country of Africa, watered by the Nile, bounded on the east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya. Its name is derived from Ægyptus brother to Danaus. Its extent, according to modern calculation, is 180 leagues from north to south, and it measures 120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean; but at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it diminishes so much as scarce to measure seven or eight leagues between the mountains on the east and west. It is divided into lower, which lies near the Mediterranean, and upper, which is towards the south. Upper Egypt was famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the most peopled, and contained the Delta, a number of large islands, which, from their form, have been called after the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. This country has been the mother of arts and sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been formed by the mud and sand carried down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned themselves the most ancient nation in the universe [_See:_ Psammetichus], but some authors make them of Æthiopian origin. They were remarkable for their superstition; they paid as much honour to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never or seldom falls in this country; the fertility of the soil originates in the yearly inundations of the Nile, which rises about 25 feet above the surface of the earth, and exhibits a large plain of waters, in which are scattered here and there the towns and villages, as the Cyclades in the Ægean sea. The air is not wholesome, but the population is great, and the cattle very prolific. It is said that Egypt once contained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It was governed by kings who have immortalized themselves by the pyramids they have raised and the canals they have opened. The priests traced the existence of the country for many thousand years, and fondly imagined that the gods were their first sovereigns, and that their monarchy had lasted 11,340 years according to Herodotus. According to the calculation of Constantine Manasses, the kingdom of Egypt lasted 1663 years from its beginning under Misraim the son of Ham, 2188 B.C., to the conquest of Cambyses, 525 B.C. Egypt revolted afterwards from the Persian power, B.C. 414, and Amyrtæus then became king. After him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began 408 B.C.: Nephereus, 396: Acoris, 389: Psammuthis, 376: Nepherites, 4 months, and Nectanebis, 375: Tachos, or Teos, 363: Nectanebus, 361. It was conquered by Ochus, 350 B. C.; and after the conquest of Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the kingdom, and began to reign 323 B.C.: Philadelphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: Philopater, 221: Epiphanes, 204: Philomater, 180 and 169, conjointly with Evergetes II. or Physcon, for six years: Evergetes II. 145: Lathurus Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 106: Lathurus Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. six months, with Alexander II. 19 days, 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80: Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 65: Dionysius II. with Cleopatra III. 51: Cleopatra III. with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B.C. it was reduced by Augustus into a Roman province. The history of Egypt, therefore, can be divided into three epochas: the first beginning with the foundation of the empire, to the conquest of Cambyses; the second ends at the death of Alexander; and the third comprehends the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends at the death of Cleopatra, in the age of Augustus.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 24.――_Macrobius_, _Somnium Scipionis_, bk. 1, chs. 19 & 21.――_Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3, & 7.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 17, li. 79.――_Polybius_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 14, ch. 7.―― _Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 40.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_, bk. 3; _Iphicrates_; _Datames_, ch. 3.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 175.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Plutarch_, _de Facie in Orbe Lunæ_; _de Iside et Osiride_; _Ptolemy_, _Alexander_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.――――A minister of Mausolus king of Caria. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――The ancient name of the Nile. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, ♦bk. 14, li. 258.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40. ♦ ‘ξ’ replaced with ‘bk. 14’ =Ægys.= _See:_ Ægy. =Ægysthus.= _See:_ Ægisthus. =Ælia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――The name of some towns built or repaired by the emperor Adrian. =Ælia lex=, enacted by Ælius Tubero the tribune, A.U.C. 559, to send two colonies into the country of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 53.――――Another A.U.C. 568, ordaining that, in public affairs, the augurs should observe the appearance of the sky, and the magistrates be empowered to postpone the business.――――Another called Ælia Sexta, by _Ælius Sextus_, A.U.C. 756, which enacted, that all slaves who bore any marks of punishment received from their masters, or who had been imprisoned, should be set at liberty, but not rank as Roman citizens. =Ælia Petina=, of the family of Tubero, married Claudius Cæsar, by whom she had a son. The emperor divorced her to marry Messalina. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 26. =Æliānus Claudus=, a Roman sophist of Præneste, in the reign of Adrian. He first taught rhetoric at Rome; but being disgusted with his profession, he became author, and published treatises on animals in 17 books, on various history in 14 books, &c., in Greek, a language which he preferred to Latin. In his writings he shows himself very fond of the marvellous, and relates many stories which are often devoid of elegance and purity of style; though Philostratus has commended his language as superior to what could be expected from a person who was neither born nor educated in Greece. Ælian died in the 60th year of his age, A.D. 140. The best editions of his works collected together are that of Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tigurii, 1556, though now seldom to be met with, and that of Kuenius, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1780. Some attribute the treatise on the tactics of the Greeks to another Ælian. =Ælius= and =Ælia=, a family in Rome, so poor that 16 lived in a small house, and were maintained by the produce of a little field. Their poverty continued till Paulus conquered Perseus king of Macedonia, and gave his son-in-law Æl. Tubero five pounds of gold from the booty. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4. =Ælius Adriānus=, an African, grandfather to the emperor Adrian.――――Gallus, a Roman knight, the first who invaded Arabia Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the geographer, and sailed on the Nile with him to take a view of the country. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.――――Publius, one of the first questors chosen from the plebeians at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 54.――――Quintus Ælius Pætus, son of Sextus or Publius. As he sat in the senate house, a woodpecker perched on his head; upon which a soothsayer exclaimed, that if he preserved the bird, his house would flourish, and Rome decay; and if he killed it, the contrary must happen. Hearing this, Ælius, in the presence of the senate, bit off the head of the bird. All the youths of his family were killed at Cannæ, and the Roman arms were soon attended with success. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――Saturninus, a satirist, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock for writing verses against Tiberius.――――Sejānus. _See:_ Sejanus. ――――Sextus Catus, censor with Marcus Cethegus. He separated the senators from the people in the public spectacles. During his consulship, the ambassadors of the Ætolians found him feasting in earthen dishes, and offered him silver vessels, which he refused, satisfied with the earthen cups, &c., which, for his virtues, he had received from his father-in-law, Lucius Paulus, after the conquest of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1.――――Spartiānus, wrote the lives of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. He flourished A.D. 240. ――――Tubero, grandson of Lucius Paulus, was austere in his morals, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. His grandson was accused before Cæsar, and ably defended by Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to Brutus_.――――Verus Cæsar, the name of Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus, after Adrian had adopted him. He was made pretor and consul by the emperor, who was soon convinced of his incapacity in the discharge of public duty. He killed himself by drinking an antidote; and Antoninus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. Ælius was father to Antoninus Verus, whom Pius adopted.――――A physician mentioned by Galen.――――Lucius Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote 12 books concerning the signification of all law words.――――Sextus Pætus, a lawyer, consul at Rome, A.U.C. 566. He is greatly commended by Cicero for his learning, and called _cordatus homo_ by Ennius for his knowledge of law. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48; _Brutus_, ch. 20.――――Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master to Marcus Terentius Varro, and author of some treatises.――――Lamia. Lamia. =Aello=, one of the Harpies (from ἑλουσα ἀλλο, _alienum tollens_, or ἀελλα, _tempestas_). _Flaccus_, bk. 4, li. 450.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 267.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 710. ――――_See:_ One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 220. =Ælurus= (_a cat_), a deity worshipped by the Egyptians; and after death embalmed and buried in the city of Bubastis. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 20, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_. =Æmathion= and =Æmathia=. _See:_ Emathion. =Æmilia lex=, was enacted by the dictator Æmilius, A.U.C. 309. It ordained that the censorship, which was before quinquennial, should be limited to one year and a half. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 33.――――Another in the second consulship of Æmilius Mamercus, A.U.C. 391. It gave power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in the capitol on the ides of September. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――The driving of a nail was a superstitious ceremony, by which the Romans supposed that a pestilence could be stopped, or an impending calamity averted. =Æmiliānus C. Julius=, a native of Mauritania, proclaimed emperor after the death of Decius. He marched against Gallus and Valerian, but was informed that they had been murdered by their own troops. He soon after shared their fate.――――One of the thirty tyrants who rebelled in the reign of Gallienus. =Æmilius.= _See:_ Æmylius. =Æmnestus=, tyrant of Enna, was deposed by Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Æmon.= _See:_ Hæmon. =Æmŏna=, a large city of Asia. _Cicero_, _for Flaccus_. =Æmŏnia=, a country of Greece which received its name from Æmon, or Æmus, and was afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is called _Æmonius_, as being born there. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 11; bk. 4, poem 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37. It was also called Pyrrha, from Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, who reigned there.――――The word has been indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some writers. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Æmŏnĭdes=, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 537. =Æmus=, an actor in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197. =Æmylia=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Mamercus son of Pythagoras, who, for his humanity, was called Αἱμυλος, _blandus_. ――――A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which was extinguished, by putting her veil over it. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――The wife of Africanus the elder, famous for her behaviour to her husband, when suspected of infidelity. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――Lepĭda, daughter of Lepidus, married Drusus the younger, whom she disgraced by her wantonness. She killed herself when accused of adultery with a slave. _Tacitus_, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――A part of Italy, called also Flaminia. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 85.――――A public road leading from Placentia to Ariminum; called after the consul Æmylius, who is supposed to have made it. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 4. =Æmyliānus=, a name of Africanus the younger, son of Publius Æmylius. In him the families of the Scipios and Æmylii were united. Many of that family bore the same name. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 2. =Æmylii=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Æmylius the son of Ascanius. _Plutarch_ says, that they are descended from Mamercus the son of Pythagoras, surnamed Æmylius from the sweetness of his voice, in _Numa_ & _Aemilius Paulus_.――The family was distinguished in the various branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, Mamercini, Barbulæ, Pauli, and Scauri. =Æmylius=, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. _See:_ Procris.――――Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new ways of torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. _Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_.――――Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A triumvir with Octavius. _See:_ Lepidus. ――――Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. _See:_ Macer. ――――Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 100 B.C., and wrote three books concerning his own life. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and destroyed himself.――――Sura, another writer on the Roman year.―――― Mamercus, three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took their city. He limited to one year and a half the censorship which before his time was exercised during five years. _Livy_, bk. 4, chs. 17, 19, &c.――――Papiniānus, son of Hostilius Papiniānus, was in favour with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papiniānus, for upbraiding him, was murdered by his soldiers. From his school the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papiniānists. ――――Pappus, a censor, who banished from the senate Publius Cornelius Ruffinus, who had been twice consul, because he had at his table 10 pounds of silver plate, A.U.C. 478. _Livy_, bk. 14.――――Porcina, an elegant orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Rectus, a severe governor of Egypt under Tiberius. _Dio Cassius._――――Regillus, conquered the general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 31.――――Scaurus, a noble but poor citizen of Rome. His father, to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He was edile, and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very magnificent theatre. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――――A bridge at Rome, called also Sublicius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 22. =Ænăria=, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypress trees. It received its name from Æneas, who is supposed to have landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral waters. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 31, ch. 2.―― _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 104. =Ænarium=, a forest near Olenos in Achaia, sacred to Jupiter. =Ænasius=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 9, ch. 2. =Ænēa=, or =Æneia=, a town of Macedonia, 15 miles from Thessalonica, founded by Æneas. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, ch. 10. =Æneădes=, a town of Chersonesus, built by Æneas. Cassander destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. =Ænĕădæ=, a name given to the friends and companions of Æneas by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 161. =Ænēas=, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The opinions of authors concerning his character are different. His infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and at the age of five he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly under Chiron, a venerable sage whose house was frequented by the young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his return home he married Creusa, Priam’s daughter by whom he had a son called Ascanius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour, in defence of his country, and came to an engagement with Diomedes and Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dares of Phrygia accuse him of betraying his country to the Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by this treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, because he received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his family, as _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, says. This might have provoked him to seek revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say that he retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships, and set sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others maintain that Æneas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 400 years after the Trojan war, says, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 30, &c., that the gods destined Æneas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans. This passage Dionysius of Halicarnassus explained, by saying that Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over to Italy with Æneas, and not the actual inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other Latin authors, who, to make their court to the Roman emperors, traced their origin up to Æneas, and described his arrival into Italy as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place where his progenitors were born, he landed in Epirus, and Drepanum, the court of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa and kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first interview he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido, being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by order of the gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and from thence he passed to Cumæ, where the Sibyl conducted him to hell, that he might hear from his father the fates which attended him and all his posterity. After a voyage of seven years, and the loss of 13 ships, he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the country, received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia, who had been before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother Amata. To prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against Æneas: and after many battles, the war was decided by a combat between the two rivals, in which Turnus was killed. Æneas married Lavinia, in whose honour he built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. After a short reign Æneas was killed in a battle against the Etrurians. Some say that he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body weighed down by his armour; upon which the Latins, not finding their king, supposed that he had been taken up to heaven, and therefore offered him sacrifices as to a god. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes the arrival of Æneas in Italy in the 54th olympiad. Some authors suppose that Æneas after the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, together with Andromache, and that he was carried to Thessaly, whence he escaped to Italy. Others say that, after he had come to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king in Latium. Æneas has been praised for his piety, and submission to the will of the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 20; _Hymn to Aphrodite_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 22; bk. 10, ch. 25.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_ & _Coriolanus_; _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 31, ch. 8; bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 6.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Aurelius Victor._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 42.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 3, &c.; _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 798.――――A son of Æneas and Lavinia, called Sylvius, because his mother retired with him into the woods after his father’s death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though opposed by Julius the son of his predecessor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 770.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――An ambassador sent by the Lacedæmonians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th year of the Peloponnesian war.――――An ancient author who wrote on tactics, besides other treatises, which, according to Ælian, were epitomized by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.――――A native of Gaza, who, from a Platonic philosopher, became a Christian, A.D. 485, and wrote a dialogue called _Theophrastus_, on the immortality of the soul and the resurrection. =Ænēia=, or =Ænia=, a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum. ――――A city of Troas. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Macedonia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. =Æneides=, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as son of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 653. =Ænēis=, a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement of Æneas in Italy. The great merit of this poem is well known. The author has imitated Homer, and, as some say, Homer is superior to him only because he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil died before he had corrected it, and at his death desired it might be burnt. This was happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the flames a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings of Troy. The Æneid had engaged the attention of the poet for 11 years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil’s design to imitate Homer’s Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The action of the poem comprehends eight years, one of which only, the last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely episodes, such as Juno’s attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves of Æneas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the first book of the Æneid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second, Æneas, at the desire of the Phœnician queen, relates the fall of Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida. In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to Æneas, which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage, and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen. In the fifth book, Æneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates the anniversary of his father’s death, and thence pursues his voyage to Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the Romans. In the seventh book, the hero reaches the destined land of Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, which is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth book, Æneas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the immortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the tenth, attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the opposite parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus saved from the avenging hand of Æneas, by the interposition of Juno. The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation between Æneas and Latinus, which the sudden appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and Æneas. The Trojans are defeated in the absence of their king; but on the return of Æneas, the battle assumes a different turn, a single combat is fought by the rival leaders, and the poem is concluded by the death of king Turnus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30, &c. =Ænesidēmus=, a brave general of Argos. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 25.――――A Cretan philosopher, who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his master Pyrrho. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhonists_. =Ænēsius=, a surname of Jupiter from mount Ænum. =Ænētus=, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died through excess of joy. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Ænia.= _See:_ Æneia. =Ænicus=, a comic writer at Athens. =Æniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 591. =Ænobarbus=, or =Ahenobarbus=, the surname of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them; upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became of a brazen colour, whence the surname given to himself and his descendants. =Ænŏcles=, a writer of Rhodes. _Athenæus._ =Ænos=, now _Eno_, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the Hebrus, confounded with Æneia, of which Æneas was the founder. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Ænum=, a town of Thrace――――of Thessaly.――――A mountain in Cephallenia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A river and village near Ossa.――――A city of Crete, built by Æneas. =Ænȳra=, a town of Thasos. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 47. =Æŏlia=, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called _Æolia puella_, and lyric poetry _Æolium carmen_, because of Alcæus and Sappho, natives of Lesbos in Æolia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 3, li. 12, and ode 9, li. 12. =Æŏlia=, or =Æolis=, a country of Asia Minor, near the Ægean sea. It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants were of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of the neighbouring islands. They had 12, others say 30, considerable cities, of which Cumæ and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from Æolus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C., 80 years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 18.――――Thessaly has been anciently called Æolia. Bœotus son of Neptune, having settled there, called his followers Bœotians, and their country Bœotia. =Æoliæ= and =Æolĭdes=, seven islands between Sicily and Italy, called Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phœnicusa, and Euonymos. They were the retreat of the winds; and _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56, calls them Æolia, and the kingdom of Æolus the god of storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of _Vulcaniæ_ and _Hephæstides_, and are known now among the moderns under the general appellation of Lipari islands. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 609.――_Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Æolĭda=, a city of Tenedos.――――Another near Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 35. =Æolĭdes=, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Æolus; because Anticlea, his mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of Æolus, when she married Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of Æolus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529. =Æŏlus=, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He reigned over Æolia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca. The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their liberty. Æolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from αἰολος, _varius_, because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.―――― There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and five daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14, li. 224.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 556.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56, &c. =Æōra=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone. =Æpālius=, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyllus he adopted. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Æpēa=, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. _Plutarch_, _Solon_. =Æpŭlo=, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 10. =Æpy=, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebiad_, li. 180. =Æpy̆tus=, king of Mycenæ, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother’s father. To recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will, and usurped the crown. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.――――A son of Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5. =Æqui=, or =Æquicŏli=, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much difficulty. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 93.―― _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 19. =Æquimelium=, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was levelled to the ground. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16. =Ærias=, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Ærŏpe=, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before Atreus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 391.――――A daughter of Cepheus, ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved, and called Æropus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44. =Ærŏpus=, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.――――A person appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of Macedonia.――――An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a singer into his camp. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A mountain of Chaonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 5. =Æsăcus=, a river of Troy, near Ida.――――A son of Priam by Alexirhoo: or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia, whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea, and was changed into a bird. Æsacus followed her example, and was changed into a cormorant by Tethys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 11. =Æsāpus=, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32. =Æsar=, or =Æsāras=, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the sea near Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 28. =Æschĭnes=, an Athenian orator, who flourished about 342 B.C., and distinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His father’s name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a noble family, though Demosthenes reproached him as being the son of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as ambassadors; but the character of Æschines was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with a golden crown, Æschines impeached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and to their subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated orations _de coronâ_. Æschines was defeated by his rival’s superior eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens, Demosthenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to accept a present of silver. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the Rhodians what he had delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiving much applause, he was desired to read the answer of his antagonist. It was received with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaimed Æschines, how much more would your admiration have been raised, had you heard Demosthenes himself speak it! Æschines died in the 75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine epistles, which, from their number, received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the muses. The orations alone are extant, generally found collected with those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of _Deliaca lex_, is said not to be his production, but that of Æschines, another orator of that age. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 24; bk. 2, ch. 53; _Brutus_, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30. Diogenes Laërtius mentions seven more of the same name.――――A philosopher, disciple of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phædon, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia, Polyænus, Telauges, &c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horræus, in 8vo, and that of Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1766.――――A man who wrote on oratory. ――――An Arcadian.――――A Mitylenean.――――A disciple of Melanthius.――――A Milesian writer.――――A statuary. =Æschrion=, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.――――An Iambic poet of Samos. _Athenæus._――――A physician commended by Galen. A treatise of his own husbandry has been quoted by _Pliny_.――――A lieutenant of Archagathus, killed by Hanno. _Diodorus_, bk. 20. =Æschylīdes=, a man who wrote a book on agriculture. _Ælian_, _Nature of Animals_, bk. 15. =Æschy̆lus=, an excellent soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother to Cynægirus. He was in the Athenian army at the battles of Marathon, Salamis, and Platæa. But the most solid fame he has obtained, is the offspring less of his valour in the field of battle than of his writings. Of 90 tragedies, however, the fruit of his ingenious labours, 40 of which were rewarded with the public prize, only seven have come safe to us: _Prometheus vinctus_, _Septem duces apud Thebas_, _Persæ_, _Agamemnon_, _Chœphori_, _Eumenides_, _Supplices_. Æschylus is the first who introduced two actors on the stage, and clothed them with dresses suitable to their character. He likewise removed murder from the stage. It is said that, when he composed, his countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity; and according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides were represented, many children died through fear, and several pregnant women actually miscarried in the house, at the sight of the horrible masks that were introduced. The imagination of the poet was strong and comprehensive, but disorderly and wild: fruitful in prodigies, but disdaining probabilities. His style is obscure, and the labours of an excellent modern critic have pronounced him the most difficult of all the Greek classics. A few expressions of impious tendency in one of his plays, nearly proved fatal to Æschylus; he was condemned to death, but his brother Amynias, it is reported, reversed his sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which the hand had been cut off at the battle of Salamis in the service of his country, and the poet was pardoned. Æschylus has been accused of drinking to excess, and of never composing except when in a state of intoxication. In his old age he retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being informed that he was to die by the fall of a house, he became dissatisfied with the fickleness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the city into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle, with a tortoise in her bill, flew over his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone, dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, and Æschylus instantly died of the blow, in the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is said that he wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, in elegiac verses. The best editions of his works are that of Stanley, folio, London, 1663, that of Glasgow, 2 vols. in 12mo, 1746, and that of Schutz, 2 vols., 8vo, Halæ, 1782.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 278.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 3.―― _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――――The 12th perpetual archon of Athens.――――A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate with Timoleon. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A Rhodian set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A native of Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. _Cicero_, _Brutus_. =Æsculāpius=, son of Apollo by Coronis, or as some say, by Larissa daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union with Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that she admitted the caresses of Ischys of Æmonia. The god, in a fit of anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the dog which kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with resplendent rays of light. Æsculapius was physician to the Argonauts, and considered so skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he was called the inventor as well as the god of medicine. He restored many to life, of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck Æsculapius with thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the Cyclops who made the thunderbolts. Æsculapius received divine honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.U.C. 462, was delivered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine, who, as was supposed, had come there in the form of a serpent, and hid himself among the reeds in an island of the Tyber. Æsculapius was represented with a large beard, holding in his hand a staff, round which was wreathed a serpent: his other hand was supported on the head of a serpent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to him, not only as the ancient physicians used them in their prescriptions; but because they were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so necessary in the medical profession. He married Epione, by whom he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon and Podalirus; and four daughters, of whom Hygiea, goddess of health, is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 193; _Hymn to Æsculapius_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Hyginus_, fable 49. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 11 & 27; bk. 7, ch. 23, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 3.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi de Saltatione_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22, says there were three of this name; the first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in Arcadia; second, a brother of Mercury; third, a man who first taught medicine. =Æsēpus=, a son of Bucolion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 21.――――A river. _See:_ Æsapus. =Æsernia=, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 567. =Æsīon=, an Athenian, known for his respect for the talents of Demosthenes. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_. =Æsis=, a river of Italy, which separates Umbria from Picenum. =Æson=, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose education he entrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. When Jason was grown up, he demanded his father’s kingdom from his uncle, who gave him evasive answers, and persuaded him to go in quest of the golden fleece. _See:_ Jason. At his return, Jason found his father very infirm; and Medea [_See:_ Medea], at his request, drew the blood from Æson’s veins, and refilled them with the juice of certain herbs which she had gathered, and immediately the old man recovered the vigour and bloom of youth. Some say that Æson killed himself by drinking bull’s blood, to avoid the persecution of Pelias. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 285.――_Hyginus_, fable 12.――――A river of Thessaly, with a town of the same name. =Æsŏnĭdes=, a patronymic of Jason, as being descended from Æson. =Æsōpus=, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though originally a slave, procured his liberty by the sallies of his genius. He travelled over the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly resided at the court of Crœsus king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to consult the oracle of Delphi. In this commission Æsop behaved with great severity, and satirically compared the Delphians to floating sticks, which appear large at a distance, but are nothing when brought near. The Delphians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of having secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo’s temple, and threw him down from a rock, 561 B.C. Maximus Planudes has written his life in Greek; but no credit is to be given to the biographer, who falsely asserts that the mythologist was short and deformed. Æsop dedicated his fables to his patron Crœsus; but what appears now under his name, is no doubt a compilation of all the fables and apologues of wits before and after the age of Æsop, conjointly with his own. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――_Phædras_, bk. 1, fable 2; bk. 2, fable 9.――――Claudus, an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His son, to be more expensive, melted precious stones to drink at his entertainments. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 239.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 35; bk. 10, ch. 51.――――An orator. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An historian in the time of Anaximenes. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A river of Pontus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――An attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a panegyric on his royal master. =Æstria=, an island in the Adriatic. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Æsŭla=, a town on a mountain between Tibur and Præneste. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29. =Æsyetes=, a man from whose tomb Polites spied what the Greeks did in their ships during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 793. =Æsymnētes=, a surname of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21. =Æsymnus=, a person of Megara, who consulted Apollo to know the best method of governing his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43. =Æthalia=, or =Ætheria=, now _Elba_, an island between Etruria and Corsica. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 30. =Æthalĭdes=, a herald, son of Mercury, to whom it was granted to be amongst the dead and the living at stated times. _Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 641. =Æthion=, a man slain at the nuptials of Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 146. =Æthiŏpia=, an extensive country of Africa, at the south of Egypt, divided into east and west by the ancients, the former division lying near Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The country, properly now called Abyssinia, as well as the inhabitants, were little known to the ancients, though Homer has styled them the justest of men and the favourites of the gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 4, says, that the Æthiopians were the first inhabitants of the earth. They were the first who worshipped the gods, for which, as some suppose, their country has never been invaded by a foreign enemy. The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The country is inundated for five months every year, and their days and nights are almost of an equal length. The ancients have given the name of Æthiopia to every country whose inhabitants are of a black colour. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 253; bk. 9, li. 651.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 23. ――_Virgil_, [_Eclogues_], poem 6, li. 68.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 22; _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 423. =Æthlius=, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, was father of Endymion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Æthon=, a horse of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 1. ――――A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding tears at the death of his master, by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 89.――――A horse of Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 185. =Æthra=, daughter of Pittheus king of Trœzene, had Theseus by Ægeus. _See:_ Ægeus. She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, when they recovered their sister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to her care. _See:_ Helena. She went to Troy with Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 5, ch. 19.――_Hyginus_, fables 37 & 79.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 10, li. 131.――――One of the Oceanides, wife to Atlas. She is more generally called Pleione. =Æthūsa=, a daughter of Neptune by Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of Eleuthere and two sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――――An island near Lilybæum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Ætia=, a poem of Callimachus, in which he speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner in which they were offered. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 4. =Ætion=, or =Eetion=, the father of Andromache, Hector’s wife. He was killed at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks.――――A famous painter. He drew a painting of Alexander going to celebrate his nuptials with Roxane. This piece was much valued, and was exposed to public view at the Olympic games, where it gained so much applause that the president of the games gave the painter his daughter in marriage. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18. =Ætna=, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gibello, famous for its volcano, which, for about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at intervals. It is two miles in perpendicular height, and measures 180 miles round at the base, with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a circle about 3½ miles in circumference, and its top is covered with snow and smoke at the same time, whilst the sides of the mountain, from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich scenery of cultivated fields and blooming vineyards. Pindar is the first who mentions an eruption of Ætna; and the silence of Homer on the subject is considered as a proof that the fires of the mountain were unknown in his age. From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed date of the first volcanic appearance, to the battle of Pharsalia, it is computed that Ætna had 100 eruptions. The poets supposed that Jupiter had confined the giants under this mountain, and it was represented as the forge of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops fabricated thunderbolts, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 860.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 570.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6; bk. 15, li. 340.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 59. =Ætōlia=, a country bounded by Epirus, Acarnania, and Locris, supposed to be about the middle of Greece. It received its name from Ætolus. The inhabitants were covetous and illiberal, and were little known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they assumed consequence in the country, and afterwards made themselves formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they were conquered by Fulvius. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_. =Ætōlus=, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed Apis son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and came to settle in that part of Greece which has been called from him Ætolia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Æx=, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――A city in the country of the Marsi.――――The nurse of Jupiter changed into a constellation. =Afer=, an inhabitant of Africa.――――An informer under Tiberius and his successors. He became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A. D. 59. =Afrānia=, a Roman matron, who frequented the forum, forgetful of female decency. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Lucius Afrānius=, a Latin comic poet in the age of Terence, often compared to Menander, whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the unnatural gratifications which he mentions in his writings, some fragments of which are to be found in the _Corpus Poetarum_. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 57.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.―― _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 8.――――A general of Pompey, conquered by Cæsar in Spain. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 34.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――Quintianus, a man who wrote a severe satire against Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus._――――Potitus, a plebeian, who said before Caligula, that he would willingly die if the emperor could recover from the distemper he laboured under. Caligula recovered, and Afranius was put to death that he might not forfeit his word. _Dio Cassius._ =Afrĭca=, called _Libya_ by the Greeks, one of the three parts of the ancient world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In its greatest length it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth it is 3500 miles. It is joined on the east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, which some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join the Red and Mediterranean seas. It is so immediately situate under the sun, that only the maritime parts are inhabited, and the inland country is mostly barren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. The ancients, through ignorance, peopled the southern parts of Africa with monsters, enchanters, and chimeras; errors which begin to be corrected by modern travellers. _See:_ Libya. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, & 20.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 26, & 32; bk. 4, ch. 41, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1, &c.――――There is a part of Africa called _Propria_, which lies about the middle, on the Mediterranean, and has Carthage for its capital. =Africānus=, a blind poet, commended by Ennius.――――A christian writer, who flourished A.D. 222. In his chronicle, which was universally esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years from the creation of the world to the age of Julius Cæsar. Nothing remains of this work but what Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to Origen, Africanus proved that the history of Susanna is supposititious; and in another to Aristides, still extant, he endeavours to reconcile the seeming contradictions that appear in the genealogies of Christ in St. Matthew and Luke. He is supposed to be the same who wrote nine books, in which he treats of physic, agriculture, &c.――――A lawyer, disciple to Papinian, and intimate with the emperor Alexander.――――An orator mentioned by Quintilian.――――The surname of the Scipios, from the conquest of Africa. _See:_ Scipio. =Afrĭcum mare=, is that part of the Mediterranean which is on the coast of Africa. =Agăgriāne portæ=, gates at Syracuse, near which the dead were buried. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_. =Agalasses=, a nation of India, conquered by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Agalla=, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a treatise upon grammar. _Athenæus_, bk. 1. =Agamēdes= and =Trophonius=, two architects who made the entrance of the temple of Delphi, for which they demanded of the god whatever gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. Eight days after they were found dead in their bed. _Plutarch_, _Consolatio ad Apollonium_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 11 & 37, gives a different account. =Agamemnon=, king of Mycenæ and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthenes the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus, which is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. _See:_ Plisthenes. When Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes seized the kingdom of Argos, and removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled to Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence to Œneus king of Ætolia, where they were educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, and Menelaus Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who assisted them to recover their father’s kingdom. After the banishment of the usurper to Cythera, Agamemnon established himself at Mycenæ, whilst Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Sparta. When Helen was stolen by Paris, Agamemnon was elected commander-in-chief of the Grecian forces going against Troy; and he showed his zeal in the cause by furnishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter to appease Diana. _See:_ Iphigenia. During the Trojan war, Agamemnon behaved with much valour; but his quarrel with Achilles, whose mistress he took by force, was fatal to the Greeks. _See:_ Briseis. After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his share, and foretold him that his wife would put him to death. He gave no credit to this, and returned to Argos with Cassandra. Clytemnestra, with her adulterer Ægisthus [_See:_ Ægisthus], prepared to murder him; and as he came from the bath, to embarrass him, she gave him a tunic, whose sleeves were sewed together, and while he attempted to put it on, she brought him to the ground with a stroke of a hatchet, and Ægisthus seconded her blows. His death was revenged by his son Orestes. _See:_ Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Remedia Amoris_, li. 777; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 30.――_Hyginus_, fables 88 & 97.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 9.―― _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Sophocles_, _Electra_.――_Euripides_, _Orestes_.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 40, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 838.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Agamemnonius=, an epithet applied to Orestes, as son of Agamemnon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 471. =Agamētor=, an athlete of Mantinea. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10. =Agamnestor=, a king of Athens. =Aganippe=, a celebrated fountain of Bœotia, at the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to the muses, who, from it, were called Aganippedes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29. ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 312.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Agapēnor=, the commander of Agamemnon’s fleet. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――The son of Ancæus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after the ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where he built Paphos. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Agar=, a town of Africa. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 76. =Agarēni=, a people of Arabia. Trajan destroyed their city, called Agarum. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Agarista=, daughter of Clisthenes, was courted by all the princes of Greece. She married Megacles. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 24.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 126, &c.――――A daughter of Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She dreamed that she had brought forth a lion, and some time after became mother of Pericles. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 131. =Agasĭcles=, king of Sparta, was son of Archidamus, and one of the Proclidæ. He used to say that a king ought to govern his subjects as a father governs his children. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_. =Agassæ=, a city of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 27. =Agasthĕnes=, father to Polyxenus, was, as one of Helen’s suitors, concerned in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――――A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Agrastrŏphus=, a Trojan, wounded by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 338. =Agasthus=, an archon of Athens. =Agăsus=, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Agătha=, a town of France near _Agde_, in Languedoc. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Agatharchĭdas=, a general of Corinth in the Peloponnesian war. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 83.――――A Samian philosopher and historian, who wrote a treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and Phœnice, besides an account of the Red sea, of Europe and Asia. Some make him a native of Cnidus, and add that he flourished about 177 B.C. _Josephus_, _Against Apion_. =Agatharchus=, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 27.――――A painter in the age of Zeuxis. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_. =Agathias=, a Greek historian of Æolia.――――A poet and historian in the age of Justinian, of whose reign he published the history in five books. Several of his epigrams are found in the _Anthologia_. His history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1660. =Agătho=, a Samian historian, who wrote an account of Scythia.――――A tragic poet, who flourished 406 B.C. The name of some of his tragedies are preserved, such as Telephus, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic poet who lived in the same age. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.――――A governor of Babylon. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A Pythagorean philosopher. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――――A learned and melodious musician, who first introduced songs in tragedy. _Aristotle_, _Poetics_.――――A youth of Athens, loved by Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 3, ch. 32. =Agathŏclēa=, a beautiful courtesan of Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed his wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with her brother, long governed the kingdom, and attempted to murder the king’s son. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.――_Justin_, bk. 30, ch. 1. =Agathŏcles=, a lascivious and ignoble youth, son of a potter, who, by entering in the Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours, and made himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily under his power, but being defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he carried the war into Africa, where, for four years, he extended his conquests over his enemies. He afterwards passed into Italy, and made himself master of Crotona. He died in his 72nd year, B.C. 289, after a reign of 28 years of mingled prosperity and adversity. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Justin_, bks. 22 & 23.―― _Polybius_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18, &c.――――A son of Lysimachus, taken prisoner by the Getæ. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married Arsinoe the sister of Lysandra. After her husband’s death, Arsinoe, fearful for her children, attempted to murder Agathocles. Some say that she fell in love with him, and killed him because he slighted her. When Agathocles was dead, 283 B.C., Lysandra fled to Seleucus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_ & _Demetrius_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 9 & 10.――――A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an account of Cyzicus. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A Chian who wrote on husbandry. _Varro._――――A Samian writer.――――A physician.――――An Athenian archon. =Agăthon.= _See:_ Agatho. =Agathonȳmus=, wrote a history of Persia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_. =Agathosthĕnes=, a poet, &c. =Agathyllus=, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. =Agathynum=, a town of Sicily. =Agathyrsi=, an effeminate nation of Scythia, who had their wives in common. They received their name from Agathyrsus son of Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146. =Agāve=, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, married Echion, by whom she had Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. _See:_ Pentheus. She is said to have killed her husband in celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. She received divine honours after death, because she had contributed to the education of Bacchus. _Theocritus_, poem 26.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 725.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 574.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 11, li. 318.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――A tragedy of Statius. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 87, &c. =Agaui=, a northern nation who lived upon milk. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13. =Agāvus=, a son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24. =Agdestis=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Atys was buried. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A surname of Cybele. =Agelades=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 23. =Agelastus=, a surname of Crassus, the grandfather of the rich Crassus. He only laughed once in his life, and this, it is said, was upon seeing an ass eat thistles. _Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――The word is also applied to Pluto, from the sullen and melancholy appearance of his countenance. =Agelāus=, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20.――――A son of Hercules and Omphale, from whom Crœsus was descended. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed on mount Ida. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Agendīcum=, now _Sens_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the Senones. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 44. =Agēnor=, king of Phœnicia, was son of Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus. He married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, Phœnix, Cilix, and Europa. _Hyginus_, fable 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 15; bk. 17, li. 58.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1. ――――A son of Jasus and father of Argus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Phlegeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Pleuron, father to Phineus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A son of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A king of Argos, father to Crotopus.――――A son of Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 579. ――――A Mitylenean, who wrote a treatise on music. =Agenŏrĭdes=, a patronymic applied to Cadmus, and the other descendants of Agenor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 8. =Agerīnus=, a freedman of Agrippina, accused of attempting Nero’s life. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 16. =Agesander=, a sculptor of Rhodes under Vespasian, who made a representation of Laocoon’s history, which now passes for the best relict of all ancient sculpture. =Agesias=, a Platonic philosopher who taught the immortality of the soul. One of the Ptolemies forbade him to continue his lectures, because his doctrine was so prevalent that many of his auditors committed suicide. =Agesilāus=, king of Sparta, of the family of the Agidæ, was son of Doryssus and father of Archelaus. During his reign Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A son of Archidamus, of the family of the Proclidæ, made king in preference to his nephew Leotychides. He made war against Artaxerxes king of Persia with success; but in the midst of his conquests in Asia, he was recalled home to oppose the Athenians and Bœotians, who desolated his country; and his return was so expeditious that he passed, in 30 days, over that tract of country which had taken up a whole year of Xerxes’ expedition. He defeated his enemies at Coronea; but sickness prevented the progress of his conquests, and the Spartans were beat in every engagement, especially at Leuctra, till he appeared at their head. Though deformed, small of stature, and lame, he was brave, and a greatness of soul compensated all the imperfections of nature. He was as fond of sobriety as of military discipline; and when he went, in his 80th year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, the servants of the monarch could hardly be persuaded that the Lacedæmonian general was eating with his soldiers on the ground, bare-headed, and without any covering to repose upon. Agesilaus died on his return from Egypt, after a reign of 36 years, 362 B.C., and his remains were embalmed and brought to Lacedæmon. _Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Xenophon_, _Oratation for Agesilaus_.――――A brother of Themistocles, who was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A surname of Pluto.――――A Greek who wrote a history of Italy. =Agesipŏlis I.=, king of Lacedæmon, son of Pausanias, obtained a great victory over the Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B.C. 380. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Xenophon_, bk. 3, _Hellenica_. =Agesipŏlis II.=, son of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, was succeeded by Cleomenes II., B.C. 370. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 5. =Agesistrăta=, the mother of king Agis. _Plutarch_, _Agis_. =Agesistrătus=, a man who wrote a treatise entitled, _De arte machinali_. =Aggrammes=, a cruel king of the Gangarides. His father was a hair-dresser, of whom the queen became enamoured, and whom she made governor of the king’s children, to gratify her passion. He killed them to raise Aggrammes, his son by the queen, to the throne. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2. =Aggrīnæ=, a people near mount Rhodope. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 37. =Agĭdæ=, the descendants of Eurysthenes, who shared the throne of Sparta with the Proclidæ. The name is derived from Agis son of Eurysthenes. The family became extinct in the person of Cleomenes son of Leonidas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 682. =Agilāus=, king of Corinth, reigned 36 years.――――One of the Ephori, almost murdered by the partisans of Cleomenes. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_. =Agis=, king of Sparta, succeeded his father Eurysthenes, and, after a reign of one year, was succeeded by his son Echestratus, B.C. 1058. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――Another king of Sparta, who waged bloody wars against Athens, and restored liberty to many Greek cities. He attempted to restore the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, but in vain; the perfidy of friends, who pretended to second his views, brought him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged from a temple, where he had taken refuge, to a prison, where he was strangled by order of the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.――――Another, son of Archidamus, who signalized himself in the war which the Spartans waged against Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea, and was successful in the Peloponnesian war. He reigned 27 years. _Thucydides_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 10.―――― Another, son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who endeavoured to deliver Greece from the empire of Macedonia, with the assistance of the Persians. He was conquered in the attempt, and slain by Antipater, Alexander’s general, and 5300 Lacedæmonians perished with him. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.――――Another, son of Eudamidas, killed in a battle against the Mantineans. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――――An Arcadian in the expedition of Cyrus against his father Artaxerxes. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――A poet of Argos, who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and said that Bacchus and the sons of Leda would give way to his hero, when a god. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A Lycian, who followed Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 751. =Aglāia=, one of the Graces, called sometimes Pasiphae. Her sisters were Euphrosyne and Thalia, and they were all daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35. =Aglaonīce=, daughter of Hegemon, was acquainted with astronomy and eclipses, whence she boasted of her power to draw down the moon from heaven. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_. =Aglaŏpe=, one of the Sirens. =Aglaŏphon=, an excellent Greek painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 8. =Aglaosthĕnes=, wrote a history of Naxos. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Aglauros=, or =Agraulos=, daughter of Erechtheus the oldest king of Athens, was changed into a stone by Mercury. Some make her daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Herse. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 12. =Aglaus=, the poorest man of Arcadia, pronounced by the oracle more happy than Gyges king of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 46.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1. =Agna=, a woman in the age of Horace, who, though deformed, had many admirers. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40. =Agno=, one of the nymphs who nursed Jupiter. She gave her name to a fountain on mount Lycæus. When the priest of Jupiter, after a prayer, stirred the waters of this fountain with a bough, a thick vapour arose, which was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31, &c. =Agnodĭce=, an Athenian virgin, who disguised her sex to learn medicine. She was taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery, and when employed always discovered her sex to her patients. This brought her into so much practice, that the males of her profession, who were now out of employment, accused her, before the Areopagus, of corruption. She confessed her sex to the judges, and a law was immediately made to empower all free-born women to learn midwifery. _Hyginus_, fable 274. =Agnon=, son of Nicias, was present at the taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Peloponnesian war he went against Potidæa, but abandoned his expedition through disease. He built Amphipolis, whose inhabitants rebelled to Brasidas, whom they regarded as their founder, forgetful of Agnon. _Thucydides_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――――A writer. _Quintilian_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――One of Alexander’s officers. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 3. =Agnonĭdes=, a rhetorician of Athens, who accused Phocion of betraying the Piræus to Nicanor. When the people recollected what services Phocion had rendered them, they raised him statues, and put to death his accuser. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_. =Agōnālia= and =Agonia=, festivals in Rome, celebrated three times a year in honour of Janus, or Agonius. They were instituted by Numa, and on the festive days the chief priest used to offer a ram. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 317.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5. =Agōnes Capitolīni=, games celebrated every fifth year upon the Capitoline hill. Prizes were proposed for agility and strength, as well as for poetical and literary compositions. The poet Statius publicly recited there his Thebaid, which was not received with much applause. =Agonis=, a woman in the temple of Venus, on mount Eryx. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1. =Agonius=, a Roman deity, who presided over the actions of men. _See:_ Agonalia. =Agoracrĭtus=, a sculptor of Pharos, who made a statue of Venus for the people of Athens, B.C. 150. =Agoranŏmi=, ten magistrates at Athens, who watched over the city and port, and inspected whatever was exposed to sale. =Agorānis=, a river falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _de Indica_. =Agoræa=, a name of Minerva at Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Agoreus=, a surname of Mercury among the Athenians, from his presiding over the markets. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 15. =Agra=, a place of Bœotia where the Ilissus rises. Diana was called Agræa, because she hunted there.――――A city of Susa――――of Arcadia ――――and of Arabia. =Agræi= and =Agrenses=, a people of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.――――Of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 34. =Agrāgas=, or =Acragras=, a river, town, and mountain of Sicily; called also Agrigentum. The town was built by the people of Gela, who were a Rhodian colony. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 703.―― _Diodorus_, bk. 11. =Agraria lex=, was enacted to distribute among the Roman people all the lands which they had gained by conquest. It was first proposed A.U.C. 268, by the consul Spurius Cassius Vicellinus, and rejected by the senate. This produced dissensions between the senate and the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill success of the new regulations he proposed, offered to distribute among the people the money which was produced from the corn of Sicily, after it had been brought and sold in Rome. This act of liberality the people refused, and tranquillity was soon after re-established in the state. It was proposed a second time A.U.C. 269, by the tribune Licinius Stolo, but with no better success; and so great were the tumults which followed, that one of the tribunes of the people was killed, and many of the senators fined for their opposition. Mutius Scævola, A.U.C. 620, persuaded the tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose it a third time; and though Octavius, his colleague in the tribuneship, opposed it, yet Tiberius made it pass into a law, after much altercation, and commissioners were authorized to make a division of the lands. This law at last proved fatal to the freedom of Rome under Julius Cæsar. _Florus_, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 13.――_Cicero_, _on the Agrarian Law_.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 41. =Agraule=, a tribe of Athens. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_. =Agraulia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Agraulos. The Cyprians also observed these festivals, by offering human victims. =Agraulos=, a daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Aglauros.――――A surname of Minerva. =Agrauonītæ=, a people of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26. =Agre=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 213. =Agriānes=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A people that dwelt in the neighbourhood of that river. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16. =Agricŏla=, the father-in-law of the historian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was eminent for his public and private virtues. He was governor of Britain, and first discovered it to be an island. Domitian envied his virtues; he recalled him from the province he had governed with equity and moderation, and ordered him to enter Rome in the night, that no triumph might be granted him. Agricola obeyed, and without betraying any resentment, he retired to peaceful solitude, and to the enjoyment of the society of a few friends. He died in his 56th year, A. D. 93. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_. =Agrigentum=, now _Girgenti_, a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from the sea, on mount Agragas. It was founded by a Rhodian, or, according to some, by an Ionian colony. The inhabitants were famous for their hospitality, and for their luxurious manner of living. In its flourishing situation Agrigentum contained 200,000 inhabitants, who submitted with reluctance to the superior power of Syracuse. The government was monarchical, but afterwards a democracy was established. The famous Phalaris usurped the sovereignty, which was also for some time in the hands of the Carthaginians. Agrigentum can now boast of more venerable remains of antiquity than any other town in Sicily. _Polybius_, bk. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 707.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 211. =Agrinium=, a city of Acarnania. _Polybius_, bk. 6. =Agriōnia=, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night. They were instituted, as some suppose, because the god was attended with wild beasts. =Agriopas=, a man who wrote the history of all those who had obtained the public prize at Olympia. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 22. =Agriōpe=, the wife of Agenor king of Phœnicia. =Marcus Agrippa Vipsanius=, a celebrated Roman, who obtained a victory over Sextus Pompey, and favoured the cause of Augustus at the battles of Actium and Philippi, where he behaved with great valour. He advised his imperial friend to re-establish the republican government at Rome, but he was overruled by Mecænas. In his expeditions in Gaul and Germany, he obtained several victories, but refused the honours of a triumph, and turned his liberality towards the embellishing of Rome and the raising of magnificent buildings, one of which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired for two years to Mitylene, in consequence of a quarrel with Marcellus, Augustus recalled him, and, as a proof of his regard, gave him his daughter Julia in marriage, and left him the care of the empire during an absence of two years employed in visiting the Roman provinces of Greece and Asia. He died, universally lamented, at Rome in the 51st year of his age, 12 B.C., and his body was placed in the tomb which Augustus had prepared for himself. He had been married three times: to Pomponia daughter of Atticus, to Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by whom he had five children――Caius, and Lucius Cæsares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina, and Julia. His son, Caius Cæsar Agrippa, was adopted by Augustus, and made consul, by the flattery of the Roman people at the age of 14 or 15. This promising youth went to Armenia on an expedition against the Persians, where he received a fatal blow from the treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the neighbouring cities. He languished for a little time and died in Lycia. His younger brother, Lucius Cæsar Agrippa, was likewise adopted by his grandfather Augustus; but he was soon after banished to Campania, for using seditious language against his benefactor. In the seventh year of his exile he would have been recalled had not Livia and Tiberius, jealous of the partiality of Augustus for him, ordered him to be assassinated in his 26th year. He has been called ferocious and savage; and he gave himself the name of Neptune, because he was fond of fishing. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 682.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 6.――――One of the servants of the murdered prince assumed his name and raised commotions. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 39. ――――Sylvius, a son of Tiberius Sylvius king of Latium. He reigned 33 years, and was succeeded by his son Romulus Sylvius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A consul who conquered the Æqui.――――A philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――Herodes, a son of Aristobulus, grandson of the Great Herod, who became tutor to the grandchild of Tiberius, and was soon after imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant. When Caligula ascended the throne his favourite was released, presented with a chain of gold as heavy as that which had lately confined him, and made king of Judæa. He was a popular character with the Jews: and it is said, that while they were flattering him with the appellation of God, an angel of God struck him with the lousy disease, of which he died, A.D. 43. His son, of the same name, was the last king of the Jews, deprived of his kingdom by Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. He was with Titus at the celebrated siege of Jerusalem, and died A.D. 94. It was before him that St. Paul pleaded, and made mention of his incestuous commerce with his sister Berenice. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 156. ――_Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_, ch. 81.――――Menenius, a Roman general, who obtained a triumph over the Sabines, appeased the populace of Rome by the well-known fable of the belly and the limbs, and erected the new office of tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 261. He died poor, but universally regretted: his funeral was at the expense of the public from which also his daughters received dowries. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 32.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 23.――――A mathematician in the reign of Domitian; he was a native of Bithynia. =Agrippīna=, a wife of Tiberius. The emperor repudiated her to marry Julia. _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Marcus Agrippa, and granddaughter to Augustus. She married Germanicus, whom she accompanied in Syria; and when Piso poisoned him, she carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who stabbed himself. She fell under the displeasure of Tiberius, who exiled her in an island, where she died A.D. 26, for want of bread. She left nine children, and was universally distinguished for intrepidity and conjugal affection. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 2, &c.―― _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 52.――――Julia, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, married Domitius Ænobarbus, by whom she had Nero. After her husband’s death she married her uncle the emperor Claudius, whom she destroyed to make Nero succeed to the throne. After many cruelties and much licentiousness she was assassinated by order of her son, and as she expired she exclaimed, “Strike the belly which could give birth to such a monster.” She died A.D. 59, after a life of prostitution and incestuous gratifications. It is said that her son viewed her dead body with all the raptures of admiration, saying, he never could have believed his mother was so beautiful a woman. She left memoirs which assisted Tacitus in the composition of his annals. The town which she built, where she was born, on the borders of the Rhine, and called _Agrippina Colonia_, is the modern Cologne. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 75; bk. 12, chs. 7, 22, &c. =Agrisius.= _See:_ Acrisius. =Agrisope=, or =Agriope=, the mother of Cadmus. _Hyginus_, fable 6. =Agrius=, son of Parthaon drove his brother Œneus from the throne. He was afterwards expelled by Diomedes the grandson of Œneus, upon which he killed himself. _Hyginus_, fables 175 & 242.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 117.――――A giant.――――A centaur killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of Ulysses by Circe. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1013.――――The father of Thersites. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 9. =Agrŏlas=, surrounded the citadel of Athens with walls, except that part which afterwards was repaired by Cimon. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28. =Agron=, king of Illyria, who, after conquering the Ætolians, drank to such excess that he died instantly, B.C. 231. _Polybius_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Agrotas=, a Greek orator of Marseilles. =Agrotĕra=, an anniversary sacrifice of goats offered to Diana at Athens. It was instituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who vowed to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats as there might be enemies killed in a battle which he was going to fight against the troops of Darius, who had invaded Attica. The quantity of the slain was so great, that a sufficient number of goats could not be procured; therefore they were limited to 500 every year, till they equalled the number of Persians slain in battle.――――A temple of Ægira in Peloponnesus, erected to the goddess under this name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26. =Agyleus= and =Agyieus= from ἀγυια, _a street_, a surname of Apollo, because sacrifices were offered to him in the public streets of Athens. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6. =Agylla=, a town of Etruria, founded by a colony of Pelasgians, and governed by Mezentius when Æneas came to Italy. It was afterwards called Cære, by the Lydians, who took possession of it. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 479. =Agyllæus=, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonæ, scarce inferior to Hercules in strength. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 837. =Agyrium=, a town of Sicily, where Diodorus the historian was born. The inhabitants were called _Agyrinenses_. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.―― _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 65. =Agyrius=, an Athenian general who succeeded Thrasybulus. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Agyrtes=, a man who killed his father. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 148.――――A piper. _♦Statius_, bk. 2, _Achilleis_, li. 50. ♦ ‘Sil.’ replaced with ‘Statius’ =Agȳrus=, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Dionysius against the Carthaginians. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Ahāla=, the surname of the Servilii at Rome. =Ahenobarbus.= _See:_ Ænobarbus. =Ajax=, the son of Telamon by Peribœa or Eribœa daughter of Alcathous, was, next to Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war. He engaged Hector, with whom at parting he exchanged arms. After the death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms of the dead hero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax was so enraged that he slaughtered a whole flock of sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atreus, who had given the preference to Ulysses, and stabbed himself with his sword. The blood which ran to the ground from the wound, was changed into the flower hyacinth. Some say that he was killed by Paris in battle, others that he was murdered by Ulysses. His body was buried at Sigæum, some say on mount Rhœtus, and his tomb was visited and honoured by Alexander. Hercules, according to some authors, prayed to the gods that his friend Telamon, who was childless, might have a son, with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the Nemæan lion which he then wore. His prayers were heard. Jupiter, under the form of an eagle, promised to grant the petition; and when Ajax was born, Hercules wrapped him up in the lion’s skin, which rendered his body invulnerable, except that part which was left uncovered by a hole in the skin, through which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulnerable part was in his breast, or as some say behind the neck. _Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 10 & 13.――_Philostratus_, _Heroicus_, ch. 12.――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, ode 6.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 197. ――_Hyginus_, fables 107 & 242.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35; bk. 5, ch. 19.――――The son of Oileus king of Locris, was surnamed _Locrian_, in contradistinction to the son of Telamon. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war, as being one of Helen’s suitors. The night that Troy was taken, he offered violence to Cassandra, who fled into Minerva’s temple; and for this offence, as he returned home, the goddess, who had obtained the thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests from Neptune, destroyed his ship in a storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said that he was safe in spite of all the gods. Such impiety offended Neptune, who struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax tumbled into the sea with part of the rock and was drowned. His body was afterwards found by the Greeks, and black sheep offered on his tomb. According to Virgil’s account, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and dashed him against a rock, where he expired, consumed by thunder. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 43, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2, 13, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 116 & 273.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Horace_, _Epodes_, poem 10, li. 13.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 26 & 31.――――The two Ajaces were, as some suppose, placed after death in the island of Leuce, a separate place reserved only for the bravest heroes of antiquity. =Aidōneus=, a surname of Pluto.――――A king of the Molossi, who imprisoned Theseus, because he and Pirithous attempted to ravish his daughter Proserpine, near the Acheron; whence arose the well-known fable of the descent of Theseus and Pirithous into hell. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A river near Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12. =Aimy̆lus=, son of Ascanius, was, according to some, the progenitor of the noble family of the Æmylii in Rome. =Aius Locutius=, a deity to whom the Romans erected an altar, from the following circumstance: one of the common people, called Ceditius, informed the tribunes, that as he passed one night through one of the streets of the city, a voice more than human, issuing from above Vesta’s temple, told him that Rome would soon be attacked by the Gauls. His information was neglected; but his veracity was proved by the event; and Camillus, after the conquest of the Gauls, built a temple to that supernatural voice which had given Rome warning of the approaching calamity, under the name of Aius Locutius. =Alabanda=, æ, or orum, an inland town of Caria, abounding with scorpions. The name is derived from Alabandus, a deity worshipped there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 195.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Alabastrum=, a town of Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7. =Alăbus=, a river in Sicily. =Alæa=, a surname of Minerva in Peloponnesus. Her festivals are also called Alæa. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 7. =Alæi=, a number of islands in the Persian gulf, abounding in tortoises. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_. =Alæsa=, a city on a mountain in Sicily. =Alæus=, the father of Auge, who married Hercules. =Alagōnia=, a city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26. =Alāla=, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. _Plutarch_, _de gloria Atheniensium_. =Alalcomĕnæ=, a city of Bœotia, where some suppose that Minerva was born. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 330. =Alalia=, a town of Corsica, built by a colony of Phocæans, destroyed by Scipio, 262 B.C., and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 165.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Alamānes=, a statuary at Athens, disciple of Phidias. =Alamanni=, or =Alemanni=, a people of Germany, near the Hercynian forest. They were very powerful and inimical to Rome. =Alāni=, a people of Sarmatia, near the Palus Mœotis, who were said to have 26 different languages. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo._ =Alăres=, a people of Pannonia. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, _Annals_, ch. 10. =Alarīcus=, a famous king of the Goths, who plundered Rome in the reign of Honorius. He was greatly respected for his military valour, and during his reign he kept the Roman empire in continual alarms. He died after a reign of 13 years, A.D. 410. =Alarōdii=, a nation near Pontus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 94. =Alastor=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――――An arm-bearer to Sarpedon king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 677.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 257.――――One of Pluto’s horses when he carried away Proserpine. _Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 1, li. 286. =Alaudæ=, soldiers of one of Cæsar’s legions in Gaul. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 24. =Alazon=, a river flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus, and separating Albania from Iberia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 101. =Alba Sylvius=, son of Latinus Sylvius, succeeded his father in the kingdom of Latium, and reigned 36 years. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 612.――――Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascanius, B.C. 1152, on the spot where Æneas found, according to the prophecy of Helenus (_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 390, &c.), and of the god of the river (_Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 43), a _white_ sow with 30 young ones. It was called _longa_ because it extended along the hill Albinus. The descendants of Æneas reigned there in the following order: 1. Ascanius, son of Æneas, with little intermission, eight years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 years. 3. Æneas Sylvius, 31 years. 4. Latinus, five years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys, or Capetus, 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus, eight years. 10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 12. Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba, which had long been the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed by the Romans, 665 B.C., and the inhabitants were carried to Rome. _Livy._――_Florus._――_Justin_, &c.――――A city of the Marsi in Italy. ――――Pompeia, a city of Liguria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Albāni= and =Albenses=, names applied to the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 28. =Albānia=, a country of Asia, between the Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhabitants are said to have their eyes all blue. Some maintain that they followed Hercules from mount Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the conquest of Geryon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――The Caspian sea is called _Albanum_, as being near Albania. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13. =Albānus=, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on this mountain that the _Latinæ feriæ_ were celebrated with great solemnity. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 27. The word, taken adjectively, is applied to such as are natives of, or belong to, the town of Alba. =Albia Terennia=, the mother of Otho. _Suetonius._ =Albīci=, a people of Gallia Aquitania. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 34. =Albiētæ=, a people of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Albigaunum=, a town of Liguria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Albīni=, two Roman orators of great merit, mentioned by Cicero in _Brutus_. This name is common to many tribunes of the people. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 6, ch. 30. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. =Albinovānus Celsus.= _See:_ Celsus.――――Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in a style so elegant that he merited the epithet of divine. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 5. =Albintemēlium=, a town of Liguria. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_, ch. 13. =Albīnus=, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of Britain by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus had also been invested with the imperial dignity by his own army; and these two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A.D. 198. Albinus, according to the exaggerated account of a certain writer called Codrus, was famous for his voracious appetite, and sometimes ate for breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters.――――A pretorian sent to Sylla, as ambassador from the senate during the civil wars. He was put to death by Sylla’s soldiers. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――An usurer. _Horace._――――A Roman plebeian who received the vestals into his chariot in preference to his family, when they fled from Rome, which the Gauls had sacked. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 40.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Aulus Posthumus, consul with Lucullus, A.U.C. 603, wrote a history of Rome in Greek. =Albion=, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he established a kingdom, and first introduced astrology and the art of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage of Hercules. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The greatest island of Europe, now called Great Britain. It is called after Albion, who is said to have reigned there; or from its chalky white (_albus_) rocks, which appear at a great distance. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_. The ancients compared its figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of a hatchet. =Albis=, a river of Germany falling into the German ocean, and now called the Elbe. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 52. =Albius=, a man, father to a famous spendthrift. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4.――――A name of the poet Tibullus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33, li. 1. =Albucilla=, an immodest woman. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 47. =Albŭla=, the ancient name of the river Tiber. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 332.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Albŭnea=, a wood near Tibur, and the river Anio, sacred to the muses. It received its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, worshipped as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple still remains. Near Albunea there was a small lake of the same name, whose waters were of a sulphureous smell, and possessed some medicinal properties. This lake fell, by a small stream called Albula, into the river Anio, with which it soon lost itself in the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 12.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 83. =Alburnus=, a lofty mountain of Lucania, where the Tanager takes its rise. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 147. =Albus Pagus=, a place near Sidon, where Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. =Albūtius=, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom Scipio restored his wife. _Arrian._――――A sordid man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants before they were guilty of any offence, “lest,” said he, “I should have no time to punish them when they offend.” _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2.――――A rhetorician in the age of Seneca.――――An ancient satirist. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Titus, an epicurean philosopher, born at Rome; so fond of Greece and Grecian manners, that he wished not to pass for a Roman. He was made governor of Sardinia; but he grew offensive to the senate and was banished. It is supposed that he died at Athens. =Alcæus=, a celebrated lyric poet of Mitylene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the christian era. He fled from a battle, and his enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the armour which he left in the field, as a monument of his disgrace. He is the inventor of alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the famous Sappho, to whom he paid his addresses. Of all his works, nothing but a few fragments remain, found in Athenæus. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 95.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 9.――_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 33.――――A poet of Athens, said by Suidas to be the inventor of tragedy.――――A writer of epigrams.――――A comic poet.――――A son of Androgeus, who went with Hercules into Thrace, and was made king of part of the country. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of Hercules by a maid of Omphale.――――A son of Perseus, father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Hercules has been called Alcides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14. =Alcamĕnes=, one of the Agidæ, king of Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He succeeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 years. The Helots rebelled in his reign. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 4, chs. 4 & 5.――――A general of the Achæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 15.――――A statuary, who lived 448 B.C., and was distinguished for his statues of Venus and Vulcan. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――The commander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by the Athenians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c. =Alcander=, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 257.――――A Lacedæmonian youth, who accidentally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously forgiven by the sage. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 767. =Alcandre=, the wife of Polybius, a rich Theban. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 672. =Alcānor=, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons Pandarus and Bitias followed Æneas into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 672.――――A son of Phorus, killed by Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 338. =Alcăthoe=, a name of Megara, in Attica, because rebuilt by Alcathous son of Pelops. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 8. =Alcăthous=, a son of Pelops, who, being suspected of murdering his brother Chrysippus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion which had destroyed the king’s son. He succeeded to the kingdom of Megara, and in commemoration of his services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were instituted at Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 41, &c.――――A Trojan, who married Hippodamia daughter of Anchises. He was killed in the Trojan war by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, li. 93.――――A son of Parthaon, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――――A friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 747. =Alce=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid._――――A town of Spain which surrendered to Gracchus, now _Alcazar_, a little above Toledo. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47. =Alcēnor=, an Argive, who, along with Chromius, survived the battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Lacedæmonians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82. =Alceste=, or =Alcestis=, daughter of Pelias and Anaxibia, married Admetus. She, with her sisters, put to death her father, that he might be restored to youth and vigour by Medea, who, however, refused to perform her promise. Upon this the sisters fled to Admetus, who married Alceste. They were soon pursued by an army headed by their brother Acastus; and Admetus, being taken prisoner, was redeemed from death by the generous offer of his wife, who was sacrificed in his stead to appease the shades of her father. Some say that Alceste, with an unusual display of conjugal affection, laid down her life for her husband, when she had been told by an oracle that he could never recover from a disease, except some one of his friends died in his stead. According to some authors, Hercules brought her back from hell. She had many suitors while she lived with her father. _See:_ Admetus. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 651.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Hyginus_, fable 251.――_Euripides_, _Alcestis_. =Alcĕtas=, a king of the Molossi, descended from Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――――A general of Alexander’s army, brother to Perdiccas.――――The eighth king of Macedonia, who reigned 29 years.――――An historian, who wrote an account of everything that had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi. _Athenæus._――――A son of Arybas king of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11. =Alchĭdas=, a Rhodian, who became enamoured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5. =Alchimăchus=, a celebrated painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. =Alcibiădes=, an Athenian general famous for his enterprising spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. He was disciple to Socrates, whose lessons and example checked for a while his vicious propensities. In the Peloponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians to make an expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen general in that war, and in his absence his enemies accused him of impiety, and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, and stirred up the Spartans to make war against Athens, and when this did not succeed he retired to Tissaphernes, the Persian general. Being recalled by the Athenians, he obliged the Lacedæmonians to sue for peace; made several conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph at Athens. His popularity was of short duration; the failure of an expedition against Cyme exposed him again to the resentment of the people, and he fled to Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make war upon Lacedæmon. This was told to Lysander the Spartan general, who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two servants were sent for that purpose, and they set on fire the cottage where he was, and killed him with darts as he attempted to make his escape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 404 B.C., after a life of perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of his countrymen had known how to retain among them the talents of a man who distinguished himself, and was admired wherever he went, they might have risen to greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of Greece. His character has been cleared from the aspersions of malevolence, by the writings of Thucydides, Timæus, and Theopompus; and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the debauchee, added the intelligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the philosopher. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.――_Thucydides_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12. =Alcidămas=, of Cos, was father to Ctesilla, who was changed into a dove. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 12.――――A celebrated wrestler. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 10, li. 500.――――A philosopher and orator, who wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias, and flourished B.C. 424. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Alcidamēa=, was mother of Bunus by Mercury. =Alcidamĭdas=, a general of the Messenians, who retired to Rhegium, after the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B.C. 723. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Alcidămus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who wrote an eulogy on death, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_. =Alcīdas=, a Lacedæmonian, sent with 23 galleys against Corcyra, in the Peloponnesian war. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 16, &c. =Alcīdes=, a name of Hercules, from his _strength_, ἀλκος, or from his grandfather Alcæus.――――A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 51. =Alcidĭce=, the mother of Tyro, by Salmoneus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Alcimăchus=, an eminent painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. =Alcimĕde=, the mother of Jason by Æson. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 296. =Alcimĕdon=, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave the residence of Alcimedon, whose daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.――――An excellent carver. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3.――――A sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 10. =Alcimĕnes=, a tragic poet of Megara.――――A comic writer of Athens. ――――An attendant of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A man killed by his brother Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Alcĭmus=, an historian of Sicily, who wrote an account of Italy.―――― An orator. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Alcinoe=, a daughter of Sthenelus son of Perseus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Alcĭnor.= _See:_ Alcenor. =Alcinous=, son of Nausithous and Peribœa, was king of Phæacia, and is praised for his love of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, by whom he had several sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He kindly entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, and heard the recital of his adventures; whence arose the proverb of the stories of Alcinous to denote improbability. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――_Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 87.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 81.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 151.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 56.―― _Plato_, _Republic_, bk. 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A man of Elis. _Pausanias._――――A philosopher in the second century, who wrote a book _de Doctriná Platonis_, the best edition of which is the 12mo, printed Oxford, 1667. =Alcioneus=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 4. =Alciphron=, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the age of Alexander. There are some epistles in Greek that bear his name, and contain a very perfect picture of the customs and manners of the Greeks. They are by some supposed to be the production of a writer of the fourth century. The only edition is that of Leipzig, 12mo, 1715, cum notis Bergleri. =Alcippe=, a daughter of the god Mars, by Agraulos. She was ravished by Halirrhotius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――The wife of Metion and mother to Eupalamus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――The daughter of Œnomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa. ――――A woman who brought forth an elephant. _Pliny_, bk. 7.――――A country-woman. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7. =Alcippus=, a reputed citizen of Sparta, banished by his enemies. He married Democrite, of whom _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_. =Alcis=, a daughter of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._ =Alcithoe=, a Theban woman, who ridiculed the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with which she worked, into a vine and ivy. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 1. =Alcmæon=, was son of the prophet Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father going to the Theban war, where, according to an oracle, he was to perish, charged him to revenge his death upon Eriphyle, who had betrayed him. _See:_ Eriphyle. As soon as he heard of his father’s death, he murdered his mother, for which crime the Furies persecuted him till Phlegeus purified him and gave him his daughter Alphesibœa in marriage. Alcmæon gave her the fatal collar which his mother had received to betray his father, and afterwards divorced her, and married Callirhoe the daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised the necklace which he had given to Alphesibœa. When he attempted to recover it, Alphesibœa’s brothers murdered him on account of the treatment which he had shown their sister, and left his body a prey to dogs and wild beasts. Alcmæon’s children by Callirhoe revenged their father’s death by killing his murderers. _See:_ Alphesibœa, Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 18; bk. 8, ch. 24. ――_Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_, fables 73 & 245.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 2 & 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 44; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10.――――A son of Ægyptus, the husband of Hippomedusa. _Apollodorus._――――A philosopher, disciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote on physic, and he was the first who dissected animals to examine into the structure of the human frame. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――――A son of the poet Æschylus, the 13th archon of Athens.――――A son of Syllus, driven from Messenia with the rest of Nestor’s family, by the Heraclidæ. He came to Athens, and from him the Alcmæonidæ were descended. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 18. =Alcmæŏnĭdæ=, a noble family of Athens, descended from Alcmæon. They undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Delphi, which had been burnt, and they finished the work in a more splendid manner than was required, in consequence of which they gained popularity, and by their influence the Pythia prevailed upon the Lacedæmonians to deliver their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. _Herodotus_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 59.――_Plutarch_, _Solon_. =Alcman=, a very ancient lyric poet, born in Sardinia, and not at Lacedæmon, as some suppose. He wrote in the Doric dialect six books of verses, besides a play called Colymbosas. He flourished B.C. 670, and died of the lousy disease. Some of his verses are preserved by Athenæus and others. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 33.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 41; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Aristotle_, _History of Animals_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Alcmēna=, was daughter of Electryon king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom _Plutarch_, ♦_Theseus_ calls Lysidice, and _Diodorus_, bk. 2, Eurymede. Her father promised his crown and his daughter to Amphitryon, if he would revenge the death of his sons, who had been all killed, except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a people of Ætolia. While Amphitryon was gone against the Ætolians, Jupiter, who was enamoured of Alcmena, resolved to introduce himself into her bed. The more effectually to insure success in his amour, he assumed the form of Amphitryon, declared that he had obtained a victory over Alcmena’s enemies, and even presented her with a cup, which he said he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. Alcmena yielded to her lover what she had promised to her future husband; and Jupiter, to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered his messenger, Mercury, to stop the rising of Phœbus, or the sun, so that the night he passed with Alcmena was prolonged to three long nights. Amphitryon returned the next day; and after complaining of the coldness with which he was received, Alcmena acquainted him with the reception of a false lover the preceding night, and even showed him the cup which she had received. Amphitryon was perplexed at the relation, and more so upon missing the cup from among his spoils. He went to the prophet Tiresias, who told him of Jupiter’s intrigue; and he returned to his wife proud of the dignity of his rival. Alcmena became pregnant by Jupiter, and afterwards by her husband; and when she was going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in heaven that a child was to be born that day to whom he would give absolute power over his neighbours, and even over all the children of his own blood. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter’s amours with Alcmena, made him swear by the Styx, and immediately prolonged the travails of Alcmena, and hastened the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy of seven months, had a son called Eurystheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5, &c., says that Juno was assisted by Lucina to put off the bringing forth of Alcmena, and that Lucina, in the form of an old woman, sat before the door of Amphitryon with her legs and arms crossed. This posture was the cause of infinite torment to Alcmena, till her servant, Galanthis, supposing the old woman to be a witch, and to be the cause of the pains of her mistress, told her that she had brought forth. Lucina retired from her posture, and immediately Alcmena brought forth twins, Hercules conceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphitryon. Eurystheus was already born, and therefore Hercules was subjected to his power. After Amphitryon’s death, Alcmena married Rhadamanthus, and retired to Ocalea, in Bœotia. This marriage, according to some authors, was celebrated in the island of Leuce. The people of Megara said that she died ♠on her way from Argos to Thebes, and that she was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 18; bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, ♦_Theseus_ & _Romulus_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 19.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ♣poem 4.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Hyginus_, fable 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4, 7; bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Plautus_, _Amphitruo_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 43 & 45. ――――_See:_ Amphitryon, Hercules, Eurystheus. ♦ ‘de Reb. Græc.’ replaced with ‘Theseus’ ♠ ‘in’ replaced with ‘on’ ♣ ‘9’ replaced with ‘4’ =Alcon=, a famous archer, who one day saw his son attacked by a serpent, and aimed at him so dexterously that he killed the beast without hurting his son.――――A silversmith. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 5.――――A son of Hippocoon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A surgeon under Claudius, who gained much money by his profession, in curing hernias and fractures.――――A son of Mars.――――A son of Amycus. These two last were at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Hyginus_, fable 173. ♦=Alcyŏna=, a pool of Greece, whose depth the emperor Nero attempted in vain to find. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 37. ♦ Resorted into proper alphabetical order =Alcyŏne=, or =Halcyŏne=, daughter of Æolus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as he was going to Claros to consult the oracle. The gods apprised Alcyone in a dream of her husband’s fate; and when she found, on the morrow, his body washed on the sea-shore, she threw herself into the sea, and was with her husband changed into birds of the same name, who keep the waters calm and serene, while they build and sit on their nests on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7, 11, or 14 days. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 399.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 65.――――One of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. She had Arethusa by Neptune, and Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters, was changed into a constellation. _See:_ Pleiades. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 157.――――The daughter of Evenus, carried away by Apollo after her marriage. Her husband pursued the ravisher with his bow and arrows, but was not able to recover her. Upon this, her parents called her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that of the wife of Ceyx. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 558.――――The wife of Meleager. _Hyginus_, fable 174.――――A town of Thessaly, where Philip, Alexander’s father, lost one of his eyes. =Alcyŏneus=, a youth of exemplary virtue, son to Antigonus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.――――A giant, brother to Porphyrion. He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, mourning his death, threw themselves into the sea, and were changed into Alcyons by Amphitrite. _Claudian_, _De Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6. =Aldescus=, a river of European Sarmatia, rising from the Riphæan mountains, and falling into the northern sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._ =Alduăbis.= _See:_ Dubis. =Alea=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple built by Aleus son of Aphidas, at Tegæa in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess made of ivory was carried by Augustus to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 46.――――A town of Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous temples, those of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana the Ephesian. When the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated, the women were whipped in the temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23. =Alēbas=, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by his own guards for his cruelties. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 323. =Alēbion= and =Dercynus=, sons of Neptune, were killed by Hercules for stealing his oxen in Africa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Alecto=, one of the Furies (_a_, ληγω, _non desino_), is represented with flaming torches, her head covered with serpents, and breathing vengeance, war, and pestilence. _See:_ Eumenides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 324, &c.; bk. 10, li. 41. =Alector=, succeeded his father Anaxagoras in the kingdom of Argos, and was father to Iphis and Capaneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6. =Alectryon=, a youth whom Mars, during his amours with Venus, stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the sun. He fell asleep, and Apollo came and discovered the lovers, who were exposed by Vulcan, in each other’s arms, before all the gods. Mars was so incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, which, still mindful of his neglect, early announces the approach of the sun. _Lucian_, _Alectryon_ [_Gallus_]. =Alectus=, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocletian’s reign, &c. He died 296 A.D. =Alēius Campus=, a place in Lycia, where Bellerophon fell from the horse Pegasus, and wandered over the country till the time of his death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 201.――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 872.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 257. =Alemanni=, or =Alamanni=, a people of Germany. They are first mentioned in the reign of Caracalla, who was honoured with the surname of _Alemannicus_ for a victory over them. =Alēmon=, the father of Myscellus. He built Crotona in Magna Græcia. Myscellus is often called Alemonides. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, lis. 19 & 26. =Alemusii=, inhabitants of Attica, in whose country there was a temple of Ceres and of Proserpine. _Pausanias_, _Attica_. =Alens=, a place in the island of Cos. =Aleon=, or =Ales=, a river of Ionia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 28. =Alēse=, a town of Sicily, called afterwards Achronidion, after the founder. The Romans made it an independent city. =Alēsia=, or =Alexia=, now _Alise_, a famous city of the Mandubii in Gaul, founded by Hercules, as he returned from Iberia, on a high hill. Julius Cæsar conquered it. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 68. =Alēsium=, a town and mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10. =Aletes=, a son of Ægisthus, murdered by Orestes. _Hyginus_, fable 122. =Alēthes=, the first of the Heraclidæ, who was king of Corinth. He was son of Hippotas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A companion of Æneas, described as a prudent and venerable old man. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 125; bk. 9, li. 246. =Alethia=, one of Apollo’s nurses. =Aletĭdas= (from ἀλαομαι, _to wander_), certain sacrifices at Athens, in remembrance of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after her father Icarius. =Aletrium=, a town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Aletrinates. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 42. =Alētum=, a tomb near the harbour of Carthage in Spain. _Polybius_, bk. 10. =Aleuādæ=, a royal family of Larissa in Thessaly, descended from Aleuas king of that country. They betrayed their country to Xerxes. The name is often applied to the Thessalians without distinction. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, chs. 6, 172.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 11. =Alēus=, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia, famous for his skill in building temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 53. =Alex=, a river in the country of the Brutii. _Dionysius Periegetes._ =Alexamēnus=, an Ætolian, who killed Nabis tyrant of Lacedæmon, and was soon after murdered by the people. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 34. =Alexander I.=, son of Amyntas, was the tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Persian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour to the women of his father’s court, and was the first who raised the reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, 8, & 9. =Alexander II.=, son of Amyntas II., king of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, B.C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, who held the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 5, says Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas, was the cause of his murder. =Alexander III.=, surnamed the Great, was son of Philip and Olympias. He was born B.C. 355, that night on which the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Erostratus. This event, according to the magicians, was an early prognostic of his future greatness, as well as the taming of Bucephalus, a horse which none of the king’s courtiers could manage; upon which Philip said, with tears in his eyes, that his son must seek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia would not be sufficiently large for the display of his greatness. Olympias, during her pregnancy, declared that she was with child by a dragon; and the day that Alexander was born, two eagles perched for some time on the house of Philip, as if foretelling that his son would become master of Europe and Asia. He was pupil to Aristotle during five years, and he received his learned preceptor’s instructions with becoming deference and pleasure, and ever respected his abilities. When Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th year, was left governor of Macedonia, where he quelled a dangerous sedition, and soon after followed his father to the field, and saved his life in a battle. He was highly offended when Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and he even caused the death of Attalus, the new queen’s brother. After this he retired from court to his mother Olympias, but was recalled; and when Philip was assassinated, he punished his murderers; and, by his prudence and moderation, gained the affections of his subjects. He conquered Thrace and Illyricum, and destroyed Thebes; and after he had been chosen chief commander of all the forces of Greece, he declared war against the Persians, who under Darius and Xerxes had laid waste and plundered the noblest of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 horse, he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus, he conquered all the provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two other celebrated victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre after an obstinate siege of seven months, and the slaughter of 2000 of the inhabitants in cold blood, and made himself master of Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia. From Egypt he visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests, who saluted him as the son of their god, and enjoined his army to pay him divine honours. He built a town which he called Alexandria, on the western side of the Nile, near the coast of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation which his penetrating eye marked as best entitled to become the future capital of his immense dominions, and to extend the commerce of his subjects from the Mediterranean to the Ganges. His conquests were spread over India, where he fought with Porus, a powerful king of the country; and after he had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian ocean, he retired to Babylon loaded with the spoils of the east. His entering the city was foretold by the magicians as fatal, and their prediction was fulfilled. He died at Babylon the 21st of April, in the 32nd year of his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months of brilliant and continued success, 323 B.C. His death was so premature that some have attributed it to the effects of poison, and excess of drinking. Antipater has been accused of causing the fatal poison to be given him at a feast; and perhaps the resentment of the Macedonians, whose services he seemed to forget, by entrusting the guard of his body to the Persians, was the cause of his death. He was so universally regretted, that Babylon was filled with tears and lamentations; and the Medes and Macedonians declared that no one was able or worthy to succeed him. Many conspiracies were formed against him by the officers of his army, but they were all seasonably suppressed. His tender treatment of the wife and mother of king Darius, who were taken prisoners, has been greatly praised; and the latter, who had survived the death of her son, killed herself when she heard that Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity more than once endangered his life; he always fought as if sure of victory, and the terror of his name was often more powerfully effectual than his arms. He was always forward in every engagement, and bore the labours of the field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. During his conquests in Asia, he founded many cities, which he called Alexandria, after his own name. When he had conquered Darius, he ordered himself to be worshipped as a god; and Callisthenes, who refused to do it, was shamefully put to death. He also murdered at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once saved his life in a battle, because he enlarged upon the virtues and exploits of Philip, and preferred them to those of his son. His victories and success increased his pride; he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and, giving himself up to pleasure and dissipation, he set on fire the town of Persepolis in a fit of madness and intoxication, encouraged by the courtesan Thais. Yet, among all his extravagances, he was fond of candour and of truth; and when one of his officers read to him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, a history which he had composed of his wars with Porus, and in which he had too liberally panegyrized him, Alexander snatched the book from his hand, and threw it into the river, saying, “What need is there of such flattery? Are not the exploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious in themselves, without the colourings of falsehood?” He in like manner rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like him, and represent him as holding a town in one hand, and pouring a river from the other. He forbade any statuary to make his statue except Lysippus, and any painter to draw his picture except Apelles. On his death-bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed that by this singular present he wished to make him his successor. Some time before his death, his officers asked him whom he appointed to succeed him on the throne; and he answered, “The worthiest among you; but I am afraid,” added he, “my best friends will perform my funeral obsequies with bloody hands.” Alexander, with all his pride, was humane and liberal, easy and familiar with his friends, a great patron of learning, as may be collected from his assisting Aristotle with a purse of money to effect the completion of his natural history. He was brave often to rashness; he frequently lamented that his father conquered everything, and left him nothing to do; and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dignity, “Give me kings for competitors, and I will enter the lists at Olympia.” All his family and infant children were put to death by Cassander. The first deliberation that was made after his decease, among his generals, was to appoint his brother Philip Aridæus successor, until Roxane, who was then pregnant by him, brought into the world a legitimate heir. Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent as Aridæus wanted capacity; and, more strongly to establish himself, he married Cleopatra, Alexander’s sister, and made alliance with Eumenes. As he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a battle by Seleucus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river Nile, and assassinated by his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of Alexander’s generals who took up arms against his fellow-soldiers, and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his rashness and cruelty. To defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alliance with some generals, among whom was Antipater, who had strengthened himself by giving his daughter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of the generals of Alexander. After many dissensions and bloody wars among themselves, the generals of Alexander laid the foundation of several great empires in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt, where he firmly established himself, and where his successors were called Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their empire, which subsisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. Antigonus at first established himself in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of king Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by the combinations of his rival Antigonus, and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eumenes appeared so formidable to the successors of Alexander, that none of them dared to assume the title of king. _Curtius_, _Arrian_, & _Plutarch_ have written an account of Alexander’s life. _Diodorus_, bks. 17 & 18.――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.――_Justin_, bks. 11 & 12.―― _Valerius Maximus._――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――――A son of Alexander the Great, by Roxane, put to death, with his mother, by Cassander. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2.――――A man who, after the expulsion of Telestes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes dispossessed him, and put him to death.――――A son of Cassander king of Macedonia, who reigned two years conjointly with his brother Antipater, and was prevented by Lysimachus from revenging his mother Thessalonica, whom his brother had murdered. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, put him to death. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 7.――――A king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and successor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Peloponnesus, and made war in Italy against the Romans, and observed that he fought with men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, was fighting with an army of women (meaning the Persians). He was surnamed Molossus. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 8, chs. 17 & 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, from which he was expelled by Demetrius. He recovered it by the assistance of the Acarnanians. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A king of Syria, driven from his kingdom by Nicanor son of Demetrius Soter, and his father-in-law Ptolemy Philometer. _Justin_, bk. 35, chs. 1 & 2.――_Josephus_, bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A king of Syria, first called Bala, was a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius. He conquered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Physcon, and was afterwards killed by Antiochus Gryphus son of Nicanor. _Josephus_, _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 13, ch. 18.――――Ptolemy was one of the Ptolemean kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra raised him to the throne, in preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned conjointly with him. Cleopatra, however, expelled him, and soon after recalled him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a second time, put her to death, and for this unnatural action was himself murdered by one of his subjects. _Josephus_, bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_, ch. 20, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――――Ptolemy II., king of Egypt, was son of the preceding. He was educated in the island of Cos, and, falling into the hands of Mithridates, escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his kingdom. He was murdered by his subjects a few days after his restoration. _Appian_, bk. 1, _Civil Wars_.――――Ptolemy III., was king of Egypt after his brother Alexander the last mentioned. After a peaceful reign, he was banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B.C. 65, leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. _See:_ Ægyptus and Ptolemæus. _Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_.――――A youth, ordered by Alexander the Great to climb the rock Aornus, with 30 other youths. He was killed in the attempt. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――An historian mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Marius_.――――An Epicurean philosopher. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Æolia, who assembled a multitude on pretence of showing them an uncommon spectacle, and confined them till they had each bought their liberty with a sum of money. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――――A name given to Paris son of Priam. _See:_ Paris.――――Jannæus, a king of Judea, son of Hyrcanus and brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and died through excess of drinking, B.C. 79, after massacring 800 of his subjects for the entertainment of his concubines.――――A Paphlagonian, who gained divine honours by his magical tricks and impositions, and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He died 70 years old.――――A native of Caria, in the third century, who wrote a commentary on the writings of Aristotle, part of which is still extant.――――Trallianus, a physician and philosopher of the fourth century, some of whose works in Greek are still extant.――――A poet of Ætolia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――A peripatetic philosopher, said to have been preceptor to Nero.――――An historian, called also Polyhistor, who wrote five books on the Roman republic, in which he said that the Jews had received their laws, not from God, but from a woman whom he called Moso. He also wrote treatises on the Pythagorean philosophy, B.C. 88.――――A poet of Ephesus, who wrote a poem on astronomy and geography.――――A writer of Myndus, quoted by _Athenæus_ and _Ælian_.――――A sophist of Seleucia, in the age of Antoninus.――――A physician in the age of Justinian.――――A Thessalian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval battle, gave to his soldiers a great number of missile weapons, and ordered them to dart them continually upon the enemy to render their numbers useless. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――――A son of Lysimachus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――――A governor of Lycia, who brought a reinforcement of troops to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――――A son of Polyperchon, killed in Asia by the Dymæans. _Diodorus_, bks. 18 & 19.――――A poet of Pleuron son of Satyrus and Stratoclea, who said that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenia by Helen. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――A Spartan, killed with 200 of his soldiers by the Argives, when he endeavoured to prevent their passing through the country of Tegea. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A cruel tyrant of Pheræ, in Thessaly, who made war against the Macedonians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He was murdered, B.C. 357, by his wife called Thebe, whose room he carefully guarded by a Thracian sentinel, and searched every night, fearful of some dagger that might be concealed to take away his life. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 49; _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pelopidas_.―― _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bks. 15 & 16.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 321.――――Severus, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Severus. =Alexandra=, the name of some queens of Judæa mentioned by _Josephus_. ――――A nurse of Nero. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 50.――――A name of Cassandra, because she assisted mankind by her prophecies. _Lycophron._ =Alexandri Aræ=, the boundaries, according to some, of Alexander’s victories, near the Tanais. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16. =Alexandrīa=, the name of several cities which were founded by Alexander, during his conquests in Asia; the most famous are:――A grand and extensive city, built B.C. 332, by Alexander, on the western side of the Delta. The illustrious founder intended it not only for the capital of Egypt, but of his immense conquests, and the commercial advantages which its situation commanded continued to improve from the time of Alexander till the invasion of the Saracens in the seventh century. The commodities of India were brought there, and thence dispersed to the different countries around the Mediterranean. Alexandria is famous, among other curiosities, for the large library which the pride or learning of the Ptolemies had collected there, at a vast expense, from all parts of the earth. This valuable repository was burnt by the orders of the caliph Omar, A.D. 642; and it is said that, during six months, the numerous volumes supplied fuel for the 4000 baths, which contributed to the health and convenience of the populous capital of Egypt. Alexandria has likewise been distinguished for its schools, not only of theology and philosophy, but of physic, where once to have studied was a sufficient recommendation to distant countries. The astronomical school, founded by Philadelphus, maintained its superior reputation for 10 centuries, till the time of the Saracens. The modern town of Scanderoon has been erected upon the ruins of Alexandria, and, as if it were an insult to its former greatness, it scarce contains 6000 inhabitants. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――Another in Albania, at the foot of mount Caucasus.――――Another in Arachosia, in India.――――The capital of Aria, between Hecatompylon and Bactra.――――Another of Carmania. ――――Another in Cilicia, on the confines of Syria.――――Another the capital of Margiana.――――Another of Troas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7.―― _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 16, 23, & 25. =Alexandrĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian, who married his sister’s daughter, by whom he had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.――――A native of Delphi, of which he wrote a history. =Alexandrīna aqua=, baths in Rome, built by the emperor Alexander Severus. =Alexandropŏlis=, a city of Parthia, built by Alexander the Great. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 25. =Alexānor=, a son of Machaon, who built in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather Æsculapius, and received divine honours after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11. =Alexarchus=, a Greek historian. =Alexas=, of Laodicea, was recommended to Marcus Antony by Timagenes. He was the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry Cleopatra. Augustus punished him severely after the defeat of Antony. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. =Alexia=, or =Alesia=. _See:_ Alesia. =Alexicăcus=, a surname given to Apollo by the Athenians, because he delivered them from the plague during the Peloponnesian war. =Alexīnus=, a disciple of Eubulides the Milesian, famous for the acuteness of his genius and judgment, and for his fondness for contention and argumentation. He died of a wound which he had received from a sharp-pointed reed, as he swam across the river Alpheus. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Euclides_. =Alexion=, a physician intimate with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 25. =Alexippus=, a physician of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Alexiraes=, son of Hercules by Hebe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――――A place of Bœotia, where Alexiraes was born, bears also this name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 25. =Alexirhoe=, a daughter of the river Granicus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 763. =Alexis=, a man of Samos, who endeavoured to ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his country.――――A comic poet, 336 B.C., of Thurium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some few fragments remain. ――――A servant of Asinius Pollio.――――An ungrateful youth of whom a shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil’s _Eclogues_, poem 2.――――A statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 87th Olympiad _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A schoolfellow of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 2. =Alexon=, a native of Myndos, who wrote fables. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Alfaterna=, a town of Campania, beyond mount Vesuvius. =Publius Alfēnus Varus=, a native of Cremona, who, by the force of his genius and his application, raised himself from his original profession of a cobbler to offices of trust at Rome, and at last became consul. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 130. =Algĭdum=, a town of Latium near Tusculum, about 12 miles from Rome. There is a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 21. =Aliacmon= and =Haliacmon=, a river of Macedonia, separating it from Thessaly. It flows into the Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Aliartus= (or um) and =Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, near the river Permessus, taken by Marcus Lucretius. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 63. ――――Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 274. =Alĭcis=, a town of Laconia.――――A tribe of Athens. =Aliēnus Cæcīna=, a questor in Bœotia, appointed, for his services, commander of a legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor disgraced him for his bad conduct, for which he raised commotions in the empire. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 52. =Alīfæ=, =Alifa=, or =Alipha=, a town of Italy, near the Vulturnus, famous for the making of cups. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 39. ――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 25. =Alilæi=, a people of Arabia Felix. =Alimentus Cincius=, an historian in the second Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of Annibal, besides a treatise on military affairs. _Livy_, bks. 21 & 30. =Alindæ=, a town of Caria. _Arrian._ =Aliphēria=, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill. _Polybius_, bk. 4, ch. 77. =Alirrothius=, a son of Neptune. Hearing that his father had been defeated by Minerva, in his dispute about giving a name to Athens, he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut down the olive, which had sprung from the ground and given the victory to Minerva; but in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so severely that he instantly expired. =Tiberius Alledius Severus=, a Roman knight, who married his brother’s daughter to please Agrippina.――――A noted glutton in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 118. =Allia=, a river of Italy, falling into the Tiber. The Romans were defeated on its banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were going to plunder Rome, 17th July, B.C. 390. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 37.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 717.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 413. =Alliēnos=, a pretor of Sicily, under Cæsar. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 2. =Allŏbrŏges=, a warlike nation of Gaul near the Rhone, in that part of the country now called Savoy, Dauphiné, and Vivarais. The Romans destroyed their city because they had assisted Annibal. Their ambassadors were allured by great promises to join in Catiline’s conspiracy against his country; but they scorned the offers, and discovered the plot. _Dio Cassius._――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 66.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. =Allobry̆ges=, a people of Gaul, supposed to be the same as the Allobroges. _Polybius_, bk. 30, ch. 56. =Allotrĭges=, a nation on the southern parts of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2. =Allutius=, or =Albutius=, a prince of the Celtiberi, to whom Scipio restored the beautiful princess whom he had taken in battle. =Almo=, a small river near Rome falling into the Tiber. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 387.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 600. =Almon=, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. He was the first Rutulian killed by the Trojans; and from the skirmish which happened before and after his death, arose the enmities which ended in the fall of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 532. =Alŏa=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus and Ceres, by whose beneficence the husbandmen received the recompense of their labours. The oblations were the fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called from this, Aloas and Alois. =Aloēus=, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune had the twins Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus educated them as his own, and from that circumstance they have been called _Aloides_. They made war against the gods, and were killed by Apollo and Diana. They grew up nine inches every month, and were only nine years old when they undertook their war. They built the town of Ascra, at the foot of mount Helicon. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 582.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5; _Odyssey_, bk. 11. =Aloīdes= and =Aloidæ=, the sons of Aloeus. _See:_ Aloeus. =Alŏpe=, daughter of Cercyon king of Eleusis, had a child by Neptune, whom she exposed in the woods, covered with a piece of her gown. The child was preserved, and carried to Alope’s father, who, upon knowing the gown, ordered his daughter to be put to death. Neptune, who could not save his mistress, changed her into a fountain. The child, called Hippothoon, was preserved by some shepherds and placed by Theseus upon his grandfather’s throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 39.――_Hyginus_, fable 187.――――One of the Harpies. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A town of Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 682. =Alopĕce=, an island in the Palus Mæotis. _Strabo._――――Another in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――Another in the Ægean sea opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――A small village of Attica, where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spartans had sent to deliver Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. Socrates and Aristides were born there. _Aeschines_, _Against Timarchus_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 64. =Alopius=, a son of Hercules and Antiope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 35. =Alos=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Alotia=, festivals in Arcadia, in commemoration of a victory gained over Lacedæmon by the Arcadians. =Alpēnus=, the capital of Locris, at the north of Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c. =Alpes=, mountains that separate Italy from Spain, Gaul, Rhætia, and Germany; considered as the highest ground in Europe. From them arise several rivers, which, after watering the neighbouring countries, discharge themselves into the German, Mediterranean, and Euxine seas. The Alps are covered with perpetual snows, and distinguished, according to their situation, by the different names of _Cottiæ_, _Carnicæ_, _Graiæ_, _Noricæ_, _Juliæ_, _Maritimæ_, _Pannoniæ_, _Penninæ_, _Pœnæ_, _Rhætiæ_, _Tridentinæ_, _Venetæ_. A traveller is generally five days in reaching the top in some parts. They were supposed for a long time to be impassable. Hannibal marched his army over them, and made his way through rocks, by softening and breaking them with vinegar. They were inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations, who were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, to eternize the victory which he had obtained over them, erected a pillar in their territory. _Strabo_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 35.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 151.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 183.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 53. =Alpheia=, a surname of Diana in Elis. It was given her when the river Alpheus endeavoured to ravish her without success.――――A surname of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by the Alpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 487. =Alphēnor=, one of Niobe’s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6. =Alphēnus.= _See:_ Alfenus. =Alphesibœa=, daughter of the river Phlegeus, married Alcmæon son of Amphiaraus, who had fled to her father’s court after the murder of his mother. _See:_ Alcmæon. She received, as a bridal present, the famous necklace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcmæon being persecuted by the means of his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, and retired near the Achelous, whose daughter Callirrhoe had two sons by him, and begged of him, as a present, the necklace which was then in the hands of Alphesibœa. He endeavoured to obtain it, and was killed by Temenus and Axion, Alphesibœa’s brothers, who thus revenged their sister who had been so innocently abandoned. _Hyginus_, fable 244.――_Propertius_, bk. 8, poem 15, li. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24. =Alphesibœus=, a shepherd, often mentioned in Virgil’s eclogues. =Alphēus=, now _Alpheo_, a famous river of Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and after passing through Elis falls into the sea. The god of this river fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, and pursued her till she was changed into a fountain by Diana. The fountain Arethusa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; and the ancients affirm that the river Alpheus passes under the sea from Peloponnesus, and without mingling itself with the salt waters, rises again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If anything is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, according to their traditions, it will reappear, after some time, swimming on the waters of Arethusa, near Sicily. Hercules made use of the Alpheus to clean the stables of Augeas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 694.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 176. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 6, ch. 21.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. =Alphius=, or =Alfeus=, a celebrated usurer ridiculed in _Horace_, _Epodes_, poem 2. =Alphius Avitus=, a writer in the age of Severus, who gave an account of illustrious men, and a history of the Carthaginian war. =Alpīnus=, belonging to the Alps. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 442. =Alpīnus (Cornelius)=, a contemptible poet, whom Horace ridicules for the awkward manner in which he introduces the death of Memnon in a tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he describes the Rhine, in an epic poem which he attempted on the wars in Germany. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.――――Julius, one of the chiefs of the Helvetii. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 68. =Alpis=, a small river falling into the Danube. =Alsium=, a maritime town at the west of the Tiber, now _Statua_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8. =Alsus=, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, flowing from mount Sipylus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 27.――――A shepherd during the Rutulian wars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 304. =Althæa=, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, married Œneus king of Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager. When Althæa brought forth Meleager, the Parcæ placed a log of wood in the fire, and said, that as long as it was preserved, so long would the life of the child just born be prolonged. The mother saved the wood from the flames, and kept it very carefully; but when Meleager killed his two uncles, Althæa’s brothers, Althæa, to revenge their death, threw the log into the fire, and as soon as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was afterwards so sorry for the death she had caused, that she killed herself, unable to survive her son. _See:_ Meleager. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45; bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Althæmĕnes=, a son of Creteus king of Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers were to be their father’s murderers, he fled to Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide. After the death of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son Althæmenes; when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his own son. When Althæmenes knew that he had killed his father, he entreated the gods to remove him, and the earth immediately opened, and swallowed him up. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Altīnum=, a flourishing city of Italy, near Aquileia, famous for its wool. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Altis=, a sacred grove round Jupiter’s temple at Olympia, where the statues of the Olympic conquerors were placed. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 20, &c. =Altus=, a city of Peloponnesus. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_. =Aluntium=, a town of Sicily. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4. =Alus=, =Aluus=, and =Halus=, a village of Arcadia, called also the temple of Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25. =Alyattes I.=, a king of Lydia, descended from the Heraclidæ. He reigned 57 years. =Alyattes II.=, king of Lydia, of the family of the Mermnadæ, was father to Crœsus. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against the Medes. He died when engaged in a war against Miletus, after a reign of 35 years. A monument was raised on his grave with the money which the women of Lydia had obtained by prostitution. An eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between him and Cyaxares. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 16, 17, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13. =Aly̆ba=, a country near Mysia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Alycæa=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Alycæus=, son of Sciron, was killed by Theseus. A place in Megara received its name from him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Aly̆mon=, the husband of Circe. =Alyssus=, a fountain of Arcadia, whose waters could cure the bite of a mad dog. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 19. =Alyxothoe=, or =Alexirhoe=, daughter of Dymus, was mother of Æsacus by Priam. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 763. =Alyzia=, a town of Acarnania on the western mouth of the Achelous, opposite to the Echinades. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 16, ltr. 2. =Amadŏcus=, a king of Thrace, defeated by his antagonist Seuthes. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_, ch. 10. =Amage=, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for her justice and fortitude. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 56. =Amalthæa=, daughter of Melissus king of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat’s milk. Hence some authors have called her a goat, and have maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kindnesses, placed her in heaven as a constellation, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had taken care of his infant years. This horn was called the horn of plenty, and had the power to give the nymphs whatever they desired. _Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 113.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 139.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――――A Sibyl of Cumæ, called also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin king of Rome, &c. _Varro._――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 67. _See:_ Sibyllæ. =Amalthēum=, a public place which Atticus had opened in his country house, called Amalthea, in Epirus, and provided with everything which could furnish entertainment and convey instruction. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 13. =Amăna=, or =Amanus=, part of mount Taurus in Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 244. =Cn. Salvius Amandus=, a rebel general under Diocletian, who assumed imperial honours, and was at last conquered by Diocletian’s colleague. =Amantes=, or =Amantīni=, a people of Illyricum descended from the Abantes of Phocis. _Callimachus._ =Amānus=, one of the deities worshipped in Armenia and Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――――A mountain in Cilicia. =Amārăcus=, an officer of Cinyras, changed into marjoram. =Amardi=, a nation near the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Amartus=, a city of Greece. _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_. =Amaryllis=, the name of a countrywoman in Virgil’s eclogues. Some commentators have supposed that the poet spoke of Rome under this fictitious appellation. =Amarynceus=, a king of the Epeans, buried at Buprasium. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 1. =Amarynthus=, a village in Eubœa, whence Diana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in that town Amarynthia.――――Eubœa is sometimes called Amarynthus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31. =Amas=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3. =Amăsēnus=, a small river of Latium falling into the Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 685. =Amasia=, a city of Pontus, where Mithridates the Great and Strabo the geographer were born. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3. =Amāsis=, a man who, from a common soldier, became king of Egypt. He made war against Arabia, and died before the invasion of his country by Cambyses king of Persia. He made a law that every one of his subjects should yearly give an account to the public magistrates of the manner in which he supported himself. He refused to continue in alliance with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on account of his uncommon prosperity. When Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insulted and burnt; an action which was very offensive to the religious notions of the Egyptians. _Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――――A man who led the Persians against the inhabitants of Barce. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 201, &c. =Amastris=, the wife of Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily, was sister to Darius, whom Alexander conquered. _Strabo_.――――Also, the wife of Xerxes king of Persia. _See:_ Amestris.――――A city of Paphlagonia, on the Euxine sea. _Catullus._ =Amastrus=, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, against Ætes king of Colchis, killed by Argus son of Phryxus. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 544. ――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 673. =Amāta=, the wife of king Latinus. She had betrothed her daughter Lavinia to Turnus, before the arrival of Æneas in Italy. She zealously favoured the interest of Turnus, and when her daughter was given in marriage to Æneas, she hung herself to avoid the sight of her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, &c. =Amăthus= (genitive: untis), now _Limisso_, a city on the southern side of the island of Cyprus, particularly dedicated to Venus. The island is sometimes called Amathusia, a name not unfrequently applied to the goddess of the place. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 51.――_Claudius Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 14. =Amaxampēus=, a fountain of Scythia, whose waters imbitter the stream of the river Hypanis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 52. =Amaxia=, or =Amaxīta=, an ancient town of Troas.――――A place of Cilicia abounding with wood fit for building ships. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Amazēnes=, or =Mazēnes=, a prince of the island Oaractus, who sailed for some time with the Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander’s expedition to the east. _Arrian_, _Indica_. =Amazŏnes=, or =Amazŏnĭdes=, a nation of famous women who lived near the river Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life was employed in wars and manly exercises. They never had any commerce with the other sex, but, only for the sake of propagation, they visited the inhabitants of the neighbouring country for a few days, and the male children which they brought forth were given to the fathers. According to Justin, they were strangled as soon as born, and Diodorus says that they maimed them and distorted their limbs. The females were carefully educated with their mothers, in the labours of the field; their right breast was burnt off that they might hurl a javelin with more force, and make a better use of the bow; from that circumstance, therefore, their name is derived (_a non_, μαζα _mamma_). They founded an extensive empire in Asia Minor, along the shores of the Euxine, and near the Thermodon. They were defeated in a battle near the Thermodon by the Greeks; and some of them migrated beyond the Tanais, and extended their territories as far as the Caspian sea. Themyscyra was the most capital of their towns; and Smyrna, Magnesia, Thyatira, and Ephesus, according to some authors, were built by them. Diodorus, bk. 3, mentions a nation of Amazons in Africa more ancient than those of Asia. Some authors, among whom is Strabo, deny the existence of the Amazons, and of a republic supported and governed by women, who banished or extirpated all their males; but Justin and Diodorus particularly support it; and the latter says that Penthesilea, one of their queens, came to the Trojan war on the side of Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles, and from that time the glory and character of the Amazons gradually decayed, and was totally forgotten. The Amazons of Africa flourished long before the Trojan war, and many of their actions have been attributed to those of Asia. It is said, that after they had subdued almost all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were conquered by Theseus. Their most famous actions were their expeditions against Priam, and afterwards the assistance they gave him during the Trojan war; and their invasion of Attica, to punish Theseus, who had carried away Antiope, one of their queens. They were also conquered by Bellerophon and Hercules. Among their queens, Hippolyte, Antiope, Lampeto, Marpesia, &c., are famous. Curtius says that Thalestris, one of their queens, came to Alexander, whilst he was pursuing his conquests in Asia, for the sake of raising children from a man of such military reputation; and that, after she had remained 13 days with him, she retired into her country. The Amazons were such expert archers, that, to denote the goodness of a bow or quiver, it was usual to call it Amazonian. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 311. ――_Jornandes_, _Getica_, ch. 7.――_Philostratus Major_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5. ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 110.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 163. =Amazŏnia=, a celebrated mistress of the emperor Commodus.――――The country of the Amazons, near the Caspian sea. =Amazŏnium=, a place in Attica, where Theseus obtained a victory over the Amazons. =Amazŏnius=, a surname of Apollo at Lacedæmon. =Ambarri=, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the Arar, related to the Ædui. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 11. =Ambarvālia=, a joyful procession round the ploughed fields, in honour of Ceres the goddess of corn. There were two festivals of that name celebrated by the Romans, one about the month of April, the other in July. They went three times round their fields crowned with oak leaves singing hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to preserve their corn. The word is derived _ab ambiendis arvis_, going round the fields. A sow, a sheep, and a bull, called _ambarvaliæ hostiæ_, were afterwards immolated, and the sacrifice has sometimes been called _suovetaurilia_, from _sus_, _ovis_, and _taurus_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, lis. 339 & 345.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 19.――_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_, ch. 141. =Ambĕnus=, a mountain of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, ch. 85. =Ambialītes=, a people of Gallia Celtica. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 9. =Ambiānum=, a town of Belgium, now _Amiens_. Its inhabitants conspired against Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Ambiatīnum=, a village of Germany, where the emperor Caligula was born. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 8. =Ambigātus=, a king of the Celtæ, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus. Seeing the great population of his country, he sent his two nephews, Sigovesus and Bellovesus, with two colonies, in quest of new settlements; the former towards the Hercynian woods, and the other towards Italy. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34, &c. =Ambiōrix=, a king of the Eburones in Gaul. He was a great enemy to Rome, and was killed in a battle with Julius Cæsar, in which 60,000 of his countrymen were slain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, chs. 11, 26; bk. 6, ch. 30. =Ambivius=, a man mentioned by _Cicero_, _de Senectute_. =Amblada=, a town of Pisidia. _Strabo._ =Ambracia=, a city of Epirus near the Acheron, the residence of king Pyrrhus. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Polybius_, bk. 4, ch. 63.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. =Ambracius Sinus=, a bay of the Ionian sea, near Ambracia, about 300 stadia deep, narrow at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia in breadth, and now called the gulf of Larta. _Polybius_, bk. 4, ch. 63.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. =Ambri=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9. =Ambrōnes=, certain nations of Gaul, who lost their possessions by the inundation of the sea, and lived upon rapine and plunder, whence the word _Ambrones_ implied a dishonourable meaning. They were conquered by Marius. _Plutarch_, _Marius_. =Ambrōsia=, festivals observed in honour of Bacchus in some cities in Greece. They were the same as the Brumalia of the Romans.――――One of the daughters of Atlas, changed into a constellation after death. ――――The food of the gods was called _ambrosia_, and their drink _nectar_. The word signifies immortal. It had the power of giving immortality to all those who eat it. It was sweeter than honey, and of a most odoriferous smell; and it is said that Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Soter, was saved from death by eating ambrosia given her by Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Aurora, by eating ambrosia; and in like manner Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their impiety, had been driven from heaven, and compelled to die upon earth. It had the power of healing wounds, and therefore Apollo, in Homer’s Iliad, saves Sarpedon’s body from putrefaction, by rubbing it with ambrosia; and Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in Virgil’s Æneid, with it. The gods used generally to perfume the hair with ambrosia; as Juno when she adorned herself to captivate Jupiter, and Venus when she appeared to Æneas. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 14, 16, & 24.――_Lucian_, _de Dea Syria_.――_Catullus_, poem 100.―― _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 15.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 407; bk. 12, li. 419.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2.――_Pindar_, bk. 1, _Olympian_. =Ambrosius=, bishop of Milan, obliged the emperor Theodosius to make penance for the murder of the people of Thessalonica, and distinguished himself by his writings, especially against the Arians. His three books, _de Officiis_, are still extant, besides eight hymns on the creation. His style is not inelegant, but his diction is sententious, his opinions eccentric, though his subject is diversified by copiousness of thought. He died A.D. 397. The best edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1686. =Ambrȳon=, a man who wrote the life of Theocritus of Chios. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Ambryssus=, a city of Phocis, which receives its name from a hero of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 35. =Ambūbājæ=, Syrian women of immoral lives, who, in the dissolute period of Rome, attended festivals and assemblies as minstrels. The name is derived by some from Syrian words, which signify a flute. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 27. =Ambulli=, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in Sparta. =Ameles=, a river of hell, whose waters no vessel could contain. ♦_Plato_, bk. 10, _Republic_. ♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’ =Amenanus=, a river of Sicily, near mount Ætna, now _Guidicello_. _Strabo_, bk. 5. =Amenīdes=, a secretary of Darius the last king of Persia. Alexander set him over the Arimaspi. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Amenŏcles=, a Corinthian, said to be the first Grecian who built a three-oared galley at Samos and Corinth. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 13. =Ameria=, a city of Umbria, whose osiers (_Amerinæ salices_) were famous for the binding of vines to the elm trees. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 265. =Amestrătus=, a town of Sicily, near the Halesus. The Romans besieged it for seven months, and it yielded at last after a third siege, and the inhabitants were sold as slaves. _Polybius_, bk. 1, ch. 24. =Amestris=, queen of Persia, was wife to Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother of Artiante, her husband’s mistress, and cut off her nose, ears, lips, breast, tongue, and eyebrows. She also buried alive 14 noble Persian youths, to appease the deities under the earth. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61; bk. 9, ch. 111.――――A daughter of Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. _Diodorus_, bk. 20. =Amīda=, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged and taken by Sapor king of Persia. _Ammianus_, bk. 19. =Amilcar=, a Carthaginian general of great eloquence and cunning, surnamed Rhodanus. When the Athenians were afraid of Alexander, Amilcar went to his camp, gained his confidence, and secretly transmitted an account of all his schemes to Athens. _Trogus_, bk. 21, ch. 6.――――A Carthaginian, whom the Syracusans called to their assistance against the tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their city. Amilcar soon after favoured the interest of Agathocles, for which he was accused at Carthage. He died in Syracuse, B.C. 309. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, chs. 2 & 3.――――A Carthaginian, surnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated Annibal. He was general in Sicily during the first Punic war; and after a peace had been made with the Romans, he quelled a rebellion of slaves, who had besieged Carthage, and taken many towns of Africa, and rendered themselves so formidable to the Carthaginians that they begged and obtained assistance from Rome. After this, he passed into Spain with his son Annibal, who was but nine years of age, and laid the foundation of the town of Barcelona. He was killed in a battle against the Vettones, B.C. 237. He had formed the plan of an invasion of Italy, by crossing the Alps, which his son afterwards carried into execution. His great enmity to the Romans was the cause of the second Punic war. He used to say of his three sons, that he kept three lions to devour the Roman power. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 1.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.――――A Carthaginian general, who assisted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken by Cnaeus Cornelius. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 8.――――A son of Hanno, defeated in Sicily by Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated at Salamis by Themistocles. He burnt himself, that his body might not be found among the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 165, &c. =Amĭlos=, or =Amĭlus=, a river of Mauritania, where the elephants go to wash themselves by moonshine. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――――A town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, _Arcadia_. =Amimŏne=, or =Amymŏne=, a daughter of Danaus, changed into a fountain which is near Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240. =Amĭnea=, or =Amminea=, a part of Campania, where the inhabitants are great husbandmen. Its wine was highly esteemed. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 97.――――A place of Thessaly. =Aminias=, a famous pirate, whom Antigonus employed against Apollodorus tyrant of Cassandrea. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 18. =Aminius=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30. =Aminŏcles=, a native of Corinth, who flourished 705 B.C., &c. =Amisēna=, a country of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Amisias=, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes ridiculed for his insipid verses. =Amissas=, an officer of Megalopolis in Alexander’s army. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 8. =Amiternum=, a town of Italy, where Sallust was born. The inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 710.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 45. =Amithāon=, or =Amythāon=, was father to Melampus the famous prophet. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 451. =Ammālo=, a festival in honour of Jupiter in Greece. =Ammiānus.= _See:_ Marcellinus. =Ammon= and =Hammon=, a name of Jupiter, worshipped in Libya. He appeared under the form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, suffered the greatest extremities for want of water, in the deserts of Africa, and showed him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a temple to his father, under the name of Jupiter Ammon, _i.e._ _sandy_, with the horns of a ram. The ram, according to some, was made a constellation. The temple of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of Libya, nine days’ journey from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, which, according to ancient tradition, was established about 18 centuries before the time of Augustus, by two doves which flew away from Thebais in Egypt, and came, one to Dodona, and the other to Libya, where the people were soon informed of their divine mission. The oracle of Hammon was consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and others; but when it pronounced Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flattery destroyed its long-established reputation, and in the age of Plutarch it was scarce known. The situation of the temple was pleasant; and according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 310,――_Lucretius_, bk. 6, li. 147,――_Herodotus_, _Melpomene_.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7, there was near it a fountain whose waters were cold at noon and midnight, and warm in the morning and evening. There were above 100 priests in the temple, but only the elders delivered oracles. There was also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in Æthiopia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 11, & 17.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_, & _Iside et Osiride_.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 10; bk. 10, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 2, chs. 32 & 55; bk. 4, ch. 44.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 23.――_Hyginus_, fable 133; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 11, ch. 11.――――A king of Libya, father to Bacchus. He gave his name to the temple of Hammon, according to _Diodorus_, bk. 8. =Ammon= and =Brothas=, two brothers famous for their skill in boxing. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107. =Ammōnia=, a name of Juno in Elis, as being the wife of Jupiter Ammon. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15. =Ammōnii=, a nation of Africa, who derived their origin from the Egyptians and Æthiopians. Their language was a mixture of that of the two people from whom they were descended. _Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3, & 4. =Ammōnius=, a christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic philosophy at Alexandria, 232 A.D., and had amongst his pupils Origen and Plotinus. His treatise, Περι Ὁμοιων, was published in 4to by Valckenaer, Leiden, 1739.――――A writer who gave an account of sacrifices, as also a treatise on the harlots of Athens. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.――――An Athenian general surnamed Barcas. _Polybius_, bk. 3. =Ammothea=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_. =Amnias=, a river of Bithynia. _Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_. =Amnīsus=, a port of Gnossus, at the north of Crete, with a small river of the same name, near which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs of the place were called Amnisiades. _Callimachus._ =Amœbæus=, an Athenian player of great reputation, who sung at the nuptials of Demetrius and Nicæa. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 6. =Amomētus=, a Greek historian. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17. =Amor=, the son of Venus, was the god of love. _See:_ Cupido. =Amorges=, a Persian general, killed in Caria, in the reign of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 121. =Amorgos=, an island among the Cyclades, where Simonides was born. _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Ampĕlus=, a promontory of Samos.――――A town of Crete,――――of Macedonia,――――of Liguria,――――and Cyrene.――――A favourite of Bacchus, son of a satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after death. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 407. =Ampelūsia=, a promontory of Africa, in Mauritania. _Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6. =Amphēa=, a city of Messenia, taken by the Lacedæmonians. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Amphialāus=, a famous dancer in the island of the Phæacians. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8. =Amphiănax=, a king of Lycia in the time of Acrisius and Prœtus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Amphiarāus=, son of Oicleus, or, according to others, of Apollo by Hypermnestra, was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, and accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition. He was famous for his knowledge of futurity and thence he is called by some son of Apollo. He married Eriphyle, the sister of Adrastus king of Argos, by whom he had two sons, Alcmæon and Amphilochus. When Adrastus, at the request of Polynices, declared war against Thebes, Amphiaraus secreted himself, not to accompany his brother-in-law in an expedition in which he knew he was to perish. But Eriphyle, who knew where he had concealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray him by Polynices, who gave her as a reward for her perfidy a famous golden necklace set with diamonds. Amphiaraus being thus discovered, went to the war, but previously charged his son Alcmæon to put to death his mother Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed that he was killed. The Theban war was fatal to the Argives, and Amphiaraus was swallowed up in his chariot by the earth, as he attempted to retire from the battle. The news of his death was brought to Alcmæon, who immediately executed his father’s command, and murdered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine honours after death, and had a celebrated temple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue was made of white marble, and near his temple was a fountain, whose waters were ever held sacred. They only who had consulted his oracle, or had been delivered from a disease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which they threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those who consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus first purified themselves, and abstained from food for 24 hours, and three days from wine, after which they sacrificed a ram to the prophet, and spread the skin upon the ground, upon which they slept in expectation of receiving in a dream the answer of the oracle. Plutarch, _De Defectu Oraculorum_, mentions that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once consulted in the time of Xerxes, by one of the servants of Mardonius, for his master, who was then with an army in Greece; and that the servant, when asleep, saw in a dream the priest of the temple, who upbraided him and drove him away, and even threw stones at his head when he refused to comply. This oracle was verified in the death of Mardonius, who was actually killed by the blow of a stone which he received on the head. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 40. ――_Philostratus_, _Lives_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 243, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 70, 73, 128, & 150.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, bk. 9, fable 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34; bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 9, chs. 8 & 19.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 6, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Amphiarāĭdes=, a patronymic of Alcmæon as being son of Amphiaraus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 43. =Amphicrătes=, an historian who wrote the lives of illustrious men. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Amphictyon=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and first attempted to give the interpretation of dreams, and to draw omens. Some say that the deluge happened in his age. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The son of Helenus, who first established the celebrated council of the _Amphictyons_, composed of the wisest and most virtuous men of some cities of Greece. This august assembly consisted of 12 persons, originally sent by the following states: the Ionians, Dorians, Perhæbians, Bœotians, Magnesians, Phthians, Locrians, Malians, Phocians, Thessalians, Dolopes, and the people of Œta. Other cities in process of time sent also some of their citizens to the council of the Amphictyons, and in the age of Antoninus Pius, they were increased to the number of 30. They generally met twice every year at Delphi, and sometimes sat at Thermopylæ. They took into consideration all matters of difference which might exist between the different states of Greece. When the Phocians plundered the temple of Delphi the Amphictyons declared war against them, and this war was supported by all the states of Greece, and lasted 10 years. The Phocians, with their allies the Lacedæmonians, were deprived of the privilege of sitting in the council of the Amphictyons, and the Macedonians were admitted in their place, for their services in support of the war. About 60 years after, when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded Greece, the Phocians behaved with such courage, that they were reinstated in all their former privileges. Before they proceeded to business, the Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the god of Delphi, and cut his flesh into small pieces, intimating that union and unanimity prevailed in the several cities which they represented. Their decisions were held sacred and inviolable, and even arms were taken up to enforce them. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_ & _Achaia_.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Suidas._ ――_Hesychius._――_Aeschines._ =Amphiclea=, a town of Phocis, where Bacchus had a temple. =Amphidāmus=, a son of Aleus, brother to Lycurgus. He was of the family of the Inachidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――One of the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 376.――――A son of Busiris, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Amphidrŏmia=, a festival observed by private families at Athens, the fifth day after the birth of every child. It was customary to _run round_ the fire with a child in their arms; whence the name of the festivals. =Amphigenīa=, a town of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 178. =Amphilŏchus=, a son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, he left Argos, his native country, and built Amphilochus, a town of Epirus. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――An Athenian philosopher who wrote upon agriculture. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1. =Amphily̆tus=, a soothsayer of Acarnania, who encouraged Pisistratus to seize the sovereign power of Athens. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 62. =Amphimăche=, a daughter of Amphidamus, wife of Eurystheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Amphimăchus=, one of Helen’s suitors, son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan war. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――A son of Actor and Theronice. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Amphimĕdon=, a Libyan killed by Perseus, in the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 75.――――One of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 283. =Amphinŏme=, the name of one of the attendants of Thetis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 44. =Amphinŏmus=, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 16 & 22. =Amphinŏmus= and =Anapius=, two brothers, who, when Catana and the neighbouring cities were in flames, by an eruption from mount Ætna, saved their parents upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is said, spared them while it consumed others by their side; and Pluto, to reward their uncommon piety, placed them after death in the island of Leuce, and they received divine honours in Sicily. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 197.――_Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_. =Amphīon=, was son of Jupiter, by Antiope daughter of Nycteus, who had married Lycus, and had been repudiated by him when he married Dirce. Amphion was born at the same birth as Zethus, on mount Citheron, where Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of Dirce; and the two children were exposed in the woods, but preserved by a shepherd. _See:_ Antiope. When Amphion grew up, he cultivated poetry and made such an uncommon progress in music, that he is said to have been the inventor of it, and to have built the walls of Thebes at the sound of his lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave him the lyre. He was the first who raised an altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion united to avenge the wrongs which their mother had suffered from the cruelties of Dirce. They besieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied his wife to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her through precipices till she expired. The fable of Amphion’s moving stones and raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his lyre, has been explained by supposing that he persuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and uncivilized people to unite together and build a town to protect themselves against the attacks of their enemies. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 20; bk. 9, chs. 5 & 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 323.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11; _Art of Poetry_, li. 394.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li. 10.――――A son of Jasus king of Orchomenos, by Persephone daughter of Mius. He married Niobe daughter of Tantalus, by whom he had many children, among whom was Chloris the wife of Neleus. He has been confounded by mythologists with the son of Antiope, though Homer in his Odyssey speaks of them both, and distinguishes them beyond contradiction. The number of Amphion’s children, according to Homer, was 12, six of each sex; according to Ælian, 20; and according to Ovid, 14, seven males and seven females. When Niobe boasted herself greater, and more deserving of immortality than Latona, all her children, except Chloris, were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo and Diana; Niobe herself was changed into a stone, and Amphion killed himself in a fit of despair. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, lis. 261 & 282.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, li. 36.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 5.――――One of the Argonauts. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A famous painter and statuary, son of Acestor of Gnossus. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 10.――――One of the Greek generals in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 692. =Amphipŏles=, magistrates appointed at Syracuse by Timoleon, after the expulsion of Dionysius the younger. The office existed for above 300 years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Amphipŏlis=, a town on the Strymon, between Macedonia and Thrace. An Athenian colony, under Agnon son of Nicias, drove the ancient inhabitants, called Edonians, from the country, and built a city, which they called Amphipolis, _i.e._ a town surrounded on all sides, because the Strymon flowed all around it. It has been also called Acra, Strymon, Myrica, Eion, and the town of Mars. It was the cause of many wars between the Athenians and Spartans. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 102, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 126; bk. 7, ch. 114.―― _Diodorus_, bks. 11, 12, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_. =Amphipy̆ros=, a surname of Diana, because she carries a _torch_ in _both_ her hands. _Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_. =Amphirētus=, a man of Acanthus, who artfully escaped from pirates who had made him prisoner. _Polyænus_, bk. 6. =Amphiroe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 361. =Amphis=, a Greek comic poet of Athens, son of Amphicrates, contemporary with Plato. Besides his comedies he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. _Suidas._――_Diogenes Laërtius._ =Amphisbæna=, a two-headed serpent in the deserts of Libya, whose bite was venomous and deadly. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 719. =Amphissa=, or =Issa=, a daughter of Macareus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in which was a temple of Minerva. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 703.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.――――A town of the Brutii on the east coast. =Amphissēne=, a country of Armenia. =Amphissus=, a son of Dryope. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10. =Amphisthĕnes=, a Lacedæmonian, who fell delirious in sacrificing to Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Amphistīdes=, a man so naturally destitute of intellect, that he seldom remembered that he ever had a father. He wished to learn arithmetic, but never could comprehend beyond the figure 4. _Aristotle_, _Problemata_, bk. 4. =Amphistrătus= and =Rhecas=, two men of Laconia, charioteers to Castor and Pollux. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3. =Amphitea=, the mother of Ægialeus by Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, Deipyle, and Ægialea, by Adrastus king of Argos. She was daughter to Pronax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――The wife of Autolycus, by whom she had Anticlea the wife of Laertes. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 416. =Amphitheātrum=, a large round or oval building at Rome, where the people assembled to see the combats of gladiators, of wild beasts, and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres of Rome were generally built with wood. Statilius Taurus was the first who made one with stones, under Augustus. =Amphithĕmis=, a Theban general, who involved the Lacedæmonians into a war with his country. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 9. =Amphithoe=, one of the Nereides. =Amphītrīte=, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, married Neptune, though she had made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had by him Triton, one of the sea deities. She had a statue at Corinth in the temple of Neptune. She is sometimes called Salatia, and is often taken for the sea itself. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 930.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 1, li. 104.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 14.――――One of the Nereides. =Amphĭtryon=, a Theban prince, son of Alcæus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo had married Electryon king of Mycenæ, whose sons were killed in a battle by the Teleboans. Electryon promised his crown and daughter Alcmena to him who could revenge the death of his sons upon the Teleboans; and Amphitryon offered himself and was received, on condition that he should not approach Alcmena before he had obtained a victory. Jupiter, who was captivated with the charms of Alcmena, borrowed the features of Amphitryon when he was gone to the war, and introduced himself to Electryon’s daughter as her husband returned victorious. Alcmena became pregnant of Hercules by Jupiter, and of Iphiclus by Amphitryon, after his return. _See:_ Alcmena. When Amphitryon returned from the war, he brought back to Electryon the herds which the Teleboans had taken from him. One of the cows having strayed from the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them together, threw a stick, which struck the horns of the cow, and rebounded with such violence upon Electryon, that he died on the spot. After this accidental murder, Sthenelus, Electryon’s brother, seized the kingdom of Mycenæ, and obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and retire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon king of Thebes purified him of the murder. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 213.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Hyginus_, fable 29.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14. =Amphitryōniădes=, a surname of Hercules, as the supposed son of Amphitryon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 103. =Amphitus=, a priest of Ceres, at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 5. =Amphotĕrus=, was appointed commander of a fleet in the Hellespont by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A son of Alcmæon. =Amphrȳsus=, a river of Thessaly, near which Apollo, when banished from heaven, fed the flocks of king Admetus. From this circumstance the god has been called _Amphryssius_, and his priestess _Amphryssia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 580.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 367.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 2; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 398.――――A river of Phrygia, whose waters rendered women liable to barrenness. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2. =Ampia Labiena lex=, was enacted by Titus Ampius and ♦Titus Labienus, tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and with a golden crown at the Circensian games, and with a prætexta and golden crown at theatrical plays. ♦ ‘A.’ replaced with ‘Titus’ =Ampracia=. _See:_ Ambracia. =Ampysĭdes=, a patronymic of Mopsus son of Ampyx. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 316. =Ampyx=, a son of Pelias. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――A man mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 184.――――The father of Mopsus. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17. =Amsactus=, a lake in the country of the Hirpini, at the east of Capua, whose waters are so sulphureous that they infect and destroy whatever animals come near the place. It was through this place that Virgil made the fury Alecto descend into hell, after her visit to the upper regions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 565.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36. =Amūlius=, king of Alba, was son of Procas and youngest brother to Numitor. The crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth; but Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of Vesta, to prevent her ever becoming a mother. Yet, in spite of all these precautions, Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and brought forth twins, Romulus and Remus. Amulius, who was informed of this, ordered the mother to be buried alive for violating the laws of Vesta, which enjoined perpetual chastity, and the two children to be thrown into the river. They were providentially saved by some shepherds, or, as others say, by a she-wolf; and when they had attained the years of manhood, they put to death the usurper, Amulius, and restored the crown to their grandfather. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 67.―― _Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 3 & 4.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A celebrated painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10. =Amy̆ci Portus=, a place in Pontus, famous for the death of Amycus king of the Bebryces. His tomb was covered with laurels, whose boughs, as is reported, when carried on board a ship, caused uncommon dissensions among the sailors. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Arrian._ =Amy̆cla=, a daughter of Niobe, who, with her sister Melibœa, was spared by Diana, when her mother boasted herself greater than Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――Homer says that all the daughters perished. _Iliad_, bk. 24. _See:_ Niobe.――――The nurse of Alcibiades. =Amy̆clæ=, a town of Italy between Caieta and Tarracina, built by the companions of Castor and Pollux. The inhabitants were strict followers of the precepts of Pythagoras, and therefore abstained from flesh. They were killed by serpents, which they thought impious to destroy, though in their own defence. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 29. Once a report prevailed in Amyclæ that the enemies were coming to storm it; upon which the inhabitants made a law that forbade such a report to be credited, and when the enemy really arrived, no one mentioned it, or took up arms in his own defence, and the town was easily taken. From this circumstance the epithet of _tacitæ_ has been given to Amyclæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 564.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 529.――――A city of Peloponnesus, built by Amyclas. Castor and Pollux were born there. The country was famous for dogs. Apollo, called Amyclæus, had a rich and magnificent temple there, surrounded with delightful groves. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 223.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 345.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 5. =Amyclæus=, a statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.――――A surname of Apollo. =Amyclas=, son of Lacedæmon and Sparta, built the city of Amyclæ. His sister Eurydice married Acrisius king of Argos, by whom she had Danae. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 18.――――The master of a ship in which Cæsar embarked in disguise. When Amyclas wished to put back to avoid a violent storm, Cæsar, unveiling his head, discovered himself, and bidding the pilot pursue his voyage, exclaimed, _Cæsarem vehis, Cæsarisque fortunam_. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 520. =Amy̆cus=, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bithynis, according to others, was king of the Bebryces. He was famous for his skill in the management of the cestus, and he challenged all strangers to a trial of strength. When the Argonauts, in their expedition, stopped on his coasts, he treated them with great kindness, and Pollux accepted his challenge, and killed him when he attempted to overcome him by fraud. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, _Argonautica_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 22.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――One of the companions of Æneas, who almost perished in a storm on the coast of Africa. He was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 225; bk. 9, li. 772.――――Another, likewise killed by Turnus. _Ibis_, bk. 12, li. 509.――――A son of Ixion and the cloud.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 245. =Amy̆don=, a city of Pæonia in Macedonia, which sent auxiliaries to Priam during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Amȳmōne=, daughter of Danaus and Europa, married Enceladus son of Ægyptus, whom she murdered the first night of her nuptials. She wounded a satyr with an arrow which she had aimed at a stag. The satyr pursued her, and even offered her violence, but Neptune delivered her. It was said that she was the only one of the 50 sisters who was not condemned to fill a leaky tub with water in hell, because she had been continually employed, by order of her father, in supplying the city of Argos with water in a great drought. Neptune saw her in this employment, and was enamoured of her. He carried her away, and in the place where she stood, he raised a fountain by striking a rock. The fountain has been called Amymone. She had Nauplius by Neptune. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 46. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, li. 515.――_Hyginus_, fable 169.――――A fountain and rivulet of Peloponnesus, flowing through Argolis into the lake of Lerna. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240. =Amyntas I.=, was king of Macedonia after his father Alcetas. His son Alexander murdered the ambassadors of Megabyzus, for their wanton and insolent behaviour to the ladies of his father’s court. Bubares, a Persian general, was sent with an army to revenge the death of the ambassadors; but instead of making war, he married the king’s daughter, and defended his possessions. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3. ――_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, & 8.――――The second of that name was son of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia after his murder of Pausanias. He was expelled by the Illyrians, and restored by the Thessalians and Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians and Olynthians, and lived to a great age. His wife Eurydice conspired against his life; but her snares were seasonably discovered by one of his daughters by a former wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander the Great’s father, by his first wife; and by the other he had Archelaus, Aridæus, and Menelaus. He reigned 24 years; and soon after his death his son Philip murdered all his brothers, and ascended the throne.――_Justin_, bk. 7, chs. 4 & 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――There is another king of Macedonia of the same name, but of his life few particulars are recorded in history.――――A man who succeeded Dejotarus, in the kingdom of Gallogræcia. After his death it became a Roman province under Augustus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――One of Alexander’s officers.――――Another officer who deserted to Darius, and was killed as he attempted to seize Egypt. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself from Macedonia, because he hated Alexander.――――An officer in Alexander’s cavalry. He had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon. He was accused of a conspiracy against the king, on account of his great intimacy with Philotas, and acquitted. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15; bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 12.――――A shepherd’s name in Virgil’s _Eclogues_.――――A Greek writer who composed several works quoted by Athenæus, 10 & 12. =Amyntiānus=, an historian in the age of Antoninus, who wrote a treatise in commendation of Philip, Olympias, and Alexander. =Amyntor=, a king of Argos, son of Phrastor. He deprived his son Phœnix of his eyes, to punish him for the violence which he had offered to Clytia his concubine. _Hyginus_, fable 173.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 307.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A general of the Dolopes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 364.――――A son of Ægyptus, killed by Damone the first night of his marriage. _Hyginus_, fable 170. =Amyris=, a man of Sybaris, who consulted the oracle of Delphi concerning the probable duration of his country’s prosperity, &c. =Amyrīcus Campus=, a plain of Thessaly. _Polybius_, bk. 3. =Amyrius=, a king by whom Cyrus was killed in a battle. _Ctesias._ =Amy̆rus=, a town of Thessaly.――――A river mentioned by _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 11. =Amystis=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _Indica_. =Amythāon=, a son of Cretheus king of Iolchos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, by whom he had Bias and Melampus. After his father’s death, he established himself in Messenia with his brother Neleus, and re-established or regulated the Olympic games. Melampus is called _Amythaonius_, from his father Amythaon. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――――A son of Hippasus, who assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17. =Amytis=, a daughter of Astyages, whom Cyrus married. _Ctesias._――――A daughter of Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and disgraced herself by her debaucheries. =Anăces=, or =Anactes=, a name given to Castor and Pollux among the Athenians. Their festivals were called Anaceia. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Anacharsis=, a Scythian philosopher, 592 B.C., who, on account of his wisdom, temperance, and extensive knowledge, has been called one of the seven wise men. Like his countrymen, he made use of a cart instead of a house. He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, which can stop only small flies, and are unable to resist the superior force of large insects. When he returned to Scythia from Athens, where he had spent some time in study, and in the friendship of Solon, he attempted to introduce there the laws of the Athenians, which so irritated his brother, who was then on the throne, that he killed him with an arrow. Anacharsis has rendered himself famous among the ancients by his writings, and his poems on war, the laws of Scythia, &c. Two of his letters to Crœsus and Hanno are still extant. Later authors have attributed to him the invention of tinder, of anchors, and of the potter’s wheel. The name of Anacharsis is become very familiar to modern ears, by that elegant, valuable, and truly classical work of Barthelemi, called the travels of Anacharsis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 56, 47, & 48.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. =Anacium=, a mountain with a temple sacred to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. _Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 21. =Anacreon=, a famous lyric poet of Teos in Ionia, highly favoured by Polycrates and Hipparchus son of Pisistratus. He was of a lascivious and intemperate disposition, much given to drinking, and deeply enamoured of a youth called Bathyllus. His odes are still extant, and the uncommon sweetness and elegance of his poetry have been the admiration of every age and country. He lived to his 85th year, and, after every excess of pleasure and debauchery, choked himself with a grape stone and expired. Plato says that he was descended from an illustrious family, and that Codrus, the last king of Athens, was one of his progenitors. His statue was placed in the citadel of Athens, representing him as an old drunken man, singing, with every mark of dissipation and intemperance. Anacreon flourished 532 B.C. All that he wrote is not extant; his odes were first published by H. Stephens, with an elegant translation. The best editions of Anacreon are that of Maittaire, 4to, London, 1725, of which only 100 copies were printed, and the very correct one of Barnes, 12mo, Cambridge, 1721, to which may be added that of Brunck, 12mo, Strasbourg, 1778. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 2, 25.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――_Horace_, epode 14, li. 20.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 121. =Anactoria= and =Anactorium=, a town of Epirus, in a peninsula towards the gulf of Ambracia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, and was the cause of many quarrels between the Corcyreans and Corinthians. Augustus carried the inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, after the battle of Actium. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 55.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1; bk. 5, ch. 29.――――An ancient name of Miletus. =Anactŏrie=, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly loved by Sappho. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 17. =Anadyomĕne=, a valuable painting of Venus, represented as rising from the sea, by Apelles. Augustus bought it and placed it in the temple of Julius Cæsar. The lower part of it was a little defaced, and there were found no painters in Rome able to repair it. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10. =Anagnia=, now _Anagni_, a city of the Hernici in Latium, where Antony struck a medal when he divorced Octavia and married Cleopatra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 684.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 392. =Anagogia=, a festival, celebrated by the people of Eryx in Sicily, in honour of Venus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15; _Natura Animalium_, bk. 4, ch. 2. =Anagyrontum=, a small village of Attica. _Herodotus._ =Anaītis=, a goddess of Armenia. The virgins who were consecrated to her service, esteemed themselves more dignified by public prostitution. The festivals of the deity were called Sacarum Festa; and when they were celebrated both sexes assisted at the ceremony, and inebriated themselves to such a degree, that the whole was concluded by a scene of the greatest lasciviousness and intemperance. They were first instituted by Cyrus, when he marched against the Sacæ, and covered tables with the most exquisite dainties, that he might detain the enemy by the novelty and sweetness of food to which they were unaccustomed, and thus easily destroy them. _Strabo._――――Diana is also worshipped under this name by the Lydians. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 4. =Ananias=, an Iambic poet. _Athenæus._ =Anăphe=, an island that rose out of the Cretan sea, and received this name from the Argonauts, who, in the middle of a storm, suddenly saw the new moon. Apollo was worshipped there, and called Anaphæus. _Apollonius._ =Anaphlystus=, a small village of Attica near the sea, called after an ancient hero of the same name, who was son of Trœzen.――――A small village near Athens. =Anāpus=, a river of Epirus. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 82.――――Of Sicily, near Syracuse. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 96. =Anartes=, a people of Lower Pannonia. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 25. =Anas=, a river of Spain, now called Guadiana. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Anatŏle=, one of the Horæ. _Hyginus_, fable 183.――――A mountain near the Ganges, where Apollo ravished a nymph called Anaxibia. =Anauchĭdas=, a Samian wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 27. =Anaurus=, a river of Thessaly, near the foot of mount Pelion, where Jason lost one of his sandals. _Callimachus_, _Diana [Artemis]_.――――A river of Troas near Ida. _Colluthus._ =Anausis=, one of Medea’s suitors, killed by Styrus. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 43. =Anax=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, father to Asterius, from whom Miletus has been called Anactoria. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 7, ch. 2. =Anaxagŏras=, succeeded his father Megapenthes on the throne of Argos. He shared the sovereign power with Bias and Melampus, who had cured the women of Argos of madness. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A Clazomenian philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to Anaximes and preceptor to Socrates and Euripides. He disregarded wealth and honours, to indulge his fondness for meditation and philosophy. He applied himself to astronomy, was acquainted with eclipses, and predicted that one day a stone would fall from the sun, which it is said really fell into the river Ægos. Anaxagoras travelled into Egypt for improvement, and used to say that he preferred a grain of wisdom to heaps of gold. Pericles was in the number of his pupils, and often consulted him in matters of state; and once dissuaded him from starving himself to death. The ideas of Anaxagoras concerning the heavens were wild and extravagant. He supposed that the sun was inflammable matter, about the bigness of Peloponnesus; and that the moon was inhabited. The heavens he believed to be of stone, and the earth of similar materials. He was accused of impiety and condemned to die; but he ridiculed the sentence, and said it had long been pronounced upon him by nature. Being asked whether his body should be carried into his own country, he answered, no, as the road that led to the other side of the grave was as long from one place as the other. His scholar Pericles pleaded eloquently and successfully for him, and the sentence of death was exchanged for banishment. In prison, the philosopher is said to have attempted to square the circle, or determine exactly the proportion of its diameter to the circumference. When the people of Lampsacus asked him before his death whether he wished anything to be done in commemoration of him, “Yes,” said he, “let the boys be allowed to play on the anniversary of my death.” This was carefully observed, and that time, dedicated to relaxation, was called _Anaxagoreia_. He died at Lampsacus in his 72nd year, 428 B.C. His writings were not much esteemed by his pupil Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_. ――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_ & _Pericles_.――_Cicero_, _Academicæ quaestiones_, bk. 4, ch. 23; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 43.――――A statuary of Ægina. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――――A grammarian, disciple to Zenodotus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An orator, disciple to Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of Echeanox, who, with his brothers Codrus and Diodorus, destroyed Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus. =Anaxander=, of the family of the Heraclidæ, was son of Eurycrates and king of Sparta. The second Messenian war began in his reign, in which Aristomenes so egregiously signalized himself. His son was called Eurycrates. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 204.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3; bk. 4, chs. 15 & 16.――――A general of Megalopolis, taken by the Thebans. =Anaxandrĭdes=, son of Leon and father to Cleomenes I. and Leonidas, was king of Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, he divorced his wife, of whom he was extremely fond, on account of her barrenness; and he was the first Lacedæmonian who had two wives. _Herodotus_, bks. 1, 5, & 7.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3, &c.――――A son of Theopompus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 131.――――A comic poet of Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander. He was the first poet who introduced intrigues and rapes upon the stage. He was of such a passionate disposition, that he tore to pieces all his compositions which met with no success. He composed about 100 plays, of which 10 obtained the prize. Some fragments of his poetry remain in Athenæus. He was starved to death by order of the Athenians, for satirizing their government. _Aristotle_, bk. 3, _Rhetoric_. =Anaxarchus=, a philosopher of Abdera, one of the followers of Democritus, and the friend of Alexander. When the monarch had been wounded in a battle, the philosopher pointed to the place, adding, “That is human blood, and not the blood of a god.” The freedom of Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon, and after Alexander’s death, the tyrant, in revenge, seized the philosopher, and pounded him in a stone mortar with iron hammers. He bore this with much resignation, and exclaimed, “Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou dost not pound his soul.” Upon this Nicocreon threatened to cut his tongue, and Anaxarchus bit it off with his teeth, and spit it out into the tyrant’s face. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 571.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 7.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 22. ――――A Theban general. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 100. =Anaxarĕte=, a girl of Salamis, who so arrogantly despised the addresses of Iphis, a youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung himself at her door. She saw this sad spectacle without emotion or pity, and was changed into a stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 748. =Anaxēnor=, a musician, whom Marcus Antony greatly honoured, and presented with the tribute of four cities. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Anaxias=, a Theban general. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22. =Anaxibia=, a sister of Agamemnon, mother of seven sons and two daughters by Nestor. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――――A daughter of Bias, brother to the physician Melampus. She married Pelias king of Iolchos, by whom she had Acastus and four daughters――Pisidice, Pelopea, Hippothoe, and Alceste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――She is called daughter of Dymas by _Hyginus_, fable 14. =Anaxicrătes=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 23. =Anaxidămus=, succeeded his father Zeuxidamus on the throne of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7; bk. 4, ch. 15. =Anaxĭlas= and =Anaxĭlaus=, a Messenian, tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and was so mild and popular during his reign, that when he died, 476 B.C., he left his infant sons to the care of one of his servants, and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave than revolt from their benevolent sovereign’s children. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7, ch. 167.――――A magician of Larissa, banished from Italy by Augustus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.――――A physician. _Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 1.――――An historian, who began his history with bitter invectives against former writers. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A Lacedæmonian. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A comic writer, about the 100th Olympiad. =Anaxilĭdes=, wrote some treatises concerning philosophers, and mentioned that Plato’s mother became pregnant by a phantom of the god Apollo, from which circumstance her son was called the prince of wisdom. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plutarch_. =Anaximander=, a Milesian philosopher, the companion and disciple of Thales. He was the first who constructed spheres, asserted that the earth was of a cylindrical form, and taught that men were born of earth and water mixed together, and heated by the beams of the sun; that the earth moved, and that the moon received light from the sun, which he considered as a circle of fire like a wheel, about 28 times bigger than the earth. He made the first geographical maps and sun-dials. He died in the 64th year of his age, B.C. 547. _Cicero_, _Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 70.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_. He had a son who bore his name. _Strabo_, bk. 1. =Anaximĕnes=, a philosopher, son of Erasistratus and disciple of Anaximander, whom he succeeded in his school. He said that the air was the cause of every created being, and a self-existent divinity, and that the sun, the moon, and the stars, had been made from the earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and the heavens as a solid concave figure, on which the stars were fixed like nails, an opinion prevalent at that time, and from which originated the proverb, τι εἰ οὐρανος ἐμπεσοι, _if the heavens should fall?_ to which Horace has alluded, bk. 3, _Odes_, poem 3, li. 7. He died 504 years B.C. _Cicero_, _Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_. ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 76.――――A native of Lampsacus, son of Aristocles. He was pupil to Diogenes the cynic, and preceptor to Alexander the Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, he wrote the history. When Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to put to death all the inhabitants of Lampsacus, because they had maintained a long siege against him, Anaximenes was sent by his countrymen to appease the king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he would not grant the favour he was going to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes begged the king to destroy the city and enslave the inhabitants, and by this artful request the city of Lampsacus was saved from destruction. Besides the life of Philip and his son, he wrote a history of Greece, in 12 books, all now lost. His nephew bore the same name, and wrote an account of ancient paintings. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_. =Anaxipŏlis=, a comic poet of Thasos. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 14.――――A writer on agriculture, likewise of Thasos. =Anaxippus=, a comic writer in the age of Demetrius. He used to say, that philosophers were wise only in their speeches, but fools in their actions. _Athenæus._ =Anaxirrhoe=, a daughter of Coronus, who married Epeus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Anaxis=, a Bœotian historian, who wrote a history down to the age of Philip son of Amyntas. _Diodorus_, bk. 25.――――A son of Castor and Hilaira. =Anaxo=, a virgin of Trœzene carried away by Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Alceus, mother of Alcmene by Electryon. =Ancæus=, the son of Lycurgus and Antinoe, was in the expedition of the Argonauts. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in which he perished. _Hyginus_, fables 173 & 248.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――――The son of Neptune and Astypalæa. He went with the Argonauts, and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He reigned in Ionia, where he married Samia daughter of the Mæander, by whom he had four sons, Perilas, Enudus, Samus, Alithersus, and one daughter called Parthenope. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_. He was once told by one of his servants, whom he pressed with hard labour in his vineyard, that he never would taste of the produce of his vines. He had already the cup in his hand, and called the prophet to convince him of his falsehood; when the servant, yet firm in his prediction, uttered this well-known proverb: Πολλα μεταξυ πελει κυλικος και χειλεος ακρου. _Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra._ At that very moment Ancæus was told that a wild boar had entered his vineyard; upon which he threw down the cup, and ran to drive away the wild beast. He was killed in the attempt. =Ancalītes=, a people of Britain near the Trinobantes. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21. =Ancarius=, a god of the Jews. _See:_ Anchialus. =Ancharia=, a family of Rome.――――The name of Octavia’s mother. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. =Ancharius=, a noble Roman killed by the partisans of Marius during the civil wars with Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Marius_. =Anchemŏlus=, son of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law Casperia, for which he was expelled by his father. He fled to Turnus, and was killed by Pallas son of Evander, in the wars of Æneas against the Latins. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 389. =Anchesītes=, a wind which blows from Achisa, a harbour of Epirus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Anchesmus=, a mountain of Attica, where Jupiter _Anchesmius_ had a statue. =Anchiăle= and =Anchiala=, a city on the sea coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the last king of Assyria, built it, with Tarsus in its neighbourhood, in one day. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. The founder was buried there, and had a statue, under which was a famous inscription in the Syrian language, denoting the great intemperance and dissipation which distinguished all his life. There was a city of the same name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of Apollo. There was another in Epirus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 36.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Anchiălus=, a famous astrologer.――――A great warrior, father of Mentes. ――――One of the Phæacians. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A god of the Jews, as some suppose, in _Martial’s_ epigrams, bk. 11, ltr. 95. =Anchimolius=, a Spartan general sent against the Pisistratidæ, and killed in the expedition. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――A son of Rhœtus. _See:_ Anchemolus. =Anchinoe=, a daughter of Nilus and wife of Belus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Anchion=. _See:_ Chion. =Anchīse=, a city of Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Anchīses=, a son of Capys by Themis daughter of Ilus. He was of such a beautiful complexion, that Venus came down from heaven on mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, to enjoy his company. The goddess became pregnant, and forbade Anchises ever to mention the favours he had received, on pain of being struck with thunder. The child which Venus brought forth was called Æneas; he was educated as soon as born by the nymphs of Ida, and, when of a proper age, was entrusted to the care of Chiron the centaur. When Troy was taken, Anchises was become so infirm that Æneas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take away whatever he esteemed most, carried him through the flames upon his shoulders, and thus saved his life. He accompanied his son in his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily, in the 80th year of his age. He was buried on mount Eryx by Æneas and Acestes king of the country, and the anniversary of his death was afterwards celebrated by his son and the Trojans on his tomb. Some authors have maintained that Anchises had forgot the injunctions of Venus, and boasted at a feast that he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida, upon which he was killed with thunder. Others say that the wounds he received from the thunder were not mortal, and that they only weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the sixth book of the Æneid, introduces him in the Elysian fields, relating to his son the fates that were to attend him, and the fortune of his descendants the Romans. _See:_ Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.―― _Hyginus_, fables 94, 254, 260, 270.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1010. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 34.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, & _Hymn to Aphrodite_.――_Xenophon_, _On Hunting_, ch. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, _Roman Antiquities_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12, says that Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, which, from him, has been called Anchisia. ――――An Athenian archon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8. =Anchīsia=, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bottom of which was a monument of Anchises. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 12 & 13. =Anchīsiădes=, a patronymic of Æneas, as being the son of Anchises. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 348, &c. =Anchoe=, a place near the mouth of the Cephisus, where there is a lake of the same name. _Strabo._ =Anchŏra=, a fortified place in Galatia. =Anchūrus=, a son of Midas king of Phrygia, who sacrificed himself for the good of his country when the earth had opened and swallowed up many buildings. The oracle had been consulted, and gave for answer, that the gulf would never close, if Midas did not throw into it whatever he had most precious. Though the king had parted with many things of immense value, yet the gulf continued open, till Anchurus, thinking himself the most precious of his father’s possessions, took a tender leave of his wife and family, and leaped into the earth, which closed immediately over his head. Midas erected there an altar of stones to Jupiter, and that altar was the first object which he turned to gold, when he had received his fatal gift from the gods. This unpolished lump of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. =Ancīle= and =Ancy̆le=, a sacred shield, which, according to the Roman authors, fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman people laboured under a pestilence. Upon the preservation of this shield depended the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore Numa ordered 11 of the same size and form to be made, that if ever any attempt was made to carry them away, the plunderer might find it difficult to distinguish the true one. They were made with such exactness, that the king promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, whatever reward he desired. _See:_ Mamurius. They were kept in the temple of Vesta, and an order of priests was chosen to watch over their safety. These priests were called Salii, and were 12 in number; they carried, every year on the 1st of March, the shields in a solemn procession round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing praises to the god Mars. This sacred festival continued three days, during which every important business was stopped. It was deemed unfortunate to be married on those days, or to undertake any expedition; and _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, has attributed the unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho against Vitellius to his leaving Rome during the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. These two verses of Ovid explain the origin of the word Ancyle, which is applied to these shields: _Idque ancyle vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum est, Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest._ _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 377, &c. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 124.――_Plutarch_, _Numa_. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 664.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20. =Ancon= and =Ancōna=, a town of Picenum, built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the form of a crescent or elbow (ἀγχων), on the shores of the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous chapel of Loretto, supposed by monkish historians to have been brought through the air by angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Judæa, where it was a cottage, inhabited by the virgin Mary. The reputed sanctity of the place has often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to Loretto. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 402.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 437. =Ancus Martius=, the fourth king of Rome, was grandson to Numa by his daughter. He waged a successful war against the Latins, Veientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Janiculum to the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount Martius and the Aventine within the walls of the city. He extended the confines of the Roman territories to the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. He inherited the valour of Romulus with the moderation of Numa. He died B.C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and was succeeded by Tarquin the elder. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 815. =Ancȳræ=, a town of Sicily.――――A town of Phrygia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1. =Anda=, a city of Africa. _Polybius._ =Andabătæ=, certain gladiators who fought blindfolded, whence the proverb, _Andabatarum more_, to denote rash and inconsiderate measures. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 10. =Andania=, a city of Arcadia, where Aristomenes was educated. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. It received its name from a gulf of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33. =Andegavia=, a country of Gaul, near the Turones and the ocean. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 41. =Andēra=, a town of Phrygia. =Andes=, a nation among the Celtæ, whose chief town is now _Anjou_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 35.――――A village of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was born, hence _Andinus_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 595. =Andocĭdes=, an Athenian orator, son of Leogoras. He lived in the age of Socrates the philosopher, and was intimate with the most illustrious men of his age. He was often banished, but his dexterity always restored him to favour. _Plutarch_ has written his life in _Lives of the Ten Orators_. Four of his orations are extant. =Andomătis=, a river in India, falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._ =Andræmon=, the father of Thoas. _Hyginus_, fable 97.――――The son-in-law and successor of Œneus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Andragrathius=, a tyrant defeated by Gratian, A.D. 383, &c. =Andragrăthus=, a man bribed by Lysimachus to betray his country, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Andragŏras=, a man who died a sudden death. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 53. =Andramy̆les=, a king of Lydia, who castrated women, and made use of them as eunuchs. _Athenæus._ =Andrēas=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.――――A man of Panormum, who wrote an account of all the remarkable events that had happened in Sicily. _Athenæus._――――A son of the Peneus. Part of Bœotia, especially where Orchomenos was built, was called _Andreis_ after him. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34, &c. =Andriclus=, a mountain of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A river of Troas, falling into the Scamander. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. =Andriscus=, a man who wrote a history of Naxos. _Athenæus_, bk. 1. ――――A worthless person called _Pseudophilippus_, on account of the likeness of his features to king Philip. He incited the Macedonians to revolt against Rome, and was conquered and led in triumph by Metellus, 152 B.C. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 14. =Androbius=, a famous painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. =Androclēa=, a daughter of Antipœnus of Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, sacrificed herself in the service of her country, when the oracle had promised the victory to her countrymen, who were engaged in a war against Orchomenos, if any one of noble birth devoted himself for the glory of his nation. Antipœnus refused to do it, and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, and received great honours after death. Hercules, who fought on the side of Thebes, dedicated to them the image of a lion in the temple of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17. =Andrōcles=, a son of Phintas, who reigned in Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.――――A man who wrote a history of Cyprus. =Androclīdes=, a noble Theban, who defended the democratical, against the encroachments of the oligarchical, power. He was killed by one of his enemies.――――A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave an account of philosophers. =Androclus=, a son of Codrus, who reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Samos. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2. =Androcy̆des=, a physician, who wrote the following letter to Alexander: ――_Vinum potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem terræ, sicuti venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum._ _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 5. =Androdămus.= _See:_ Andromadas. =Andrōdus=, a slave known and protected in the Roman circus by a lion whose foot he had cured. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 15. =Andrŏgeos=, a Greek, killed by Æneas and his friends, whom he took to be his countrymen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 371. =Andrŏgeus=, son of Minos and Pasiphae, was famous for his skill in wrestling. He overcame every antagonist at Athens, and became such a favourite of the people, that Ægeus king of the country grew jealous of his popularity, and caused him to be assassinated as he was going to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by the wild bull of Marathon. Minos declared war against Athens to revenge the death of his son, and peace was at last re-established on condition that Ægeus sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. The Athenians established festivals by order of Minos, in honour of his son, and called them Androgeia. _Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 20.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 27.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Androgy̆næ=, a fabulous nation of Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Every one of them bore the characteristics of the male and female sex; and one of their breasts was that of a man, and the other that of a woman. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 837.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2. =Andrŏmăche=, a daughter of Eetion king of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She was so fond of her husband, that she even fed his horses with her own hand. During the Trojan war she remained at home employed in her domestic concerns. Her parting with Hector, who was going to a battle, in which he perished, has always been deemed the best, most tender and pathetic of all the passages in Homer’s Iliad. She received the news of her husband’s death with extreme sorrow; and after the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only son Astyanax, after she had saved him from the flames, thrown headlong from the walls of the city, by the hands of the man whose father had killed her husband. _Seneca_, _Troades_. Andromache, in the division of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, who treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards repudiated her. After this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam, who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over part of the country, and became mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euripides says that Menelaus put him to death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 22, & 24.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 486. ――_Hyginus_, fable 123.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 35; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 6, li. 43.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11. =Andromachidæ=, a nation who presented to their king all the virgins who were of nubile years, and permitted him to use them as he pleased. =Andromăchus=, an opulent person of Sicily, father to the historian Timæus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. He assisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty of the Syracusans.――――A general of Alexander, to whom Parmenio gave the government of Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. _Curtius_, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 8.――――An officer of Seleucus the younger. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――A poet of Byzantium.――――A physician of Crete, in the age of Nero.――――A sophist of Naples, in the age of Diocletian. =Andromădus=, or =Androdamus=, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for the Thracians concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. _Aristotle._ =Andrŏmĕda=, a daughter of Cepheus king of Æthiopia by Cassiope. She was promised in marriage to Phineus her uncle, when Neptune drowned the kingdom, and sent a sea monster to ravage the country, because Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was consulted, and nothing could stop the resentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea monster. She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment that the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was captivated with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy the monster, if he received her in marriage as a reward for his trouble. Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the sea monster into a rock, by showing him Medusa’s head, and untied Andromeda and married her. He had by her many children, among whom were Sthenelus, Ancæus, and Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with Perseus was opposed by Phineus, who, after a bloody battle, was changed into a stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made Andromeda a constellation in heaven after her death. _See:_ Medusa, Perseus. _Hyginus_, fable 64.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 5, li. 533. ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 21.――――According to _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31, it was at Joppa in Judæa that Andromeda was tied on a rock. He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to which she had been exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully preserved. The fable of Andromeda and the sea monster has been explained, by supposing that she was courted by the captain of a ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was prevented by the interposition of another more faithful lover. =Andron=, an Argive, who travelled all over the deserts of Libya without drink. ♦_Aristotle’s book on Drunkenness_ [quoted in Apollonius] “Historiæ Mirabiles”.――――A man set over the citadel of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to do. The tyrant put him to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited him to rebellion. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A man of Halicarnassus, who composed some historical works. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A native of Ephesus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men of Greece. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man of Argos.――――Another of Alexandria, &c. _Apollonius [Paradoxographus]_, _Historiæ Mirabiles_, ch. 25. ――_Athenæus._ ♦ reference edited for clarity =Andronīcus Livius.= _See:_ Livius. =Andronīcus=, a peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, who flourished 59 years B.C. He was the first who published and revised the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His periphrasis is extant, the best edition of which is that of Heinsius, 8vo, Leiden, 1617. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――A Latin poet in the age of Cæsar.――――A Latin grammarian, whose life Suetonius has written.――――A king of Lydia, surnamed Alpyus.――――One of Alexander’s officers.――――One of the officers of Antiochus Epiphanes.――――An astronomer of Athens, who built a marble octagonal tower in honour of the eight principal winds, on the top of which was placed a Triton with a stick in his hand, pointing always to the side whence the wind blew. =Androphăgi=, a savage nation of European Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 18, 102. =Andropompus=, a Theban who killed Xanthus in a single combat by fraud. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18. =Andros=, an island in the Ægean sea, known by the different names of Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chief town was called Andros. It had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a temple, with a fountain, whose waters, during the ides of January, tasted like wine. It received the name of Andros from Andros son of Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the Trojan war. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 648.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 80.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 70.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. ――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2. =Androsthĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, sent with a ship on the coast of Arabia. _Arrian_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A governor of Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was conquered by Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 80.――――A statuary of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A geographer in the age of Alexander. =Androtrion=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Attica, and a treatise on agriculture. _Pliny._――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8. =Anelontis=, a river near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28. =Anerastus=, a king of Gaul. =Anemolia=, a city of Phocis, afterwards called Hyampolis. _Strabo._ =Anemōsa=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35. =Anfinomus= and =Anapius=. Rather _Amphinomus_, which _see_. =Angelia=, a daughter of Mercury. =Angelion=, a statuary who made Apollo’s statue at Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 32. =Angĕlus=, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, of a nymph whose name is unknown. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4. =Angītes=, a river of Thrace falling into the Strymon. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 113. =Angli=, a people of Germany at the north of the Elbe, from whom, as being a branch of the Saxons, the English have derived their name. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40. =Angrus=, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a northern direction. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49. =Anguitia=, a wood in the country of the Marsi, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. Serpents, it is said, could not injure the inhabitants, because they were descended from Circe, whose power over those venomous creatures has been much celebrated. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 759. =Ania=, a Roman widow, celebrated for her beauty. One of her friends advised her to marry again. “No,” said she, “if I marry a man as affectionate as my first husband, I shall be apprehensive for his death; and if he is bad, why have him, after such a kind and indulgent one?” =Anicētus=, a son of Hercules by Hebe the goddess of youth. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A freedman who directed the education of Nero, and became the instrument of his crimes. _Suetonius_, _Nero_. =Anicia=, a family at Rome, which, in the flourishing times of the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens.――――A relation of Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos._ =Anicium=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7. =Anicius Gallus=, triumphed over the Illyrians and their king Gentius, and was propretor of Rome, A.U.C. 585.――――A consul with Cornelius Cethegus, A.U.C. 594.――――Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, famous for his humanity. =Anigrus=, a river of Thessaly, where the centaurs washed the wounds which they had received from Hercules, and made the waters unwholesome. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 281. The nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6. =Anio= and =Anien=, now _Taverone_, a river of Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose, from Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there when he could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 683. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 13.――_Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_. =Anitorgis=, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between Asdrubal and the Scipios. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 33. =Anius=, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos and father of Andrus. He had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with provisions; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into doves. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 642.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 80. =Anna=, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans instituted festivals. She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of Dido, who after her sister’s death fled from Carthage, which Jarbas had besieged, and came to Italy, where Æneas met her, as he walked on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for the kindnesses she had shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia the wife of Æneas was jealous of the tender treatment which was shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprised of this by her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to call her _Anna Perenna_, because she would remain for ever under the water. Her festivals were performed with many rejoicings, and the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their natural decency. They were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the 15th of March. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain a long and happy life: and thence the words _Annare et Perennare_. Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, _quia mensibus impleat annum_; others call her Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus, and sometimes Maia. Another more received opinion maintains that Anna was an old industrious woman of Bovillæ, who, when the Roman populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day; for which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was re-established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called Perenna, _ab perennitate cultûs_, and who, as they supposed, was become one of their deities. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 653, &c. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 79.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, lis. 9, 20, 421, & 500. =Anna Commena=, a princess of Constantinople, known to the world for the Greek history which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor of the east. The character of this history is not very high for authenticity or beauty of composition: the historian is lost in the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style and narrative, as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best edition of Anna Commena is that of Paris, folio, 1651. =Annæus=, a Roman family, which was subdivided into the Lucani, Senecæ, Flori, &c. =Annāles=, a chronological history which gives an account of all the important events of every year in a state, without entering into the causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals was one of the duties and privileges of the high priest; whence they have been called Annales Maximi, from the priest _Pontifex Maximus_, who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic. =Annālis lex=, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular power before he had arrived to his 25th year. =Anniānus=, a poet in the age of Trajan. =Annĭbal=, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was educated in his father’s camp, and inured from his early years to the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old, and, at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never would be at peace with the Romans. After his father’s death, he was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age. In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans, and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Annibal prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and marched at the head of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000 foot and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. He came to the Alps, which were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passed over before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed his passage, and, after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his armed elephants descended the mountains without danger or difficulty, where a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not walk before in safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon as he entered Italy; and after he had defeated Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines and invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near the lake Thrasymenus, and soon after met the two consuls Culleo Terentius and Lucius Æmilius at Cannæ. His army consisted of 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated battle of Cannæ. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40, 000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the dead carcases; and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded amidst the general consternation, if we believe the opinions of some writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of ground on which his army then stood was selling at a high price in the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua was a Cannæ to Annibal. After the battle of Cannæ the Romans became more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, they began to look for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many important debates in the senate, it was decreed that war should be carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put it into execution. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she recalled Annibal from Italy; and that great general is said to have left, with tears in his eyes, a country which during 16 years he had kept under continual alarms, and which he could almost call his own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which neither would give the preference to his enemy, they determined to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama: Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed, and the same number made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised to make war against Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who granted him peace on the condition of his delivering their mortal enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprised of this, left the court of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias king of Bithynia. He encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in weakening the power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, who was in alliance with the Romans. The senate received intelligence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and immediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom was Lucius Quintus Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was unwilling to betray Annibal and violate the laws of hospitality, but at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. Annibal extricated him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was besieged on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on his finger; and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, _Solvamus diuturnâ curâ populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum censet_. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182 years B.C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. The death of so formidable a rival was the cause of great rejoicing in Rome; he had always been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also distinguished himself by his studies. He was taught Greek by Sosilus, a Lacedæmonian, and he even wrote some books in that language on different subjects. It is remarkable that the life of Annibal, whom the Romans wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen. He made himself as conspicuous in the government of the state as at the head of armies, and though his enemies reproached him with the rudeness of laughing in the Carthaginian senate, while every senator was bathed in tears for the misfortunes of the country, Annibal defended himself by saying that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He was so apprehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who told him that the lofty mountains which appeared at a distance was a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and when he was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent burial to the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory by his name. The labours which he sustained, and the inclemency of the weather to which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, so weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it. The Romans have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, after the battle of Cannæ, sought the body of the fallen consul amidst the heaps of slain, and honoured it with a funeral becoming the dignity of Rome. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of Marcellus and Tiberius Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often blamed the unsettled measures of his country; and when the enemy had thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy, Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with their usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes that the ring which caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the battle of Cannæ. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo. The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander, that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the greatest general that ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and places himself the next to these in merit and abilities. It is plain that the failure of Annibal’s expedition in Italy did not arise from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him no assistance; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even raised in one year 18 legions to oppose the formidable Carthaginian. Livy has painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has withheld the tribute due to the merits and virtues of the greatest of generals. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bks. 21, 22, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Flamininus_, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Appian._――_Florus_, bks. 2 & 3. ――_Polybius._――_Diodorus._――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 159, &c. ――_Valerius Maximus._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, stanza 16.――――The son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lilybæeum, which was besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in their duty. _Polybius_, bk. 1.――――A Carthaginian general, son of Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before the birth of the great Annibal. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――――A son of Giscon and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the Carthaginians to the assistance of Ægista, a town of Sicily. He was overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled Syracusan. _Justin_, bks. 22 & 23.――――A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquered by the consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his countrymen for his ill success. =Annicĕris=, an excellent charioteer of Cyrene, who exhibited his skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. When the philosopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed his friend, and he showed further his respect for learning by establishing a sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which supported that all good consisted in pleasure. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plato_ & _Aristotle_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 27. =Annius Scapŭla=, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring against Cassius. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 55. =Annon=, or =Hanno=, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar whom Annibal sent privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 27.――――A Carthaginian who taught birds to sing “Annon is a god,” after which he restored them to their native liberty; but the birds lost with their slavery what they had been taught. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 30.――――A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic language, the account of a voyage which he had made round Africa. This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. _Vossius_, _Greek Historians_, bk. 4.――――Another, banished from Carthage for taming a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he wished to aspire to sovereign power. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 16.――――This name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome, and in their wars against the Sicilians. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27, &c. =Anopæa=, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 216. =Anser=, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 425, calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius are said to have played upon his name with some degree of severity. =Ansibarii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55. =Antæa=, the wife of Proteus, called also Stenobæa. _Homer_, _Iliad_. ――――A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium. =Antæas=, a king of Scythia, who said that the neighing of a horse was far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had been taken captive. _Plutarch._ =Antæus=, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so strong in wrestling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple to his father with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules attacked him, and as he received new strength from his mother as often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air, and squeezed him to death in his arms. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 598.―― _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_, li. 893.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 88. ――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 44.――――A friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 561. =Antagŏras=, a man of Cos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A Rhodian poet, much admired by Antigonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2. One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of Agamemnon. “And do you think,” replied the poet, “that he ὡ λαοι τ’ ἐπιτετραφαται και τοσσα μεμηλε (ever inquired whether any individual dressed fish in his army)?” _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_ & _Apophthegmata Laconica_. =Antalcĭdas=, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country, by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the Persian monarch. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14. ――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_. =Antander=, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A brother of Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 7. =Antandros=, now _St. Dimitri_, a city of Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near which Æneas built his fleet after the destruction of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia. There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandria, where Paris sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before him when contending for the prize of beauty. _Strabo_, bk. 13.―― _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18. =Anterbrogius=, an ambassador to Cæsar from the Rhemi a nation of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Anteins Publius=, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of sedition and conspiracy, and drank poison, which, operating slowly, obliged him to open his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, &c. =Antemnæ=, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the name (_ante amnem_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 631.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Antēnor=, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that, during the Trojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the wooden horse which, at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach made in the walls. Æneas has been accused of being a partner of his guilt, and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses to protect them from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua. His children were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas, Agenor, and, according to others, Polydamas and Helicaon. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 242.――_Tacitus_, bk. 16, ch. 21.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3, 7, 8, 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――A statuary. _Pausanias._――――A Cretan, who wrote a history of his country. _Ælian._ =Antenorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the three sons of Antenor, all killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 484. =Antĕros= (ἀντι ἐρως, _against love_), a son of Mars and Venus. He was not, as the derivation of his name implies, a deity that presided over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis that her son Cupid always continued a child, and was told that, if he had another brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase and his wings enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had experienced the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed, and for whom he had killed himself. _See:_ Meles. Cupid and Anteros are often represented striving to seize a palm tree from one another, to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and reverence. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 6, ch. 23.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius.――――A freedman of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 9, ltr. 14. =Anthēa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――Of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――――Of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30. =Antheas=, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the chariot of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18. =Anthēdon=, a city of Bœotia, which received its name from the flowery plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905.――――A port of Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Statius_, bk. 9, li. 291. =Anthēla=, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176. =Anthĕmis=, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian Samos. _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Anthemon=, a Trojan. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4. =Anthĕmus=, a city of Macedonia at Thermæ.――――A city of Syria. _Strabo._ =Anthemusia=, the same as Samos.――――A city of Mesopotamia. _Strabo._ =Anthēne=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 41. =Anthermus=, a Chian sculptor, son of Micciades and grandson to Malas. He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax, which caused universal laughter on account of the deformity of its countenance. The poet was so incensed upon this, and inveighed with so much bitterness against the statuaries, that they hung themselves, according to the opinion of some authors. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5. =Anthes=, a native of Anthedon, who first invented hymns. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――――A son of Neptune. =Anthesphoria=, festivals celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine, who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers. _Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――――Festivals of the same name were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, who was called Antheia. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――_Pollux_, _Onomasticon_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Anthesteria=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. They were celebrated in the month of February, called Anthesterion, whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first was called Πιθοιγια, ἀπο του πιθους οἰγειν, because they _tapped_ their _barrels_ of liquor. The second day was called Χοες, from the measure χοα, because every individual drank of his own vessel, in commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of his mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoon or Pandion king of Athens, and was obliged, with all the Athenians, to drink by himself for fear of polluting the people by drinking with them before he was purified of the parricide. It was usual on that day to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The best drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and with a cask of wine. The third day was called χυτροι from χυτρα, a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seeds and herbs, deemed sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves had the permission of being merry and free during these festivals; and at the end of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, Θυραζε, Καρες, ουκ ετ’ Ἀνθεστηρια, _i.e._ Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an end. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 41. =Anthēus=, a son of Antenor, much esteemed by Paris.――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 514. =Anthīa=, a sister of Priam, seized by the Greeks. She compelled the people of Pallene to burn their ships, and build Scione. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 47.――――A town. _See:_ Anthea.――――A daughter of Thespius, mistress to Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Anthias.= _See:_ Antheas. =Anthippe=, a daughter of Thestius. =Anthium=, a town of Thrace, afterwards called Apollonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――A city of Italy. =Anthius= (_flowery_), a name of Bacchus worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue at Patræ. =Antho=, a daughter of Amulius king of Alba. =Anthōres=, a companion of Hercules, who followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He was killed in the war of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 778. =Anthracia=, a nymph. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31. =Anthropinus=, =Tisarchus=, and =Diocles=, three persons who laid snares for Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Anthropophăgi=, a people of Scythia that fed on human flesh. They lived near the country of the Massagetæ. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Anthylla=, a city of Egypt on the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the queens of the country in shoes, or, according to _Athenæus_, bk. 1, in girdles. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98. =Antia lex=, was made for the suppression of luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who afterwards never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness of the profusion and extravagance which his law meant to destroy, but without effect. _Macrobius_, bk. 3, ch. 17. =Antianīra=, the mother of Echion. =Antias=, the goddess of fortune, chiefly worshipped at Antium.――――A poet. _See:_ Furius. =Anticlēa=, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea. Her father, who was a famous robber, permitted Sisyphus son of Æolus to enjoy the favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulysses when she married Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless the reputed father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said that Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false report of her son’s death. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11, 19.――_Hyginus_, fables 201, 243.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 29.――――A woman who had Periphetes by Vulcan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Diocles, who married Machaon the son of Æsculapius, by whom she had Nicomachus and Gorgasus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. =Antĭcles=, an Athenian archon.――――A man who conspired against Alexander with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――An Athenian victor at Olympia. =Anticlīdes=, a Greek historian, whose works are now lost. They are often quoted by _Athenæus_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Anticrăgus=, a mountain of Lycia, opposite mount Cragus. _Strabo_, bk. 4. =Anticrătes=, a Spartan who stabbed Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the battle of Mantinea. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_. =Anticy̆ra=, two towns of Greece, the one in Phocis and the other near mount Oeta, both famous for the hellebore which they produced. This plant was of infinite service to cure diseases, and particularly insanity; hence the proverb _Naviget Anticyram_. The Anticyra of Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It had a temple of Neptune, who was represented holding a trident in one hand and resting the other on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. Some writers, especially Horace (_Art of Poetry_, li. 300), speak of three islands of this name, but this seems to be a mistake. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 166; _Art of Poetry_, li. 300.――_Persius_, bk. 4, li. 16.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 53.――――A mistress of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_. =Antidŏmus=, a warlike soldier of king Philip at the siege of Perinthus. =Antidŏtus=, an excellent painter, pupil of Euphranor. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. =Antigĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, publicly rewarded for his valour. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 14. =Antigenĭdas=, a famous musician of Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the populace. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97. =Antigŏna=, daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_. =Antigŏne=, a daughter of Œdipus king of Thebes by his mother Jocasta. She buried by night her brother Polynices, against the positive orders of Creon, who, when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried alive. She, however, killed herself before the sentence was executed; and Hæmon the king’s son, who was passionately fond of her, and had not been able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on her grave. The death of Antigone is the subject of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The Athenians were so pleased with it at the first representation, that they presented the author with the government of Samos. This tragedy was represented 32 times at Athens without interruption. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Hyginus_, fables 67, 72, 243, 254.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 3.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 350.――――A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaly. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of Priam, and was changed into a stork for comparing herself to Juno. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 93. =Antigŏnia=, an inland town of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――One of Macedonia, founded by Antigonus son of Gonatas. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――――One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――Another in Bithynia, called also Nicæa. _Strabo_, bk. 12. ――――Another in Arcadia, anciently called Mantinea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――――One of Troas in Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Antigŏnus=, one of Alexander’s generals, universally supposed to be the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander’s father. In the division of the provinces after the king’s death, he received Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia. He united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy Perdiccas and Eumenes; and after the death of Perdiccas he made continual war against Eumenes, whom, after three years of various fortune, he took prisoner, and ordered to be starved. He afterwards declared war against Cassander, whom he conquered, and had several engagements by his generals with Lysimachus. He obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt. Ptolemy, who had established himself in Egypt, promised to defend Seleucus, and from that time all friendship ceased between Ptolemy and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in which Demetrius the son of Antigonus conquered the fleet of Ptolemy, near the island of Cyprus, and took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. After this famous naval battle, which happened 26 years after Alexander’s death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their example was followed by all the rest of Alexander’s generals. The power of Antigonus was now become so formidable, that Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus combined together to destroy him; yet Antigonus despised them, saying that he would disperse them as birds. He attempted to enter Egypt in vain, though he gained several victories over his opponents, and he at last received so many wounds in a battle that he could not survive them, and died in the 80th year of his age, 301 B.C. During his life, he was master of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria; but after his death, his son Demetrius lost Asia, and established himself in Macedonia after the death of Cassander, and some time after attempted to recover his former possessions, but died in captivity in the court of his son-in-law Seleucus. Antigonus was concerned in the different intrigues of the Greeks. He made a treaty of alliance with the Ætolians, and was highly respected by the Athenians, to whom he showed himself very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his officers because they spent their time in taverns, and he gave their commissions to common soldiers who performed their duty with punctuality. A certain poet called him divine; but the king despised his flattery, and bade him go and inquire of his servants whether he was really what he supposed him. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.――_Justin_, bks. 13, 14, & 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_, _Eumenes_, & _Aratus_.――――Gonatas, son of Demetrius and grandson to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians to liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus, who seized his kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son Demetrius to succeed, B. C. 243. _Justin_, bks. 21 & 25.――_Polybius._ ――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――The guardian of his nephew Philip, the son of Demetrius, who married the widow of Demetrius and usurped the kingdom. He was called _Doson_, from his promising much and giving nothing. He conquered Cleomenes king of Sparta, and obliged him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured the Ætolians against the Greeks. He died, B.C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving his crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who distinguished himself by his cruelties, and the war which he made against the Romans. _Justin_, bks. 28 & 29.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_. ――――A son of Aristobulus king of Judæa, who obtained an army from the king of Parthia, by promising him 1000 talents and 500 women. With these foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut the ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit for the priesthood. Herod, with the aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death by Antony. _Josephus_, bk. 14.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_ & _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――Carystius, an historian in the age of Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some of the ancient philosophers. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Athenæus._――――A writer on agriculture.――――A statuary, who wrote on his profession. =Antilco=, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his death, oligarchy prevailed in that city. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_. =Antilibănus=, a mountain of Syria opposite mount Libanus; near which the Orontes flows. _Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20. =Antilŏchus=, a king of Messenia.――――The eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He went to the Trojan war with his father, and was killed by Memnon the son of Aurora. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, says he was killed by Hector.――――A poet who wrote a panegyric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――An historian commended by _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_. =Antimăchus=, a lascivious person.――――An historian.――――A Greek poet and musician of Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a treatise on the age and genealogy of Homer, and proved him to be a native of Colophon. He repeated one of his compositions before a large audience, but his diction was so obscure and unintelligible that all retired except Plato; on which he said, _Legam nihilominus, Plato enim mihi est unus instar omnium_. He was reckoned the next to Homer in excellence, and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry that he preferred him to Homer. He wrote a poem upon the Theban war; and before he had brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, he had filled 24 volumes. He was surnamed _Clarius_ from Claros, a mountain near Colophon, where he was born. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.―― _Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Timoleon_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 45.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Another poet of the same name, surnamed _Psecas_, because he praised himself. _Suidas._――――A Trojan whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of Helen to Menelaus and Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons, Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 123; bk. 23, li. 188.――――A son of Hercules by a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――――A native of Heliopolis, who wrote a poem on the creation of the world, in 3780 verses. =Antimĕnes=, a son of Deiphon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 28. =Antinoe=, one of the daughters of Pelias, whose wishes to restore her father to youthful vigour proved so fatal. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.―― _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11. =Antinoeia=, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games in honour of Antinous, instituted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, where Antinous was worshipped as a divinity. =Antinopŏlis=, a town of Egypt, built in honour of Antinous. =Antinous=, a youth of Bithynia, of whom the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, that at his death he erected a temple to him, and wished it to be believed that he had been changed into a constellation. Some writers suppose that Antinous was drowned in the Nile, while others maintain that he offered himself at a sacrifice as a victim, in honour of the emperor.――――A native of Ithaca, son of Eupeithes, and one of Penelope’s suitors. He was brutal and cruel in his manners; and excited his companions to destroy Telemachus, whose advice comforted his mother Penelope. When Ulysses returned home he came to the palace in a beggar’s dress, and begged for bread, which Antinous refused, and even struck him. After Ulysses had discovered himself to Telemachus and Eumæus, he attacked the suitors, who were ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous among the first. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 1, 16, 17, & 22.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 7. =Antiŏchia=, the name of a Syrian province. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14. ――――A city of Syria, once the third city of the world for beauty, greatness, and population. It was built by Antiochus and Seleucus Nicanor, partly on a hill and partly in a plain. It has the river Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a celebrated grove called Daphne; whence, for the sake of distinction, it has been called Antiochia near Daphne. _Dionysius Periegeta._――――A city called also Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, built by Seleucus son of Antiochus.――――The capital of Pisidia, 92 miles at the east of Ephesus.――――A city on mount Cragus.――――Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia on the west.――――Another in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia. ――――Another near mount Taurus, on the confines of Syria.――――Another of Caria, on the river Meander. =Antiŏchis=, the name of the mother of Antiochus the son of Seleucus. ――――A tribe of Athens. =Antiŏchus=, surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus, and king of Syria in Asia. He made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering disease, which none of his father’s physicians could cure for some time, till it was discovered that his pulse was more irregular than usual when Stratonice his stepmother entered his room, and that love for her was the cause of his illness. This was told to the father, who willingly gave Stratonice to his son, that his immoderate love might not cause his death. He died 291 B.C., after a reign of 19 years. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 2, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5.――_Polybius_, bk. 4. ――_Appian._――――The second of that name, surnamed _Theos_ (_God_) by the Milesians, because he put to death their tyrant Timarchus, was son and successor to Antiochus Soter. He put an end to the war which had been begun with Ptolemy; and, to strengthen the peace, he married Berenice, the daughter of the Ægyptian king. This so offended his former wife Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she poisoned him, and suborned Artemon, whose features were similar to his, to represent him as king. Artemon, subservient to her will, pretended to be indisposed, and as king, called all the ministers, and recommended to them Seleucus, surnamed Callinicus, son of Laodice, as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it was made public that the king had died a natural death, and Laodice placed her son on the throne, and despatched Berenice and her son, 246 years before the christian era. _Appian._――――The third of that name, surnamed the _Great_, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. He was defeated by Ptolemy Philopater at Rapeia, after which he made war against Persia, and took Sardes. After the death of Philopater, he endeavoured to crush his infant son Epiphanes: but his guardians solicited the aid of the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign his pretensions. He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of which some cities implored the aid of Rome; and Annibal, who had taken refuge at his court, encouraged him to make war against Italy. He was glad to find himself supported by the abilities of such a general; but his measures were dilatory, and not agreeable to the advice of Annibal, and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount Taurus, and pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues being unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus in Susiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed him with his followers, 187 years before the christian era. In his character of king, Antiochus was humane and liberal, the patron of learning, and the friend of merit; and he published an edict, ordering his subjects never to obey except his commands were consistent with the laws of the country. He had three sons, Seleucus Philopater, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. The first succeeded him, and the two others were kept as hostages by the Romans. _Justin_, bks. 31 & 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 59. ――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The fourth Antiochus, surnamed _Epiphanes_ or _Illustrious_, was king of Syria, after the death of his brother Seleucus, and reigned 11 years. He destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they called him _Epimanes_, or _Furious_, and not _Epiphanes_. He attempted to plunder Persepolis without effect. He was of a voracious appetite, and fond of childish diversions; he used for his pleasure to empty bags of money into the streets, to see the people’s eagerness to gather it; he bathed in the public baths with the populace, and was fond of perfuming himself to excess. He invited all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and waited upon them as a servant, and danced with such indecency among the stage players, that even the most dissipate and shameless blushed at the sight. _Polybius._――_Justin_, bk. 34, ch. 3.――――The fifth, surnamed _Eupator_, succeeded his father Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 164 B.C. He made a peace with the Jews, and in the second year of his reign was assassinated by his uncle Demetrius, who said that the crown was lawfully his own, and that it had been seized from his father. _Justin_, bk. 34. ――_Josephus_, bk. 12.――――The sixth king of Syria was surnamed _Entheus_ or _Noble_. His father, Alexander Bala, entrusted him to the care of Malcus, an Arabian; and he received the crown from Tryphon, in opposition to his brother Demetrius, whom the people hated. Before he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon murdered him, 143 B.C., and reigned in his place for three years. _Josephus_, bk. 13.――――The seventh, called _Sidetes_, reigned nine years. In the beginning of his reign he was afraid of Tryphon, and concealed himself, but he soon obtained the means of destroying his enemy. He made war against Phraates king of Parthia, and he fell in the battle which was soon after fought, about 130 years before the christian era. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The eighth, surnamed _Grypus_, from his _aquiline_ nose, was son of Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was destroyed by Cleopatra, and he himself would have shared the same fate, had he not discovered his mother’s artifice, and compelled her to drink the poison which was prepared for himself. He killed Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and was at last assassinated, B.C. 112, after a reign of 11 years. _Justin_, bk. 39, &c.――_Josephus._――_Appian._――――The ninth, surnamed _Cyzenicus_, from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes by Cleopatra. He disputed the kingdom with his brother Grypus, who ceded to him Cœlosyria, part of his patrimony, He was at last conquered by his nephew Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than to continue longer in his hands, he killed himself, B.C. 93. While a private man, he seemed worthy to reign; but when on the throne, he was dissolute and tyrannical. He was fond of mechanics, and invented some useful military engines. _Appian._――_Josephus._――――The tenth was ironically surnamed _Pius_, because he married Selena, the wife of his father and of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochus IX., and he expelled Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, and was killed in a battle which he fought against the Parthians, in the cause of the Galatians. _Josephus._――_Appian._ After his death the kingdom of Syria was torn to pieces by the faction of the royal family, or usurpers, who, under a good or false title, under the name of Antiochus or his relations, established themselves for a little time as sovereigns either of Syria, or Damascus, or other dependent provinces. At last Antiochus, surnamed _Asiaticus_, the son of Antiochus IX., was restored to his paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus the Roman general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king of Armenia from the Syrian dominions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him, and observed, that he who had hid himself while a usurper sat upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, B.C. 65, Syria became a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus was extinguished. _Justin_, bk. 40.――――A philosopher of Ascalon, famous for his writings, and the respect with which he was treated by his pupils, Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus.――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An historian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other works, a history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he began at the age of king Cocalus. _Strabo._――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A rich king, tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 81.――――A sophist who refused to take upon himself the government of a state, on account of the vehemence of his passions.――――A king conquered by Antony, &c. _Cæsar_, bk. 3, _Civil War_, bk. 4.――――A king of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4.――――A commander of the Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades, conquered by Lysander. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――――A writer of Alexandria, who published a treatise on comic poets. _Athenæus._――――A sceptic of Laodicea. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A learned sophist. _Philostratus._――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 33.――――A hair-dresser mentioned by _Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 85.――――A son of Hercules by Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 98.――――A sculptor, said to have made the famous statue of Pallas, preserved in the Ludovisi gardens at Rome. =Antiŏpe=, a daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter, who, to deceive her, changed himself into a satyr. She became pregnant, and, to avoid the resentment of her father, she fled to mount Cithæron, where she brought forth twins, Amphion and Zethus. She exposed them, to prevent discovery, but they were preserved. After this she fled to Epopeus king of Sicyon, who married her. Some say that Epopeus carried her away, for which action Nycteus made war against him, and at his death left his crown to his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue the war, and punish the ravisher of his daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, whom he loved and married, though his niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous of his new connection; she prevailed upon her husband, and Antiope was delivered into her hands, and confined in a prison, where she was daily tormented. Antiope, after many years’ imprisonment, obtained means to escape, and went after her sons, who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to death, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died. Bacchus changed her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope of the use of her senses. In this forlorn situation she wandered all over Greece, and at last found relief from Phocus son of Ornytion, who cured her of her disorder, and married her. Hyginus, fable 7, says that Antiope was divorced by Lycus, because she had been ravished by Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, and that after her repudiation she became pregnant by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married Dirce, who suspected that her husband still kept the company of Antiope, upon which she imprisoned her. Antiope, however, escaped from her confinement, and brought forth on mount Cithæron. Some authors have called her daughter of Asopus, because she was born on the banks of that river. The _Scholiast_ on _Apollonius_, bk. 1, li. 735, maintains that there were two persons of the name, one the daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Asopus and mother of Amphion and Zethus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, bk. 6, _Metamorphoses_, li. 110.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 259.――_Hyginus_, fables 7, 8, & 155.――――A daughter of Thespius or Thestius, mother of Alopius by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and given in marriage to Theseus. She is also called Hippolyte. _See:_ Hippolyte. ――――A daughter of Æolus, mother of Bœotus and Hellen by Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――A daughter of Pilon, who married Eurytus. _Hippolyte_, fable 14. =Antiōrus=, a son of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_. =Antipăros=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Paros, from which it is about six miles distant. =Antipăter=, son of Iolaus, was soldier under king Philip, and raised to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When Alexander went to invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme governor of Macedonia, and of all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the cause of his king; he made war against Sparta, and was soon after called into Persia with a reinforcement by Alexander. He has been suspected of giving poison to Alexander, to raise himself to power. After Alexander’s death his generals divided the empire among themselves, and Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. The wars which Greece, and chiefly Athens, meditated under Alexander’s life, now burst forth with uncommon fury as soon as the news of his death was received. The Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships against Antipater, who was master of Macedonia. Their expedition was attended with much success; Antipater was routed in Thessaly, and even besieged in the town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the Athenian general was mortally wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise the siege, and soon after received a reinforcement from Craterus, from Asia, with which he conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thessaly. After this defeat Antipater and Craterus marched into Bœotia, and conquered the Ætolians, and granted peace to the Athenians, on the conditions which Leosthenes had proposed to Antipater when besieged in Lamia, _i.e._ that he should be absolute master over them. Besides this, he demanded from their ambassadors, Demades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, that they should deliver into his hands the orators Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose eloquence had inflamed the minds of their countrymen, and had been the primary causes of the war. The conditions were accepted, a Macedonian garrison was stationed in Athens, but the inhabitants still were permitted the free use of their laws and privileges. Antipater and Craterus were the first who made hostile preparations against Perdiccas; and during that time Polyperchon was appointed over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated the Ætolians, who made an invasion upon Macedonia. Antipater gave assistance to Eumenes in Asia against Antigonus, according to _Justin_, bk. 14, ch. 2. At his death, B.C. 319, Antipater appointed Polyperchon master of all his possessions; and as he was the oldest of all the generals and successors of Alexander, he recommended that he might be the supreme ruler in their councils, that everything might be done according to his judgment. As for his son Cassander, he left him in a subordinate station under Polyperchon. But Cassander was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey his father’s injunctions. He recovered Macedonia, and made himself absolute. _Curtius_, bks. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 10.――_Justin_, bks. 11, 12, 13, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 17, 18, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_ & _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Eumenes_, _Alexander_, &c.――――A son of Cassander king of Macedonia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus. He killed his mother, because she wished his brother Alexander to succeed to the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death of his mother, solicited the assistance of Demetrius; but peace was re-established between the two brothers by the advice of Lysimachus, and soon after Demetrius killed Antipater, and made himself king of Macedonia, 294 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 1.――――A king of Macedonia, who reigned only 45 days, 277 B.C.――――A king of Cilicia.――――A powerful prince, father to Herod. He was appointed governor of Judæa by Cæsar, whom he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. _Josephus._――――An Athenian archon.――――One of Alexander’s soldiers, who conspired against his life with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――A celebrated sophist of Hieropolis, preceptor to the children of the emperor Severus.――――A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 years B.C.――――A poet of Sidon, who could compose a number of verses extempore, upon any subject. He ranked Sappho among the Muses, in one of his epigrams. He had a fever every year on the day of his birth, of which at last he died. He flourished about 80 years B.C. Some of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Officiis_, bk. 3; _De Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4.――――A philosopher of Phœnicia, preceptor to Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A Stoic philosopher, disciple of Diogenes of Babylon. He wrote two books on divination, and died at Athens. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 3; _Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4, ch. 6; _de Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote two books of letters.――――A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of Augustus. =Antipatria=, a city of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27. =Antipatrĭdas=, a governor of Telmessus. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Antipătris=, a city of Palestine. =Antiphănes=, an ingenious statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A comic poet of Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year of his age, by the fall of an apple upon his head.――――A physician of Delos, who used to say that diseases originated from the variety of food that was eaten. _Clement of Alexandria._――_Athenæus._ =Antiphătes=, a king of the Læstrygones, descended from Lamus, who founded Formiæ. Ulysses returning from Troy, came upon his coasts, and sent three men to examine the country. Antiphates devoured one of them, and pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses with stones, except the ship in which Ulysses was. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 232.――――A son of Sarpedon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 696.――――The grandfather of Amphiaraus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A man killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, li. 191. =Antiphĭli Portus=, a harbour on the African side of the Red sea. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Antiphĭlus=, an Athenian who succeeded Leosthenes at the siege of Lamia against Antipater. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A noble painter who represented a youth leaning over a fire and blowing it, from which the whole house seemed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by birth; he imitated Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesidemus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10. =Antĭphon=, a poet.――――A native of Rhamnusia, called Nestor, from his eloquence and prudence. The 16 orations that are extant under his name, are supposititious.――――An orator who promised Philip king of Macedonia that he would set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which he was put to death, at the instigation of Demosthenes. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_ & _Demosthenes_. ――――A poet who wrote on agriculture. _Athenæus._――――An author who wrote a treatise on peacocks.――――A rich man introduced by Xenophon as disputing with Socrates.――――An Athenian who interpreted dreams, and wrote a history of his art. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bks. 1 & 2.――――A foolish rhetorician.――――A poet of Attica, who wrote tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death because he refused to praise his compositions. Being once asked by the tyrant what brass was the best, he answered, “That with which the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton are made.” _Plutarch._ ――_Aristotle._ =Antiphŏnus=, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of Achilles to redeem Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24. =Antĭphus=, a son of Priam, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war. ――――A son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to the Trojan war in 30 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 185.――――An intimate friend of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17.――――A brother of Ctimenus, was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he had offered violence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The poet’s dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of the murder. _Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_. =Antipœnus=, a noble Theban, whose daughters sacrificed themselves for the public safety. _See:_ Androclea. =Antipŏlis=, a city of Gaul, built by the people of Marseilles. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15. =Antirrhium=, a promontory of Ætolia, opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus, whence the name. =Antissa=, a city at the north of Lesbos.――――An island near it. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 287.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89. =Antisthĕnes=, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father and of a Phrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the famous Diogenes; but when he had heard Socrates, he shut up his school, and told his pupils, “Go seek for yourselves a master; I have now found one.” He was at the head of the sect of the Cynic philosophers. One of his pupils asked him what philosophy had taught him. “To live with myself,” said he. He sold his all, and preserved only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, and tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress too far, “Antisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of thy coat.” Antisthenes taught the unity of God, but he recommended suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity were followed as long as he was himself an example of the cynical character, but after his death they were all forgotten. Antisthenes flourished 396 years B.C. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 35. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――――A disciple of Heraclitus.――――An historian of Rhodes. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Antistius Labeo=, an excellent lawyer at Rome, who defended the liberties of his country against Augustus, for which he is taxed with madness by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 54.――――Petro of Gabii, was the author of a celebrated treaty between Rome and his country, in the age of Tarquin the Proud. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――――Caius Reginus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gaul War_, bks. 6 & 7.――――A soldier of Pompey’s army, so confident of his valour, that he challenged all the adherents of Cæsar. _Hirtius_, ch. 25, _Spanish War_. =Antitaurus=, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which runs in a north-east direction through Cappadocia towards Armenia and the Euphrates. =Antitheus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. =Antium=, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanius, or, according to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32 miles east from Ostium. It was the capital of the Volsci, who made war against the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them in the Forum on a tribunal, which from thence was called _Rostrum_. This town was dedicated to the goddess of Fortune, whose statues, when consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, or other different signs. Nero was born there. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14. =Antomĕnes=, the last king of _Corinth_. After his death, magistrates with regal authority were chosen annually. =Antōnia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Antony the consul, A.U.C. 710. It abrogated the _lex Atia_, and renewed the _lex Cornelia_, by taking away from the people the privilege of choosing priests, and restoring it to the college of priests, to which it originally belonged. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 703. It ordained that a new decury of judges should be added to the two former, and that they should be chosen from the centurions. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, speeches 1 & 5.――――Another by the same. It allowed an appeal to the people, to those who were condemned _de majestate_, or of perfidious measures against the state.――――Another by the same, during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to propose ever after the election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of the office. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 3. =Antōnia=, a daughter of Marcus Antony by Octavia. She married Domitius Ænobarbus, and was mother of Nero and of two daughters. ――――A sister of Germanicus.――――A daughter of Claudius and Ælia Petina. She was of the family of the Tuberos, and was repudiated for her levity. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11.――――The wife of Drusus, the son of Livia and brother to Tiberius. She became mother of three children, Germanicus, Caligula’s father, Claudius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. Her husband died very early, and she never would marry again, but spent her time in the education of her children. Some people suppose that her grandson Caligula ordered her to be poisoned, A.D. 38. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in honour of Marcus Antony. =Antōnii=, a patrician and plebeian family, which were said to derive their origin from Antones, a son of Hercules, as _Plutarch_, _Antonius_ informs us. =Antonīna=, the wife of Belisarius, &c. =Antonīnus Titus=, surnamed _Pius_, was adopted by the emperor Adrian, to whom he succeeded. This prince is remarkable for all the virtues that can form a perfect statesman, philosopher, and king. He rebuilt whatever cities had been destroyed by wars in former reigns. In cases of famines or inundation, he relieved the distressed, and supplied their wants with his own money. He suffered the governors of the provinces to remain long in the administration, that no opportunity of extortion might be given to new comers. In his conduct towards his subjects, he behaved with affability and humanity, and listened with patience to every complaint brought before him. When told of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, “I prefer the life and preservation of a citizen to the death of 100 enemies.” He did not persecute the christians like his predecessors, but his life was a scene of universal benevolence. His last moments were easy, though preceded by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia, he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a sophist, who in civility obliged the governor to change his house at night. The sophist, when Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jocosely desired to use the palace as his own house, without any apprehension of being turned out at night. He extended the boundaries of the Roman province in Britain, by raising a rampart between the friths of Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war during his reign, and only repulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared in the field. He died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 23 years, A.D. 161. He was succeeded by his adopted son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, surnamed the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. He raised to the imperial dignity his brother Lucius Verus, whose voluptuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as the moderation of the philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcomanni were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, entitled τα καθ’ ἑαυτον, _concerning himself_, the best editions of which are the 4to, Oxford, 1704. After the war with the Quadi had been finished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived him eight years, and died in his 61st year, after a reign of 29 years and 10 days. _Dio Cassius._――――Bassianus Caracalla, son of the emperor Septimus Severus, was celebrated for his cruelties. He killed his brother Geta in his mother’s arms, and attempted to destroy the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was one of those who sent poison to Alexander. He married his mother, and publicly lived with her, which gave occasion to the people of Alexandria to say, that he was an Œdipus, and his wife a Jocasta. This joke was fatal to them; and the emperor, to punish their ill language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming the name and dress of Achilles, and styling himself the conqueror of provinces which he had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa by Macrinus, April 8, in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 217. His body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight. ――――There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called _Iter Britannicum_, which some have attributed to the emperor Antoninus, though it was more probably written by a person of that name whose age is unknown. =Antoniopŏlis=, a city of Mesopotamia. _Marcellinus_, bk. 8. =Marcus Antōnius Gnipho=, a poet of Gaul, who taught rhetoric at Rome. Cicero and other illustrious men frequented his school. He never asked anything for his lectures, whence he received more from the liberality of his pupils. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_, ch. 7.――――An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the same name. He was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his head was hung in the Forum. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 121.――――Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office of managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean, with unlimited power. This gave him many opportunities of plundering the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart. _Sallust_. _Fragments of the Histories_.――――Caius, a son of the orator of that name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, and plundered Achaia. He was carried before the pretor Marcus Lucullus, and banished from the senate by the censors for pillaging the allies, and refusing to appear when summoned before justice.――――Caius, son of Antonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia as his province, and fought with ill success against the Dardani. He was accused at his return, and banished.――――Marcus, the triumvir, was grandson to the orator Marcus Antonius, and son of Antonius, surnamed _Cretensis_ from his wars in Crete. He was augur and tribune of the people, in which he distinguished himself by his ambitious views. He always entertained a secret resentment against Cicero, which arose from Cicero’s having put to death Cornelius Lentulus, who was concerned in Catiline’s conspiracy. This Lentulus had married Antonius’s mother after his father’s death. When the senate was torn by the factions of Pompey’s and Cæsar’s adherents, Antony proposed that both should lay aside the command of their armies in the provinces; but as this proposition met not with success, he privately retired from Rome to the camp of Cæsar, and advised him to march his army to Rome. In support of his attachment, he commanded the left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, according to a premeditated scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence of the Roman people. When Cæsar was assassinated in the senate house, his friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; and to ingratiate himself and his party with the populace, he reminded them of the liberal treatment they had received from Cæsar. He besieged Mutina, which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus, for which the senate judged him an enemy to the republic at the remonstration of Cicero. He was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by young Cæsar, who soon after joined his interest with that of Antony, and formed the celebrated triumvirate, which was established with such cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even spare his own uncle, that he might strike off the head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvirate divided the Roman empire among themselves; Lepidus was set over all Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony returned into the east, where he enlarged his dominions by different conquests. Antony had married Fulvia, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia the sister of Augustus, and by this connection to strengthen the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the battle of Philippi against the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and he buried the body of Marcus Brutus, his enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During his residence in the east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleopatra queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of all his power. Antony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces of the east, and with Cleopatra marched against Octavius Cæsar. These two enemies met at Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, but Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle, and ruined his cause. After the battle of Actium, Antony followed Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was soon informed of the defection of all his allies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on his shores. He stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by the bite of an asp. Antony died in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30, and the conqueror shed tears when he was informed that his enemy was no more. Antony left seven children by his three wives. He has been blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of pleasures, and his fondness of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from whom, according to some accounts, he was descended; and he is often represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the form of Omphale, dressed in the arms of her submissive lover, and beating him with her sandals. In his public character, Antony was brave and courageous, but, with the intrepidity of Cæsar, he possessed all his voluptuous inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, and did not scruple to call, from vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His fondness for low company, and his debauchery, form the best parts of Cicero’s Philippics. It is said, that the night of Cæsar’s murder, Cassius supped with Antony; and, being asked whether he had a dagger with him, answered, “Yes, if you, Antony, aspire to sovereign power.” _Plutarch_ has written an account of his life. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 685.――_Horace_, ltr. 9.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 122. ――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_.――_Justin_, bks. 41 & 42.――――Julius, son of Antony the triumvir by Fulvia, was consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, and put to death by order of Augustus. Some say that he killed himself. It is supposed that he wrote an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books. _Horace_ dedicated his _Ode_ 4 to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 44.――――Lucius, the triumvir’s brother, was besieged in Pelusium by Augustus, and obliged to surrender himself, with 300 men, by famine. The conqueror spared his life. Some say that he was killed at the shrine of Cæsar.――――A noble but unfortunate youth. His father Julius was put to death by Augustus for his criminal conversation with Julia, and he himself was removed by the emperor to Marseilles, on pretence of finishing his education. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 44.――――Felix, a freedman of Claudius, appointed governor of Judæa. He married Drusilla the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――Flamma, a Roman condemned for extortion under Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 45.――――Musa, a physician of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1. ――――Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A.U.C. 304. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 35. ――――Quintus Merenda, a military tribune, A.U.C. 332. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 42. =Antorĭdes=, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. _Pliny._ =Antro Coracius.= _See:_ ♦Coracius. ♦ Reference not found. =Antylla.= _See:_ Anthylla. =Anūbis=, an Egyptian deity, represented under the form of a man with the head of a dog, because when Osiris went on his expedition against India, Anubis accompanied him, and clothed himself in a sheep’s skin. His worship was introduced from Egypt into Greece and Italy. He is supposed by some to be Mercury, because he is sometimes represented with a _caduceus_. Some make him brother of Osiris, some his son by Nepthys the wife of Typhon. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 331.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 686.――_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 698. =Anxius=, a river of Armenia, falling into the Euphrates. =Anxur=, called also Tarracina, a city of the Volsci, taken by the Romans, A.U.C. 348. It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter Anxur, and represented in the form of a beardless boy. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 59.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 84. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799. =Anyta=, a Greek woman, some of whose elegant verses are still extant. =Any̆tus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates of impiety, and was the cause of his condemnation. These false accusers were afterwards put to death by the Athenians. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 13. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_. ――――One of the Titans. =Anzābe=, a river near the Tigris. _Marcellinus_, bk. 18. =Aollius=, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, afterwards called Abillius. =Aon=, a son of Neptune, who came to Eubœa and Bœotia from Apulia, where he collected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned over them. They were called _Aones_, and the country _Aonia_, from him. =Aŏnes=, the inhabitants of _Aonia_, called afterwards Bœotia. They came there in the age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to settle with the Phœnicians. The muses have been called _Aonides_, because Aonia was more particularly frequented by them. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 7, 10, 13; _Tristia_, poem 5, li. 10; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 456; bk. 4, li. 245.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 11. =Aonia=, one of the ancient names of Bœotia. =Aōris=, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of Corinth. He was so fond of his sister Arathyræa, that he called part of the country by her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――The wife of Neleus, called more commonly Chloris. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36. =Aornos=, =Aornus=, =Aornis=, a lofty rock, supposed to be near the Ganges in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but was never able to conquer it. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Arrian_, bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A place in Epirus, with an oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 80.――――A certain lake near Tartessus.――――Another near Baiæ and Puteoli. It was also called Avernus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 242. =Aōti=, a people of Thrace, near the Getæ, on the Ister. _Pliny_, bk. 4. =Apaĭtæ=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo._ =Apāma=, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who married Pharnabazus satrap of Ionia.――――A daughter of Antiochus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Apāme=, the mother of Nicomedes by Prusias king of Bithynia.――――The mother of Antiochus Soter by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a city which he called by his mother’s name. =Apamia=, or =Apamēa=, a city of Phrygia, on the Marsyas.――――A city of Bithynia,――――of Media,――――of Mesopotamia.――――Another near the Tigris. =Aparni=, a nation of shepherds near the Caspian sea. _Strabo._ =Apatūria=, a festival of Athens, which received its name from ἀπατη, _deceit_, because it was instituted in memory of a stratagem by which Xanthus king of Bœotia was killed by Melanthus king of Athens, upon the following occasion. When a war arose between the Bœotians and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories, Xanthus made a proposal to the Athenian king to decide the battle by single combat. Thymœtes, who was then on the throne of Athens, refused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. When they began the engagement, Melanthus exclaimed that his antagonist had some person behind him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked behind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this success Jupiter was called ἀπατηνωρ, _deceiver_, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be behind Xanthus, was called Μελαναιγις, clothed in the skin of a _black goat_. Some derive the word from ἀπατορια, _i.e._ ὁμοτορια, because, on the day of the festival, the children accompanied their fathers to be registered among the citizens. The festival lasted three days. The first day was called δορπια, because suppers, δορποι, were prepared for each separate tribe. The second day was called ἀναρρυσις ἀπο του ἀνω ἐρυειν, because sacrifices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the victim was generally turned up towards the heavens. The third was called Κουρεωτις, from Κουρος, a _youth_, or Κουρα, _shaving_, because the young men had their hair cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that they were freeborn Athenians. They generally sacrificed two ewes and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by the Ionians, except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colophon.――――A surname of Minerva,――――of Venus. =Apeauros=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 4. =Apella=, a word, _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 10, which has given much trouble to critics and commentators. Some suppose it to mean circumcised (_sine pelle_), an epithet highly applicable to a Jew. Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon the authority of Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 19, who mentions a person of the same name. =Apelles=, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as others say, of Ephesus or Colophon, son of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the Great, who honoured him so much that he forbade any man but Apelles to draw his picture. He was so attentive to his profession that he never spent a day without employing his pencil, whence the proverb of _Nulla dies sine lineâ_. His most perfect picture was Venus Anadyomene, which was not totally finished when the painter died. He made a painting of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, so much like life that Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the king with the thunder seemed to come out of the picture. This picture was placed in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. He made another of Alexander, but the king expressed not much satisfaction at the sight of it: and at that moment a horse, passing by, neighed at the horse which was represented in the piece, supposing it to be alive; upon which the painter said, “One would imagine that the horse is a better judge of painting than your Majesty.” When Alexander ordered him to draw the picture of Campaspe, one of his mistresses, Apelles became enamoured of her, and the king permitted him to marry her. He wrote three volumes upon painting, which were still extant in the age of Pliny. It is said that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring against the life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to death had not the real conspirator discovered himself, and saved the painter. Apelles never put his name to any pictures but three; a sleeping Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The proverb of _Ne sutor ultra crepidam_ is applied to him by some. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 238.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 1, ltr. 9.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 401. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A tragic writer. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 33.――――A Macedonian general, &c. =Apellĭcon=, a Teian peripatetic philosopher, whose fondness for books was so great that he is accused of stealing them, when he could not obtain them with money. He bought the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but greatly disfigured them by his frequent interpolations. The extensive library, which he had collected at Athens, was carried to Rome when Sylla had conquered the capital of Attica, and among the valuable books was found an original manuscript of Aristotle. He died about 86 B.C. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Apennīnus=, a ridge of high mountains which run through the middle of Italy, from Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are joined to the Alps. Some have supposed that they ran across Sicily by Rhegium before Italy was separated from Sicily. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 306. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 226.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 743.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Aper Marcus=, a Latin orator of Gaul, who distinguished himself as a politician, as well as by his genius. The dialogue of the orators, inserted with the works of Tacitus and Quintilian, is attributed to him. He died A.D. 85.――――Another. _See:_ Numerianus. =Aperopia=, a small island on the coast of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34. =Apĕsus=, =Apesas=, or =Apesantus=, a mountain of Peloponnesus near Lerna. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 461. =Aphaca=, a town of Palestine, where Venus was worshipped, and where she had a temple and an oracle. =Aphæa=, a name of Diana, who had a temple in Ægina. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30. =Aphar=, the capital city of Arabia, near the Red sea. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_. =Apharētus=, fell in love with Marpessa daughter of Œnomaus, and carried her away. =Aphareus=, a king of Messenia, son of Perieres and Gorgophone, who married Arene daughter of Œbalus, by whom he had three sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A relation of Isocrates, who wrote 37 tragedies. =Aphas=, a river of Greece, which falls into the bay of Ambracia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Aphellas=, a king of Cyrene, who, with the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce all Africa under his power. _Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 7. =Aphĕsas=, a mountain in Peloponnesus, whence, as the poets have imagined, Perseus attempted to fly to heaven. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 461. =Aphētæ=, a city of Magnesia, where the ship Argo was launched. _Apollodorus._ =Aphīdas=, a son of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8. =Aphidna=, a part of Attica, which received its name from Aphidnus, one of the companions of Theseus. _Herodotus._ =Aphidnus=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 702. =Aphœbētus=, one of the conspirators against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Aphrīces=, an Indian prince, who defended the rock Aornus, with 20,000 foot and 15 elephants. He was killed by his troops, and his head sent to Alexander. =Aphrodisia=, an island in the Persian gulf, where Venus is worshipped. ――――Festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts of Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were first instituted by Cinyras, from whose family the priests of the goddess were always chosen. All those that were initiated offered a piece of money to Venus as a harlot, and received as a mark of the favours of the goddess, a measure of salt and a θαλλος; the salt, because Venus arose from the sea; the θαλλος, because she is the goddess of wantonness. They were celebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part of Greece they were very much frequented. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Athenæus._ =Aphrodisias=, a town of Caria, sacred to Venus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 62. =Aphrodisium= (or a), a town of Apulia, built by Diomede in honour of Venus. =Aphrodīsum=, a city on the eastern parts of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis.――――A promontory with an island of the same name on the coast of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Aphrodīte=, the Grecian name of Venus, from ἀφρος, froth, because Venus is said to have been born from the froth of the ocean. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 195.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5. =Aphȳtæ=, or =Aphytis=, a city of Thrace, near Pallena, where Jupiter Ammon was worshipped. Lysander besieged the town; but the god of the place appeared to him in a dream, and advised him to raise the siege, which he immediately did. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Apia=, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it received from king Apis. It was afterwards called Ægialea, Pelasgia, Argia, and at last Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 270. Also the name of the earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a powerful deity. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 59. =Apiānus=, or =Apion=, was born at Oasis in Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of which he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus in the profession of rhetoric in the reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the head of an embassy which the people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to complain of the Jews. _Seneca_, ltr. 88.――_Pliny_, preface, _Natural History_. =Apicāta=, married Sejanus, by whom she had three children. She was repudiated. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Apicius=, a famous glutton in Rome. There were three of the same name, all famous for their voracious appetite. The first lived in the time of the republic, the second in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius, and the third under Trajan. The second was the most famous, as he wrote a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating. He hanged himself after he had consumed the greatest part of his estate. The best edition of Apicius Cælius _de Arte Coquinariâ_, is that of Amsterdam, 12mo, 1709. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 3.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 69. =Apidănus=, one of the chief rivers of Thessaly, at the south of the Peneus, into which it falls a little above Larissa. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 372. =Apĭna= and =Apinæ=, a city of Apulia, destroyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by Diomedes; whence came the proverb of _Apina et Trica_, to express trifling things. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Apiŏla= and =Apiolæ=, a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the Proud. The Roman Capitol was begun with the spoils taken from that city. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Apion=, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. ――――A grammarian. _See:_ Apianus. =Apis=, one of the ancient kings of Peloponnesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king of Argos, while others call him king of Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough to show he is but obscurely known, if known at all. He was a native of Naupactum, and descended from Inachus. He received divine honours after death, as he had been munificent and humane to his subjects. The country where he reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it received the name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, and at last that of Peloponnesus, from Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augustine, have imagined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that he civilized the inhabitants, and polished their manners, for which they made him a god after death, and paid divine honours to him under the name of Serapis. This tradition, according to some of the moderns, is without foundation. _Æschylus_, _Suppliant Maidens_. ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Jason, born in Arcadia; he was killed by the horses of Ætolus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1. ――――A town of Egypt on the lake Mareotis.――――A god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the form of an ox. Some say that Isis and Osiris are the deities worshipped under this name, because during their reign they taught the Egyptians agriculture. The Egyptians believed that the soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, where it wished to dwell, because that animal had been of the most essential service in the cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had introduced into Egypt. The ox that was chosen was always distinguished by particular marks: his body was black; he had a square white spot upon the forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a beetle; the hairs of his tail were double, and his right side was marked with a whitish spot, resembling the crescent of the moon. Without these, an ox could not be taken as the god Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests gave these distinguishing characteristics to the animal on which their credit and even prosperity depended. The festival of Apis lasted seven days; the ox was led in a solemn procession by the priests, and every one was anxious to receive him into his house, and it was believed that the children who smelt his breath received the knowledge of futurity. The ox was conducted to the banks of the Nile with much ceremony, and if he had lived to the time which their sacred books allowed, they drowned him in the river, and embalmed his body, and buried it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. After his death, which sometimes was natural, the greatest cries and lamentations were heard in Egypt, as if Osiris was just dead; the priests shaved their heads, which was a sign of the deepest mourning. This continued till another ox appeared, with the proper characteristics to succeed as the deity, which was followed with the greatest acclamations, as if Osiris was returned to life. This ox, which was found to represent Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was carried to Memphis, during which time none but women were permitted to appear before him, and this they performed, according to their superstitious notions, in a wanton and indecent manner. There was also an ox worshipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis; some suppose that he was Osiris, but others maintain that the Apis of Memphis was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses came into Egypt, the people were celebrating the festivals of Apis with every mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror interpreted as an insult upon himself. He called the priests of Apis, and ordered the deity itself to come before him. When he saw that an ox was the object of their veneration, and the cause of such rejoicings, he wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to be chastised, and commanded his soldiers to slaughter such as were found celebrating such riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally two stables, or rather temples. If he ate from the hand, it was a favourable omen; but if he refused the food that was offered him, it was interpreted as unlucky. From this Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, drew the omens of his approaching death. When his oracle was consulted, incense was burnt on an altar, and a piece of money placed upon it, after which the people that wished to know futurity applied their ear to the mouth of the god, and immediately retired, stopping their ears till they had departed from the temple. The first sounds that were heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to their questions. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3. ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 38, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Iside et Osiride_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 39, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Apisāon=, son of Hippasus, assisted Priam against the Greeks, at the head of a Pæonian army. He was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 348.――――Another on the same side. =Apitius Galba=, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4. =Apollināres ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated from the following circumstance. An old prophetic poem informed the Romans, that if they instituted yearly games to Apollo, and made a collection of money for his service, they would be able to repel the enemy whose approach already threatened their destruction. The first time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the people rushed out of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly assistance they easily obtained the victory. The people generally sat crowned with laurel at the representation of these games, which were usually celebrated at the option of the pretor, till the year A.U.C. 545, when a law was passed to settle the celebration yearly on the same day about the nones of July. When this alteration happened, Rome was infested with a dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed to be appeased by this act of religion. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 12. =Apollināris, Caius Sulpitius=, a grammarian of Carthage, in the second century, who is supposed to be the author of the verses prefixed to Terence’s plays as arguments.――――A writer better known by the name of Sidonius. _See:_ Sidonius. =Apollinīdes=, a Greek in the wars of Darius and Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Apollĭnis arx=, a place at the entrance of the Sibyl’s cave. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6.――――Promontorium, a promontory of Africa. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 24.――――Templum, a place in Thrace,――――in Lycia. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 9. =Apollo=, son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phœbus, is often confounded with the sun. According to Cicero, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_, there were four persons of this name. The first was son of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was son of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of which he disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and Latona, and came from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The fourth was born in Arcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws to the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the most ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been copied. The three others seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition that the son of Latona was born in the floating island of Delos, is taken from the Egyptian mythology, which asserts that the son of Vulcan, which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from the persecution of Typhon, and entrusted to the care of Latona, who concealed him in the island of Chemmis. When Latona was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, who was ever jealous of her husband’s amours, raised the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to give birth to her children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea, where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of all which he was deemed the inventor. He had received from Jupiter the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of the gods whose oracles were in general repute over the world. His amours with Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene, Cyrene, Chione, Acacallis, Calliope, &c., are well known, and the various shapes he assumed to gratify his passion. He was very fond of young Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus, who was changed into a cypress tree. When his son Æsculapius had been killed with the thunders of Jupiter for raising the dead to life, Apollo, in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had fabricated the thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed at this act of violence, and he banished Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his dignity. The exiled deity came to Admetus king of Thessaly, and hired himself to be one of his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he remained nine years; from which circumstance he was called the god of shepherds, and at his sacrifices a wolf was generally offered, as that animal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. During his residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the tender treatment of Admetus. He gave him a chariot drawn by a lion and a bull, with which he was able to obtain in marriage Alceste the daughter of Pelias; and soon after, the Parcæ granted, at Apollo’s request, that Admetus might be redeemed from death, if another person laid down his life for him. He assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and when he was refused the promised reward from Laomedon the king of the country, he destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as he was born, Apollo destroyed with arrows the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent to persecute Latona; hence he was called Pythius; and he afterwards vindicated the honour of his mother, by putting to death the children of the proud Niobe. _See:_ Niobe. He was not the inventor of the lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and received as a reward the famous caduceus with which Apollo was wont to drive the flocks of Admetus. His contest with Pan and Marsyas, and the punishment inflicted upon Midas, are well known. He received the surnames of Phœbus, Delius, Cynthius, Pœan, Delphicus, Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c., for reasons which are explained under those words. Apollo is generally represented with long hair, and the Romans were fond of imitating his figure, and therefore in their youth they were remarkable for their fine heads of hair, which they cut short at the age of 17 or 18. He is always represented as a tall, beardless young man, with a handsome shape, holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his head is generally surrounded with beams of light. He was the deity who, according to the notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, and in that moment he appeared surrounded with clouds. His worship and power were universally acknowledged: he had temples and statues in every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His statue, which stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to mariners to avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it appeared to a great distance at sea. Augustus, before the battle of Actium, addressed himself to it for victory. The griffin, the cock, the grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, the hawk, the olive, the laurel, the palm tree, &c., were sacred to him; and in his sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they were the natural enemies of the flocks, over which he presided. Bullocks and lambs were also immolated to him. As he presided over poetry, he was often seen on mount Parnassus with the nine muses. His most famous oracles were at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. His most splendid temple was at Delphi, where every nation and individual made considerable presents when they consulted the oracle. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, built him a temple on mount Palatine, which he enriched with a valuable library. He had a famous colossus in Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. Apollo has been taken for the sun; but it may be proved by different passages in the ancient writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phœbus, and Hyperion, were all different characters and deities, though confounded together. When once Apollo was addressed as the Sun, and represented with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was adopted by every writer, and from thence arose the mistake. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables 9 & 10; bk. 4, fable 3, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 7, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 30, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 203, &c. ――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 560.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 3. ――_Plutarch_, _de Amore Prolis_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Hymn to Apollo_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2, 3, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 323.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10.――_Lucian_, ♦_Dialogi Deorum_. ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 28.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 3, 4, & 9; bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 5, 10, & 12.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 171.――――Also a temple of Apollo upon mount Leucas, which appeared at a great distance at sea; and served as a guide to mariners, and reminded them to avoid the dangerous rocks that were along the coast. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 275. ♦ ‘Dial. Mer. & Vulc.’ replaced with ‘Dialogi Deorum’ =Apollocrătes=, a friend of Dion, supposed by some to be the son of Dionysius. =Apollodōrus=, a famous grammarian and mythologist of Athens, son of Asclepias and disciple to Panætius the Rhodian philosopher. He flourished about 115 years before the christian era, and wrote a history of Athens, besides other works. But of all his compositions, nothing is extant but his _Bibliotheca_, a valuable work, divided into three books. It is an abridged history of the gods, and of the ancient heroes, of whose actions and genealogy it gives a true and faithful account. The best edition is that of Heyne, Göttingen, in 8vo, 4 vols., 1782. _Athenæus._――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 13.――――A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic poet of Gela in Sicily, in the age of Menander, who wrote 47 plays.――――An architect of Damascus, who directed the building of Trajan’s bridge across the Danube. He was put to death by Adrian, to whom, when in a private station, he had spoken in too bold a manner.――――A writer who composed a history of Parthia.――――A disciple of Epicurus, the most learned of his school, and deservedly surnamed the illustrious. He wrote about 40 volumes on different subjects. _Diogenes Laërtius._ ――――A painter of Athens, to whom Zeuxis was a pupil. Two of his paintings were admired at Pergamus, in the age of Pliny; a priest in a suppliant posture, and Ajax struck with Minerva’s thunders. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.――――A statuary in the age of Alexander. He was of such an irascible disposition, that he destroyed his own pieces upon the least provocation. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor and friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on rhetoric. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A tragic poet of Tarsus. ――――A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.――――A physician of Tarentum. ――――Another of Cytium. =Apollonia=, a festival at Ægialea in honour of Apollo and Diana. It arose from this circumstance: these two deities came to Ægialea, after the conquest of the serpent Python; but they were frightened away, and fled to Crete. Ægialea was soon visited with an epidemical distemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of their prophets, sent seven chosen boys, with the same number of girls, to entreat them to return to Ægialea. Apollo and Diana granted their petition, in honour of which a temple was raised to πειθω, the goddess of _persuasion_; and ever after a number of youths, of both sexes, were chosen to march in solemn procession, as if anxious to bring back Apollo and Diana. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――――A town of Mygdonia, ――――of Crete,――――of Sicily,――――on the coast of Asia Minor.――――Another on the coast of Thrace, part of which was built on a small island of Pontus, where Apollo had a temple.――――A town of Macedonia, on the coasts of the Adriatic.――――A city of Thrace.――――Another on mount Parnassus. =Apolloniădes=, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled to lay down his power by Timoleon. =Apollonias=, the wife of Attalus king of Phrygia, to whom she bore four children. =Apollonĭdes=, a writer of Nicæa.――――A physician of Cos at the court of Artaxerxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, the monarch’s sister, and was some time after put to death for slighting her after the reception of her favours. =Apollonius=, a Stoic philosopher of Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus Pius, to instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoninus. When he came to Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing that the master ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The emperor hearing this, said, laughing, “It was then easier for Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than from Rome to the palace.”――――A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, whose works are now lost. He lived about 240 years before the christian era, and composed a commentary on Euclid, whose pupils he attended at Alexandria. He wrote treatises on conic sections, eight of which are now extant; and he first endeavoured to explain the causes of the apparent stopping and retrograde motion of the planets, by cycles and epicycles, or circles within circles. The best edition of Apollonius is Dr. Halley’s, Oxford, folio, 1710.――――A poet of Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apollonius of _Rhodes_, because he lived for some time there. He was pupil, when young, to Callimachus and Panætius, and succeeded to Eratosthenes as third librarian of the famous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master Callimachus, who wrote a poem against him, in which he denominated him _Ibis_. Of all his works, nothing remains but his poem on the expedition of the Argonauts, in four books. The best editions of Apollonius are those printed at Oxford, in 4to, by Shaw, 1777, 2 vols.; and in 1 vol., 8vo, 1779; and that of Brunck, Strasbourg, 12mo, 1780. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had Julius Cæsar and Cicero among his pupils. He discouraged the attendance of those whom he supposed incapable of distinguishing themselves as orators, and he recommended to them pursuits more congenial to their abilities. He wrote a history, in which he did not candidly treat the people of Judæa, according to the complaint of Josephus, _against Apion_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, chs. 28, 75, 126, & 130; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 16; _De Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 81.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 12, ch. 6.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A Greek historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote upon the philosophy of Zeno and of his followers. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A Stoic philosopher, who attended Cato of Utica in his last moments. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――An officer set over Egypt by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5.――――A physician of Pergamus, who wrote on agriculture. _Varro._――――A grammarian of Alexandria.――――A writer in the age of Antoninus Pius. ――――Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret arts of magic. Being one day haranguing the populace at Ephesus, he suddenly exclaimed, “Strike the tyrant, strike him; the blow is given, he is wounded, and fallen!” At that very moment the emperor Domitian had been stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired much reputation when this circumstance was known. He was courted by kings and princes, and commanded unusual attention by his numberless artifices. His friend and companion, called Damis, wrote his life, which 200 years after engaged the attention of Philostratus. In his history the biographer relates so many curious and extraordinary anecdotes of the hero, that many have justly deemed it a romance; yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption to compare the impostures of Apollonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ.――――A sophist of Alexandria, distinguished for his _Lexicon Græcum Iliadis et Odysseæ_, a book that was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 4to, 2 vols., Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus, and flourished in the beginning of the first century.――――A physician. ――――A son of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――Syrus, a Platonic philosopher.――――Herophilus, wrote concerning ointments. ――――A sculptor of Rhodes. =Apollŏphănes=, a Stoic, who greatly flattered king Antigonus, and maintained that there existed but one virtue, prudence. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A physician in the court of Antiochus. _Polybius_, bk. 5.――――A comic poet. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 6. =Apomyīos=, a surname of Jupiter. =Aponiana=, an island near Lilybæum. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 2. =Marcus Aponius=, a governor of Mœsia, rewarded with a triumphal statue by Otho, for defeating 9000 barbarians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 79. =Apŏnus=, now _Abano_, a fountain, with a village of the same name, near Patavium in Italy. The waters of the fountain, which were hot, were wholesome, and were supposed to have an oracular power. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 194.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 14. =Apostrophia=, a surname of Venus in Bœotia, who was distinguished under these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The former was the patroness of a pure and chaste love; the second of carnal and sensual desires; and the last incited men to illicit and unnatural gratifications, to incests, and rapes. Venus Apostrophia was invoked by the Thebans, that they might be saved from such unlawful desires. She is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 15. =Apotheōsis=, a ceremony observed by the ancient nations of the world, by which they raised their kings, heroes, and great men to the rank of deities. The nations of the east were the first who paid divine honours to their great men, and the Romans followed their example, and not only deified the most prudent and humane of their emperors, but also the most cruel and profligate. _Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 2, has left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After the body of the deceased was burnt, an ivory image was laid on a couch for seven days, representing the emperor under the agonies of disease. The city was in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning, and the physicians pronounced it every day in a more decaying state. When the death was announced, a band of young senators carried the couch and image to the Campus Martius, where it was deposited on an edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices and combustible materials were thrown. After this the knights walked round the pile in solemn procession, and the images of the most illustrious Romans were drawn in state, and immediately the new emperor, with a torch, set fire to the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding multitude. Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the middle of the pile, which was supposed to carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he was ranked among the gods. If the deified was a female, a peacock, and not an eagle, was sent from the flames. The Greeks observed ceremonies much of the same nature. =Appia via=, a celebrated road leading from the porta Capena at Rome to Brundusium, through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as far as Capua, and it received its name from him. It was continued and finished by Gracchus, Julius Cæsar, and Augustus. _See:_ Via. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 285.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 12.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 104.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 14. =Appiădes=, a name given to these five deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and Peace, because a temple was erected to them near the Appian road. The name was also applied to those courtesans at Rome who lived near the temple of Venus by Appiæ Aquæ, and the forum of Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 452. =Appiānus=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 123. His universal history, which consisted of 24 books, was a series of history of all the nations that had been conquered by the Romans, in the order of time; and in the composition, the writer displayed, with a style simple and unadorned, a great knowledge of military affairs, and described his battles in a masterly manner. This excellent work is greatly mutilated, and there is extant now only the account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish wars, with those of Illyricum and the civil dissensions, with a fragment of the Celtic wars. In his preface, Appian has enlarged on the boundaries of that mighty empire, of which he was the historian. The best editions are those of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1670, and that of Schweigheuserus, 3 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1785. He was so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted him in the state. =Appii Forum=, now _Borgo Longo_, a little village not far from Rome, built by the consul Appius. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5. =Appius=, the prænomen of an illustrious family at Rome.――――A censor of that name, A.U.C. 442. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6. =Appius Claudius=, a decemvir who obtained his power by force and oppression. He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her father killed to preserve her chastity. This act of violence was the cause of a revolution in the state, and the ravisher destroyed himself when cited to appear before the tribunal of his country. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――――Claudius Cæcus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian way and many aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was come to assist the Tarentines against Rome, demanded peace of the senators, Appius, grown old in the service of the republic, caused himself to be carried to the senate house, and by his authority dissuaded them from granting a peace which would prove dishonourable to the Roman name. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_ & _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4.――――A Roman who, when he heard that he had been proscribed by the triumvirs, divided his riches among his servants, and embarked with them for Sicily. In their passage the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his life. _Appian_, bk. 4.――――Claudius Crassus, a consul, who, with Spurius Naut. Rutilius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by Perseus king of Macedonia. _Livy._――――Claudius Pulcher, a grandson of Appius Claudius Cæcus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private life.――――Clausus, a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill treated by his countrymen, retired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was admitted into the senate in the early ages of the republic. _Plutarch_, _Poplicola [Publicola]_.――――Herdonius, seized the capitol with 4000 exiles, A.U.C. 292, and was soon after overthrown. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Claudius Lentulus, a consul with Marcus Perpenna.――――A dictator who conquered the Hernici.――――The name of Appius was common in Rome, and particularly to many consuls, whose history is not marked by any uncommon event. =Appŭla=, an immodest woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 64. =Apries= and =Aprius=, one of the kings of Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture. He took Sidon, and lived in great prosperity till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by whom he was conquered and strangled. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Apsinthii=, a people of Thrace. They received their name from a river called Apsinthus, which flowed through their territory. _Dionysius Periegetes._ =Apsinus=, an Athenian sophist in the third century, author of a work called _Præceptor de Arte Rhetoricâ_. =Apsus=, a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 46. =Aptĕra=, an inland town of Crete. _Ptolemy._――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Apuleia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Apuleius the tribune, A.U.C. 652, for inflicting a punishment upon such as were guilty of raising seditions, or showing violence in the city.――――Varilia, a granddaughter of Augustus, convicted of adultery with a certain Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ch. 50. =Apuleius=, a learned man, born at Madaura in Africa. He studied at Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich widow called Pudentilla, for which he was accused by some of her relations of using magical arts to win her heart. His apology was a masterly composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive; but he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, and learnt Latin without a master. The most famous of his works extant is the _Golden Ass_, in 11 books, an allegorical piece, replete with morality. The best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1688, and Pricæi, 8vo, Goudæ, 1650. =Apūlia=, now _Puglia_, a country of Italy between Daunia and Calabria. It was part of the ancient Magna Græcia, and generally divided into Apulia Daunia and Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its wool, superior to all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called after Apulus, an ancient king of the country before the Trojan war. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 43. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Martial_, _Apophoreta_, ltr. 155. =Apuscidāmus=, a lake of Africa. All bodies, however heavy, were said to swim on the surface of its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2. =Aquarius=, one of the signs of the zodiac, rising in January and setting in February. Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into this sign. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 304. =Aquilaria=, a place of Africa. _Cæsar_, bk. 2, _Civil War_, ch. 23. =Aquileia=, or =Aquilegia=, a town founded by a Roman colony, called from its grandeur, _Roma secunda_, and situate at the north of the Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Romans built it chiefly to oppose the frequent incursions of the barbarians. The Roman emperors enlarged and beautified it, and often made it their residence. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 25.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Aquilius Niger=, an historian mentioned by _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.――――Marcus, a Roman consul who had the government of Asia Minor. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――――Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome, surnamed the Cato of his age. He was father to Aquilia Severus, whom Heliogabalus married.――――Severus, a poet and historian in the age of Valentinian. =Aquillia= and =Aquilia=, a patrician family at Rome, from which few illustrious men rose. =Aquĭlo=, a wind blowing from the north. Its name is derived, according to some, from _Aquila_, on account of its keenness and velocity. =Aquilonia=, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 38. =Aquinius=, a poet of moderate capacity. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_. =Aquīnum=, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Samnites, where Juvenal was born. A dye was invented there, which greatly resembled the real purple. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 27.――_Strabo._―― _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 404.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 319. =Aquitania=, a country of Gaul, bounded on the west by Spain, north by the province of Lugdunum, south by the province called Gallia Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are called Aquitani. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. =Ara=, a constellation, consisting of seven stars, near the tail of the Scorpion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 138. =Ara lugdunensis=, a place at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44. =Arabarches=, a vulgar person among the Egyptians, or perhaps an unusual expression for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 130. Some believe that Cicero, bk. 2, ltr. 17, _Letters to Atticus_, alluded to Pompey under the name of Arabarches. =Arăbia=, a large country of Asia, forming a peninsula between the Arabian and Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into three different parts, Petræa, Deserta, and Felix. It is famous for its frankincense and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were formerly under their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who paid adoration to the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who had their wives in common, and circumcised their children. The country has often been invaded, but never totally subdued. Alexander the Great expressed his wish to place the seat of his empire in their territories. The soil is rocky and sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, and the country without water. In Arabia, whatever woman was convicted of adultery was capitally punished. The Arabians for some time supported the splendour of literature which was extinguished by the tyranny and superstition which prevailed in Egypt, and to them we are indebted for the invention of algebra, or the application of signs and letters to represent lines, numbers, and quantities, and also for the numerical characters of 1, 2, 3, &c., first used in Europe, A.D. 1253.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Xenophon._ ――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 2.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57.――――Also the name of the wife of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._ =Arabĭcus sinus=, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according to some authors, from the Red sea, which they supposed to be between Æthiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt and Arabia. It is about 40 days’ sail in length, and not half a day’s in its most extensive breadth. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Strabo._ =Arăbis=, =Arabius=, =Arbis=, an Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10. =Arabs= and =Arăbus=, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented medicine, and taught it in Arabia, which is called after his name. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56. =Aracca= and =Arecca=, a city of Susiana. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1. =Arachne=, a woman of Colophon, daughter to Idmon a dyer. She was so skilful in working with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, the goddess of the art, to a trial of skill. She represented on her work the amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, Asteria, Danae, Alcmene, &c.; but though her piece was perfect and masterly, she was defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in despair, and was changed into a spider by the goddess. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 1, &c.――――A city of Thessaly. =Arachosia=, a city of Asia, near the Massagetæ. It was built by Semiramis.――――One of the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 11. =Arachōtæ= and =Arachōti=, a people of India, who received their name from the river Arachotus which flows down from mount Caucasus. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7. =Arachthias=, one of the four capital rivers of Epirus near Nicopolis, falling into the bay of Ambracia. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Aracillum=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Aracosii=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4. =Aracynthus=, a mountain of Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evenus, not far from the shore, and thence called Actæus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 24. =Arădus=, an island near Phœnicia, joined to the continent by a bridge. _Dionysius Periegetes._ =Aræ=, rocks in the middle of the Mediterranean, between Africa and Sardinia, where the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was upon them that Æneas lost the greatest part of his fleet. They are supposed to be those islands which are commonly called Ægates. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 113. =Aræ Philænorum=, a maritime city of Africa, on the borders of Cyrene. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79. =Arar=, now the _Saone_, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Rhone, over which Cæsar’s soldiers made a bridge in one day. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 452. =Arărus=, a Scythian river flowing through Armenia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 48. =Arathyrea=, a small province of Achaia, afterwards called Asophis, with a city of the same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Arātus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 277 B.C. He was greatly esteemed by Antigonus Gonatas king of Macedonia, at whose court he passed much of his time, and by whose desire he wrote a poem on astronomy, in which he gives an account of the situations, rising and setting, number and motion of the stars. Cicero represented him as unacquainted with astrology, yet capable of writing upon it in elegant and highly finished verses, which, however, from the subject, admit of little variety. Aratus wrote, besides, hymns and epigrams, &c., and had among his interpreters and commentators many of the learned men of Greece whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius, and Germanicus Cæsar, who in their youth, or moments of relaxation, translated the _Phænomena_ into Latin verse. The best editions of Aratus are, Grotius, 4to, apud Raphalengius, 1600; and Oxford, 8vo, 1672. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 41.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 26.――――The son of Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, his father, who held the government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, who made himself absolute. After some revolutions, the sovereignty came into the hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered to restore his country to liberty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that he even destroyed a picture which was the representation of a tyrant. He joined the republic of Sicyon to the Achæan league, which he strengthened, by making a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians, and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander of the forces of the Achæans, and drove away the Macedonians from Athens and Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, but was conquered in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had sustained, he solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, and drove away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed himself. The Ætolians soon after attacked the Achæans; and Aratus, to support his character, was obliged to call to his aid Philip king of Macedonia. His friendship with this new ally did not long continue. Philip showed himself cruel and oppressive; and put to death some of the noblest of the Achæans, and even seduced the wife of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in years, showed his displeasure by withdrawing himself from the society and friendship of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the power and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caused him and his son to be poisoned. Some days before his death, Aratus was observed to spit blood; when apprised of it by his friends, he replied, “Such are the rewards which a connection with kings will produce.” He was buried with great pomp by his countrymen; and two solemn sacrifices were annually made to him, the first on the day that he delivered Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the day of his birth. During those sacrifices, which were called _Arateia_, the priests wore a ribbon bespangled with white and purple spots, and the public schoolmaster walked in procession at the head of his scholars, and was always accompanied by the richest and most eminent senators, adorned with garlands. Aratus died in the 62nd year of his age, B.C. 213. He wrote a history of the Achæan league, much commended by Polybius. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.――_Polybius_, bk. 2. =Araxes=, now _Arras_, a celebrated river which separates Armenia from Media, and falls into the Caspian sea. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19; bk. 7, li. 188.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 728. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――――Another in Europe, now called Wolga. =Arbāces=, a Mede who revolted with Belesis against Sardanapalus, and founded the empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power, 820 years before the christian era. He reigned above 50 years, and was famous for the greatness of his undertakings, as well as for his valour. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6. =Arbēla= (orum), now _Irbil_, a town of Persia, on the river Lycus, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander and Darius, the 2nd of October, B.C. 331. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Arbĕla=, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants were very credulous. =Arbis=, a river on the western boundaries of India. _Strabo._ =Arbocāla=, a city taken by Annibal as he marched against Rome. =Arbuscŭla=, an actress on the Roman stage, who laughed at the hisses of the populace while she received the applauses of the knights. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 77. =Arcădia=, a country in the middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded on every side by land, situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and Argolis. It received its name from Arcas son of Jupiter, and was anciently called Drymodes, on account of the great number of _oaks_ (δρυς) which it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The country has been much celebrated by the poets, and was famous for its mountains. The inhabitants were for the most part all shepherds, who lived upon acorns, were skilful warriors, and able musicians. They thought themselves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the god of shepherds, chiefly lived among them.――Aristotle, bk. 4, _Metaphysics_, says that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a goat’s skin near a fire, will become chalky, and at last be turned into salt. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 1, 2, &c. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 14.――――A fortified village of Zacynthus. =Arcadius=, eldest son of Theodosius the Great, succeeded his father A.D. 395. Under him the Roman power was divided into the eastern and western empire. He made the eastern empire his choice, and fixed his residence at Constantinople; while his brother Honorius was made emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. After this separation of the Roman empire, the two powers looked upon one another with indifference; and, soon after, their indifference was changed into jealousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plundered Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman, and died in the 31st year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, in which he bore the character of an effeminate prince, who suffered himself to be governed by favourites, and who abandoned his subjects to the tyranny of ministers, while he lost himself in the pleasures of a voluptuous court. =Arcānum=, a villa of Cicero’s near the Minturni. _Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10. =Arcas=, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. He nearly killed his mother, whom Juno had changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which from him was called Arcadia, and taught his subjects agriculture and the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a constellation with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met a wood nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over which she presided, and on whose preservation her life depended, was going to be carried away by the impetuous torrent of a river. Arcas changed the course of the waters, and preserved the tree, and married the nymph, by whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, and Elatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. The descendants of Azan planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea, which on that account has been called the inheritance of Aphidas; and Elatus became master of mount Cyllene, and some time after passed into Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 155 & 176.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 470.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. =Arce=, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus and Terra. _Ptolemy Hephæstion_. =Arcēna=, a town of Phœnicia, where Alexander Severus was born. =Arcens=, a Sicilian who permitted his son to accompany Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 581, &c. =Arcesilāus=, son of Battus king of Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and died B.C. 575. The second of that name died B.C. 550. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 41.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159.――――One of Alexander’s generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general division of the provinces after the king’s death.――――A chief of Catana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher of Pitane in Æolia, disciple of Polemon. He visited Sardis and Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy, as Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He pretended to know nothing, and accused others of the same ignorance. He acquired many pupils in the character of teacher; but some of them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; which gave him occasion to say that it is easy to make a eunuch of a man, but impossible to make a man of a eunuch. He was very fond of Homer, and generally divided his time among the pleasures of philosophy, love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75th year, B.C. 241, or 300 according to some. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Persius_, bk. 3, li. 78.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus_.――――The name of two painters,――――a statuary,――――a leader of the Bœotians during the Trojan war.――――A comic and elegiac poet. =Arcēsius=, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 144. =Archæa=, a city of Æolia. =Archæănax= of Mitylene, was intimate with Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. He fortified Sigæum with a wall from the ruins of ancient Troy. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Archæatĭdas=, a country of Peloponnesus. _Polybius._ =Archăgăthus=, son of Archagathus, was slain in Africa by his soldiers, B.C. 285. He killed his grandfather, Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 5, &c., says that he was put to death by Archesilaus.――――A physician at Rome, B.C. 219. =Archander=, father-in-law to Danaus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98. =Archandros=, a town of Egypt. =Arche=, one of the Muses, according to Cicero. =Archegētes=, a surname of Hercules. =Archelāus=, a name common to some kings of Cappadocia. One of them was conquered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates.――――A person of that name married Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt; a dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the soldiers of Gabinius, B.C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey. His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted at Actium, and he maintained his independence under Augustus, till Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him.――――A king of Macedonia, who succeeded his father Perdiccas II. As he was but a natural child, he killed the legitimate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself to be a great monarch; but he was at last killed by one of his favourites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage, and given her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized the poet Euripides. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 4. ――_Ælian_. _Varia Historia_, bks. 2, 8, 12, 14.――――A king of the Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Archelaus king of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alexander. Cæsar banished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. _Dio Cassius._――――A king of Lacedæmon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42 years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A general of Antigonus the younger appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with the philosopher Persæus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――――A celebrated general of Mithridates against Sylla. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――――A philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of Apollodorus and successor to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called _Physicus_. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the vibration of the air. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――――A man set over Susa by Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2. ――――A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history of animals, and maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through the ears. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 50.――――A son of Electryon and Anaxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A Greek poet who wrote epigrams. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A sculptor of Priene, in the age of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture highly admired, and said to have been discovered under ground, A.D. 1658.――――A writer of Thrace. =Archemăchus=, a Greek writer, who published a history of Eubœa. _Athenæus_, bk. 6.――――A son of Hercules,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3. =Archemŏrus=, or =Opheltes=, son of Lycurgus king of Nemæa, in Thrace, by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos, who had fled to Thrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king’s family. Hypsipyle was met by the army of Adrastus, who was going against Thebes: and she was forced to show them a fountain where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she put down the child on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a serpent. The Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, that they instituted games in honour of Archemorus, which were called Nemæan, and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6. =Archepŏlis=, a man in Alexander’s army, who conspired against the king with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Archeptolĕmus=, son of Iphitus king of Elis, went to the Trojan war, and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he was killed by Ajax son of Telamon. It is said that he re-established the Olympic games. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 128. =Archestrătus=, a tragic poet, whose pieces were acted during the Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――――A man so small and lean, that he could be placed in a dish without filling it, though it contained no more than an obolus.――――A follower of Epicurus, who wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony. =Archetīmus=, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven wise men of Greece. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Archetius=, a Rutulian, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 459. =Archia=, one of the Oceanides, wife to Inachus. _Hyginus_, fable 143. =Archias=, a Corinthian descended from Hercules. He founded Syracuse, B.C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches, he chose the latter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――A poet of Antioch, intimate with the Luculli. He obtained the rank and name of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who defended him in an elegant oration, when his enemies had disputed his privileges of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war and began another concerning Cicero’s consulship, which are now lost. Some of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. _Cicero_, _For Archias_.――――A polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred to the morrow the reading of a letter which he had received from Archias the Athenian high priest, and which gave him information of his danger. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A high priest of Athens, contemporary and intimate with the polemarch of the same name. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A Theban taken in the act of adultery, and punished according to the law, and tied to a post in the public place, for which punishment he abolished the oligarchy. _Aristotle._ =Archibiădes=, a philosopher of Athens, who affected the manners of the Spartans, and was very inimical to the views and measures of Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――An ambassador of Byzantium, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 44. =Archibius=, the son of the geographer Ptolemy. =Archidamia=, a priestess of Ceres, who, on account of her affection for Aristomenes, restored him to liberty when he had been taken prisoner by her female attendants at the celebration of their festivals. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Cleadas, who upon hearing that her countrymen the Spartans were debating whether they should send away their women to Crete against the hostile approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate house, exclaiming that the women were as able to fight as the men. Upon this the decree was repealed. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 8. =Archidāmus=, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his father. _Pausanias._――――Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, succeeded by Agasicles.――――Another, son of Agesilaus of the family of the Proclidæ.――――Another, grandson of Leotychidas by his son Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and privately assisted the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi. He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. ――_Xenophon._――――Another, son of Eudamidas.――――Another, who conquered the Helots, after a violent earthquake. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Lucanians. B.C. 338.――――A son of Xenius Theopompus. _Pausanias._ =Archidas=, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops. =Archidēmus=, a Stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among the Parthians. _Plutarch_, _de Exilio_. =Archidēus=, a son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 4. =Archidium=, a city of Crete, named after Archidius son of Tegeates. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53. =Archigallus=, the high priest of Cybele’s temple. _See:_ Galli. =Archigĕnes=, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73rd year of his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also 10 books on fevers. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 235. =Archilŏchus=, a poet of Paros; who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and was the first who introduced iambics in his verses. He had courted Neobule the daughter of Lycambes, and had received promises of marriage; but the father gave her to another superior to the poet in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote such a bitter satire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of despair. The Spartans condemned his verses on account of their indelicacy, and banished him from their city as a petulant and dangerous citizen. He flourished 685 B.C., and it is said that he was assassinated. Some fragments of his poetry remain, which display vigour and animation, boldness and vehemence, in the highest degree; from which reason, perhaps, Cicero calls virulent edicts, _Archilochia edicta_. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 79.――_Athenæus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――――A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Greek historian who wrote a chronological table, and other works, about the 20th or 30th olympiad. =Archimēdes=, a famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine of glass that faithfully represented the motion of all the heavenly bodies. When Marcellus the Roman consul besieged Syracuse Archimedes constructed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships of the enemy from the bay before the city, and let them fall with such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on fire with his burning glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman general gave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes, and he even offered a reward to him who should bring him alive and safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless; the philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a problem, that he was even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of the town; and a soldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him, and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the place remained long unknown, till Cicero, during his questorship in Sicily, found it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations of the Nile. The story of his burning glasses had always appeared fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Buffon demonstrated it beyond contradiction. These celebrated glasses were supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and capable of producing their effect at the distance of a bowshot. The manner in which he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still bears his name. Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his saying that, by means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially treatises _de sphærâ et cylindro, circuli dimensio_, _de lineis spiralibus_, _de quadraturâ paraboles_, _de numero arenæ_, &c.; the best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, folio, Paris, 1615. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 25; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 34.――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Polybius_, bk. 7. ――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7. =Archīnus=, a man who, when he was appointed to distribute new arms among the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made himself absolute. _Polyænus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician of Athens. =Archipĕlăgus=, a part of the sea where islands in great number are interspersed such as that part of the Mediterranean which lies between Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called Mare Ægeum. =Archipŏlis=, or =Archepolis=, a soldier who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Archippe=, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19. =Archippus=, a king of Italy, from whom, perhaps, the town of Archippe received its name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 752.――――A philosopher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.――――An archon at Athens. ――――A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies only one obtained the prize.――――A philosopher in the age of Trajan. =Archītis=, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus. =Archon=, one of Alexander’s generals, who received the provinces of Babylon, at the general division after the king’s death. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. =Archontes=, the name of the chief magistrates of Athens. They were nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were descended from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three generations. They were also to be without deformity in all the parts and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath that they would observe the laws, administer justice with impartiality, and never suffer themselves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes, they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi a statue of gold of equal weight with their body. They all had the power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief among them was called _Archon_. The year took its denomination from him; he determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies and wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour was punished with death. The second of the archons was called _Basileus_. It was his office to keep good order, and to remove all causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before his tribunal; and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals, and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among them without his crown. The _Polemarch_ was another archon of inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a sufficient maintenance from the public treasury for the families of those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and advice might assist and support them in their public capacity. The six other archons were indistinctly called _Thesmothetæ_, and received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. They settled all disputes between the citizens, redressed the wrongs of strangers and forbade any laws to be enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state. These officers of state were chosen after the death of king Codrus; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was limited to 10 years, and at last to one year. After some time, the qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and the same honours were conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of Codrus, were Medon, whose office began B.C. 1070; Acastus, 1050; Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923; Diognetus, 893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Thespius, 826; Agamestor, 799; Æschylus, 778; Alcmæon, 756; after whose death the archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began 753; Æsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714; Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became annual, and of these annual archons Creon was the first. _Aristophanes_, _The Clouds_ & _The Birds_.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 1.――_Demosthenes._――_Pollux._――_Lysias._ =Archy̆lus Thurius=, a general of Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Archytas=, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on agriculture. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――The son of Hestiæus of Tarentum, was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer and geometrician. He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen, by his fellow-citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented some mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly. He perished in a shipwreck about 394 years before the christian era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley. A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _On Oratory_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. =Arcĭtĕnens=, an epithet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a _bow_, with which, as soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Python. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 75. =Arctīnus=, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. =Arctophy̆lax=, a star near the great bear, called also Bootes. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 42. =Arctos=, a mountain near Propontis, inhabited by giants and monsters. ――――Two celestial constellations near the north pole, commonly called Ursa Major and Minor; supposed to be Arcas and his mother, who were made constellations. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1.――_Aratus._ ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107. =Arctūrus=, a star near the tail of the great bear, whose rising and setting were generally supposed to portend great tempests. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 1. The name is derived from its situation, ἀρκτος _ursus_, οὐρα _cauda_. It rises now about the beginning of October, and Pliny tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to Columella, on the 5th of September. =Ardălus=, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented the pipe. He gave it to the Muses, who on that account have been called _Ardalides_ and _Ardalīotides_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31. =Ardalia=, a country of Egypt. _Strabo._ =Ardaxānus=, a small river of Illyricum. _Polybius._ =Ardea=, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, built by Danae, or, according to some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants publicly reported that their city had been changed into a bird, called by the Latins _Ardea_. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it famous. Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a siege, when his son ravished Lucretia. A road called _Ardeatina_ branched from the Appian road to Ardea. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 3, ch. 71; bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 412.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 573.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Ardericca=, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon. =Ardiæi=, a people of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Ardonea=, a town of Apulia. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20. =Ardua=, an ancient name of Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 411. =Arduenna=, now _Ardenne_, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of Julius Cæsar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the Nervii. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 8, ch. 42.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 29. =Arduine=, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls; represented with the same attributes as the Diana of the Romans. =Ardyenses=, a nation near the Rhone. _Polybius_, bk. 3. =Ardys=, a son of Gyges king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war against Miletus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 15. =Area=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars’ hill (ἀρης) erected by Orestes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28. =Areacidæ=, a nation of Numidia. _Polybius._ =Areas=, a general chosen by the Greeks against Ætolia. _Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 1. =Aregŏnis=, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_. =Arelātum=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Arellius=, a celebrated painter of Rome in the age of Augustus. He painted the goddesses in the form of his mistresses. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.――――A miser in _Horace_. =Aremorĭca=, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Loire, now called Britany. _Pliny_, bk. 4. =Arēna= and =Arene=, a city of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Arenăcum=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 20. =Areopagītæ=, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from Αρεος παγος, _the hill of Mars_, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter Alcippe. Some say that the place received the name of Areopagus because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens; and others maintain that the name was given to the place because Mars is the god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed this august assembly is not known. They have been limited by some to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In the latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated, and we find some of their members of loose and debauched morals. If any of them were convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace, though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life. The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management of the public treasury; they had the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries. They always sat in the open air, because they took cognizance of murder; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom also might originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th, 28th, and 29th days of every month. Their authority continued in its original state till Pericles, who was refused admittance among them, resolved to lessen their consequence and destroy their power. From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the Areopagites were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and justice; and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home. =Areopăgus=, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. _See:_ Areopagitæ. =Arestæ=, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8. =Aresthanas=, a countryman, whose goat suckled Æsculapius, when exposed by his mother. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26. =Arestorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Arestor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 584. =Arĕta=, the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Dionysius, who married Dion. She was thrown into the sea. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.――――A female philosopher of Cyrene, B.C. 377. =Arēta=, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, who married her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Aretæus=, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired. The best edition of his works which are extant, is that of Boerhaave, Leiden, folio, 1735. =Aretaphĭla=, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she retired to a private station. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_. ――_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 38. =Aretāles=, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands. _Plutarch._ =Arēte.= _See:_ Areta. =Arētes=, one of Alexander’s officers. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15. =Arethūsa=, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana’s attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and all the country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana, who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily. The river Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia; so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa near Syracuse. _See:_ Alpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 10.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias._――――One of the Hesperides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Herileus, mother of Abas by Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Hyginus_, fable 181.――――A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――――A town of Thrace.――――Another in Syria. =Aretīnum=, a Roman colony in Etruria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 123. =Arētus=, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 413.――――A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 494.――――A famous warrior, whose only weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11. =Areus=, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died at Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch._――――A king of Sparta, who succeeded his father Acrotatus II., and was succeeded by his son Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.――――A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Augustus. _Suetonius._――――A poet of Laconia.――――An orator mentioned by _Quintilian_. =Argæus= and =Argēus=, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 7.――――A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the kingdom of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A mountain of Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which is the capital of the country called Maxara. _Claudian._――――A son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.――――A son of Licymnius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Argălus=, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Argathŏna=, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, whom Rhesus married before he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in despair. _Parthenius_, _Narrationum Amatoriarum Libellus_, ch. 36. =Argathōnius=, a king of Tartessus, who, according to _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 396. =Arge=, a beautiful huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. _Hyginus_, fable 205.――――One of the Cyclops. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Argea=, a place at Rome where certain Argives were buried. =Argæāthæ=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23. =Argennum=, a promontory of Ionia. =Arges=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who had only one eye in his forehead. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Argestrătus=, a king of Lacedæmon, who reigned 35 years. =Argēus=, a son of Perdiccas king of Macedonia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2. =Argi= (plural, masculine). _See:_ Argos. =Argīa=, daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the war, she buried his body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, for which pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death by killing Creon. _Hyginus_, fables 69 & 72.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12. _See:_ Antigone and Creon.――――A country of Peloponnesus, called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital.――――One of the Oceanides. _Hyginus_, _preface_.――――The wife of Inachus, and mother of Io. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――The mother of Argos by Polybus. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A daughter of Autesion, who married Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Argias=, a man who founded Chalcedon, A.U.C. 148. =Argilētum=, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where the tradesmen generally kept their shops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 355. ――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 4. =Argilius=, a favourite youth of Pausanias, who revealed his master’s correspondence with the Persian king to the Ephori. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_. =Argillus=, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile. =Argĭlus=, a town of Thrace near the Strymon, built by a colony of Andrians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 103.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 115. =Arginūsæ=, three small islands near the continent, between Mitylene and Methymna, where the Lacedæmonian fleet was conquered by Conon the Athenian. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Argiŏpe=, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon the son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33. =Argiphontes=, a surname given to Mercury, because he _killed_ the hundred-eyed _Argus_, by order of Jupiter. =Argippēi=, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat noses. They lived upon trees. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 23. =Argīva=, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, consecrated to her by Eurydice the daughter of Lacedæmon. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 547. =Argīvi=, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all the inhabitants of Greece. =Argius=, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his master in his gardens. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 49. =Argo=, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54 companions to Colchis, when they resolved to recover the golden fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has often been disputed. Some derive it from Argos, the person who first proposed the expedition, and who built the ship. Others maintain that it was built at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, commonly called Argives. Diodorus, bk. 4, derives the word from ἀργος, which signifies _swift_. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built the ship, and called it Argo after a son of Jason, who bore the same name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which had the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. After the expedition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near it. _Hyginus_, fable 14; _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 37. ――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_.――_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 93, &c.――_Phædras_, bk. 4, fable 6.――_Seneca_, _Medea_. ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus._――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1. =Argolĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis. =Argŏlis= and =Argia=, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and the Ægean sea. Its chief city was called Argos. =Argon=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who reigned in Lydia 505 years before Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Argonautæ=, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason on board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expedition arose from the following circumstance:――Athamas king of Thebes had married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject to certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this the oracle was consulted; and as it had been corrupted by means of Ino, the answer was, that Nephele’s children should be immolated to the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of Æetes king of Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was received with kindness by the king. The poets have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which had a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune’s amours, under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theopane. As they were going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont. When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or, according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of Æetes; but his father-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece, and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some time after this event, when Jason the son of Æson demanded of his uncle Pelias the crown which he usurped [_See:_ Pelias, Jason, Æson], Pelias said that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of their common relation Phryxus, whom Æetes had basely murdered in Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. _See:_ Hypsipyle. After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace, where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favourable reception from Cyzicus the king of the country. The night after their departure, they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi, furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, buried him in a magnificent manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymus. From Cyzicum they visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted the challenge of Amycus king of the country in the combat of the cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm to Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus king of the place from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades [_See:_ Cyaneæ], and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus reigned, and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot. After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom Æetes their grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father’s kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in Æa, the capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to Æetes; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts must have perished in the attempt, had not Medea the king’s daughter fallen in love with their leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver the Argonauts from her father’s hard conditions, if Jason married her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls, which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After this he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon, from which an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended. All these labours were to be performed in one day; and Medea’s assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger to the astonishment and terror of his companions, and of Æetes, and the people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field, sowed the dragon’s teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished. After this he went to the dragon and by means of enchanted herbs, and a draught which Medea had given him he lulled the monster to sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus the king’s son, who came up to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the way through which Æetes was to pass, that his further pursuit might be stopped. After the murder of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Mæotis, and by pursuing their course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason that the cause of all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis and Scylla, where they must have perished, had not Tethys the mistress of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the island of the Phæacians, where they met the enemy’s fleet, which had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually married to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous the king of the country, being appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had the marriage privately consummated by night, and declared that the claims of Æetes to Medea were now void. From Phæacia the Argonauts came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm upon the coast of Africa, and, after many disasters, at last came in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The impracticability of such a voyage is well known. Apollonius Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues, the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put to death; and soon after the beam of Dodona [_See:_ Argo] gave an oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of Æa, where Circe, who was the sister of Æetes, expiated him without knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains that they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages of the world; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among the historians, Diodorus, Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin; and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus, Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively given an account of its most remarkable particulars. The number of the Argonauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus mentions only 45. The following list is drawn from the various authors who have made mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason son of Æson, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His companions were Acastus son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus, Admetus son of Pheres, Æsculapius son of Apollo, Ætalides son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of Œcleus, Amphidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of Lycurgus, and another of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars, Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol, Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, disguised in a man’s dress, Autolycus son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus sons of Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eurydamus and Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Mars, Idmon son of Abas, Iolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius, Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager son of Œneus, Menœtius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of Neptune, Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of Œager, Palemon son of Ætolus, Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Periclymenes son of Neleus, Peneleus son of Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Phlias, Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, Pœas son of Thaumacus, Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus sons of Ceneus one of the Lapithæ, Talaus, Tiphys son of Aginus, Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son of Ægeus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these Æsculapius was physician, and Tiphys was pilot. =Argos= (singular neuter, and Argi, masculine plural), an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from the sea, on the bay called _Argolicus sinus_. Juno was the chief deity of the place. The kingdom of Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years before the christian era, and after it had flourished for about 550 years, it was united to the crown of Mycenæ. Argos was built according to Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, lis. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan’s workmen. The nine first kings of Argos were called _Inachides_, in honour of the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus, Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and Gelanor. Gelanor gave a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in return for his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus were called _Belides_. Agamemnon was king of Argos during the Trojan war; and, 80 years after, the Heraclidæ seized the Peloponnesus and deposed the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos were called _Argivi_ and _Argolici_; and this name has been often applied to all the Greeks without distinction. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.; bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, 4to, &c.――――A town of Thessaly, called Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 355.――――Another in Epirus, called Amphilochium. =Argus=, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years.――――A son of Arestor, whence he is often called _Arestorides_. He married Ismene the daughter of the Asopus. As he had 100 eyes, of which only two were asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had changed into a heifer: but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him, by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity. _Moschus_, _Idyl_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables 12 & 13.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, li. 585, &c.; poem 3.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Agenor. _Hyginus_, fable 145. ――――A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. _Hyginus_, fable 14. ――――A Son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which the father of the gods had by a mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne the daughter of Strymon. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Pyras and Callirhoe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Phryxus. _Hyginus_, fable 3.――――A son of Polybus. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Apollodorus._――――A dog of Ulysses, which knew his master after an absence of 20 years. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17, li. 300. =Argyllæ=, an ancient name of Cære in Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 478. =Argynnis=, a name of Venus, which she received from _Argynnus_, a favourite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 52. =Argy̆ra=, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their affections. _See:_ Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.――――A city of Troas.――――Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily. =Argy̆raspĭdes=, a Macedonian legion which received this name from their silver helmets. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Argy̆re=, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in metal. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Argyrĭpa=, a town of Apulia built by Diomedes after the Trojan war, and called by Polybius _Argipana_. Only ruins remain to show where it once stood, though the place still preserves the name of Arpi. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 246. =Aria=, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The wife of Pætus Cecinna of Padua, a Roman senator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius, and carried to Rome by sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her husband, who followed her example. _Pliny_, bk. 7. =Ariadne=, daughter of Minos II. king of Crete by Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, by which he extricated himself from the difficult windings of his confinement. After he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away according to the promise he had made, and married her; but when he arrived at the island of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already pregnant, and repaid his love with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung herself, according to some; but Plutarch says that she lived many years after, and had some children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus. According to some writers, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after her death, was made a constellation. The Argives showed Ariadne’s tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were found in an earthen urn. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 320, says that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 10; _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 462.――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_; poem 61.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 43, 270. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Ariæus=, an officer who succeeded to the command of the surviving army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. _Xenophon._ =Ariāni= and =Ariēni=, a people of Asia. _Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 714. =Ariantas=, a king of Scythia, who yearly ordered every one of his subjects to present him with an arrow. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 81. =Ariamnes=, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes III. =Ariarāthes=, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in his expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory.――――His nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against Perdiccas the general of Alexander, but he was defeated and hung on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B.C.――――His son Ariarathes III. escaped the massacre which attended his father and his followers; and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was succeeded by his son Ariamnes.――――Ariarathes IV. succeeded his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos. He died after a reign of 28 years, B.C. 220, and was succeeded by his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married Antiochia the daughter of king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king of Pergamus.――――His son, the sixth of that name, called _Philopater_, from his piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with the Romans shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by one of the favourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war, B.C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his surviving wife Laodice.――――The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII., was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice the sister of Mithridates Eupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodice gave herself and kingdom to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king, who was the eighth of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence of both armies, and the murderer’s son, a child eight years old, was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made the late monarch’s brother, Ariarathes IX., king; but Mithridates expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of a broken heart, and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of the tyrant, interested the Romans in the affairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters wished to make the country free; but the Cappadocians demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of Ariarathes X.; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son of Glaphyra by Arthelaus priest of Comana. Marcus Antony, who was umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna; but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra, B.C. 36. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――_Justin_, bks. 13 & 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 12. =Aribbæus=, a general mentioned by _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 29. =Arīcia=, an Athenian princess, niece to Ægeus, whom Hippolytus married after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius. He built a city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her called Virbius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 544.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 762, &c.――――A very ancient town of Italy, now _Riccia_, built by Hippolytus son of Theseus, after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius, and transported into Italy by Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a temple to Diana, where he established the same rites as were in the temple of that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called _Rex_, was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor, and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor. The Arician forest, frequently called _nemorensis_ or _nemoralis sylva_, was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it, because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, generally resided in this famous grove, which was situated on the Appian way, beyond mount Albanus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 263. ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 74.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c. =Aricīna=, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. _See:_ Aricia.――――The mother of Octavius. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Philippics_, ch. 6. =Aridæus=, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of his friend he reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the surviving Greeks in their return. _Diodorus._――――An illegitimate son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king of Macedonia till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander brought into the world a legitimate male successor. Aridæus had not the free enjoyment of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven years in possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his wife Eurydice, by Olympias. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Diodorus._ =Ariēnis=, daughter of Alyattes, married Astyages king of Media. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74. =Arigæum=, a town of India, which Alexander found burnt, and without inhabitants. _Arrian_, bk. 4. =Arīi=, a savage people of India,――――of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6.――――Of Scythia. _Herodotus._――――Of Germany. _Tacitus._ =Arĭma=, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhœus was overwhelmed under the ground. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Arimarius=, a god of Persia and Media. =Arimaspi=, a people conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Arimaspias=, a river of Scythia with golden sands. The neighbouring inhabitants had but one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and waged continual wars against the griffins, monstrous animals that collected the gold of the river. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 13. =Arimasthæ=, a people near the Euxine sea. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_. =Arimazes=, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with much insolence, and even asked whether he could fly to aspire to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with his friends and relations. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11. =Arĭmi=, a nation of Syria. _Strabo._ =Arīmĭnum= (now _Rimini_), an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders of Gaul, on the Adriatic founded by a colony of Umbrians. It was the cause of Cæsar’s civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 231.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Ariminus=, a river of Italy rising in the Apennine mountains. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Arimphœi=, a people of Scythia near the Riphæan mountains, who lived chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their innocence and mildness. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Arĭmus=, a king of Mysia. _Varro._ =Ariobarzānes=, a man made king of Cappadocia by the Romans, after the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised had subsided. Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him. He followed the interest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against Julius Cæsar. He and his kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 29.――_Horace_, ltr. 6, li. 38.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A satrap of Phrygia, who, after the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A general of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with the Macedonians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of Persepolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bks. 4 & 5.――――A Mede of elegant stature and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to settle the troubles of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――――A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Massagetæ. ――――A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king. =Ariomandes=, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the Persians. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_. =Ariomardus=, a son of Darius, in the army of Xerxes when he went against Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 78. =Ariomēdes=, a pilot of Xerxes. =Arīon=, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by his profession. Some time after, he wished to revisit his country; and the sailors of the ship in which he embarked resolved to murder him, to obtain the riches which he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion, seeing them inflexible in their resolution, begged that he might be permitted to play some melodious tune; and as soon as he had finished it, he threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted round the ship by the sweetness of his music; and it is said that one of them carried him safe on his back to Tænarus, whence he hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to be crucified at their return. _Hyginus_, fable 194.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 23 & 24.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 45. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 17. ――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A horse, sprung from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him to his father’s chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to Hercules. Adrastus king of Argos received him as a present from Hercules and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the Nemæan games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of Adrastus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 37.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6. =Ariovistus=, a king of Germany, who professed himself a friend of Rome. When Cæsar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4. =Aris=, a river of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31. =Arisba=, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 264.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――The name of Priam’s first wife, divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba. =Aristænĕtus=, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by Abresch. Zwollæ, 1749. =Aristæum=, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount Hæmus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Aristæus=, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the world, Aristæus came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Actæon. He fell in love with Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died, for which the gods destroyed all the bees of Aristæus. In this calamity he applied to his mother, who directed him to seize the sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers; and as soon as he had done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees immediately sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Aristæus to his former prosperity. Some authors say that Aristæus had the care of Bacchus when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries of this god. Aristæus went to live on mount Hæmus, where he died. He was, after death, worshipped as a demi-god. Aristæus is said to have learned from the nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of bees, &c., which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 363.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17. ――_Hyginus_, fables 161, 180, 247.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 4, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potidæa. He was taken by the Athenians and put to death. =Aristagŏras=, a writer who composed a history of Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.――――A son-in-law of Histiæus tyrant of Miletus, who revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia, and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punishing Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C. 499. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 30, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A man of Cyzicus.――――Another of Cumæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 4. =Aristander=, a celebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 25.――――An Athenian, who wrote on agriculture. =Aristandros=, a statuary of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Aristarche=, a matron of Ephesus, who by order of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaul with the Phocæans, and was made priestess. _Strabo_, bk. 4. =Aristarchus=, a celebrated grammarian of Samos, disciple of Aristophanes. He lived the greatest part of his life at Alexandria, and Ptolemy Philometer entrusted him with the education of his sons. He was famous for his critical powers, and he revised the poems of Homer with such severity that ever after all severe critics were called _Aristarchi_. He wrote above 800 commentaries on different authors, much esteemed in his age. In his old age he became dropsical, upon which he starved himself, and died in his 72nd year, B.C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both famous for their stupidity. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 499. ――_Ovid_, bk. 3, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 9, li. 24.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 11; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 14. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia, about 454 years B.C. He composed 70 tragedies, of which two only were rewarded with the prize. One of them, called Achilles, was translated into Latin verse by Ennius. _Suidas._――――A physician to queen Berenice the widow of Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――An orator of Ambracia.――――An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed that the earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun. This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun was 19 times further distant from the earth than the moon, and that the moon was 56 semi-diameters of our globe, and little more than one-third, and the diameter of the sun six or seven times more than that of the earth. The age in which he flourished is not precisely known. His treatise on the largeness and the distance of the sun and moon is extant, of which the best edition is that of Oxford, 8vo, 1688. =Aristazānes=, a noble Persian in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Aristeas=, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as fables report, appeared seven years after his death to his countrymen, and 540 years after to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and commanded them to raise him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his verses are quoted by Longinus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Maximus Tyrius_, bk. 22.――――A ♦physician of Rhodes.――――A geometrician, intimate with Euclid.――――A poet, son of Demochares, in the age of Crœsus. ♦ ‘physican’ replaced with ‘physician’ =Aristĕræ=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34. =Aristeus=, a man of Argos, who excited king Pyrrhus to take up arms against his countrymen the Argives. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 68. =Aristhĕnes=, a shepherd who found Æsculapius, when he had been exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis. =Aristhus=, an historian of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. =Aristībus=, a river of Pæonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Aristīdes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, whose great temperance and virtue procured him the surname of _Just_. He was rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he was banished for 10 years, B.C. 484; but before six years of his exile had elapsed, he was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, and was appointed chief commander with Pausanias against Mardonius, who was defeated at Platæa. He died so poor, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed at the public charge, and his two daughters, on account of their father’s virtues, received a dowry from the public treasury when they were come to marriageable years. Poverty, however, seemed hereditary in the family of Aristides, for the grandson was seen in the public streets, getting his livelihood by explaining dreams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitating their great leader: and from the sense of his good qualities, at the representation of one of the tragedies of Æschylus, on the mentioning of a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audience were all at once turned from the actor to Aristides. When he sat as judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned the injuries his opponent had done to Aristides. “Mention the wrongs you have received,” replied the equitable Athenian; “I sit here as judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine.” _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――――An historian of Miletus, fonder of stories, and of anecdotes, than of truth. He wrote a history of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――An athlete, who obtained a prize at the Olympian, Nemæan, and Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16. ――――A painter of Thebes in Bœotia, in the age of Alexander the Great, for one of whose pieces Attalus offered 6000 sesterces. _Pliny_, bks. 7 & 35.――――A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so pathetic a letter to Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence raised to the orator. His works consist of hymns in prose in honour of the gods, funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols., 4to, Oxoford, 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo, 3 vols., of Canterus apud P. Steph. 1604.――――A man of Locris, who died by the bite of a weasel. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher of Mysia, intimate with Marcus Antoninus.――――An Athenian, who wrote treatises on animals, trees, and agriculture. =Aristillus=, a philosopher of the Alexandrian school, who about 300 years B.C. attempted, with Timocharis, to determine the place of the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the planets. =Aristio=, a sophist of Athens, who by the support of Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, seized the government of his country, and made himself absolute. He poisoned himself when defeated by Sylla. _Livy_, bks. 81, 82. =Aristippus=, _the elder_, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book, as likewise a history of Libya. When travelling in the deserts of Africa, he ordered his servants to throw away the money they carried, as too burdensome. On another occasion, discovering that the ship in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw his property into the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it than his life. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by _Diogenes Laërtius_, in his life. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 100.――――His grandson of the same name, called _the younger_, was a warm defender of his opinions, and supported that the principles of all things were pain and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years B.C.――――A tyrant of Argos, whose life was one continued series of apprehension. He was killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B.C. 242. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man who wrote a history of Arcadia. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2. =Marcus Aristius=, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 42.――――Another. _See:_ Fuscus.――――A satirist, who wrote a poem called Cyclops. =Aristo.= _See:_ Ariston. =Aristobūla=, a name given to Diana by Themistocles. =Aristobūlus=, a name common to some of the high priests and kings of Judæa, &c. _Josephus._――――A brother of Epicurus.――――One of Alexander’s attendants, who wrote the king’s life, replete with adulation and untruth.――――A philosopher of Judæa, B.C. 150. =Aristoclēa=, a beautiful woman, seen naked by Strato as she was offering a sacrifice. She was passionately loved by Callisthenes, and was equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so furiously contended for her hand, that she died during their quarrel, upon which Strato killed himself, and Callisthenes was never seen after. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ Narrationes_. =Aristŏcles=, a peripatetic philosopher of Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on philosophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The 14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books on morals.――――A grammarian of Rhodes.――――A stoic of Lampsacus.――――An historian. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――――A musician. _Athenæus_, &c.――――A prince of Tegæa, &c. _Polyænus._――――This name is common to many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars are recorded. =Aristoclīdes=, a tyrant of Orchomenes, who, because he could not win the affection of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon which all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the murderer. =Aristocrătes=, a king of Arcadia, put to death by his subjects for offering violence to the priestess of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――His grandson, of the same name, was stoned to death for taking bribes, during the second Messenian war, and being the cause of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B.C. 682. _Pausanias_, _ibid._――――A Rhodian.――――A man who endeavoured to destroy the democratical power at Athens.――――An Athenian general sent to the assistance of Corcyra with 25 galleys. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An Athenian who was punished with death for flying from the field of battle.――――A Greek historian, son of Hipparchus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_. =Aristocreon=, the writer of a book on geography. =Aristocrĭtus=, wrote a treatise concerning Miletus. =Aristodēme=, a daughter of Priam. =Aristodēmus=, son of Aristomachus, was one of the Heraclidæ. He, with his brothers Temenus and Cresphontes, invaded Peloponnesus, conquered it, and divided the country among themselves, 1104 years before the christian era. He married Argia, by whom he had the twins Procles and Eurysthenes. He was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupactum, though some say that he died at Delphi in Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131.――――A king of Messenia, who maintained a famous war against Sparta. After some losses, he recovered his strength, and so effectually defeated the enemy’s forces, that they were obliged to prostitute their women to repeople their country. The offspring of this prostitution were called Partheniæ, and 30 years after their birth they left Sparta, and seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus put his daughter to death for the good of his country; but being afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself, after a reign of six years and some months, in which he had obtained much military glory, B.C. 724. His death was lamented by his countrymen, who did not appoint him a successor, but only invested Damis, one of his friends, with absolute power to continue the war, which was at last terminated after much bloodshed and many losses on both sides. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A tyrant of Cumæ.――――A philosopher of Ægina.――――An Alexandrian who wrote some treatises, &c. ――――A Spartan who taught the children of Pausanias.――――A man who was preceptor to the children of Pompey.――――A tyrant of Arcadia.――――A Carian who wrote a history of painting.――――A philosopher of Nysa, B.C. 68. =Aristogĕnes=, a physician of Cnidos, who obtained great reputation by the cure of Demetrius Gonatus king of Macedonia.――――A Thasian who wrote 24 books on medicine. =Aristogīton= and =Harmodius=, two celebrated friends of Athens, who by their joint efforts delivered their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. They received immortal honours from the Athenians, and had statues raised to their memory. These statues were carried away by Xerxes when he took Athens. The conspiracy of Aristogiton was so secretly planned, and so wisely carried into execution, that it is said a courtesan bit her tongue off, not to betray the trust reposed in her. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――――An Athenian orator, surnamed _Canis_, from his impudence. He wrote orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides, and Thrasyllus.――――A statuary. _Pausanias._ =Aristolāus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 11. =Aristomăche=, the wife of Dionysius of Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――――The wife of Dion.――――A poetess. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A daughter of Priam, who married Critolaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26. =Aristomăchus=, an Athenian, who wrote concerning the preparation of wine. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 9.――――A man so excessively fond of bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in raising swarms of them. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9.――――The son of Cleodæus and grandson of Hyllus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aristodemus, called Heraclidæ, conquered Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――――A man who laid aside his sovereign power at Argos, at the persuasion of Aratus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8. =Aristomēdes=, a Thessalian general in the interest of Darius III. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 9. =Aristomĕnes=, a commander of the fleet of Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A famous general of Messenia, who encouraged his countrymen to shake off the Lacedæmonian yoke under which they had laboured for above 30 years. He once defended the virtue of some Spartan women, whom his soldiers had attempted; and when he was taken prisoner and carried to Sparta, the women whom he had protected interested themselves so warmly in his cause that they procured his liberty. He refused to assume the title of king, but was satisfied with that of commander. He acquired the surname of _Just_, from his equity, to which he joined the true valour, sagacity, and perseverance of a general. He often entered Sparta without being known and was so dexterous in eluding the vigilance of the Lacedæmonians, who had taken him captive, that he twice escaped from them. As he attempted to do it a third time, he was unfortunately killed, and his body being opened, his heart was found all covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C., and it is said that he left dramatical pieces behind him. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. ――_Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A Spartan sent to the assistance of Dionysius. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. =Ariston=, the son of Agasicles king of Sparta. Being unable to raise children by two wives, he married another famous for her beauty, by whom he had, after seven months, a son Demaratus, whom he had the impudence to call not his own. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 61, &c.――――A general of Ætolia.――――A sculptor.――――A Corinthian who assisted the Syracusans against the Athenians.――――An officer in Alexander’s army.――――A tyrant of Methymna, who, being ignorant that Chios had surrendered to the Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and was taken and put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A philosopher of Chios, pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a sect which continued but a little while. He supported that the nature of the divinity is unintelligible. It is said that he died by the heat of the sun, which fell too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old age he was much given to sensuality. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A lawyer in Trajan’s reign, whose eulogium has been written by Pliny, ltr. 22, bk. 1.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who wrote concerning the course of the Nile. _Strabo._――――A wrestler of Argos, under whom Plato performed some exercises.――――A musician of Athens.――――A tragic poet.――――A peripatetic of Cos.――――A native of Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the Jews. =Aristonautæ=, the naval dock of Pellene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2. =Aristonīcus=, son of Eumenes by a concubine of Ephesus, 126 B.C., invaded Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had left by his will to the Roman people. He was conquered by the consul Perpenna, and strangled in prison. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A musician of Olynthus.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, who wrote a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise on the museum established in Alexandria by the Ptolemies. =Aristonĭdes=, a noble statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14. =Aristŏnus=, a captain of Alexander’s cavalry. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5. =Aristony̆mus=, a comic poet under Philadelphus, keeper of the library at Alexandria. He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year. _Athenæus._――――One of Alexander’s musicians. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Aristophănes=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. He wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 are come down to us. He lived in the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B.C. 434, and lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. The wit and excellence of his comedies are well known; but they abound sometimes too much with obscenity; and his attack upon the venerable character of Socrates has been always censured, and with justice. As a reward for his mental greatness, the poet received a crown of olive, in a public assembly; but if he deserved praise, he merited blame for his licentiousness, which spared not even the gods, and was so offensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a law at Athens, which forbade the comic writers from mimicking or representing on the stage any living character by name. Aristophanes has been called the prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. The play called _Nubes_ is pointedly against Socrates, and the philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a most ludicrous point of view by the introduction of one of his pupils in the characters of the piece. It is said that St. Chrysostom used to keep the comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch has made a comparison between the princes of the new and old comedy, which abounds with many anecdotes concerning these original characters. The best editions of the works of Aristophanes are, Kuster’s, folio, Amsterdam, 1710, and the 12mo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Brunck, 4 vols., 8vo, Strasbourg, 1783, which would still be more perfect did it contain the valuable scholia. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 1. ――――A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise on the harlots of Attica. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plutarch_ & _Epicurus_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 9.――――A Greek historian of Bœotia, quoted by _Plutarch_, _de Herodoti Malignitate_.――――A writer on agriculture. =Aristophilīdes=, a king of Tarentum in the reign of Darius son of Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 3. =Aristŏphon=, a painter in the age of Socrates. He drew the picture of Alcibiades softly reclining on the bosom of the courtesan Nemea, and all the people of Athens ran in crowds to be spectators of the masterly piece. He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the arm of Venus. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of whose fragments are collected in Athenæus. =Aristor=, the father of Argus the hundred-eyed keeper of Io. =Aristorĭdes=, the patronymic of Argus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 624. =Aristoteleia=, festivals in honour of Aristotle, because he obtained the restitution of his country from Alexander. =Aristotĕles=, a famous philosopher, son of the physician Nicomachus by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father’s death he went to Athens to hear Plato’s lectures, where he soon signalized himself by the brightness of his genius. He had been of an inactive and dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with uncommon diligence; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he was accused of ingratitude and illiberality by his ancient master. He was moderate in his meals; he slept little, and always had one arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a brazen basin underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to some, 10 years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According to Plutarch, the improvement that Alexander made under Aristotle was of more service to him than all the splendour and power which he received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on a variety of subjects, are extant: he gave them to Theophrastus at his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention, and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been compared with those of Plato; but the one are the effusions of a lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira studied nature more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever various and dissonant; and the more he disregarded the mythology of the ancients, the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical predecessors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men’s minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals; and the more effectually to assist him, he supplied him with 800 talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 1000 men to collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle’s logic has long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model of all imitation. As he expired, the philosopher is said to have uttered the following sentiment: _Fœde hunc mundum intravi, anxius vixi, perturbatus egredior, causa causarum miserere mei_. The letter which Philip wrote to Aristotle has been preserved, and is in these words: “I inform you I have a son; I thank the gods, not so much for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia.” Aristotle wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 322. His treatises have been published separately; but the best edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1629. Tyrwhitt’s edition of the Poetica, Oxford, 4to, 1794, is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had a son whom he called Nicomachus, by the courtesan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of its flux and reflux. There are, however, different reports about the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of a cholic, two years after Alexander’s death. The people of Stagira instituted festivals in his honour, because he had rendered important services to their city. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_ & _de Alexandri Magni Fortuna Aut Virtute_, &c.――_Cicero_, _Academica Quæstiones_, bk. 4; _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Quintilian_, bks. 1, 2, 5, 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12. ――_Justin Martyr._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bks. 2, 4, 5, &c.――_Athenæus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6, &c. There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens. ――――A commentator on Homer’s Iliad.――――An orator of Sicily, who answered the panegyric of Isocrates.――――A friend of Æschines.――――A man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.――――A schoolmaster mentioned in Plato’s life, written by Aristoxenus.――――An obscure grammarian. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Aristotle_. =Aristotīmus=, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B.C. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5. =Aristoxĕnus=, a celebrated musician, disciple of Aristotle, and born at Tarentum. He wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, history, &c., and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant.――――A philosopher of Cyrene. _Athenæus._――――A physician whose writings are quoted by Galen.――――A poet of Selinus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher. =Aristus=, a Greek historian of Salamas, who wrote an account of Alexander’s expedition. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Arrian_, bk. 7. =Aristyllus=, an obscure poet. _Aristophanes._――――An astronomer of Alexandria, 292 B.C. =Arius=, a river of Gaul, and――――of Asia. The inhabitants in the neighbourhood are called Arii.――――A celebrated writer, the origin of the Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divinity and consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for his opinions, he gained the favour of the emperor Constantine, and triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died the very night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph. Pressed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; but his bowels gushed out, and he expired on the spot, A.D. 336. _Athanasius._ =Armĕnes=, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 1. =Armenia=, a large country of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Armenia, called also Major, has Media on the east, Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia, and the Euphrates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered with the rest of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of their provinces, and under some of the emperors the Armenians had the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards reduced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always prostituted their daughters in honour of this goddess. Armenia Major is now called Turcomania, and Minor, Aladulia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 194; bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 5, ch. 1. ――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 11.――_Mela_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2. =Armentarius=, a Cæsar in Diocletian’s reign. =Armillatus=, one of Domitian’s favourites. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53. =Armilustrium=, a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms. The festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though easily distinguished; because the latter was observed the 2nd of March, and on the celebration of the Armilustrium they always played on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted A.U.C. 543. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37. =Arminius=, a warlike general of the Germans, who supported a bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last conquered by Germanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his age. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 56.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, &c. =Armorĭcæ=, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant disposition of the inhabitants called Armorici. Armorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany and Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Arne=, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus.――――A town of Umbria in Italy.――――A daughter of Æolus, who gave her name to two towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Bœotia. Neptune changed himself into a bull to enjoy her company. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4. =Arni=, a people of Italy, destroyed by Hercules. =Arniensis=, a tribe in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6. =Arnobius=, a philosopher in Diocletian’s reign, who became a convert to christianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity of irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various concerning the purity of his style, though all agree in praise of his extensive erudition. The book that he wrote, _De Rhetoricâ Institutione_, is not extant. The best edition of his treatise _Adversus Gentes_ is the 4to, printed Leiden, 1651. =Arnus=, a river of Etruria, rising in the Apennine mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 2. =Aroa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7. =Aroma=, a town of Caria,――――of Cappadocia. =Arpāni=, a people of Italy. =Arpi=, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the Trojan war. _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 28. =Arpīnum=, a town of the Volsci, famous for giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The words _Arpinæ chartæ_ are sometimes applied to Cicero’s works. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 19.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 237. ――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, speech 3.――――A town of Magna Græcia. =Arræi=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny._ =Arrharæus=, the king of a nation in the neighbourhood of Macedonia, who greatly distressed Archelaus. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_, ch. 10. =Arria=. _See:_ Aria. =Arria Galla=, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, ch. 19. =Arriānus=, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres and Proserpine, and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the elegance and sweetness of his diction, and distinguished for his acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books on Alexander’s expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red seas, four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an account of the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 140th year of Christ, and was rewarded with the consulship and government of Cappadocia, by Marcus Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian’s _Expeditio Alexandri_, is the folio Gronovii, Leiden, 1704, and the 8vo, à Raphelio, 2 vols., 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1683.――――A Greek historian.――――An Athenian who wrote a treatise on hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs.――――A poet who wrote an epic poem in 24 books on Alexander; also another poem on Attalus king of Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil’s Georgics into Greek verse. =Arrius=, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous feast _Horace_ describes, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 86.――――Aper, a Roman general who murdered the emperor, &c. =Arrius= and =Arius=, a philosopher of Alexandria, who so ingratiated himself with Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror declared the people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their city to three causes; because Alexander was their founder, because of the beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was a native of the place. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. =Arruntius=, a Roman consul.――――A famous geographer who, upon being accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6. =Arsabes=, a satrap of Armenia.――――Of Persia. _Polyænus._ =Arsăces=, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of the province called Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an empire, 250 B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing his power, and regulating the laws. After death he was made a god of his nation, and all his successors were called, in honour of his name, _Arsacidæ_. _Justin_, bk. 41, chs. 5 & 6.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 12.――――His son and successor bore the same name. He carried war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made peace with Antiochus, and died B.C. 217. _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5.――――The third king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidæ, bore the same name, and was also called Priapatius. He reigned 12 years, and left two sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though he had many children; observing that a monarch ought to have in view, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his subjects. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 5.――――A king of Pontus and Armenia, in alliance with the Romans. He fought long with success against the Persians, till he was deceived by the snares of king Sapor, his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of life. _Marcellinus._――――The eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 6.――――A servant of Themistocles. =Arsacĭdæ=, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power subsisted till the 229th year of the christian era, when they were conquered by Artaxerxes king of Persia. _Justin_, bk. 41. =Arsamĕnes=, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus. =Arsametes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15. =Arsamosāta=, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15. =Arsānes=, the son of Ochus and father of Codomanus. =Arsanias=, a river of Armenia, which, according to some, flows into the Tigris, and afterwards into the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24. =Arsēna=, a marsh of Armenia Major whose fishes are all of the same sort. _Strabo._ =Arses=, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign of three years. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Arsia=, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle between the Romans and the Veientes. _Plutarch_, _Poplicola_.――――A small river between Illyricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic.――――A river of Italy, flowing through Campania. =Arsidæus=, a son of Datames, &c. =Arsinoe=, daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, was mother of Æsculapius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine honours after death at Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Phlegeus, promised in marriage to Alcmæon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A fountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――The sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death under the name of Venus Zephyritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones, in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the power of the magnet; but the death of the architect prevented its being perfected. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her husband’s death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother’s arms. Arsinoe was some time after banished to Samothrace. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 1, &c.――――A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 4.――_Appian._――――The wife of Magas king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Lysimachus. _Pausanias._――――A town of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mœris, on the western shore of the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to the crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed them after death, and buried them in the subterraneous cells of the labyrinth. _Strabo._――――A town of Cilicia,――――of Æolia,――――of Syria, ――――of Cyprus,――――of Lycia, &c. =Arsites=, a satrap of Paphlagonia. =Artabānus=, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius I. He dissuaded his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his return, he assassinated him with the hopes of ascending the throne. Darius the son of Xerxes was murdered in a similar manner; and Artaxerxes his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 38; bk. 7, ch. 10, &c.――――A king of Parthia, after the death of his nephew Phraates II. He undertook a war against a nation of Scythia, in which he perished. His son Mithridates succeeded him, and merited the appellation of Great. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.――――A king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, which Tiridates usurped; and some time after he was restored again to his ancient power, and died A.D. 48. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, &c.――――A king of Parthia, very inimical to the interest of Vespasian.――――Another king of Parthia, who made war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of Parthia abolished, and the crown transferred to the Persian monarchs. _Dio Cassius._――_Herodian._ =Artabazānes=, or =Artamĕnes=, the eldest son of Darius, when a private person. He attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, in preference to Xerxes. _Justin._ =Artabāzus=, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bks. 7, 8, & 9.――――A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and became the familiar friend of Darius III. After the murder of this prince, he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated him with much humanity and confidence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, chs. 9 & 12; bk. 6, ch. 5; bk. 7, chs. 3 & 5; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――An officer of Artaxerxes against Datames. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Artabri= and =Artabrĭtæ=, a people of Lusitania, who received their name from Artabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called _Finisterre_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 362. =Artacæas=, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the troops, the king excepted. =Artacæna=, a city of Asia, near Aria. =Artăce=, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Procopius_, _The Persian War_, bk. 1, ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A city of Phrygia.――――A fortified place of Bithynia. =Artacēne=, a country of Assyria near Arbela, where Alexander conquered Darius. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Artăcia=, a fountain in the country of the Læstrygones. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 60. =Artæi=, a name by which the Persians were called among their neighbours. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61. =Artagreras=, a town of Upper Armenia. _Strabo._ =Artagerses=, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_. =Artanes=, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11. ――――A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――――A river of Colchis. =Artaphernes=, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He was conquered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. _See:_ Datis. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――_Herodotus._ =Artatus=, a river of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19. =Artavasdes=, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated, partly on account of his delay. He betrayed Marcus Antony in his expedition against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in golden chains. He was some time after murdered. _Strabo_, bk. 11. ――――The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the same name, who was expelled.――――Augustus had also raised to the throne of Armenia a person of the same name. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2. =Artaxa= and =Artaxias=, a general of Antiochus the Great, who erected the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Artaxăta= (orum), now _Ardesh_, a strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the capital of the empire, where the kings generally resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias the king of the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who called it _Neronea_, in honour of Nero. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Artaxerxes I.=, succeeded to the kingdom of Persia, after his father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was longer than the other, whence he has been called _Macrochir_ or _Longimanus_. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 425. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――The second of that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his extensive memory. He was son of Darius II. by Parysatis the daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make himself king, in opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various pretences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported that Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honour, that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him. The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way through the territories of the enemy; and nothing is more famous in the Grecian history, than the retreat of the 10,000. After he was delivered from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exerted all his influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his own daughters, called Atossa and Amestria, and named his eldest son Darius to be his successor. Darius, however, conspired against his father, and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the younger sons, called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son’s unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign of 46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 350 concubines, and only four legitimate sons. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――――The third, surnamed Ochus, succeeded his father Artaxerxes II., and established himself on his throne by murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished with death one of his officers who conspired against him, and recovered Egypt, which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called Codomanus for his uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his physician to poison him, B.C. 337, and afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles for swords with his bones. Codomanus, on account of his virtues, was soon after made king by the people; and that he might seem to possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under the name of Darius III. _Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 8. =Artaxerxes=, or =Artaxares I.=, a common soldier of Persia, who killed Artabanus, A.D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom, which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Severus the Roman emperor conquered him, and obliged him to remain within his kingdom. _Herodian_, bk. 5.――――One of his successors, son of Sapor, bore his name, and reigned 11 years, during which he distinguished himself by his cruelties. =Artaxias=, son of Artavasdes king of Armenia, was proclaimed king by his father’s troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, and became so odious that the Romans, at the request of the Armenians, raised Tigranes to the throne.――――Another, son of Polemon, whose original name was Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia, he was made king by Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31. ――――A general of Antiochus. _See:_ Artaxa. =Artayctes=, a Persian appointed governor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a cross by the Athenians for his cruelties. _Herodotus_, bks. 7 & 9. =Artaynta=, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his son Darius. She was one of the mistresses of her father-in-law. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 103, &c. =Artayntes=, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece by Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 13; bk. 9, ch. 107. =Artembares=, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus the Great. _Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 9. =Artemidōrus=, a native of Ephesus, who wrote a history and description of the earth, in 11 books. He flourished about 104 years B.C.――――A physician in the age of Adrian.――――A man in the reign of Antoninus, who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of dreams, still extant; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to, 1604, to which is annexed _Achmetis oneirocritica_.――――A man of Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. He had a school at Rome, and he wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the friend of Julius Cæsar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among the crowd as he was going to the senate, but Julius Cæsar put it with other papers which he held in his hand, thinking it to be of no material consequence. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_. =Artĕmis=, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia, were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi, where they offered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed, bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting, because it is said to hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a solemnity of the same name at Syracuse; it lasted three days, which were spent in banqueting and diversions. _Athenæus_, bk. 7. =Artemisia=, daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnassus, reigned over Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valour was so great that the monarch observed that all his men fought like women, and all his women like men. The Athenians were so ashamed of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,000 drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put out his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down the promontory of Leucas. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99; bk. 8, ch. 68, &c. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――There was also another queen of Caria of that name, often confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and was married to her own brother Mausolus famous for his personal beauty. She was so fond of her husband, that at his death she drank in her liquor his ashes after his body had been burned, and erected to his memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and magnificence, was called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monument she called _Mausoleum_, a name which has been given from that time to all monuments of unusual splendour. She invited all the literary men of her age, and proposed rewards to him who composed the best elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize was adjudged to Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the death of her husband that she died through grief two years after. _Vitruvius._――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 5. =Artemisia.= _See:_ Artemis. =Artemisium=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Diana had a temple. The neighbouring part of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of Xerxes had a skirmish there with the Grecian ships. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 175, &c.――――A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred to Artemis, whence the name. =Artemīta=, a city at the east of Seleucia.――――An island opposite the mouth of the Achelous. _Strabo._ =Artĕmon=, an historian of Pergamus.――――A native of Clazomenæ, who was with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented the battering ram, the _testudo_, and other equally valuable military engines.――――A man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.――――A native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of illustrious women.――――A physician of Clazomenæ.――――A painter.――――A Syrian, whose features resembled, in the strongest manner, those of Antiochus. The queen, after the king’s murder, made use of Artemon to represent her husband in a lingering state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death, she might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. _See:_ Antiochus. =Artimpasa=, a name of Venus among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 59. =Artobarzănes=, a son of Darius, who endeavoured to ascend the throne in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 3. =Artochmes=, a general of Xerxes, who married one of the daughters of Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73. =Artōna=, a town of the Latins, taken by the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 43. =Artontes=, a son of Mardonius. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_. =Artonius=, a physician of Augustus, who, on the night previous to the battle of Philippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure Augustus of victory. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Artoxares=, a eunuch of Paphlagonia, in the reign of Artaxerxes I., cruelly put to death by Parysatis. =Arturius=, an obscure fellow, raised to honours and wealth by his flatteries, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 29. =Artynes=, a king of Media. =Artynia=, a lake of Asia Minor. =Artystŏna=, a daughter of Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 88. =Aruæ=, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexander kindly received the chief officers of Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4. =Arvāles=, a name given to 12 priests who celebrated the festivals called Ambarvalia. According to some, they were descended from the 12 sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown of ears of corn, and a white fillet. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4. _See:_ Ambarvalia. =Arueris=, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and Osiris. According to some accounts, Osiris and Isis were married together in their mother’s womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before she was born. =Arverni=, a powerful people of Gaul, now _Auvergne_, near the Ligeris, who took up arms against Julius Cæsar. They were conquered with great slaughter. They pretended to be descended from the Trojans as well as the Romans. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Arvĭrăgus=, a king of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 127. =Arvīsium= and =Arvīsus=, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wine. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 5. =Lucius Arunculeius Costa [Cotta]=, an officer sent by Julius Cæsar against the Gauls, by whom he was killed. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Aruns=, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of Marius. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 586.――――A soldier who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of Diana. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759.――――A brother of Tarquin the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him to espouse Tarquin, who had assassinated his wife.――――A son of Tarquin the Proud, who, in the battle that was fought between the partisans of his father and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him and threw him down from his horse. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A son of Porsenna king of Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 14. =Aruntius=, a Roman who ridiculed the rites of Bacchus, for which the god inebriated him to such a degree that he offered violence to his daughter Medullina, who murdered him when she found that he acted so dishonourably to her virtue. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A man who wrote an account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust, in the reign of Augustus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_, ltr. 14.――――Another Latin writer. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 6. ――――Paterculus, a man who gave Æmylius Censorinus tyrant of Ægesta a brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant made the first experiment upon the body of the donor. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――Stella, a poet descended of a consular family in the age of Domitian. =Arupīnus=, a maritime town of Istria. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 110. =Aruspex.= _See:_ Haruspex. =Aryxăta=, a town of Armenia, near the Araxes. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Aryandes=, a Persian appointed governor of Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death because he imitated Darius in whatever he did, and wished to make himself immortal. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 166. =Arybas=, a native of Sidon, whose daughter was carried away by pirates. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 425.――――A king of the Molossi, who reigned 10 years. =Aryptæus=, a prince of the Molossi, who privately encouraged the Greeks against Macedonia, and afterwards embraced the party of the Macedonians. =Asander=, a man who separated, by a wall, Chersonesus Taurica from the continent. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Asbestæ= and =Asbystæ=, a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the temple of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that account, _Asbystius_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 170.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Asbŏlus= (_black hair_), one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. =Ascalăphus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who was among the Argonauts, and went to the Trojan war at the head of the Ochomenians, with his brother Ialmenus. He was killed by Deiphobus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 13; bk. 9, li. 82; bk. 13, li. 518.――――A son of Acheron by Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to watch over Proserpine in the Elysian fields. When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her daughter’s freedom and return upon earth, provided she had eaten nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that she had eaten some pomegranates from a tree; upon which Proserpine was ordered by Jupiter to remain six months with Pluto, and the rest of the year with her mother. Proserpine was so displeased with Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled water on his head, and immediately turned him into an owl. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 5. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 8. =Ascălon=, a town of Syria, near the Mediterranean, about 520 stadia from Jerusalem, still in being. It was anciently famous for its onions. _Josephus_, _The Jewish War_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Theophrastus_, _Enquiry into Plants_, bk. 7, ch. 4. =Ascania=, an island of the Ægean sea.――――A city of Troas, built by Ascanius. =Ascănius=, son of Æneas by Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy by his father, whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. He was afterwards called Iulus. He behaved with great valour in the war which his father carried on against the Latins, and succeeded Æneas in the kingdom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which he transferred the seat of his empire from Lavinium. The descendants of Ascanius reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 14 kings, till the age of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus son of Æneas by Lavinia. Iulus the son of Ascanius disputed the crown with him; but the Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was descended from the family of Latinus, and Iulus was invested with the office of high priest, which remained a long while in his family. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――――According to _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15, &c., the son of Æneas by Lavinia was also called Ascanius.――――A river of Bithynia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 270. =Ascii=, a nation of India, in whose country objects at noon have no shadow. _Pliny_, bk. 2. =Asclēpia=, festivals in honour of Asclepius, or Æsculapius, celebrated all over Greece, when prizes for poetical and musical compositions were honourably distributed. At Epidaurus they were called by a different name. =Asclēpiădes=, a rhetorician in the age of Eumenes, who wrote an historical account of Alexander. _Arrian_.――――A disciple of Plato. ――――A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very intimate with Menedemus. The two friends lived together, and that they might not be separated when they married, Asclepiades married the daughter, and Menedemus, though much the younger, the mother. When the wife of Asclepiades was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, and married another. He was blind in his old age, and died in Eretria. _Plutarch_.――――A physician of Bithynia, B.C. 90, who acquired great reputation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect in physic. He relied so much on his skill that he laid a wager he should never be sick; and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very advanced age. Nothing of his medical treatises is now extant.――――An Egyptian, who wrote hymns on the gods of his country, and also a treatise on the coincidence of all religions.――――A native of Alexandria, who gave a history of the Athenian archons.――――The writer of a treatise on Demetrius Phalereus.――――A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote six books on those events which had been the subject of tragedies.――――A physician in the age of Pompey.――――A tragic poet.――――Another physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a great favourite of the emperor’s court. =Asclepiodōrus=, a painter in the age of Apelles, 12 of whose pictures of the gods were sold, for 300 minæ each, to an African prince. _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――A soldier who conspired against Alexander with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6. =Asclepiodotus=, a general of Mithridates. =Asclepius.= _See:_ Æsculapius. =Ascletarion=, a mathematician in the age of Domitian, who said that he should be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to death, and his body carefully secured; but as soon as he was set on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose which put out the flames, and the dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematician’s body. _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 15. =Asclus=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8. =Ascolia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated about December by the Athenian husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to the god, because that animal is a great enemy to the vine. They made a bottle with the skin of the victim, which they filled with oil and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who could stand upon it first was victorious, and received the bottle as a reward. This was called ἀσκωλιαζειν παρα το ἐπι ἀσκον ἀλλεσθαι, _leaping upon the bottle_, whence the name of the festival is derived. It was also introduced in Italy, where the people besmeared their faces with the dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. They always hanged some small images of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards, and these images they called Oscilla. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 384.――_Pollux_, bk. 9, ch. 7. =Asconius Labeo=, a preceptor of Nero.――――Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and Livy.――――Another of the same family in the age of Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, and lived 12 years after. He wrote, besides some historical treatises, annotations on Cicero’s orations. =Ascra=, a town of Bœotia, built, according to some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at the foot of Mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there, whence he is often called the _Ascrean_ poet, and whatever poem treats on agricultural subjects _Ascræum carmen_. The town received its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother of Œoclus by Neptune. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1. =Ascŭlum=, now _Ascoli_, a town of Picenum, famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by Curius and Fabricius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――――Another in Apulia, near the Aufidus. =Asdrŭbal=, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the Numidian war, and was appointed chief general on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight years presided with much prudence and valour over Spain, which submitted to his arms with cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of new Carthage, and saw it complete. To stop his progress towards the east, the Romans, in a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass the Iberus, which was faithfully observed by the general. He was killed in the midst of his soldiers, B.C. 220, by a slave whose master he had murdered. The slave was caught and put to death in the greatest torments, which he bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say that he was killed in hunting. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 165.――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 2, &c.――――A son of Hamilcar, who came from Spain with a large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy; but some of his letters to Annibal having fallen into the hands of the Romans, the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero attacked him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B.C. 207. He was killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and 5400 were taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were killed. The head of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days after thrown into the camp of Annibal, who, in the moment that he was in the greatest expectations for a promised supply, exclaimed at the sight, “In losing Asdrubal, I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes.” Asdrubal had before made an attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but had been defeated by the governor of Sardinia. _Livy_, bks. 21, 23, 27, &c. ――_Polybius._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.――――A Carthaginian general, surnamed _Calvus_, appointed governor of Sardinia, and taken prisoner by the Romans. _Livy._――――Another, son of Gisgon, appointed general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the great Annibal. He made head against the Romans in Africa, with the assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated by Scipio. He died B.C. 206. _Livy._――――Another, who advised his countrymen to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for laughing in the Carthaginian senate. _Livy._――――A grandson of Masinissa, murdered in the senate house by the Carthaginians.――――Another, whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at the head of 20,000 men, in the last Punic war. When all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and begged his life. Scipio showed him to the Carthaginians, upon which his wife, with a thousand imprecations, threw herself and her two children into the flames of the temple of Æsculapius, which she and others had set on fire. He was not of the same family as Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 51.――――A Carthaginian general, conquered by Lucius Cæcilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he lost 130 elephants. These animals were led in triumph all over Italy by the conquerors. =Asellio Sempronius=, an historian and military tribune, who wrote an account of the actions in which he was present. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Asia=, one of the three parts of the ancient world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, the Euxine, Ægean, and Mediterranean seas. The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It received its name from Asia the daughter of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the universe, and to the ancient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all the necessaries as well as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into many different empires, provinces, and states, of which the most conspicuous were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy, according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin 1300 years, down to the year of the world 4380. The empire of Persia existed 228 years, till the death of Darius III., whom Alexander the Great conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 259 years, according to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the reign of Astyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who transferred the power from the Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It was in Asia that the military valour of the Macedonians, and the bold retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously displayed. It is in that part of the world that we are to look for the more visible progress of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation. Asia was generally divided into Major and Minor. Asia Major was the most extensive, and comprehended all the eastern parts; and Asia Minor was a large country in the form of a peninsula, whose boundaries may be known by drawing a line from the bay of Issus, in a northern direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine sea. Asia Minor has been subject to many revolutions. It was tributary to the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time in the power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor were the receptacle of all the ancient emigrations from Greece, and it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally and indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the name of Asia. _Strabo._ ――_Mela._――_Justin._――_Pliny._――_Tacitus_, &c.――――One of the Oceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her name to one of the three divisions of the ancient globe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2. ――――One of the Nereides. _Hyginus._――――A mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24. =Asia Palus=, a lake in Mysia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 701. =Asiātĭcus=, a Gaul in the age of Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.――――The surname of one of the Scipios, and others, from their conquests or campaigns in Asia. =Asĭlas=, an augur, who assisted Æneas against Turnus.――――A Trojan officer. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 9, 10, &c. =Asināria=, a festival in Sicily, in commemoration of a victory obtained over Demosthenes and Nicias at the river Asinarius. =Asinārius=, a river of Sicily, where the Athenian generals, Demosthenes and Nicias, were taken prisoners. =Asĭne=, one of the Sporades.――――An island of the Adriatic.――――Three towns of Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, and Messenia. =Asĭnes=, a river of Sicily. =Asinius Gallus=, son of Asinius Pollio the orator, married Vipsania, after she had been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise to a secret enmity between the emperor and Asinius, who starved himself to death, either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He had six sons by his wife. He wrote a comparison between his father and Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority to the former. _Tacitus_ bks. 1 & 5, _Annals_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 58.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ltr. 4.――――Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused of some misdemeanours, but acquitted, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 14, _Annals_. ――――Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account of the wars of Cæsar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He refused to answer some verses against him by Augustus, “because,” said he, “you have the power to proscribe me, should my answer prove offensive.” He died in the 80th year of his age, A.D. 4. He was consul with Cnaeus Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 714. It is to him that the fourth of Virgil’s Bucolics is inscribed. _Quintilian._ ――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, chs. 30 & 55.――_Dio Cassius_, bks. 37, 49, 55.――_Seneca_, _de Tranquilitate Animi_ & ltr. 100.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30.――_Tacitus_, bk. 6.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A commander of Mauritania, under the first emperors, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.――――An historian in the age of Pompey. ――――Another in the third century.――――Quadratus, a man who published the history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome. =Asius=, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 342; bk. 12, li. 95; bk. 13, li. 384.――――A poet of Samos, who wrote about the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――A son of Imbracus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123. =Asius Campus=, a place near the Cayster. =Asnāus=, a mountain of Macedonia, near which the river Aous flows. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5. =Asōphis=, a small country of Peloponnesus, near the Asopus. =Asōpia=, the ancient name of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Asōpiădes=, a patronymic of Æacus, son of Ægina, the daughter of Asopus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 484. =Asōpis=, the daughter of the Asopus.――――A daughter of Thespius mother of Mentor. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Asōpus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the bay of Malta at the north of Thermopylæ. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A river of Bœotia, rising near Platæa, and flowing into the Euripus, after it has separated the country of the Thebans and Platæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4. ――――A river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near Laodicea.――――A river of Peloponnesus, passing by Sicyon.――――Another of Macedonia, flowing near Heraclea. _Strabo_, &c.――――A river of Phœnicia.――――A son of Neptune, who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus. Three of his daughters are particularly celebrated, Ægina, Salamis, and Ismene. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12. =Aspa=, a town of Parthia, now _Ispahan_, the capital of the Persian empire. =Aspamithres=, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, who conspired with Artabanus to destroy the king and the royal family, &c. _Ctesias._ =Asparagium=, a town near Dyrrhachium. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 30. =Aspăsia=, a daughter of Hermotimus of Phocæa, famous for her personal charms and elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mistress to Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother Artaxerxes, from whom she passed to Darius. She was called _Milto_, _vermilion_, on account of the beauty of her complexion. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――Another woman, daughter of Axiochus, born at Miletus. She came to Athens, where she taught eloquence, and Socrates was proud to be among her scholars. She so captivated Pericles, by her mental and personal accomplishments, that he became her pupil, and at last took her for his mistress and wife. He was so fond of her, that he made war against Samos at her instigation. The behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals of the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and lasciviousness into the state. She, however, possessed the merit of a superior excellence in mind as well as person, and her instructions helped to form the greatest and most eloquent orators of Greece. Some have confounded the mistress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter of Hermotimus. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 11.――――The wife of Xenophon was also called Aspasia, if we follow the improper interpretation given by some to _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 31. =Aspasius=, a peripatetic philosopher in the second century, whose commentaries on different subjects were highly valued.――――A sophist, who wrote a panegyric on Adrian. =Aspastes=, a satrap of Carmania, suspected of infidelity to his trust while Alexander was in the east. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 20. =Aspathīnes=, one of the seven noblemen of Persia who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 70, &c.――――A son of Prexaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7. =Aspendus=, a town of Pamphylia, at the mouth of the river Eurymedon. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to Venus. =Asphaltītes=, a lake. _See:_ Mare Mortuum. =Aspis=, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.――――A city and mountain of Africa.――――One of the Cyclades.――――A city of Macedonia. =Asplēdon=, a son of Neptune by the nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city of Bœotia, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 38. =Asporēnus=, a mountain of Asia Minor near Pergamus, where the mother of the gods was worshipped, and called _Asporena_. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Assa=, a town near mount Athos. =Assabīnus=, the Jupiter of the Arabians. =Assărăcus=, a Trojan prince, son of Tros by Callirhoe. He was father to Capys, the father of Anchises. The Trojans were frequently called the descendants of Assaracus, _Gens Assaraci_. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1.――――Two friends of Æneas in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124. =Asserīni=, a people of Sicily. =Assōrus=, a town of Sicily, between Enna and Argyrium. =Assos=, a town of Lycia on the sea coast. =Assy̆ria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries have been different in its flourishing times. At first it was bounded by the Lycus and Caprus; but the name of Assyria, more generally speaking, is applied to all that territory which lies between Media, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian empire is the most ancient in the world. It was founded by Ninus or Belus, B.C. 2059, according to some authors, and lasted till the reign of Sardanapalus, the 31st sovereign since Ninus, B.C. 820. According to Eusebius, it flourished for 1240 years; according to Justin, 1300 years; but Herodotus says that its duration was not above 500 or 600 years. Among the different monarchs of the Assyrian empire Semiramis greatly distinguished herself, and extended the boundaries of her dominions as far as Æthiopia and Libya. In ancient authors the Assyrians are often called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The Assyrians assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and sent him Memnon with an army. The king of Assyria generally styled himself king of kings, as a demonstration of his power and greatness. The country is now called Curdistan. _See:_ Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 13 & 26.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Asta=, a city in Spain. =Astacœni=, a people of India near the Indus. _Strabo_, bk. 15. =Astăcus=, a town of Bithynia, built by Acastus son of Neptune and Olbia, or rather by a colony from Megara and Athens. Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to the town of Nicomedia, which was then lately built. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――_Arrian._ ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Acarnania. _Pliny_, bk. 5. =Astăpa=, a town of Hispania Bætica. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 20. =Astăpus=, a river of Æthiopia, falling into the Nile. =Astarte=, a powerful divinity of Syria, the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which was served by 300 priests, who were always employed in offering sacrifices. She was represented in medals with a long habit, and a mantle over it, tucked up on the left arm. She had one hand stretched forward, and held in the other a crooked staff in the form of a cross. _Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23. =Aster=, a dexterous archer of Amphipolis, who offered his service to Philip king of Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed it with a siege. The arrow, on which was written “Aimed at Philip’s right eye,” struck the king’s eye, and put it out; and Philip, to return the pleasantry, threw back the same arrow, with these words, “If Philip takes the town, Aster shall be hanged.” The conqueror kept his word. _Lucian_, _Quomodo historia conscribenda sit_. =Astĕria=, a daughter of Ceus, one of the Titans, by Phœbe daughter of Cœlus and Terra. She married Perses son of Crius, by whom she had the celebrated Hecate. She enjoyed for a long time the favours of Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; but falling under his displeasure, she was changed into a quail, called _Ortyx_ by the Greeks; whence the name of _Ortygia_, given to that island in the Archipelago, where she retired. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 58.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c. ――――A town of Greece, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 782.――――One of the daughters of Danaus, who married Chætus son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――One of the daughters of Atlas, mother of Œnomaus king of Pisa. _Hyginus_, fable 250.――――A mistress of Gyges, to whom Horace wrote three odes to comfort her during her lover’s absence. =Astĕrion= and =Astĕrius=, a river of Peloponnesus, which flowed through the country of Argolis. This river had three daughters, Eubœa, Prosymna, and Acræa, who nursed the goddess Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――A son of Cometes, who was one of the Argonauts. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.――――A statuary, son of Æschylus. _Pausanias._ ――――A son of Minos II., king of Crete, by Pasiphæ. He was killed by Theseus, though he was thought the strongest of his age. Apollodorus supposes him to be the same as the famous Minotaur. According to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, one of the descendants of Æolus, and they say that he was surnamed Jupiter, because he had carried away Europa, by whom he had Minus I. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.――――A son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 12. =Asterodia=, the wife of Endymion. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Asterŏpe= and =Asteropēa=, one of the Pleiades, who were beloved by the gods and most illustrious heroes, and made constellations after death.――――A daughter of Pelias king of Iolchos, who assisted her sisters to kill her father, whom Medea promised to restore to life. Her grave was seen in Arcadia, in the time of _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A daughter of Deion by Diomede. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――The wife of Æsacus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3. =Asteropæus=, a king of Pæonia, son of Pelegon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed, after a brave resistance, by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, &c. =Asterūsius=, a mountain at the south of Crete.――――A town of Arabia Felix. =Astinŏme=, the wife of Hipponous. =Astiŏchus=, a general of Lacedæmon, who conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, and took Phocæa and Cumæ, B.C. 411. =Astræa=, a daughter of Astræus king of Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan, Saturn’s brother, by Aurora. Some make her daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her to be the same as Rhea wife of Saturn. She was called _Justice_, of which virtue she was the goddess. She lived upon the earth, as the poets mention, during the golden age, which is often called the age of Astræa; but the wickedness and impiety of mankind drove her to heaven in the brazen and iron ages, and she was placed among the constellations of the zodiac, under the name of Virgo. She is represented as a virgin, with a stern but majestic countenance, holding a pair of scales in one hand and a sword in the other. _Seneca_, _Octavia_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 149. ――_Aratus_, bk. 1, _Phænomena_, li. 98.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. =Astræus=, one of the Titans who made war against Jupiter.――――A river of Macedonia, near Thermæ. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 15, ch. 1. =Astu=, a Greek word which signifies _city_, generally applied, by way of distinction, to Athens, which was the most capital city of Greece. The word _urbs_ is applied with the same meaning of superiority to Rome, and πολις to Alexandria the capital of Ægypt, as also to Troy. =Astur=, an Etrurian who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 180. =Astŭra=, a small river and village of Latium, where Antony’s soldiers cut off Cicero’s head. =Astŭres=, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, who spent all their lives in digging for mines of ore. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 298.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 231. =Astyăge=, a daughter of Hypseus, who married Periphas, by whom she had some children, among whom was Antion the father of Ixion. =Astyăges=, a son of Cyaxares, was the last king of Media. He was father to Mandane, whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an ignoble person of Persia, because he was told by a dream that his daughter’s son would dispossess him of his crown. From such a marriage he hoped that none but mean and ignorant children could be raised; but he was disappointed, and though he had exposed his daughter’s son by the effects of a second dream, he was deprived of his crown by his grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Astyages was very cruel and oppressive; and Harpagus, one of his officers, whose son he had wantonly murdered, encouraged Mandane’s son, who was called Cyrus, to take up arms against his grandfather, and he conquered him and took him prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cyropædia, relates a different story, and asserts that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the most undisturbed friendship together. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 74, 75, &c.――――A grammarian who wrote a commentary on Callimachus.――――A man changed into a stone by Medusa’s head. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6. =Astyălus=, a Trojan killed by Neoptolemus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6. =Astyănax=, a son of Hector and Andromache. He was very young when the Greeks besieged Troy; and when the city was taken, his mother saved him in her arms from the flames. Ulysses, who was afraid lest the young prince should inherit the virtues of his father, and one day avenge the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, seized him, and threw him down from the walls of Troy. According to Euripides, he was killed by Menelaus; and Seneca says that Pyrrhus the son of Achilles put him to death. Hector had given him the name of Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who hoped he might prove as great as his father, called him Astyanax, or the bulwark of the city. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 400; bk. 22, li. 500.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 457; bk. 3, li. 489.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 415. ――――An Arcadian, who had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on mount Lyceus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――A son of Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A writer in the age of Gallienus. =Astycratia=, a daughter of Æolus. _Homer_, _Iliad_.――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. =Astydămas=, an Athenian, pupil to Isocrates. He wrote 240 tragedies, of which only 15 obtained the poetical prize.――――A Milesian, three times victorious at Olympia. He was famous for his strength, as well as for his voracious appetite. He was once invited to a feast by king Ariobarzanes, and he ate what had been prepared for nine persons. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――――Two tragic writers bore the same name, one of whom was disciple to Socrates.――――A comic poet of Athens. =Astydămīa=, or =Astyadamia=, daughter of Amyntor king of Orchomenos in Bœotia, married Acastus son of Pelias, who was king of Iolchos. She became enamoured of Peleus son of Æacus, who had visited her husband’s court, and because he refused to gratify her passion, she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus readily believed his wife’s accusation; but as he would not violate the laws of hospitality by punishing his guest with instant death, he waited for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled his resentment. At last they went in a hunting party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was tied to a tree by order of Acastus, that he might be devoured by wild beasts. Jupiter was moved at the innocence of Peleus, and sent Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, he marched with an army against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished with death the cruel and false Astydamia. She is called by some Hippolyte, and by others Cretheis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Pindar_, _Nemean_, bk. 4.――――A daughter of Ormenus, carried away by Hercules, by whom she had Tlepolemus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 50. =Asty̆lus=, one of the centaurs who had the knowledge of futurity. He advised his brothers not to make war against the Lapithæ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 338.――――A man of Crotona, who was victorious three successive times at the Olympic games. _Pausanias._ =Astymedūsa=, a woman whom Œdipus married after he had divorced Jocasta. =Astynŏme=, the daughter of Chryses the priest of Apollo, sometimes called _Chryseis_. She fell to the share of Achilles, at the division of the spoils of Lyrnessus.――――A daughter of Amphion,――――of Talaus. _Hyginus._ =Astynous=, a Trojan prince. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 144. =Astyŏche= and =Astyochīa=, a daughter of Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 20.――――A daughter of Phylas king of Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepolemus by Hercules. _Hyginus_, fables 97, 162. ――――A daughter of Laomedon by Strymo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A daughter of the Simois, who married Erichthonius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon. =Astypalæa=, one of the Cyclades, between Cos and Carpathos, called after Astypalæa the daughter of Phœnix, and mother of Ancæus by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Astyphĭlus=, a soothsayer, well skilled in the knowledge of futurity. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_. =Astȳron=, a town built by the Argonauts on the coast of Illyricum. _Strabo._ =Asychis=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Mycerinus, and made a law, that whoever borrowed money, must deposit his father’s body in the hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his promise of payment. He built a magnificent pyramid. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 136. =Asȳlas=, a friend of Æneas, skilled in auguries. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 571; bk. 10, li. 175. =Asyllus=, a gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 266. =Atābŭlus=, a wind which was frequent in Apulia. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 78. =Atabȳris=, a mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was surnamed _Atabyris_. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Atăce=, a town of Gaul, whence the adjective _Atacinus_. =Atalanta=, a daughter of Schœneus king of Scyros. According to some she was the daughter of Jasus or Jasius by Clymene; but others say that Menalion was her father. This uncertainty of not rightly knowing the name of her father has led the mythologists into error, and some have maintained that there were two persons of that name, though their supposition is groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia, and according to Ovid she determined to live in perpetual celibacy; but her beauty gained her many admirers, and to free herself from their importunities, she proposed to run a race with them. They were to run without arms, and she was to carry a dart in her hand. Her lovers were to start first, and whoever arrived at the goal before her would be made her husband; but all those whom she overtook were to be killed by the dart with which she had armed herself. As she was almost invincible in running, many of her suitors perished in the attempt, till Hippomenes the son of Macareus proposed himself as her admirer. Venus had presented him with three golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides, or, according to others, from an orchard in Cyprus; and as soon as he had started in the course, he artfully threw down the apples at some distance one from the other. While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to gather the apples, Hippomenes hastened on his course, arrived first at the goal, and obtained Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, in the impatience of consummating their nuptials, entered the temple of Cybele; and the goddess was so offended at their impiety, and at the profanation of her house, that she changed them into two lions. Apollodorus says that Atalanta’s father was desirous of raising male issue, and that therefore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon as born. She was, however, suckled by a she-bear, and preserved by shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunting, and resolved to live in celibacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus, who attempted her virtue. She was present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar, which she first wounded, and she received the head as a present from Meleager, who was enamoured of her. She was also at the games instituted in honour of Pelias, where she conquered Peleus; and when her father, to whom she had been restored, wished her to marry, she consented to give herself to him who could overcome her in running, as has been said above. She had a son called Parthenopæus by Hippomenes. Hyginus says that that son was the fruit of her love with Meleager; and Apollodorus says she had him by Milanion, or, according to others, by the god Mars. _See:_ Meleager. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 9, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 36, 45, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 99, 174, 185, 270. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4; bk. 10, fable 11.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_.――――An island near Eubœa and Locris. _Pausanias._ =Atarantes=, a people of Africa, ten days’ journey from the Garamantes. There was in their country a hill of salt with a fountain of sweet water upon it. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 184. =Atarbĕchis=, a town in one of the islands of the Delta, where Venus had a temple. =Atargătis=, a divinity among the Syrians represented as a Syren. She is considered by some to be the same as Venus, and honoured by the Assyrians under the name of Astarte. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Atarnea=, a part of Mysia opposite Lesbos, with a small town in the neighbourhood of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35. =Atas= and =Athas=, a youth of wonderful velocity, who is said to have run 75 miles between noon and the evening. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 19. ――_Pliny_, bk. 7. =Atax=, now _Aude_, a river of Gaul Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2. =Ate=, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and sedition in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter dragged her away by the hair, and banished her for ever from heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, where she incited mankind to wickedness, and sowed commotions among them. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 19. She is the same as the Discord of the Latins. =Atella=, a town of Campania, famous for a splendid amphitheatre, where interludes were first exhibited, and thence called Atellanæ fabulæ. _Juvenal_, satire 6. =Atenomārus=, a chieftain of Gaul, who made war against the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. =Athamānes=, an ancient people of Epirus, who existed long before the Trojan war, and still preserved their name and customs in the age of Alexander. There was a fountain in their territories, whose waters, about the last quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous that they would set wood on fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 311. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Athămas=, king of Thebes in Bœotia, was son of Æolus. He married Themisto, whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, and by her he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time after, on pretence that Nephele was subject to fits of madness, he married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became jealous of the children of Nephele. Because they were to ascend their father’s throne in preference to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy them; but they escaped from her fury to Colchis, on a golden ram. _See:_ Phryxus and Argonautæ. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 22, Ino attempted to destroy the corn of the country; and as if it were the consequence of divine vengeance, the soothsayers, at her instigation, told Athamas, that before the earth would yield her usual increase, he must sacrifice one of the children of Nephele to the gods. The credulous father led Phryxus to the altar, where he was saved by Nephele. The prosperity of Ino was displeasing to Juno, and more particularly because she was descended from Venus. The goddess therefore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed with such sudden fury that he took Ino to be a lioness, and her two sons to be whelps. In this fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her, and killed him against a wall; upon which Ino fled with Melicerta, and, with him in her arms, she threw herself into the sea from a high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. After this, Athamas recovered the use of his senses; and as he was without children, he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of Thersander his nephew. _Hyginus_, fables 1, 2, 5, 239.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 467, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 419.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 10.――――A stage dancer. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 36.――――A tragic poet. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 20.――――One of the Greeks, concealed in the wooden horse at the siege of Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 263. =Athamantiădes=, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phryxus, or Helle, children of Athamas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 319; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 903. =Athanasius=, a bishop of Alexandria, celebrated for his sufferings, and the determined opposition he maintained against Arius and his doctrines. His writings, which were numerous, and some of which have perished, contain a defence of the mystery of the Trinity, the divinity of the Word and of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to Constantine. The creed which bears his name, is supposed by some not to be his composition. Athanasius died 2nd May, 373 A.D., after filling the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, and leading alternately a life of exile and of triumph. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1698. =Athanis=, a man who wrote an account of Sicily. _Athenæus_, bk. 3. =Atheas=, a king of Scythia, who implored the assistance of Philip of Macedonia against the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had furnished him with an army. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 2. =Athēna=, the name of Minerva among the Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before Cecrops had introduced the worship of the goddess into Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Athēnæ=, a celebrated city of Attica, founded about 1556 years before the christian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was called _Cecropia_ from its founder, and afterwards _Athenæ_ in honour of Minerva, who had obtained the right of giving it a name in preference to Neptune. _See:_ Minerva. It was governed by 17 kings in the following order:――After a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was succeeded by Cranaus, who began to reign 1506 B.C.; Amphictyon, 1497; Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437; Erichtheus, 1397; Cecrops II., 1347; Pandion II., 1307; Ægeus, 1283; Theseus, 1235; Menestheus, 1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; Thymœtes, 1136; Melanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of 21 years. The history of the 12 first of these monarchs is mostly fabulous. After the death of Codrus the monarchical power was abolished, and the state was governed by 13 perpetual, and 317 years after, by seven decennial, and lastly, B.C. 684, after an anarchy of three years, by annual magistrates, called Archons. _See:_ Archontes. Under this democracy, the Athenians signalized themselves by their valour in the field, their munificence, and the cultivation of the fine arts. They were deemed so powerful by the Persians, that Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms against Athens, which he took and burnt. Their military character was chiefly displayed in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Platæa, and of Mycale. After these immortal victories, they rose in consequence and dignity, and they demanded the superiority in the affairs of Greece. The town was rebuilt and embellished by Themistocles, and a new and magnificent harbour erected. Their success made them arrogant, and they raised contentions among the neighbouring states, that they might aggrandize themselves by their fall. The luxury and intemperance, which had been long excluded from the city by the salutary laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, crept by degrees among all ranks of people, and soon after all Greece united to destroy that city, which claimed a sovereign power over all the rest. The Peloponnesian war, though at first a private quarrel, was soon fomented into a universal war; and the arms of all the states of Peloponnesus [_See:_ Peloponnesiacum bellum] were directed against Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortunes and bloodshed, was totally ruined, the 24th April, 404 years before the christian era, by Lysander. After this, the Athenians were oppressed by 30 tyrants, and for a while laboured under the weight of their own calamities. They recovered something of their usual spirit in the age of Philip, and boldly opposed his ambitious views; but their short-lived efforts were not of great service to the interest of Greece, and they fell into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 86. The Athenians have been admired in all ages for their love of liberty, and for the great men that were born among them; but favour there was attended with danger; and there are very few instances in the history of Athens that can prove that the jealousy and frenzy of the people did not persecute and disturb the peace of the man who had fought their battles and exposed his life in the defence of his country. Perhaps, not one single city in the world can boast, in such a short space of time, of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, equally celebrated for their humanity, their learning, and their military abilities. The Romans, in the more polished ages of their republic, sent their youths to finish their education at Athens, and respected the learning, while they despised the military character of the inhabitants. The reputation which the Athenian schools had acquired under Socrates and Plato was maintained by their degenerate and less learned successors; and they flourished with diminished lustre, till an edict of emperor Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consulship, the philosophical meetings of the academy. It has been said by Plutarch that the good men whom Athens produced were the most just and equitable in the world; but that its bad citizens could not be surpassed in any age or country, for their impiety, perfidiousness, or cruelties. Their criminals were always put to death by drinking the juice of hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens in a more particular manner, called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece, the learned city, the school of the world, the common patroness of Greece. The Athenians thought themselves the most ancient nation of Greece, and supposed themselves the original inhabitants of Attica, for which reason they were called ἀυτοχθονες, produced from the _same earth_ which they inhabited, γηγενες _sons of the earth_, and τεττιγες _grasshoppers_. They sometimes wore golden grasshoppers in their hair as badges of honour, to distinguish them from other people of later origin and less noble extraction, because those insects are supposed to be sprung from the ground. The number of men able to bear arms at Athens in the reign of Cecrops was computed at 20,000, and there appeared no considerable augmentation in the more civilized age of Pericles; but in the time of Demetrius Phalereus there were found 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 slaves. Among the numerous temples and public edifices none was more celebrated than that of Minerva, which, after being burnt by the Persians, was rebuilt by Pericles, with the finest marble, and still exists a venerable monument of the hero’s patriotism, and of the abilities of the architect. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, Against Verres, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.――_Plutarch_, _in vitis_, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Valerius Maximus._――_Livy_, bk. 31, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_, &c.――_Polybius._――_Paterculus._ =Athenæa=, festivals celebrated at Athens in honour of Minerva. One of them was called ♦_Panathenæa_, and the other _ Chalcea_; for an account of which see those words. ♦ ‘Bana, thenæe’ replaced with ‘Panathenæa’ =Athenæum=, a place at Athens sacred to Minerva, where the poets, philosophers, and rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated their compositions. It was public to all the professors of the liberal arts. The same thing was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made a public building for the same laudable purposes.――――A promontory of Italy.――――A fortified place between Ætolia and Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 1; bk. 39, ch. 25. =Athenæus=, a Greek cosmographer.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the time of Augustus. _Strabo._――――A Spartan sent by his countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace during the Peloponnesian war.――――A grammarian of Naucratis, who composed an elegant and miscellaneous work, called ♦_Deipnosophistæ_, replete with very curious and interesting remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the ancients, and likewise valuable for the scattered pieces of ancient poetry which it preserves. The work consists of 15 books, of which the two first, part of the third, and almost the whole of the last, are lost. Athenæus wrote, besides this, a history of Syria, and other works now lost. He died A.D. 194. The best edition of his works is that of Casaubon, folio, 2 vols., Lugdunum, 1612, by far superior to the editions of 1595 and 1657.――――An historian, who wrote an account of Semiramis. _Diodorus._――――A brother of king Eumenes II., famous for his paternal affection.――――A Roman historian, in the age of Gallienus, who is supposed to have written a book on military engines.――――A physician of Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who made heat, cold, wet, dry, and air the elements, instead of the four commonly received. ♦ ‘Deipnosphistæ’ replaced with ‘Deipnosophistæ’ =Athenagŏras=, a Greek in the time of Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the government of Chios, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A writer on agriculture. _Varro._――――A christian philosopher, in the age of Aurelius, who wrote a treatise on the resurrection, and an apology for the christians, still extant. He died A.D. 177. The best edition of his works is that of Dechair, 8vo, Oxford, 1706. The romance of Theagenes and Charis is falsely ascribed to him. =Athenāis=, a Sibyl of Erythræa, in the age of Alexander. _Strabo._ ――――A daughter of the philosopher Leontius. =Athenion=, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B.C.――――A general of the Sicilian slaves.――――A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston. =Athenŏcles=, a general, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――A turner of Mitylene. _Pliny_, bk. 34. =Athenodōrus=, a philosopher of Tarsus, intimate with Augustus. The emperor often profited by his lessons, and was advised by him always to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet before he gave way to the impulse of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82nd year, much lamented by his countrymen. _Suetonius._――――A poet who wrote comedy, tragedy, and elegy, in the age of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――――A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augustus. He was intimate with Strabo. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher, disciple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal library at Pergamus.――――A marble sculptor.――――A man assassinated at Bactra for making himself absolute. =Atheos=, a surname of Diagoras and Theodorus, because they denied the existence of a deity. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Athĕsis=, now _Adige_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, near the Po, falling into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 680. =Athos=, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles in circumference, projecting into the Ægean sea like a promontory. It is so high that it overshadows the island of Lemnos, though at the distance of 87 miles; or, according to modern calculation, only 8 leagues. When Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile and a half in length at the foot of the mountain, into which he brought the sea water, and conveyed his fleet over it, so that two ships could pass one another, thus desirous either to avoid the danger of sailing round the promontory, or to show his vanity and the extent of his power. A sculptor, called Dinocrates, offered Alexander to cut mount Athos, and to make with it a statue of the king holding a town in his left hand, and in the right a spacious basin to receive all the waters which flowed from it. Alexander greatly admired the plan, but objected to the place; and he observed, that the neighbouring country was not sufficiently fruitful to produce corn and provisions for the inhabitants which were to dwell in the city, in the hand of the statue. Athos is now called Monte Santo, famous for monasteries, said to contain some ancient and valuable manuscripts. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 44; bk. 7, ch. 21, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 672.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 20, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. ――_Aeschines_, _Against Ctesiphon_. =Athrulla=, a town of Arabia. _Strabo._ =Athymbra=, a city of Caria, afterwards called Nyssa. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Atia=, a city of Campania.――――A law enacted A.U.C. 690 by Titus Atius Labienus, the tribune of the people. It abolished the Cornelian law, and put in full force the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right of electing priests from the college of priests to the people.――――The mother of Augustus. _See:_ Accia. =Atilia lex=, gave the pretor and a majority of the tribunes power of appointing guardians to those minors who were not previously provided for by their parents. It was enacted about A.U.C. 560. ――――Another, A.U.C. 443, which gave the people power of electing 20 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 30. =Atilius=, a freedman, who exhibited combats of gladiators at Fidenæ. The amphitheatre, which contained the spectators, fell during the exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were killed or mutilated. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 62. =Atilla=, the mother of the poet Lucan. She was accused of conspiracy by her son, who expected to clear himself of the charge. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 56. =Atīna=, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of the first which began hostilities against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 630. =Atinas=, a friend of Turnus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 869. =Atinia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Atinius. It gave a tribune of the people the privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting in the senate. =Atlantes=, a people of Africa, in the neighbourhood of mount Atlas, who lived chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and were said not to have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They daily cursed the sun at his rising and at his setting, because his excessive heat scorched and tormented them. _Herodotus._ =Atlantiades=, a patronymic of Mercury as grandson of Atlas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 639. =Atlantĭdes=, a people of Africa near mount Atlas. They boasted of being in possession of the country in which all the gods of antiquity received their birth. Uranus was their first king, whom, on account of his knowledge in astronomy, they enrolled in the number of their gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――The daughters of Atlas, were seven in number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope, Alcyone, and Celæno. They married some of the gods, and most illustrious heroes, and their children were founders of many nations and cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, and even goddesses, on account of their great intelligence and knowledge. The name of Hesperides was also given them, on account of their mother Hesperis. They were made constellations after death. _See:_ Pleiades. =Atlantis=, a celebrated island mentioned by the ancients. Its situation is unknown, and even its existence is doubted by some writers. =Atlas=, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Menœtius. His mother’s name, according to Apollodorus, was Asia. He married Pleione daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according to others, by whom he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. _See:_ Atlantides. He was king of Mauritania, and master of 1000 flocks of every kind, as also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every species of fruit, which he had entrusted to the care of a dragon. Perseus, after the conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and demanded hospitality. The king, who was informed by an oracle of Themis that he should be dethroned by one of the descendants of Jupiter, refused to receive him, and even offered him violence. Perseus, who was unequal in strength, showed him Medusa’s head, and Atlas was instantly changed into a large mountain. This mountain, which runs across the deserts of Africa east and west, is so high that the ancients have imagined that the heavens rested on its top, and that Atlas supported the world on his shoulders. Hyginus says that Atlas assisted the giants in their wars against the gods, for which Jupiter compelled him to bear the heavens on his shoulders. The fable that Atlas supported the heavens on his back, arises from his fondness for astronomy, and his often frequenting elevated places and mountains, whence he might observe the heavenly bodies. The daughters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris king of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercules, who received, as a reward from the father, the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial globe. This knowledge Hercules communicated to the Greeks; whence the fable has further said, that he eased for some time the labours of Atlas by taking upon his shoulders the weight of the heavens. According to some authors there were two other persons of that name, a king of Italy, father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, father of Maia the mother of Mercury. _Virgil_,, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 8, li. 186. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3. ――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 667, &c.――_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 5. ――_Hyginus_, fables 83, 125, 155, 157, 192.――_Aratus_, _Astronomia_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 508, &c.――――A river flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49. =Atossa=, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one of the wives of Cambyses, of Smerdis, and afterwards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. She was cured of a dangerous cancer by Democedes. She is supposed by some to be the Vashti of scripture. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 68, &c. =Atrăces=, a people of Ætolia, who received their name from Atrax son of Ætolus. Their country was called Atracia. =Atramyttium=, a town of Mysia. =Atrăpes=, an officer of Alexander, who, at the general division of the provinces, received Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. =Atrax=, son of Ætolus, or, according to others, of the river Peneus. He was king of Thessaly, and built a town which he called Atrax or Atracia. This town became so famous that the word _Atracias_ has been applied to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He was father of Hippodamia, who married Pirithous, and whom we must not confound with the wife of Pelops, who bore the same name. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 25.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 106.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 209.――――A city of Thessaly, whence the epithet of Atracius.――――A river of Ætolia, which falls into the Ionian sea. =Atrebātæ=, a people of Britain, who were in possession of the modern counties of Berks, Oxford, &c. =Atrĕbātes=, now _Artois_, a people of Gaul, who, together with the Nervii, opposed Julius Cæsar with 15,000 men. They were conquered, and Comius, a friend of the general, was set over them as king. They were reinstated in their former liberty and independence, on account of the services of Comius. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, &c. =Atrēni=, a people of Armenia. =Atreus=, a son of Pelops by Hippodamia, daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, was king of Mycenæ, and brother to Pittheus, Trœzon, Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and at the same time a favourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved to remove him. She persuaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus to murder him; but their refusal exasperated her more, and she executed it herself. This murder was grievous to Pelops: he suspected his two sons, who fled away from his presence. Atreus retired to the court of Eurystheus king of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he succeeded him on the throne. He married, as some report, Ærope, his predecessor’s daughter, by whom he had Plisthenes, Menelaus, and Agamemnon. Others affirm that Ærope was the wife of Plisthenes, by whom he had Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are the reputed sons of Atreus, because that prince took care of their education, and brought them up as his own. _See:_ Plisthenes. Thyestes had followed his brother to Argos, where he lived with him, and debauched his wife, by whom he had two, or, according to some, three children. This incestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was banished from his court. He was, however, soon after recalled by his brother, who determined cruelly to revenge the violence offered to his bed. To effect this purpose, he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast, where Thyestes was served up with the flesh of the children he had had by his sister-in-law the queen. After the repast was finished, the arms and the heads of the murdered children were produced, to convince Thyestes of what he had feasted upon. This action appeared so cruel and impious, that the sun is said to have shrunk back in his course at the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately fled to the court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicyon, where he ravished his own daughter Pelopea, in a grove sacred to Minerva, without knowing who she was. This incest he committed intentionally, as some report, to revenge himself on his brother Atreus, according to the words of the oracle, which promised him satisfaction for the cruelties he had suffered only from the hand of a son who should be born of himself and his own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son whom she called Ægisthus, and soon after she married Atreus, who had lost his wife. Atreus adopted Ægisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes, who had been seized at Delphi and imprisoned. Thyestes knew his son, and made himself known to him; he made him espouse his cause, and instead of becoming his father’s murderer, he rather avenged his wrongs, and returned to Atreus, whom he assassinated. _See:_ Thyestes, Ægisthus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, and Menelaus. _Hyginus_, fables 83, 86, 87, 88, & 258.――_Euripides_, _Orestes_; _Iphigeneia in Taurus_.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Seneca_ on _Atreus_. =Atrīdæ=, a patronymic given by Homer to Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Lactantius [Placidus], Dictys of Crete, &c., who maintain that these princes were not the sons of Atreus, but of Plisthenes, and that they were brought up in the house and under the eye of their grandfather. _See:_ Plisthenes. =Atronius=, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10. =Atropatia=, a part of Media. _Strabo._ =Atrŏpos=, one of the Parcæ, daughters of Nox and Erebus. According to the derivation of her name (_a non_, τρεπω _muto_), she is inexorable and inflexible, and her duty among the three sisters is to cut the thread of life, without any regard to sex, age, or quality. She was represented by the ancients in a black veil, with a pair of scissors in her hand. _See:_ Parcæ. =T. Q. Atta=, a writer of merit in the Augustan age, who seems to have received this name from some deformity in his legs or feet. His compositions, dramatical as well as satirical, were held in universal admiration, though Horace thinks of them with indifference. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 79. =Attălia=, a city of Pamphylia, built by king Attalus. _Strabo._ =Attalĭcus.= _See:_ Attalus III. =Attălus I.=, king of Pergamus, succeeded Eumenes I. He defeated the Gauls who had invaded his dominions, extended his conquests to mount Taurus, and obtained the assistance of the Romans against Antiochus. The Athenians rewarded his merit with great honours. He died at Pergamus after a reign of 44 years, B.C. 197. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27, 28, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――――The second of that name was sent on an embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes II., and at his return was appointed guardian to his nephew Attalus III., who was then an infant. Prusias made successful war against him, and seized his capital; but the conquest was stopped by the interference of the Romans, who restored Attalus to his throne. Attalus, who has received the name of _Philadelphus_, from his fraternal love, was a munificent patron of learning, and the founder of several cities. He was poisoned by his nephew in the 82nd year of his age, B.C. 138. He had governed the nation with great prudence and moderation for 20 years. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――――The third succeeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Attalus II., and made himself odious by his cruelty to his relations and his wanton exercise of power. He was son to Eumenes II., and surnamed _Philopater_. He left the cares of government to cultivate his garden, and to make experiments on the melting of metals. He lived in great amity with the Romans; and as he died without issue by his wife Berenice, he left in his will the words _Populus Romanus meorum hæres esto_, which the Romans interpreted as themselves, and therefore took possession of his kingdom, B.C. 133, and made of it a Roman province, which they governed by a proconsul. From this circumstance, whatever was a valuable acquisition, or an ample fortune, was always called by the epithet _Attalicus_. Attalus, as well as his predecessors, made themselves celebrated for the valuable libraries which they collected at Pergamus, and for the patronage which merit and virtue always found at their court. _Livy_, bk. 24, &c.――_Pliny_, bks. 7, 8, 33, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 39.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1.――――An officer in Alexander’s army. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another very inimical to Alexander. He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alexander was accused of the murder. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――A philosopher, preceptor to Seneca. _Seneca_ ltr. 108.――――An astronomer of Rhodes. =Attarras=, an officer who seized those that had conspired with Dymnus against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6. =Atteius Capĭto=, a consul in the age of Augustus, who wrote treatises on sacerdotal laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of a senator. _See:_ ♦Ateius. ♦ No reference to ‘Ateius’ found. =Attes=, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was born impotent. He introduced the worship of Cybele among the Lydians, and became a great favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous of his success, and sent a wild boar to lay waste the country and destroy Attes. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. =Atthis=, a daughter of Cranaus II. king of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Attĭca=, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at the south of Bœotia, west of the Ægean sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Megara. It received its name from Atthis, the daughter of Cranaus. It was originally called Ionia, from the Ionians, who settled there; and also Acte, which signifies _shore_, and Cecropia, from Cecrops the first of its kings. The most famous of its cities is called Athens, whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of _Attici_. Attica was famous for its gold and silver mines, which constituted the best part of the public revenues. The face of the country was partly level and partly mountainous, divided into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, Æantis, Antiochis, Attalis, Ægeis, Erechtheis, Adrianis, Hippothoontis, Cecropis, Leontis, Æneis, Ptolemais, and Pandionis; whose inhabitants were numbered in the 116th olympiad, at 31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, within 174 villages, some of which were considerable towns. _See:_ Athenæ. =Attĭcus=, one of Galba’s servants, who entered his palace with a bloody sword, and declared he had killed Otho. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1.――――Titus Pomponius, a celebrated Roman knight, to whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, which contained the general history of the age. They are now extant, and divided into 17 books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to Athens, where he so endeared himself to the citizens, that after his departure they erected statues to him in commemoration of his munificence and liberality. He was such a perfect master of the Greek writers, and spoke their language so fluently, that he was surnamed _Atticus_; and, as a proof of his learning, he favoured the world with some of his compositions. He behaved in such a disinterested manner, that he offended neither of the inimical parties at Rome, and both were equally anxious of courting his approbation. He lived in the greatest intimacy with the illustrious men of his age, and he was such a lover of truth, that he not only abstained from falsehood even in a joke, but treated with the greatest contempt and indignation a lying tongue. It is said that he refused to take aliments when unable to get the better of a fever; and died in the 77th year, B.C. 32, after bearing the amiable character of peacemaker among his friends. _Cornelius Nepos_, one of his intimate friends, has written a minute account of his life. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, &c.――――Herodes, an Athenian in the age of the Antonines, descended from Miltiades, and celebrated for his munificence. His son of the same name was honoured with the consulship, and he generously erected an aqueduct at Troas, of which he had been made governor by the emperor Adrian, and raised, in other parts of the empire, several public buildings as useful as they were magnificent. _Philostratus_, _Lives of the Sophists_, bk. 2, p. 548.――_Aulus Gellius_, _Noctes Atticæ_.――――A consul in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15. =Attĭla=, a celebrated king of the Huns, a nation in the southern parts of Scythia, who invaded the Roman empire in the reign of Valentinian, with an army of 500,000 men, and laid waste the provinces. He took the town of Aquileia, and marched against Rome; but his retreat and peace were purchased with a large sum of money by the feeble emperor. Attila, who boasted in the appellation of _the scourge of God_, died A.D. 453, of an uncommon effusion of blood, the first night of his nuptials. He had expressed his wish to extend his conquests over the whole world; and he often feasted his barbarity by dragging captive kings in his train. _Jornandes_, _Getica_. =Attilius=, a Roman consul in the first Punic war. _See:_ Regulus. ――――Calatinus, a Roman consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet. ――――Marcus, a poet who translated the Electra of Sophocles into Latin verse, and wrote comedies whose unintelligible language procured him the appellation of _Ferreus_.――――Regulus, a Roman censor who built a temple to the goddess of concord. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 23, &c.――――The name of Attilius was common among the Romans, and many of the public magistrates are called Attilii; their life, however, is not famous for any illustrious event. =Attinas=, an officer set over Bactriana by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8. =Attius Pelignus=, an officer of Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1. ――――Tullius, the general of the Volsci, to whom Coriolanus fled when banished from Rome. _Livy._――――Varius seized Auxinum in Pompey’s name, whence he was expelled. After this he fled to Africa, which he alienated from Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, bk. 1, _Civil War_.――――A poet. _See:_ Accius.――――The family of the Attii was descended from Atys, one of the companions of Æneas, according to the opinion which Virgil has adopted, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 568. =Atūrus=, a river of Gaul, now the _Adour_, which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains into the bay of Biscay. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 420. =Atyădæ=, the descendants of Atys the Lydian. =Atys=, an ancient king of Lydia, who sent away his son Tyrrhenus with a colony of Lydians, who settled in Italy. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A son of Crœsus king of Lydia. He was forbidden the use of all weapons by his father, who had dreamt that he had been killed. Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his father to permit him to go to hunt a wild boar which laid waste the country of Mysia, and he was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom Crœsus had appointed guardian over his son, and thus the apprehensions of the monarch were realized. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c. _See:_ Adrastus.――――A Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and is supposed to be the progenitor of the family of the Atti at Rome. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 568.――――A youth to whom Ismene the daughter of Œdipus was promised in marriage. He was killed by Tydeus before his nuptials. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 598.――――A son of Limniace the daughter of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheus in preventing the marriage of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus with a burning log of wood. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 47.――――A celebrated shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the mother of the gods, generally called Cybele, became enamoured. She entrusted him with the care of her temple, and made him promise that he always would live in celibacy. He violated his vow by an amour with the nymph Sangaris, for which the goddess made him so insane and delirious, that he castrated himself with a sharp stone. This was afterwards intentionally done by his sacerdotal successors in the service of Cybele, to prevent their breaking their vows of perpetual chastity. This account is the most general and most approved. Others say that the goddess became fond of Atys, because he had introduced her festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that she herself mutilated him. _Pausanias_ relates, in _Achaia_, ch. 17, that Atys was the son of the daughter of the Sangar, who became pregnant by putting the bough of an almond tree in her bosom. Jupiter, as the passage mentions, once had an amorous dream, and some of the impurity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon after produced a monster of a human form, with the characteristics of the two sexes. This monster was called Agdistis, and was deprived by the gods of those parts which distinguished the male sex. From the mutilated parts which were thrown upon the ground, rose an almond tree, one of whose branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in her bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as soon as born, was exposed in a wood, but preserved by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis saw him in the wood, and was captivated with his beauty. As Atys was going to celebrate his nuptials with the daughter of the king of Pessinus, Agdistis, who was jealous of his rival, inspired by his enchantments the king and his future son-in-law with such an uncommon fury, that they both attacked and ♦mutilated one another in the struggle. _Ovid_ says, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 2, &c., that Cybele changed Atys into a pine tree as he was going to lay violent hands upon himself, and ever after that tree was sacred to the mother of the gods. After his death, Atys received divine honours, and temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Dymæ. _Catullus_, _the Adventures of Atys [Attis] and Berecynthia [Cybele]_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 3; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 223, &c. ――_Lucian_, _Deâ Syriâ_.――――Sylvius, son of Albius Sylvius, was king of Alba. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3. ♦ ‘multilated’ replaced with ‘mutilated’ =Avarīcum=, a strong and fortified town of Gaul, now called Bourges, the capital of Berry. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7. =Avella=, a town of Campania, abounding in nuts, whence nuts have been called _avellinæ_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 45, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, ♦bk. 7, li. 740. ♦ ‘Book 7’ omitted from reference =Aventīnus=, a son of Hercules by Rhea, who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and distinguished himself by his valour. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 657.――――A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aventine. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 51.――――One of the seven hills on which part of the city of Rome was built, it was 13,300 feet in circumference, and was given to the people to build houses upon, by king Ancus Martius. It was not reckoned within the precincts of the city till the reign of the emperor Claudius, because the soothsayers looked upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been buried there, whose blood had been criminally shed. The word is derived, according to some, _ab avibus_, because birds were fond of the place. Others suppose that it receives its name because Aventinus, one of the Alban kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, Diana, Bona Dea, Hercules, and the goddess of Victory and Liberty, had magnificent temples built upon it. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 235.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33. =Avernus=, or =Averna=, a lake of Campania near Baiæ, whose waters were so unwholesome and putrid, that no birds were seen on its banks; hence its original name was ἀορνος, _avibus carens_. The ancients made it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. Its circumference was five stadia, and its depth could not be ascertained. The waters of the Avernus were indispensably necessary in all enchantments and magical processes. It may be observed, that all lakes whose stagnated waters were putrid and offensive to the smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, lis. 5, 12, &c.; bk. 6, li. 201, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Aristotle_, _on Admethics [Ethics]_. =Avesta=, a book composed by Zoroaster. =Aufeia aqua=, called afterwards Marcia, was the sweetest and most wholesome water in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the city by Ancus Martius. =Aufidēna=, now _Alfidena_, a city of the Peligni in Italy, whose inhabitants, called _Aufidenates_, were among the Sabines. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 12. =Aufĭdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Aufidius Lurco, A.U.C. 692. It ordained, that if any candidate, in canvassing for an office, promised money to the tribunes, and failed in the performance, he should be excused; but if he actually paid it, he should be compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces. =Aufidius=, an effeminate person of Chios. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 25. ――――Bassus, a famous historian in the age of Quintilian, who wrote an account of Germany, and of the civil wars.――――A Roman senator, famous for his blindness and abilities. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 5.――――Lurco, a man who enriched himself by fattening peacocks, and selling them for meat. _Pliny_, bk. 10. ――――Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34. =Aufĭdus=, a river of Apulia falling into the Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto. It was on its banks that the Romans were defeated by Hannibal at Cannæ. The spot is still shown by the inhabitants, and bears the name of the field of blood. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 30; bk. 4, ode 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 405. =Auga=, =Auge=, and =Augea=, daughter of Aleus king of Tegea by Neæra, was ravished by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom she exposed in the woods to conceal her amours from her father. The child was preserved, and called Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daughter’s shame, and gave her to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius refused to perform the cruel office, and gave Auge to Teuthras king of Mysia, who, being without issue, adopted her as his daughter. Some time after the dominions of Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the king promised his crown and daughter to him who could deliver him from the impending calamity. Telephus, who had been directed by the oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, if he wished to find his parents, offered his services to the king, and they were accepted. As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in consequence of the victory he had obtained, Auge rushed from him with secret horror, and the gods sent a serpent to separate them. Auge implored the aid of Hercules, who made her son known to her, and she returned with him to Tegea. _Pausanias_ says, that Auge was confined in a coffer with her infant son, and thrown into the sea, where, after being preserved and protected by Minerva, she was found by king Teuthras. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 99 & 100. =Augarus=, an Arabian who, for his good offices obtained the favours of Pompey, whom he vilely deceived. _Dio Cassius._――――A king of Osroene, whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he had given him solemn promises of friendship and support. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 78. =Augeæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――――Another of Locris. =Augias= and =Augeas=, son of Eleus, or Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and afterwards ascended the throne of Elis. He had an immense number of oxen and goats, and the stables in which they were kept had never been cleaned, so that the task seemed an impossibility to any man. Hercules undertook it, on promise of receiving as a reward the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or something equivalent. The hero changed the course of the river Alpheus, or, according to others, of the Peneus, which immediately carried away the dung and filth from the stables. Augias refused the promised recompense on pretence that Hercules had made use of artifice, and had not experienced any labour or trouble, and he further drove his own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because he supported the claims of the hero. The refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules conquered Elis, put to death Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. _Pausanias_ says, bk. 5, chs. 2 & 3, that Hercules spared the life of Augias for the sake of his son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium; and that at the death of Augias his other son, Agasthenes succeeded to the throne. Augias received, after his death, the honours which were generally paid to a hero. Augias has been called the son of Sol, because Elius signifies the sun. The proverb of _Augean stable_ is now applied to an impossibility. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 30, 157. ――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Augĭlæ=, a people of Africa, who supposed that there were no gods except the manes of the dead, of whom they sought oracles. _Mela_, bk. 1. =Augīnus=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 2. =Augŭres=, certain officers at Rome who foretold future events, whence their name, _ab avium garritu_. They were first created by Romulus, to the number of three. Servius Tullius added a fourth, and the tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 454, increased the number to nine; and Sylla added six more during his dictatorship. They had a particular college, and the chief amongst them was called _Magister collegii_. Their office was honourable; and if any one of them was convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived of his privileges; an indulgence granted to no other sacerdotal body at Rome. The augur generally sat on a high tower to make his observations. His face was turned towards the east, and he had the north to his left, and the south at his right. With a crooked staff he divided the face of the heavens into four different parts, and afterwards sacrificed to the gods, covering his head with his vestment. There were generally five things from which the augurs drew omens. The first consisted in observing the phænomena of the heavens, such as thunder, lightning, comets, &c. The second kind of omen was drawn from the chirping or flying of birds. The third was from the sacred chickens, whose eagerness or indifference in eating the bread which was thrown to them, was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing in some unaccustomed place. The fifth was from different casualties, which were called _Dira_, such as spilling salt upon a table, or wine upon one’s clothes, hearing strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. From such superstitious notions did the Romans draw their prophecies. The sight of birds on the left hand was always deemed a lucky object, and the words _sinister_ and _lævus_, though generally supposed to be terms of ill luck, were always used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.――_Livy_, bk. 1, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_. ♦=Augurīnus Julius=, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, ♠_Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 70. ♦ ‘Tugurīnus Julius’ replaced with ‘Augurīnus Julius’ Placed in correct alphebetical order. ♠ ‘H. 15, c. 70’ replaced with ‘Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50’ =Augusta=, a name given to 70 cities in the Roman provinces in honour of Augustus Cæsar.――――London, as capital of the country of the Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trinobantia.――――Messalina, famous for her debaucheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the emperor Claudius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 118. =Augustālia=, a festival at Rome, in commemoration of the day on which Augustus returned to Rome, after he had established peace over the different parts of the empire. =Augustīnus=, a bishop of Hippo in Africa, distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by the austerity of his life. In his works, which are numerous, he displayed the powers of a great genius, and an extensive acquaintance with the philosophy of Plato. He died in the 76th year of his age, A.D. 430. The best edition of his works is that of the Benedict, folio, Antwerp, 1700 to 1703, 12 vols. =Augustodūnum=, now _Autun_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the ancient Ædui. =Augustŭlus=, the last Roman emperor of the west, A.D. 475, conquered by Odoacer king of the Heruli. =Augustus Octaviānus Cæsar=, second emperor of Rome, was son of Octavius a senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and sister to Julius Cæsar. He was adopted by his uncle Cæsar, and inherited the greatest part of his fortune. He lost his father at the age of four; and though only 18 when his uncle was murdered, he hastened to Rome, where he ingratiated himself with the senate and people, and received the honours of the consulship two years after, as the reward of his hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexperience were ridiculed by his enemies, who branded him with the appellation of _boy_, yet he rose in consequence by his prudence and valour, and made war against his opponents, on pretence of avenging the death of his murdered uncle. But when he perceived that by making him fight against Antony, the senate wished to debilitate both antagonists, he changed his views, and uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed the second triumvirate, in which his cruel proscriptions shed the innocent blood of 300 senators and 200 knights, and did not even spare the life of his friend Cicero. By the divisions which were made among the triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the more important provinces of the west, and banished, as it were, his colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more distant territories. But as long as the murderers of Cæsar were alive, the reigning tyrants had reason for apprehension, and therefore the forces of the triumvirate were directed against the partisans of Brutus and the senate. The battle was decided at Philippi, where it is said that the valour and conduct of Antony alone preserved the combined armies, and effected the defeat of the republican forces. The head of the unfortunate Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent revenge thrown at the feet of Cæsar’s statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus rewarded his soldiers with the lands of those that had been proscribed; but among the sufferers were many who had never injured the conqueror of Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest application procured the restitution of his property. The friendship which subsisted between Augustus and Antony was broken as soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away, and the aspiring heir of Cæsar was easily induced to take up arms by the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, however, retarded hostilities; the two rivals were reconciled; their united forces were successfully directed against the younger Pompey; and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony agreed to marry Octavia the sister of Augustus. But as this step was political, and not dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and Antony resigned himself to the pleasures and company of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augustus was incensed, and immediately took up arms to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly to remove a man whose power and existence kept him in continual alarms, and made him dependent. Both parties met at Actium, B.C. 31, to decide the fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all the power of the east, and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60 ships, and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror soon after passed into Egypt, besieged Alexandria, and honoured, with a magnificent funeral, the unfortunate Roman and the celebrated queen, whom the fear of being led in the victor’s triumph at Rome had driven to commit suicide. After he had established peace all over the world, Augustus shut up the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It is said he twice resolved to lay down the supreme power, immediately after the victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards on account of his ill-health; but his friend Mecænas dissuaded him, and observed that he would leave it to be the prey of the most powerful, and expose himself to ingratitude and to danger. He died at Nola, in the 76th year of his age, A.D. 14, after he had held the sovereign power during 44 years. Augustus was an active emperor, and consulted the good of the Romans with the most anxious care. He visited all the provinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate prudence and experience gave rise to many salutary laws, but it may be said, that be finished with a good grace what he began with cruelty. While making himself absolute, he took care to leave his countrymen the shadow of liberty; and if, under the character and office ♦of perpetual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was invested with all the power of sovereignty, he guarded against offending the jealous Romans, by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to read the letters he found after Pompey’s defeat arose more from fear than honour, and he dreaded the discovery of names which would have perhaps united to sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and many virtues he perhaps never possessed, have been transmitted to posterity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscurity of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the remembrance of his uncle’s violent fate, he aspired after a new title; and the submissive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving him the honourable appellation of _Augustus_. He has been accused of licentiousness and adultery by his biographer; but the goodness of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, which in some instances he possessed, made some amends for his natural foibles. He was ambitious of being thought handsome; and as he was publicly reported to be the son of Apollo, according to his mother’s declaration, he wished his flatterers to represent him with the figure and attributes of that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were clear, and he affected to have it thought that they possessed some divine irradiation; and was well pleased if, when he fixed his looks upon anybody, they held down their eyes as if overcome by the glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguished himself by his learning; he was a perfect master of the Greek language, and wrote some tragedies, besides memoirs of his life, and other works, all now lost. He was married three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to Livia; but he was unhappy in his matrimonial connections, and his only daughter Julia by Scribonia disgraced herself and her father by the debauchery and licentiousness of her manners. He recommended, at his death, his adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He left his fortune, partly to Tiberius and to Drusus, and made donations to the army and to the Roman people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem at the desire of Augustus, whom he represented under the amiable and perfect character of Æneas. _Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――_Horace._――_Virgil._ ――_Pausanias._――_Tacitus._――_Paterculus._――_Dio Cassius._――_Ovid._ ――――The name of _Augustus_ was afterwards given to the successors of Octavianus in the Roman empire as a personal, and the name of _Cæsar_ as a family, distinction. In a more distant period of the empire, the title of Augustus was given only to the emperor, while that of Cæsar was bestowed on the second person in the state, who was considered as presumptive heir. ♦ ‘or’ replaced with ‘of’ =Avĭdiēnus=, a rich and sordid man, whom _Horace_ styles happy, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 55. =Avidius Cassius=, a man saluted emperor, A.D. 175. He reigned only three months, and was assassinated by a centurion. He was called a second Catiline, from his excessive love of bloodshed. _Diodorus._ =Rufus Festus Aviēnus=, a poet in the age of Theodosius, who translated the phænomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into iambic verses. The best edition of what remains of him is that of Cannegetier, 8vo, 1731. =Avitus=, a governor of Britain under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14.――――Alcinus, a christian poet, who wrote a poem in six books on original sin, &c. =Avium=, a city between Tyre and Sidon. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Aulerci=, a people of Gaul, between the Seine and the Loire. =Aulestes=, a king of the Etrurians when Æneas came into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 290. =Aulētes=, a general who assisted Æneas in Italy, with 100 ships. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 207.――――The surname of one of the Ptolemean kings, father to Cleopatra. =Aulis=, a daughter of Ogyges. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_.――――A town of Bœotia near Chalcis on the sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired against Troy. They were detained there by contrary winds, by the anger of Diana, whose favourite stag had been killed by Agamemnon. To appease the resentment of the goddess, Agamemnon was obliged to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana spared by substituting a ram. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 426.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 9, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 303. =Aulon=, a mountain of Calabria, opposite Tarentum, famous for its wine, which, according to _Horace_ bk. 2, ode 6, li. 18, is superior to that of Falernum. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 125.――_Strabo_, bk. 6. ――――A place of Messenia. _Pausanias._ =Aulonius=, a surname of Æsculapius. =Aulus=, a prænomen common among the Romans.――――Gellius. _See:_ Gellius. =Auras=, a European river, flowing into the Ister from mount Hæmus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49. =Aurelia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 653, by the pretor Lucius Aurelius Cotta, to invest the Senatorian and Equestrian orders, and the Tribuni Ærarii, with judicial power.――――Another, A.U.C. 678. It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia and permitted the tribunes to hold other offices after the expiration of the tribuneship. =Aurelia=, a town of Hispania Bætica.――――The mother of Julius Cæsar. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 74.――――A fishwoman. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 98. =Aureliānus=, emperor of Rome after Flavius Claudius, was austere, and even cruel in the execution of the laws, and punished his soldiers with unusual severity. He rendered himself famous for his military character; and his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated queen of Palmyra, gained him great honours. He beautified Rome, was charitable to the poor, and the author of many salutary laws. He was naturally brave, and in all the battles he fought, it is said, he killed no less than 800 men with his own hand. In his triumph, he exhibited to the Romans people of 15 different nations, all of which he had conquered. He was the first emperor who wore a diadem. After a glorious reign of six years, as he marched against the northern barbarians, he was assassinated near Byzantium, A.D. 275, January 29th, by his soldiers, whom Mnestheus had incited to rebellion against their emperor. This Mnestheus had been threatened with death, for some ill behaviour to the emperor, and therefore he meditated his death. The soldiers, however, soon repented of their ingratitude and cruelty to Aurelian, and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild beasts.――――A physician of the fourth century. =Aurelius=, emperor of Rome. _See:_ Antoninus Bassianus.――――A painter in the age of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――Victor, an historian in the age of Julian, two of whose compositions are extant――an account of illustrious men, and a biography of all the Cæsars to Julian. The best edition of Aurelius are the 4to of Artuzenius, Amsterdam, 1733, and the 8vo of Pitiscus, Utrecht, 1696.――――Antoninus, an emperor. _See:_ Antoninus. =Aureolus=, a general who assumed the purple in the age of Gallienus. =Aurinia=, a prophetess held in great veneration by the Germans. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 8. =Aurōra=, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea, or, according to others, of Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son of Crius and brother to Perseus, was her father; hence her surname of _Pallantias_. She married Astræus, by whom she had the winds, the stars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are also famous; by the former she had Memnon and Æmathion, and Phaeton by the latter. _See:_ Cephalus and Tithonus. She had also an intrigue with Orion, whom she carried to the island of Delos, where he was killed by Diana’s arrows. Aurora is generally represented by the poets drawn in a rose-coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers the gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, and she is covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the constellations of heaven disappear at her approach. She always sets out before the sun, and is the forerunner of his rising. The Greeks call her Eos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8; _Odyssey_, bk. 10; _Hymn to Aphrodite_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 9, 15.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 535.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Hyginus_, preface to fables. =Aurunce=, an ancient town of Latium, built by Auson the son of Ulysses by Calypso. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 727, &c. =Auschīsæ=, a people of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171. =Ausci=, a people of Gaul. =Auser=, =Auseris=, and =Anser=, a river of Etruria, which joins the Arnus before it falls into the Tyrrhene sea. =Auses=, a people of Africa, whose virgins yearly fight with sticks in honour of Minerva. She who behaves with the greatest valour receives unusual honour, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 180. =Auson=, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are descended. =Ausonia=, one of the ancient names of Italy, which it received from Auson the son of Ulysses. If Virgil makes Æneas speak of Ausonia, it is by anticipation. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 171. =Decimius Magnus Ausōnius=, a poet, born at Bordeaux in Gaul, in the fourth century, preceptor to Gratian son of the emperor Valentinian, and made consul by the means of his pupil. His compositions have been long admired. The thanks he returned the emperor Gratian is one of the best of his poems, which were too often hurried for publication, and consequently not perfect. He wrote the _consular fasti_ of Rome, a useful performance, now lost. His style is occasionally obscene, and he has attempted upon the words of Virgil, what revolts everything against his indelicacy. The best edition is that of Tollius, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; or that of Jaubert, with a French translation, 4 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1769. =Auspĭces=, a sacerdotal order at Rome, nearly the same as the Augurs. _See:_ Augures. =Auster=, one of the winds blowing from the south, whose breath was pernicious to flowers as well as to health. He was parent of rain. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 58. _See:_ Venti. =Austesion=, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. His son Theras led a colony into an island which, from him, was called Thera. _Herodotus_, bk. 4. ――_Pausanias._ =Autobūlus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35. =Autochthŏnes=, the original inhabitants of a country who are the first possessors of it, and who never have mingled with other nations. The Athenians called themselves Autochthones, and boasted that they were as old as the country which they inhabited. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Germania_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 83. =Autŏcles=, an Athenian, sent by his countrymen with a fleet to the assistance of Alexander of Pheræ. =Autocrătes=, an historian mentioned by _Athenæus_, bks. 9 & 11. =Autolŏlæ=, a people of Mauritania descended from the Gætuli. They excelled all their neighbours in running. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 677. =Autŏly̆cus=, a son of Mercury by Chione a daughter of Dædalion. He was one of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and mingled them with his own, after he had changed their marks. He did the same to Sisyphus son of Æolus; but Sisyphus was as crafty as Autolycus, and he knew his own oxen by a mark which he had made under their feet. Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, that he immediately formed an intimacy with him, and even permitted him freely to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, who became pregnant of Ulysses, and was soon after married to Laertes. _See:_ Sisyphus, Laertes. _Hyginus_, fable 200, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14.――――A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. _Hyginus_, fable 14. =Automăte=, one of the Cyclades, called also Hera. _Pliny_, bks. 2, 6, 37.――――A daughter of Danaus. =Automĕdon=, a son of Dioreus, who went to the Trojan war with 10 ships. He was the charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 9, 16, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 477. =Automedūsa=, a daughter of Alcathous, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Automĕnes=, one of the Heraclidæ, king of Corinth. At his death, B.C. 779, annual magistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at Corinth, and their power continued 90 years, till Cypselus and his son Periander made themselves absolute. =Automŏli=, a nation of Æthiopia. _Herodotus_, bk. 2. =Autonoe=, a daughter of Cadmus, who married Aristæus, by whom she had Actæon, often called _Autoneius heros_. The death of her son [_See:_ Actæon] was so painful to her, that she retired from Bœotia to Megara, where she soon after died. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44. ――_Hyginus_, fable 179.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 720. ――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――One of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A female servant of Penelope. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 18. =Autophradātes=, a satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. _Diodorus._ =Autūra=, the _Eure_, a river of Gaul which falls into the Seine. =Auxesia= and =Damia=, two virgins who came from Crete to Trœzene, where the inhabitants stoned them to death in a sedition. The Epidaurians raised them statues by order of the oracle, when their country was become barren. They were held in great veneration at Trœzene. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30. =Axĕnus=, the ancient name of the Euxine sea. The word signifies _inhospitable_, which was highly applicable to the manners of the ancient inhabitants of the coast. _Ovid_, bk. 4; _Tristia_, poem 4, li. 56. =Axiŏchus=, a philosopher, to whom Plato dedicated a treatise concerning death. =Axīon=, brother of Alphesibœa, murdered Alcmæon his sister’s husband, because he wished to recover from her a golden necklace. _See:_ Alcmæon and Alphesibœa. =Axiotea=, a woman who regularly went in a man’s dress to hear the lectures of Plato. =Axiothea=, the wife of Nicocles king of Cyprus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Axis=, a town of Umbria. _Propertius_, poem 4. =Axius=, a river of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123. =Axona=, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitants of the neighbourhood were called Axones. =Axur= and =Anxur=, a surname of Jupiter, who had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly. He was represented as a beardless youth. =Axus=, a town about the middle of Crete. _Apollodus._ =Azan=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cybele.――――A son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his father’s kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and Elatus, and called his share Azania. There was in Azania a fountain called _Clitorius_, whose waters gave a dislike for wine to those who drank them. _Vitruvius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4. =Azīris=, a place of Libya, surrounded on both sides by delightful hills covered with trees, and watered by a river where Battus built a town. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 157. =Azonax=, a man who taught Zoroaster the art of magic. _Pliny_, bk. 30. =Azorus=, one of the Argonauts. =Azōtus=, now _Asdod_, a large town of Syria on the borders of the Mediterranean. _Josephus_, _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 15. B =Babilius=, a Roman, who, by the help of a certain herb, is said to have passed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. _Pliny_, preface to ch. 19. =Babilus=, an astrologer in Nero’s age, who told the emperor to avert the danger which seemed to hang upon his head, from the appearance of a hairy comet, by putting all the leading men of Rome to death. His advice was faithfully followed. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 36. =Baby̆lon=, a son of Belus, who, as some suppose, founded a city which bears his name.――――A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 100 brazen gates; and its walls, which were cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged and embellished by the activity of Semiramis; measured 480 stadia in circumference, 50 cubits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was taken by Cyrus, B.C. 538, after he had drained the waters of the Euphrates into a new channel, and marched his troops by night into the town, through the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of the extensive capital was unknown to the inhabitants of the distant suburbs till late in the evening. Babylon became famous for the death of Alexander, and for the new empire which was afterwards established there under the Seleucidæ. _See:_ Syria. Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding ages, according to Pliny’s observations, that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present the place where it stood is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants were early acquainted with astrology. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26. ――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Justin_, bk. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_, bk. 7, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 2.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 77.――――There is also a town of the same name near the Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt. =Babylōnia=, a large province of Assyria, of which Babylon was the capital. The inhabitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards became very powerful.――――The surname of Seleucia, which arose from the ruins of Babylon, under the successors of Alexander. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26. =Babylōnii=, the inhabitants of Babylon, famous for their knowledge of astrology, first divided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac into 12 signs. =Babyrsa=, a fortified castle near Artaxata. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Babytăce=, a city of Armenia, whose inhabitants despise gold. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27. =Bacabasus=, betrayed the snares of Artabanus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Bacchæ=, the priestesses of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Bacchanālia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. _See:_ Dionysia. =Bacchantes=, ♦priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the celebration of the orgies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a thyrsus, and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, and they utter dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together. They were also called Thyades and Menades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 592.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 21.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 674. ♦ ‘priestessess’ replaced with ‘priestesses’ =Bacchi=, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. _Appian._ =Bacchiădæ=, a Corinthian family descended from Bacchia daughter of Dionysius. In their nocturnal orgies they, as some report, tore to pieces Actæon son of Mellissus, which so enraged the father, that before the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the death of his son, and immediately threw himself into the sea. Upon this the Bacchiadæ were banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between Pachynum and Pelorus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 407. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Bacchĭdes=, a general who betrayed the town of Sinope to Lucullus. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Bacchis=, or =Balus=, king of Corinth, succeeded his father Prumnides. His successors were always called _Bacchidæ_, in remembrance of the equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchidæ increased so much, that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal authority, and it is said that the sovereign power continued in their hands near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this institution by making himself absolute. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 407. =Bacchium=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Bacchius= and =Bithus=, two celebrated gladiators of equal age and strength; whence the proverb to express equality: _Bithus contra Bacchium_. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 20. =Bacchus=, was son of Jupiter and Semele the daughter of Cadmus. After she had enjoyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, always jealous of her husband’s amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele’s nurse, and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she entertained was not Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove his divinity she ought to beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her bed with the same majesty as when he courted the embraces of Juno. The artifice succeeded, and when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever she asked, Semele required him to visit her with all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling to retract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and unable to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she was consumed and reduced to ashes. The child, of which she had been pregnant for seven months, was with difficulty saved from the flames, and put in his father’s thigh, where he remained the full time which he naturally was to have been in his mother’s womb. From this circumstance Bacchus has been called _Bimater_. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved him from the flames. There are different traditions concerning the manner of his education. Ovid says that, after his birth, he was brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to the care of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes that Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says that he was carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island of Eubœa, whence he was driven by the power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the place. Some support that Naxus can boast of the place of his education, under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates a tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasiæ in Peloponnesus; and accordingly mentions that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his daughter’s amours, shut her up, with her child lately born, in a coffer, and exposed them on the sea. The coffer was carried safe by the waves to the coast of Brasiæ; but Semele was found dead, and the child alive. Semele was honoured with a magnificent funeral, and Bacchus properly educated. This diversity of opinion shows that there were many of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater number; but among them all, the son of Jupiter and Semele seems to have obtained the merit of the rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history is drawn from the Egyptian traditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and was cut to pieces; but the son of Semele was not then born. This tradition, therefore, is taken from the history of Osiris, who was killed by his brother Typhon, and the worship of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus into Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away by some mariners whom he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who had expressed some concern at his misfortune. His expedition into the east is most celebrated. He marched, at the head of an army composed of men, as well as of women, all inspired with divine fury, and armed with thyrsi, cymbals, and other musical instruments. The leader was drawn in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied by Pan and Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His conquests were easy, and without bloodshed: the people easily submitted, and gratefully elevated to the rank of a god the hero who taught them the use of the vine, the cultivation of the earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst his benevolence to mankind, he was relentless in punishing all want of respect to his divinity; and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, Lycurgus, &c., is well known. He has received the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyæus, Evan, Thyonæus, Psilas, &c., which are mostly derived from the places where he received adoration, or from the ceremonies observed in his festivals. As he was the god of vintage, of wine, and of drinkers, he is generally represented crowned with vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure is that of an effeminate young man, to denote the joys which commonly prevail at feasts; and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, consume our health, render us loquacious and childish like old men, and unable to keep secrets. The panther is sacred to him, because he went in his expedition covered with the skin of that beast. The magpie is also his favourite bird, because in triumphs people were permitted to speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes represented like an infant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a horn. He often appears naked, and riding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was his foster-father. He also sits upon a celestial globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries which arose from the celebration of these festivals are well known. _See:_ Dionysia. The amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He married Ariadne, after she had been forsaken by Theseus in the island of Naxos; and by her he had many children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas, Œnopion, Tauropolis, &c. According to some, he was the father of Hymenæus, whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. The Egyptians sacrificed pigs to him, before the doors of their houses. The fir tree, the yew tree, the fig tree, the ivy, and the vine, were sacred to him; and the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on account of the great propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. According to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a crown. His beauty is compared to that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with fine hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he is said to possess eternal youth. Sometimes he has horns, either because he taught the cultivation of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter his father appeared to him in the deserts of Libya under the shape of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with water. Bacchus went down to hell to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a goddess, under the name of Thyone. The three persons of the name of Bacchus, whom Diodorus mentions, are, the one who conquered the Indies, and is surnamed the bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, who was represented with horns; and the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero are, a son of Proserpine; a son of Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reigned in the Indies; a son of Jupiter and the moon; and a son of Thyone and Nisus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 22, 37; bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 150; bk. 2, chs. 42, 48, 49. ――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1, 3, &c. ――_Orpheus_, _Dionysius_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 3, &c.――_Amores_, bk. 3, poem 3.――_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 715.――_Hyginus_, fables 155, 167, &c. ――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56; bk. 8, ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――_Lactantius_, _de falsa religione_, bk. 1, ch. 22. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, &c.――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.――_Lucian_, _de Sacrificiis_; _Bacchus_; _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Oppian_, _Cynegetica_.――_Philostratus_, bk. 1, _Imagines_, ch. 50.――_Seneca_, _Chorus of Œdipus_.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 26; bk. 14, ltr. 107. =Bacchylides=, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have been preserved. _Marcellinus._ =Bacenis=, a wood of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 10. =Bacis=, a famous soothsayer of Bœotia. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Divinatione_, ch. 34.――――A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis. _See:_ Bacchis.――――An athlete of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 6. =Bactra= (orum), now _Balk_, the capital of Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 138.――_Strabo_, bk. 2. =Bactri= and =Bactriāni=, the inhabitants of Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and were always under arms. They gave to their dogs those that died through old age or disease, and suffered slaves and strangers to take whatever liberties they pleased with their wives. They were conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Plutarch_, _An vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficia_.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 3. =Bactriāna=, a country of Asia, fruitful as well as extensive. It formed once part of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of which it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of this country, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Bactros=, now _Dahesh_, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scythia, from which Bactriana receives its name. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 267. =Bacuntius=, a river of Pannonia, which falls into the Save above Sirmium. =Badaca=, a town of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. =Badia=, a town of Spain. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Badius=, a Campanian, who challenged Titus Quinctius Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he was killed. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 18. =Baduhennæ=, a place in the country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 73. =Bæbia lex=, was enacted for the election of four pretors every other year. _Livy_, bk. 40.――――Another law by Massa Bæbius a tribune of the people, which forbade the division of the lands, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the possessors, and to be divided among the people. _Appian_, bk. 1. =Massa Bæbius=, a Roman, in whose consulship the tomb of Numa was discovered. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――――Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians, fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 57. =Bætis=, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has received the name of _Bætica_. It was formerly called Tartessus, and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced there was so good that _Bætica_ was an epithet of merit, applied to garments. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 100. =Bæton=, a Greek historian in the age of Alexander. =Bagistame=, a delightful country of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Bagistanes=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13. =Bagōas= and =Bagōsas=, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so powerful that nothing could be done without his consent. He led some troops against the Jews, and profaned their temple. He poisoned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with his bones, because he had killed the god Apis. He placed on the throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered Prince’s children, and afterwards put him to death. He was at last killed, B.C. 335, by Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, he had attempted to poison. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.――――Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander. He was the cause that one of the satraps was put to death by the most excruciating torments. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_ in _Alexander_.――――The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in the Persian history; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the monarchs of Persia were generally known by that appellation. =Bagodares=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted the life of Darius. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Bagophănes=, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached the city, strewed all the streets and burned incense on the altars, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Bagrăda=, now _Megerda_, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus killed a serpent 120 feet long. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 14. ♦=Baiæ=, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situation and baths, where many of the Roman senators had country houses. Its ancient grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and Baiæ, with its magnificent villas, has yielded to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 81.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. ♦ ‘Balæ’ replaced with ‘Baiæ’ =Bala=, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. _Justin_, bk. 35, ch. 1. =Balacrus=, an officer in Alexander’s army, who took Miletus. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another officer, who commanded some auxiliaries. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Balanagræ=, a town of Cyrene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26. =Balanea=, a town between Syria and Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20. =Balanus=, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in their Macedonian war, A.U.C. 581.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 14. =Balari=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 6. =Claudius Balbillus=, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote the history, under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 22. =Balbīnus=, an admirer of Agna, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.――――A Roman who, after governing provinces with credit and honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was some time after murdered by his ♦soldiers. A.D. 238. ♦ ‘soldier’ replaced with ‘soldiers’ =Balbus=, a mountain of Africa, famous for the retreat of Masinissa, after he had fought a battle against Syphax. =Lucius Balbus=, a lawyer, &c., one among the pupils of Scævola.――――A man killed by the assassins of the triumvirs. =Baleares=, three islands in the Mediterranean, modernly called _Majorca_, _Minorca_, and _Yvica_, on the coast of Spain. The word is derived from βαλλειν, _to throw_, because the inhabitants were expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. We are told by Florus, that the mothers never gave their children breakfast before they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a woman was married, she was not admitted to her husband’s bed before she had received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabitants were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their wars they required nothing but females and wine, and often exchanged four men for one woman. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Balētus=, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth. _Paterculus_ bk. 1, ch. 3. =Balius=, a horse of Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 146. =Balista=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 41. =Ballonŏti=, a people of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 160. =Balneæ= (_baths_), were very numerous at Rome, private as well as public. In the ancient times simplicity was observed; but in the age of the emperors they became expensive; they were used after walking, exercise, or labour, and were deemed more necessary than luxurious. Under the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, that without this the meanest of the people seemed to be deprived of one of the necessaries of life. There were certain hours of the day appointed for bathing, and a small piece of money admitted the poorest, as well as the most opulent. In the baths there were separate apartments for the people to dress and to undress; and after they had bathed, they commonly covered themselves, the hair was plucked out of the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other in the magnificence of the building. It is said that ♦Diocletian employed 40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alexander Severus first permitted the people to use them in the night, and he himself often bathed with the common people. For some time both sexes bathed promiscuously and without shame, and the edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a while in abolishing that indecent custom, which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally read in bathing, and we find many compositions written in the midst of this luxurious enjoyment. ♦ ‘Dioclesian’ replaced with ‘Diocletian’ for consistency =Balventius=, a centurion of great valour in Cæsar’s army, killed by Ambiorix. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 35. =Balyras=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33. =Bamurūæ=, a people of Libya. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 303. =Bantia=, now _St. Maria de Vanse_, a town of Apulia, whence _Bantinus_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15. =Lucius Bantius=, a gallant youth of Nola, whom Annibal found after the battle of Cannæ, almost dead among the heaps of slain. He was sent home with great humanity, upon which he resolved to betray his country to so generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard of it, and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and faithful to the interest of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 15. =Baphy̆rus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 6. =Baptæ=, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in the night; and so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The name is derived from βαπτειν, _to wash_, because the priests bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 91.――――A comedy of Eupolis, on which men are introduced dancing on the stage, with all the indecent gestures of common prostitutes. =Baræi=, a people of Cholcis and Iberia, who burnt the bodies of their friends who died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such as fell in war. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 10, ch. 22. =Barăthrum=, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were thrown.――――The word is applied to the infernal regions by _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2, lis. 86 & 192. =Barbări=, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally called all nations, except their own, by the despicable name of Barbarians. =Barbăria=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31.――――A name given to Phrygia and Troy. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 7. =Barbătus=, the surname of a Roman family. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 21. =Barbosthĕnes=, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 10 miles from Sparta. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 27. =Barbythăce=, a city of Persia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27. =Barca=, a friend of Cato the elder. _Plutarch_, _Cato the Younger_. =Barcæi=, or =Barcitæ=, a warlike nation of Africa, near the city of Carthage. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 43. =Barce=, the nurse of Sichæus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 632.――――A large country of Africa.――――Also a city about nine miles from the sea, founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 515 years before the christian era. Strabo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais; but this arises because most of the inhabitants retired to Ptolemais, which was on the sea coast, to enrich themselves by commerce. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――――A small village of Bactriana, where the people who had been taken prisoners by Darius in Africa, were confined. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 204. ――――A city of Media. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Barcha=, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, from which Annibal and Hamilcar were descended. By means of their bribes and influence, they excited a great faction, which is celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the name of the _Barchinian faction_, and at last raised themselves to power, and to the independent disposal of all the offices of trust or emolument in the state. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2 & 9. =Bardæi=, a people of Illyricum concerned in the factions of Marius. _Plutarch_, _Marius_. =Bardi=, a celebrated sacerdotal order among the ancient Gauls, who praised their heroes, and published their fame in their verses, or on musical instruments. They were so esteemed and respected by the people, that, at their sight, two armies which were engaged in battle laid down their arms, and submitted to their orders. They censured, as well as commended, the behaviour of the people. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 447.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 15, ch. 24. =Bardyllis=, an Illyrian prince, whose daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_. =Bareas Soranus=, a youth killed by his tutor Egnatius, a Stoic philosopher. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 116. =Bares=, a naval officer of Persia, who wished to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Amasis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203. =Bargusii=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 19. =Bargyliæ=, a town of Caria. =Barīne=, a prostitute whom _Horace_ accuses of perjury. Bk. 2, ode 8. =Barisses=, one of the seven conspirators against the usurper Smerdis. _Ctesias._ =Barium=, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, now called Bari, and remarkable for its fine fish. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 97. =Barnuus=, a town of Macedonia near Heraclea. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Barrus=, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud of his beauty. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 30. =Barsīne= and =Barsēne=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander, by whom she had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her and her child to be put to death. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 2; bk. 15, ch. 2. ――_Arrian._ =Barzaentes=, a satrap who revolted from Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 13. =Barzanes=, a king of Armenia, tributary to Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2. =Basilēa=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who was mother of all the gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its amber. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――An island in the Euxine sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Basilīdæ=, European Sarmatians, descended from Hercules and Echidna. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Basilīdes=, the father of Herodotus, who, with others, attempted to destroy Strattes tyrant of Chios. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 132.――――A family who held an oligarchical power at Erythræ. _Strabo_, bk. 14. ――――A priest of mount Carmel, who foretold many momentous events to Vespasian, when he offered sacrifices. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 87.――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 7. =Basilĭpŏtămos=, the ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Basĭlis=, an historian who wrote concerning India. _Athenæus._――――A city of Arcadia, built by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29. =Basilius=, a river of Mesopotamia falling into the Euphrates. _Strabo._――――A celebrated bishop of Africa, very animated against the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but great ability. He was eloquent as well as ingenious, and possessed of all those abilities which constitute the persuasive orator and the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed him in the number of the greatest orators of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A.D. 379. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, folio, Paris, 1721. =Basĭlus=, a general who assisted Antony. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 416. ――――An insignificant lawyer. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 146.――――A pretor who plundered the provinces. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222. =Bassæ=, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 30 & 41. =Bassania=, a town of Macedonia near Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30. =Bassăreus=, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe, called _Bassaris_, which his priests wore. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18. =Bassărĭdes=, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, which seems derived from _Bassara_, a town of Libya sacred to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestesses, and so called by the Thracians. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 101. =Bassus Aufidius=, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic war. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Cæsius, a lyric poet in Nero’s age, to whom Persius addressed his sixth satire. Some of his verses are extant.――――Julius, an orator in the reign of Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca.――――A man spoken of by _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 14, and described as fond of wine and women. =Bastarnæ= and =Basternæ=, a people of European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sudden storm as they pursued the Thracians. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 58.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 198.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. =Bastia=, the wife of Metellus. _Livy_, fragment, bk. 89. =Bata=, a seaport of Asia, on the Euxine, opposite Sinope. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Batāvi=, a people of Germany who inhabited that part of the continent known under the modern name of Holland, and called by the ancients, _Batavorum insula_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 431. =Bathos=, a river near the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29. =Bathycles=, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19. =Bathyllus=, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, and by Anacreon. _Horace_, epode 14, li. 9.――――Mecænas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same name. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 63.――――The poet who claimed as his own Virgil’s distich, _Nocte pluit totâ_, &c., bore also the same name.――――A fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31. =Lentulus Batiātus=, a man of Campania, who kept a house full of gladiators who rebelled against him. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_. =Batīa=, a naiad who married Œbalus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――――A daughter of Teucer, who married Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Batīna= and =Bantīna=. _See:_ Bantia. =Bātis=, a eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexander’s chariot. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6. =Bato=, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome from king Philip. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 28. =Baton= of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the Persian affairs. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――A charioteer of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17. =Batrachomyomachia=, a poem, describing the _fight_ between _frogs_ and _mice_, written by Homer, which has been printed sometimes separately from the Iliad or Odyssey. The best edition of it is Maittaire’s, 8vo, London, 1721. =Battiădes=, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 53.――――A name given to the people of Cyrene from king Battus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 253. =Battis=, a girl, celebrated by Philetus the elegiac poet. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 5. =Battus I.=, a Lacedæmonian who built the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630, with a colony from the island of Thera. He was son of Polymnestus and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after death received divine honours. The difficulty with which he spoke first procured him the name of Battus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 155, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15.――――The second of that name was grandson to Battus I. by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed _Felix_, and died 554 B.C. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159, &c.――――A shepherd of Pylos, who promised Mercury that he would not discover his having stolen the flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise, and was turned into a pumice stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 702.――――A general of Corinth against Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 43.――――A buffoon of Caesar’s. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 6. =Batŭlum=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 739. =Batŭlus=, a surname of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_. =Batyllus=, a celebrated dancer in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 63. =Baubo=, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all over the world, and gave her some water to quench her thirst. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7. =Baucis=, an old woman of Phrygia, who, with her husband Philemon, lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to the cottage, where they received the best things it afforded; and Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed their dwelling into a magnificent temple, of which Baucis and her husband were made priests. After they had lived happy to an extreme old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their request to Jupiter, that one might not have the sorrow of following the other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before the doors of the temple. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 631, &c. =Bavius= and =Mævius=, two stupid and malevolent poets in the age of Augustus, who attacked the superior talents of the contemporary writers. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3. =Bauli=, a small town of Latium near Baiæ. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 155. =Bazaentes=, a friend of Bessus, &c. =Bazaria=, a country of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1. =Bebius=, a famous informer in Vespasian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 35. _See:_ Bæbius. =Bebriăcum=, now _Caneto_, a village between Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius overcame Otho. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 106.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Bebry̆ce=, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her husband. Most authors, however, attribute that character of humanity to Hypermnestra. _See:_ Danaides. =Bebry̆ces= and =Bebry̆cii=, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and, according to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They were expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argonauts touched on their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 12. =Bebry̆cia=, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 373. =Belemīna=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Belēnus=, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of the Ægyptians. =Belephantes=, a Chaldean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander that his entering Babylon would be attended with fatal consequences to him. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Belĕsis=, priest of Babylon, who told Arbaces governor of Media that he should reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His prophecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the new king with the government of Babylon, B.C. 826. _Diodorus_, bk. 2. =Belgæ=, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celtæ by the rivers Matrona and Sequana. Their country, according to Strabo, extended from the Rhine to the river modernly called the Loire. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bks. 1 & 2. =Belgĭca=, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine. =Belgium=, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to express the whole country. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 24. =Belgius=, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an army of Macedonians. _Justin_, bk. 23, ch. 2.――_Polybius_, bk. 2. =Belĭdes=, a surname given to the daughters of Belus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 463. =Belīdes=, a name applied to Palamedes, as descended from Belus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 2, li. 82. =Belisama=, the name of Minerva among the Gauls, signifying _queen of heaven_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6. =Belisarius=, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople, renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and triumphs which had rendered the first Romans so distinguished in the time of their republic. He died after a life of military glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 565th year of the christian era. The story of his begging charity, with _date obolum Belisario_, is said to be a fabrication of modern times. =Belistīda=, a woman who obtained a prize at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8. =Belitæ=, a nation of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Bellerŏphon=, a son of Glaucus king of Ephyre by Eurymede, was at first called Hipponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call Alcimenus or Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or _murderer of Beller_. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to the court of Prœtus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance, the king’s wife, called Antæa or Stenobœa, fell in love with him; and as he slighted her passion, she accused him before her husband of attempts upon her virtue. Prœtus, unwilling to violate the laws of hospitality by punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him a letter, in which he begged the king to punish with death a man who had so dishonourably treated his daughter. From that circumstance, all letters which are of an unfavourable tendency to the bearer have been called _letters of Bellerophon_. Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster called Chimæra, in which dangerous expedition he hoped, and was even assured, he must perish. _See:_ Chimæra. But the providence of Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of the winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and returned victorious. After this Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him destroyed; but he obtained another victory, and conquered afterwards the Amazons, by the king’s order. At his return from this third expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jobates; but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia, as he was without male issue. Some authors have supported that he attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter sent an insect which stung the horse, and threw down the rider who wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection till the day of his death, one generation before the Trojan war. Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his death, besides one daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by Apollodorus, and Achemone by Homer. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 156, &c. ――_Juvenal_, satire 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Hyginus_, fables 157 & 243; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 325.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 11, li. 26.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31. =Bellĕrus= and =Beller=, a brother of Hipponous. _See:_ Bellerophon. =Belliēnus=, a Roman whose house was set on flames at Cæsar’s funeral. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ch. 36. =Bellōna=, the goddess of war, daughter to Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks _Enyo_, and often confounded with Minerva. She was anciently called _Duelliona_, and was the sister of Mars, or, according to others, his daughter or his wife. She prepared the chariot of Mars when he was going to war; and she appeared in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid great adoration to her; but she was held in the greatest veneration by the Cappadocians, and chiefly at Comana, where she had about 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Carmentalis. In it the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to generals returned from war. At the gate was a small column called the _column of war_, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated themselves by great incisions in their body, and particularly in the thigh, of which they received the blood in their hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm they often predicted bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of towns. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 124.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 703.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 718; bk. 7, li. 73.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 221. =Bellōnarii=, the priests of Bellona. =Bellovăci=, a people of Gaul conquered by Julius Cæsar. They inhabited the modern Beauvais in the isle of France. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Bellovēsus=, a king of the Celtæ, who, in the reign of Tarquin Priscus, was sent at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambigatus. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34. =Belon=, a general of Alexander’s. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――――A city and river of Hispania Bætica. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Belus=, one of the most ancient kings of Babylon, about 1800 years before the age of Semiramis, was made a god after death, and worshipped with much ceremony by the Assyrians and Babylonians. He was supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The temple of Belus was the most ancient and most magnificent in the world. It was originally the tower of Babel, which was converted into a temple. It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate expedition against Greece, plundered and demolished it. Among the riches it contained, were many statues of massive gold, one of which was 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was a magnificent bed, where the priests daily conducted a woman, who, as they said, was honoured with the company of the god. _Josephus_, _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 181, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Arrian_, bk. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c. ――――A king of Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father of Agenor. ――――Another, son of Phœnix the son of Agenor, who reigned in Phœnicia.――――A river of Syria, where the making of glass was first invented. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 19. =Benācus=, a lake of Italy, now _Lago di Garda_, from which the Mincius flows into the Po. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 160; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 205. =Bendidium=, a temple of Diana Bendis. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 41. =Bendis=, a name of Diana among the Thracians and their northern neighbours. _Strabo_, bk. 9. Her festivals, called _Bendidia_, were introduced from Thrace into Athens. =Beneventum=, a town of the Hirpini, built by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its original name was _Maleventum_, changed into the more auspicious word of _Beneventum_, when the Romans had a colony there. It abounds in remains of ancient sculpture above any other town in Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Benthesicyme=, a daughter of Neptune the nurse of Eumolpus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Bepolitānus=, a youth whose life was saved by the delay of the executioner, who wished not to stain the youth’s fine clothes with blood. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum virtutes_. =Berbicæ=, a nation who destroyed their relations when arrived at a certain age. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Beræa=, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the sea, and 100 from the Euphrates, now called Aleppo. =Berecynthia=, a surname of Cybele, from mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she was particularly worshipped. She has been celebrated in a poem by Catullus. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 782.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 82. =Berenīce= and =Beronice=, a woman famous for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy Philadelphus by Lagus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 43.――_Theocritus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of Syria, after he had divorced Laodice his former wife. After the death of Philadelphus, Laodice was recalled, and mindful of the treatment which she had received, she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the vacant throne, and murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, where she had fled, B.C. 248.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped her father’s throne for some time, strangled her husband Seleucus, and married Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her father regained his power, and put her to death B.C. 55.――――The wife of Mithridates, who, when conquered by Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy themselves, for fear the conqueror should offer violence to them. She accordingly drank poison, but this not operating soon enough, she was strangled by a eunuch.――――The mother of Agrippa, who shines in the history of the Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the Great.――――A daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle Herod, and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She was accused by Juvenal of committing incest with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she was passionately loved by Titus, who would have made her empress but for fear of the people.――――A wife of king Attalus.――――Another, daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married her own brother Evergetes, whom she loved with much tenderness. When he went on a dangerous expedition, she vowed all the hair of her head to the goddess Venus, if he returned. Some time after his victorious return, the locks which were in the temple of Venus disappeared; and Conon, an astronomer, to make his court to the queen, publicly reported that Jupiter had carried them away, and had made them a constellation. She was put to death by her son, B.C. 221. _Catullus_, poem 67. ――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 24.――_Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 3.――――This name is common to many of the queens and princesses in the Ptolemean family in Egypt.――――A city of Libya. _Strabo._――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――Two towns of Arabia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――One in Egypt on the Red sea, where the ships from India generally landed their cargoes. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――――Another near the Syrtes, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 17. =Berenīcis=, a part of Africa near the town of Berenice. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 523. =Bergion= and =Albion=, two giants, sons of Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he attempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed with stones from heaven. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Bergistăni=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 16. =Beris= and =Baris=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A mountain of Armenia. =Bermius=, a mountain of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 138. =Beroe=, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 278.――――The wife of Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the Trojan women to burn the fleet of Æneas in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 620.――――One of the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341. =Berœa=, a town of Thessaly. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 36. =Beronīce.= _See:_ Berenice. =Berōsus=, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. He passed into Greece, and remained a long time at Athens. He composed a history of Chaldæa, and signalized himself by his astronomical predictions, and was rewarded for his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens. The age in which he lived is not precisely known, though some fix it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 years B.C. Some fragments of his Chaldæan history are preserved by Josephus, _Against Appion_ & _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 105. The book that is now extant under his name, and speaks of kings that never existed, is a supposititious fabrication. =Berrhœa=, a town of Macedonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 61. =Bery̆tus=, now _Berut_, an ancient town of Phœnicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of law. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20. =Besa=, a fountain in Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Besidlæ=, a town of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19. =Besippo=, a town of Hispania Bætica, where Mela was born. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Bessi=, a people of Thrace, on the left side of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 67. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 111. =Bessus=, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela, seized Darius his sovereign and put him to death. After this murder, he assumed the title of king, and was some time after brought before Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres the brother of Darius. The prince ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and his body to be exposed on a cross, and shot at by the soldiers. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 5. ――_Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.――――A parricide who discovered the murder he had committed, upon observing a nest of swallows, which, as he observed, reproached him with his crime. _Plutarch._ =Lucius Bestia=, a seditious Roman, who conspired with Catiline against his country. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _Philippics_. =Betis=, a river in Spain, _See:_ Bætis.――――A governor of Gaza, who bravely defended himself against Alexander, for which he was treated with cruelty by the conqueror. =Beturia=, a country in Spain. =Bia=, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Biānor=, a son of Tiberius and Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who received the surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built a town which he called Mantua, after his mother’s name. His tomb was seen in the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 60.――――A Trojan chief killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 92.――――A centaur killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 342. =Bias=, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother to the famous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with Perone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; but the father refused to give his daughter in marriage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, at his brother’s request, went to seize the oxen, and was caught in the act. He, however, in one year after received his liberty from Iphiclus who presented him with his oxen as a reward for his great services. Bias received the oxen from his brother, and obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 34. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Grecian prince, who went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, lis. 13 & 20.――――A river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.――――One of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he long saved from ruin. He flourished B.C. 566, and died in the arms of his grandson, who begged a favour of him for one of his friends. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24. =Bibācŭlus Marcus Furius=, a Latin poet in the age of Cicero. He composed annals in iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit and humour, and other poems now lost. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10.――――A pretor, &c. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Biblia= and =Billia=, a Roman lady famous for her chastity. She married Duillius. =Biblis=, a woman who became enamoured of her brother Caunus, and was changed into a fountain near Miletus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 662. =Biblina=, a country of Thrace. =Biblus=, a city of Phœnicia. _Curtius_, bk. 4. =Bibracte=, a large town of the Ædui in Gaul, where Cæsar often wintered. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 55, &c. =Bibŭlus=, a son of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato’s daughter. He was Cæsar’s colleague in the consulship, but of no consequence in the state, according to this distich mentioned by _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 20: _Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Cæsare factum est; Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini._ ――――One of the friends of Horace bore that name. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 86. =Bices=, a marsh near the Palus Mœotis. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 68. =Bicon=, a Greek who assassinated Athenodorus, because he made himself master of a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7. =Bicornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus. =Bicornis=, the name of Alexander among the Arabians. =Biformīs= (_two forms_), a surname of Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus received it because he changed himself into an old woman to fly from the persecution of Juno; or perhaps because he was represented sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old, man. =Bifrons=, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with _two faces_ among the Romans, as acquainted with the past and future. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 180. =Bilbĭlis=, a town of Celtiberia, where Martial was born. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50.――――A river of Spain. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3. =Bimāter=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had _two mothers_, because, when he was taken from his mother’s womb, he was placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 12. =Bingium=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70. =Bion=, a philosopher and sophist of Borysthenes in Scythia, who rendered himself famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and philosophy. He made everybody the object of his satire, and rendered his compositions distinguished for clearness of expression, for facetiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 241 B.C. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant style. Moschus, his friend and disciple, mentions in an elegiac poem that he died by poison, about 300 years B.C. His Idyllia are written with elegance and simplicity, purity and ease, and they abound with correct images, such as the view of the country may inspire. There are many good editions of this poet’s works, generally printed with those of Moschus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748. ――――A soldier in Alexander’s army, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13. ――――A native of Propontis, in the age of Pherecydes.――――A native of Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first found out that there were certain parts of the earth where there were six months of perpetual light and darkness alternately.――――A man of Soli, who composed a history of Æthiopia.――――Another of Syracuse, who wrote nine books on rhetoric, which he called by the names of the muses, and hence _Bionei sermones_ mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 60. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4. =Birrhus.= _See:_ Cœlius. =Bisaltæ=, a people of Scythia, or, according to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. Their country is called Bisaltia. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 29. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Bisaltes=, a man of Abydos, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 26. ♦=Bisaltis=, a patronymic of Theophane, by whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, had the golden ram. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li.117.――_Hyginus_, fable 18. ♦ ‘Bisaltes’ replaced with ‘Bisaltis’ =Bisanthe=, a town on the Hellespont. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 137. =Biston=, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built _Bistonia_ in Thrace, whence the Thracians are often called _Bistones_. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 110.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 569. =Bistŏnis=, a lake of Thrace near Abdera. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109. =Bithus.= _See:_ Bacchius. =Bithyæ=, a certain race of women of Scythia, whose eyes, as _Pliny_ reports, bk. 7, ch. 2, killed those who gazed upon them for some time. =Bithȳnia=, a country of Asia Minor, formerly called Bebrycia. It was bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia. The country was first invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus the son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was once a powerful kingdom. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 75. ――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2. According to _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 9, the inhabitants were descended from Mantinea in Peloponnesus. =Bitias=, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, brought up in a wood sacred to Jupiter. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and, with his brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 672, &c.――――One of Dido’s lovers, present when Æneas and the Trojans were introduced to the queen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 742. =Biton.= _See:_ Cleobis. =Bituītus=, a king of the Allobroges, conquered by a small number of Romans, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 6.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Bituntum=, a town of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 55. =Bitŭrĭges=, a people of Gaul, divided from the Ædui by the Ligeris. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 21. =Biturĭcum=, a town of Gaul, formerly the capital of the Belgæ. _Strabo_, bk. 4. =Bizia=, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born there. =Blæna=, a fruitful country of Pontus, where the general of Mithridates Eupator destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Blæsii=, two Romans who killed themselves because Tiberius deprived them of the priesthood. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40. =Junius Blæsus=, a governor of Gaul. _Tacitus._ =Blandenona=, a place near Placentia. _Cicero_, bk. 2, ltr. 15, _Letters to his brother Quintus_. =Blandŭsia=, a fountain on the borders of the country of the Sabines near Mandela, Horace’s country seat. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 13. =Blastophœnīces=, a people of Lusitania. _Appian._ =Blemmyes=, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had no heads, but had the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4. =Blenīna=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Blitius Catulinus=, was banished into the Ægean sea, after Piso’s conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71. =Blucium=, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in Bithynia. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Boadicea.= _See:_ Boudicea. =Boæ= and =Boea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Boagrius=, a river of Locris. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Bocalias=, a river in the island of Salamis. =Boccar=, a king of Mauritania. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 90, applies the word in a general sense to any native of Africa. =Bocchŏris=, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Bocchus=, a king of Gætulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12. =Boduagnātus=, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against them. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 23. =Bodūni=, a people of Britain who surrendered to Claudius. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 60. =Boea.= _See:_ Boæ. =Bœbe=, a town of Thessaly. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 5. ――――A lake of Crete. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Bœbēis=, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 176. =Bœbia lex=, was enacted to elect four pretors every year.――――Another to insure proprietors in the possession of their lands.――――Another, A.U.C. 571, against using bribes at elections. =Boedromia=, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived ἁπο του βοηδρομειν, _coming to help_. Plutarch in _Theseus_ mentions it as in commemoration of the victory which Theseus obtained over the Amazons, in a month called at Athens Boedromion. =Bœotarchæ=, the chief magistrates in Bœotia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 43. =Bœotia=, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south by Attica, east by Eubœa, and west by the bay of Corinth. It has been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called Bœotia, from Bœotus son of Itonus; or, according to others, _a bove_, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes. The inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily strength than of mental excellence; yet their country produced many illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains of Bœotia, particularly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses, to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were consecrated. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 5, ch. 57.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 7, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 244.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30, &c. =Bœotus=, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1. =Bœorobistas=, a man who made himself absolute among the Getæ, by the strictness of his discipline. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Boethius=, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths, A.D. 525. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote his celebrated poetical treatise _De consolatione philosophiæ_, in five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to, 1491, or that of Leiden, 1671, with the _notis variorum_. =Boetus=, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A river of Spain, more properly called Bætis. _See:_ Bætis. =Boeus=, one of the Heraclidæ. =Boges= and =Boes=, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when besieged by the Athenians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 107.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8. =Bogud=, a king of Mauritania in the interest of Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 59. =Bogus=, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Boii=, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy on the banks of the Po. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 28; bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 158. =Bojocalus=, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55. =Bola=, a town of the Æqui in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775. =Bolānus.= _See:_ Bollanus. =Bolbe=, a marsh near Mygdonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 58. =Bolbitīnum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same name. Naucrautis was built near it. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 17. =Bolgius=, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19. =Bolīna=, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. The god made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23. =Bolinæus=, a river near Bolina. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23. =Bolissus=, a town and island near Chios. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 24. =Bollānus=, a man whom Horace represents, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 11, as of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity. =Bolus=, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. _Livy_, bk. 67. =Bomienses=, a people near Ætolia. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 96. =Bomilcar=, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he had received all his dignity. _Diodorus_, bk. 26.――_Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 7.――――An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha’s cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. =Bomonīcæ=, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_. =Bona Dea=, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was so chaste that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage; from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night by the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest officers of the state, and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a veil where the ceremonies were observed. In the latter ages of the republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned by the introduction of lasciviousness and debauchery. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 313.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 25.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 637. =Bonōnia=, called also Felsina, a town on the borders of the Rhine, or Rheno, which falls into the Po. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 599. =Bonosius=, an officer of Probus, who assumed the imperial purple in Gaul. =Bonus Eventus=, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by the peasants. He was represented holding a cup in his right hand, and in his left, ears of corn. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. =Boosūra= (_bovis cauda_), a town of Cyprus, where Venus had an ancient temple. _Strabo._ =Boōtes=, a northern constellation near the Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus the father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds for inebriating them. Others maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 405.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 42. =Bootus= and =Bœotus=, a son of Neptune and Menalippe, exposed by his mother, but preserved by shepherds. _Hyginus_, fable 186. =Borea=, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 4. =Boreădes=, the descendants of Boreas, who long possessed the supreme power and the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans. _Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 2. =Boreas=, the name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astræus and Aurora, but others make him son of the Strymon. He was passionately fond of Hyacinthus [_See:_ Hyacinthus], and carried away Orithyia, who refused to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais, Cleopatra and Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented with wings and white hair. The Athenians dedicated altars to him, and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself into a horse, to unite himself with the mares of Dardanus, by which he had 12 mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over the sea, without scarce wetting their feet. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 222. ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 379.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 189.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 700. =Boreasmi=, A festival at Athens in honour of Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed, was related to them on account of his marriage with Orithyia the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed the overthrow of the enemy’s fleet to the respect which he paid to his wife’s native country. There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. _Pausanias_, _Attica_ & _Arcadia_. =Boreus=, a Persian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 40. =Borges=, a Persian who burnt himself rather than submit to the enemy, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 24. =Bornos=, a place of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 7. =Borsippa=, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants ate bats. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Borus=, a son of Perieres, who married Polydora the daughter of Peleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 177. =Borysthĕnes=, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea, now called the _Dnieper_, and inferior to no other European river but the Danube, according to _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45, &c.――――There was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also called _Olba Salvia_. _Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 7.――――A horse with which the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honoured with a monument. _Diodorus._ =Bosphŏrus= and =Bospŏrus=, two narrow straits, situate at the confines of Europe and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus Mœotis to the Euxine, now known by the name of the straits of Caffa; and the other, which was called the Thracian Bosphorus, and by the moderns the straits of Constantinople, made a communication between the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is 16 miles long, and one and a half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or four stadia, according to Herodotus. The word is derived from Βοος πορος, _bovis meatus_, because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it. Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks, and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 49. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 85. =Boter=, a freedman of Claudius. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_. =Bottia=, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called _Bottiæi_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 185, &c. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 99. =Bottiæis=, a country at the north of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123, &c. =Boudicea=, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A.D. 61. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31. =Bouiānum=, an ancient colony of the Samnites, at the foot of the Apennines not far from Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 28. =Bovillæ=, a town of Latium near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 607.――――Another in Campania. =Brachmanes=, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma, one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology, created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed from their youth to endure labours, and to live with frugality and abstinence. They never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry and indulge themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14. They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds, butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular paradise. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Bræsia=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Branciădes=, a surname of Apollo. =Branchĭdæ=, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――The priests of Apollo Didymæus, who gave oracles in Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Branchyllĭdes=, a chief of the Bœotians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13. =Branchus=, a youth of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme, which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles except Delphi, and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchidæ. The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards destroyed by Alexander. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 479.――_Lucian_, _de Domo_. =Braslæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24. =Brasĭdas=, a famous general of Lacedæmon, son of Tellus, who, after many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon the Athenian had besieged, B.C. 422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.――_Thucydides_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――A man of Cos. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 7. =Brasidēia=, festivals at Lacedæmon, in honour of Brasidas. None but freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as were absent were fined. =Brasĭlas=, a man of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7. =Braure=, a woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus king of the Edoni. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 107. =Brauron=, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. The goddess had three festivals called _Brauronia_, celebrated once every fifth year by 10 men, who were called ἱεροποιοι. They sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer’s Iliad. The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. They were about 10 years of age, and not under five, and therefore their consecration was called δεκατευειν, from δεκα, _decem_; and sometimes ἀρκτευειν, as the virgins themselves bore the name of ἀρκτοι, _bears_, from this circumstance. There was a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly, and was killed by it. The virgin’s brother killed the bear, and the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carried it away when he invaded Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Brenni= and =Breuni=, a people of Noricum. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14. =Brennus=, a general of the Galli Senones, who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news of their destruction. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 36, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Camillus_.――――Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the god, or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of intoxication, B.C. 278, after being defeated by the Delphians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 22 & 23.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6, &c. =Brenthe=, a ruined city of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28. =Brescia=, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself. =Brettii=, a people of Italy. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Briăreus=, a famous giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, and was called by men Ægeon, and only by the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening looks that they desisted. He assisted the giants in their war against the gods, and was thrown under mount Ætna, according to some accounts. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 148.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 403.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 287; bk. 10, li. 565.――――A Cyclops, made judge between Apollo and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Brias=, a town of Pisidia. =Brigrantes=, a people in the northern parts of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 196.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43. =Brigrantīnus=, a lake of Rhœtia between the Alps, now the lake of Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 17. =Brilessus=, a mountain of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 23. =Brīmo= (_terror_), a name given to Proserpine and Hecate. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 2, li. 11. =Brisēis=, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and brother killed in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles in the division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 3; _De Ars Amatoria_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poems 8, 20, & 22. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 4. =Brises=, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chryses. His daughter Hippodamia was called _Briseis_, from him. =Briseus=, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse Briso, or his temple at Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 76. =Britanni=, the inhabitants of Britain. _See:_ Britannia.――――A man in Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17. =Britannia=, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe, conquered by Julius Cæsar during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year of the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of Cæsar, used to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Romans before Cæsar conquered it. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 17. =Britannĭcus=, a son of Claudius Cæsar by Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night; but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite black, and discovered the effects of poison. _Tacitus_, _Annals_. ――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33. =Britomartis=, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme, who devoted herself to hunting, and became a great favourite of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely, that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A surname of Diana. =Britomarus=, a chief of the Galli Insubres conquered by Æmilius. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Britŏnes=, the inhabitants of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 124. =Brixellum=, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when defeated. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 32. =Brixia=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at the north of Cremona, now Brescia. _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5. =Brizo=, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos. =Brocubēlus=, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius was murdered by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13. =Bromius=, a surname of Bacchus, from βρεμειν, _frendere_, alluding to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter’s fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 11.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Bromus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 459. =Brongus=, a river falling into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49. =Brontēs= (_thunder_), one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 425. =Brontīnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher.――――The father of Theano the wife of Pythagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Broteas= and =Ammon=, two men famous for their skill in the cestus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.――――One of the Lapithæ. =Brotheus=, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 517. =Bructēri=, a people of Germany, inhabiting the country at the east of Holland. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51. =Brumālia=, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about the month of December. They were first instituted by Romulus. =Brundusium=, now _Brundisi_, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea where the Appian road was terminated. It was founded by Diomedes after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius and the death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the entrance, against the fury of the winds and waves. Little remains of the ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choked up by the negligence of the inhabitants. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 12, ch. 2. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 1. =Brutidius=, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal’s age, on suspicion of his favouring Sejanus. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 82. =Brutii=, a people in the furthest parts of Italy, who were originally shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a settlement. They received the name of _Brutii_, from their stupidity and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in the second Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest disgrace, and employed in every servile work. _Justin_, bk. 23, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Brutŭlus=, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the Romans for violating a treaty. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 39. =Brutus Lucius Junius=, a son of Marcus Junius and Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was called _Brutus_ for his stupidity, which he, however, soon after showed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, B.C. 509, in consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred to the royal family. His example animated the Romans. The Tarquins were proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the royal authority vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families. Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never would again submit to kingly authority; but the first who violated their oath were in his own family. His sons conspired with the Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they were tried and condemned before their father, who himself attended at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought between the Romans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph; a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 56; bk. 2, ch. 1, &c. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 8.――_Eutropius_ on _Tarquin_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 818.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Cæsar_.――――Marcus Junius, father of Cæsar’s murderer, wrote three books on civil law. He followed the party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After the death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to death. He had married Servilia, Cato’s sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.――――His son of the same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from Junius Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit the republican principles of his great progenitor, and in the civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, though he was his father’s murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and patriotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar not only spared the life of Brutus, but he made him one of his most faithful friends. He, however, forgot the favour because Cæsar aspired to tyranny. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey’s Basilica. The tumult which this murder occasioned was great; the conspirators fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to the populace, they re-established tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his associates, refused to seize, gained ground in behalf of his friend Cæsar, and the murderers were soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion, and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy; but Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered, and as he knew not the situation of his friend, and grew desperate, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the last of the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brutus commanded obtained a victory; but the other was defeated, and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape, and soon after fell upon his sword, B.C. 42. Antony honoured him with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary talents, than his valour in the field. When he was in the camp, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and writing; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles, while the rest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus calmly spent his hours till the evening, in writing an epitome of Polybius. He was fond of imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of freedom which were so eminently displayed in his political career. He was intimate with Cicero, to whom he would have communicated his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity. He severely reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of Octavius, who meditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions that Cæsar’s ghost made its appearance to Brutus in his tent, and told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals when she heard the fate of her husband. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_, &c.; _Cæsar_, ch. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 4.――――Decimus Junius Albinus, one of Cæsar’s murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina, was deserted by the legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to death by Antony’s orders, though consul elect.――――Junius, one of the first tribunes of the people. _Plutarch._――――One of Carbo’s generals. =Bryas=, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom he had offered violence. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20. ――――A general in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72. =Bryaxis=, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making the Mausoleum. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40. =Bryce=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Brygres=, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Brygri=, a people of Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 45. =Brysea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20. =Bubacēne=, a town of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 5. =Bubāces=, a eunuch of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 11. =Bubăris=, a Persian who married the daughter of Amyntas, against whom he had been sent with an army. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 13. =Bubastiăcus=, one of the mouths of the Nile. =Bubastis=, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of the Delta, where cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59, 137, & 154.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 690. =Bubăsus=, a country of Caria, whence _Bubasides_ applied to the natives. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 643. =Bubon=, an inland city of Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. =Bucephăla=, a city of India near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3. ――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Bucephălus=, a horse of Alexander’s, whose head resembled that of a bull, whence his name (βους κεφαλος, _bovis caput_). Alexander was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt down to take up his master. He was present in an engagement in Asia, where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in a safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, and Alexander built a city which he called after his name. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――_Curtius._――_Arrian_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42. =Buciliānus=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, ch. 14. =Bucolĭca=, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simplicity and elegance. The most famous pastoral writers of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Bucolics, or pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of Sicily. =Bucolĭcum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17. =Bucolion=, a king of Arcadia, after Lais. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5. ――――A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe.――――A son of Hercules and Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus.――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3. =Bucŏlus=, a son of Hercules and Marse.――――A son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3. =Budii=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus._ =Budīni=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus._ =Budōrum=, a promontory of Salamis. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 94. =Bulbus=, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_. =Bulis=, a town of Phocis, built by a colony from Doris, near the sea, above the bay of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A Spartan given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen had done in putting the king’s messengers to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 134, &c. =Bullatius=, a friend of Horace to whom the poet addressed, bk. 1, ltr. 11, in consequence of his having travelled over part of Asia. =Bullis=, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 7; bk. 44, ch. 30. =Bumellus=, a river of Assyria. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9. =Bunea=, a surname of Juno. =Bunus=, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, who obtained the government of Corinth when Ætes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4. =Bupălus=, a statuary of Clazomenæ. _See:_ Anthermus. =Buphăgus=, a son of Japetus and Thornax killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his gluttony. =Buphŏnia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was immolated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Buprāsium=, a city, country, and river of Elis. _Homer._ =Bura=, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to others, of Ion and Helice, from whom _Bura_ or _Buris_, once a flourishing city in the bay of Corinth, received its name. This city was destroyed by the sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Buraicus=, an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura. ――――A river of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25. =Burrhus Afranius=, a chief of the pretorian guards, put to death by Nero.――――A brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus. =Bursa=, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to have been called Prusa, from its founder Prusias. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Bursia=, a town of Babylonia. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 13. =Busa=, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle of Cannæ. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8. =Busæ=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus_, bk. 1. =Busīris=, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty. When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar bound hand and foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, and offered the tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne the same name. One of them built a town called _Busiris_, ♦in the middle of the Delta, where Isis had a famous temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 61. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 132; _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 69.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. ♦ extraneous ‘and’ removed =Buta=, a town of Achaia. _Diodorus_, bk. 20. =Buteo=, a surname of Marcus Fabius. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.――――A Roman orator. _Seneca._ =Butes=, one of the descendants of Amycus king of the Bebryces, very expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, was called Venus; hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 372.――――One of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Trojan slain by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 690.――――A son of Boreas who built Naxos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A son of Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia daughter of Erechtheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――An armbearer to Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 647; bk. 12, li. 632.――――A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the Athenian. =Buthrōtum=, now _Butrinto_, a seaport town of Epirus, opposite Corcyra, visited by Æneas, in his way from Troy to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 293.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Buthrōtus=, a river in Italy, near Locri. =Buthyreus=, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. =Butoa=, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Butorĭdes=, an historian who wrote concerning the pyramids. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12. =Butos=, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle of Latona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 63. =Butuntum=, an inland town of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Butus=, a son of Pandion. =Buzȳges=, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave him the Palladium, with which Diomedes had entrusted him to be carried to Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 5. =Byblesia= and =Bybassia=, a country of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 174. =Byblia=, a name of Venus. =Byblii=, a people of Syria. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Byblis=, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. She fell in love with her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of her, and fled from his country to avoid incest; and others report that he fled from his sister’s importunities, who sought him all over Lycia and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed into a fountain of the same name. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 284; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 451.――_Hyginus_, fable 243. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A small island in the Mediterranean. =Byblus=, a town of Syria, not far from the sea, where Adonis had a temple. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Bylliones=, a people of Illyricum. =Byrrhus=, a robber, famous for his dissipation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69. =Byrsa=, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the temple of Æsculapius. Asdrubal’s wife burnt it when the city was taken. When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be encompassed by a bull’s hide. After the agreement, she cut the hide in small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of territory, on which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa (Βυρσα, _a hide_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 371.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 62. =Byzacium=, a country of Africa. =Byzantium=, a town situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the christian era. Paterculus says it was founded by the Milesians, and by the Lacedæmonians according to Justin, and according to Ammianus by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenience of its situation were observed by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis. A number of Greek writers, who have deserved or usurped the name of _Byzantine historians_, flourished at Byzantium, after the seat of the empire had been translated thither from Rome. Their works, which more particularly relate to the time in which they flourished, and are seldom read but by those who wish to form an acquaintance with the revolutions of the lower empire, were published in one large collection, in 36 vols., folio, 1648, &c., at Paris, and recommended themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresne and du Cange. They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 28 vols., though perhaps this edition is not so valuable as that of the French. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_, _Alcibiades_, & _Timotheus_.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 1. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 62 & 63.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 8. =Byzas=, a son of Neptune king of Thrace, from whom it is said Byzantium receives its name. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Byzeres=, a people of Pontus, between Cappadocia and Colchis. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153. =Byzes=, a celebrated artist in the age of Astyages. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10. =Byzia=, a town in the possession of the kings of Thrace, hated by swallows, on account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. C =Caanthus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt in revenge the ravisher’s temple near the ♦Isthmus. He was killed for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10. ♦ ‘Ithmus’ replaced with ‘Isthmus’ =Cabades=, a king of Persia, &c. =Cabăla=, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by Dionysius. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Cabāles=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus._ =Cabalii=, a people of Asia Minor. _Herodotus._ =Caballīnus=, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called also _Hippocrene_, as raised from the ground by the foot of Pegasus. _Persius._ =Caballīnum=, a town of the Ædui, now _Chalons_, on the Saone. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, ch. 42. =Caballio=, a town of Gaul. =Cabarnos=, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called Cabarni. =Cabassus=, a town of Cappadocia.――――A village near Tarsus. =Cabīra=, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.――――A town of Paphlagonia. =Cabīri=, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain. Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established; yet Phœnicia seems to be the place according to the authority of Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to preside over metals. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 51.――_Strabo_, bk. 10, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1. =Cabiria=, a surname of Ceres.――――The festivals of the Cabiri. _See:_ Cabiri. =Cabūra=, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 3. =Cabūrus=, a chief of the Helvii. _Cæsar._ =Caca=, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen. She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered sacrifices in her temple. _Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1, ch. 20. =Cachăles=, a river of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 32. =Cacus=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed, were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place, attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had delivered them from such a public calamity. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 551.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 194.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 125.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Cacūthis=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _Indica_. =Cacyparis=, a river of Sicily. =Cadi=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――Of Lydia. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7. =Cadmēa=, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 601.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Cadmēis=, an ancient name of Bœotia. =Cadmus=, son of Agenor king of Phœnicia by Telephassa or Agriope, was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay, went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents. Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61 years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which was finished by one of his successors. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 147.――_Hyginus_, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 937, &c.――――A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the _ancient_, in contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise on love in 14 books. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――――A Roman executioner, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 39. =Cadra=, a hill of Asia Minor. _Tacitus._ =Cadūceus=, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life a dead person. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 242.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10. =Cadurci=, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. _Cæsar._ =Cadusci=, a people near the Caspian sea. _Plutarch._ =Cadytis=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159. =Cæa=, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also _Ceos_ and _Cea_, from Ceus the son of Titan. _Ovid_, poem 20. _Heroides_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 14. =Cæcias=, a wind blowing from the north. =Cæcĭlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――The mother of Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A daughter of Atticus. =Cæcilia Caia=, or =Tanaquil=. _See:_ Tanaquil. =Cæcilia lex=, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free exportation.――――Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred, should be exposed to public view on three market-days.――――Another, enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 17.――――Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by Publius Clodius the tribune.――――Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C. 685, against usury. =Cæciliānus=, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero. =Cæcĭlii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and patriots. =Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus=, a man who left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000 pounds of silver. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 10.――――Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.――――A Sicilian orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the orations of Demosthenes.――――Metellus. _See:_ Metellus.――――Statius, a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator, _Letters to Atticus_, calls him _Malum Latinitatis auctorem_. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1. =Cæcīna Tuscus=, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A Roman who wrote some physical treatises. ――――A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero. =Cæcŭbum=, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta, famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. _Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c. =Cæcŭlus=, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the subjects of Cæculus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 680, says that he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son of Vulcan, who is the god of fire. =Quintus Cædicius=, a consul, A.U.C. 498.――――Another, A.U.C. 465.――――A military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his life.――――A rich person, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 362.――――A friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47. =Cælia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained, that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason, the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of the Cassian law. =Cælius=, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife of Metellus. _Pro Cælio_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A man of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected of the murder, but acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1. ――――Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and 1755.――――Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――Tubero, a man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 52.――――Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.――――Sabinus, a writer in the age of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule ediles.――――One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius, who assisted Romulus against the Sabines. =Cæmaro=, a Greek, who wrote an account of India. =Cæne=, a small island in the Sicilian sea.――――A town on the coast of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136. =Cæneus=, one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil._ =Cænides=, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92. =Cænīna=, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called _Cæninenses_, made war against the Romans when their virgins had been stolen away. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 135.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Cænis=, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a distance of about one mile and a half. =Cænis=, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was called _Cæneus_. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and changed into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, lis. 172 & 479.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned again to her pristine form. =Quintus Servilius Cæpio=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by divine vengeance, &c. _Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A questor who opposed Saturninus. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_. =Cæratus=, a town of Crete. _Strabo._――――A river. =Cære=, =Cæres=, anciently _Agylla_, now _Cerveteri_, a city of Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over the inhabitants, called _Cæretes_ or _Cærites_; but they banished their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of voting; whence _Cærites tabulæ_ was applied to those who had no suffrage, and _Cærites cera_ appropriated as a mark of contempt. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Cæresi=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar._ =Cæsar=, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because one of them kept an _elephant_, which bears the same name in the Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick _head of hair_. This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman emperors were distinguished by the surname of _Cæsar_. They reigned in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and impartial manner.――――Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome, was son of ♦Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas. When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates, who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest. He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state, he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey. He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony, who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony, he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey, observing that he was marching against a general without troops, after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged. Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered. Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March, B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow, and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, _Tu quoque Brute_! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents, which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: _Veni, vidi, vici_. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries, are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635. _Suetonius_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Dio Cassius._――_Appian._ ――_Orosius._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 782.――_Marcellinus._――_Florus_, bks. 3 & 4.――――Lucius was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his shoes.――――Octavianus. _See:_ Augustus.――――Caius, a tragic poet and orator, commended by _Cicero_, _Brutus_. His brother C. Lucius was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla. They were both put to death by order of Marius.――――Lucius, an uncle of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar in his youth.――――Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar, Caius and Lucius. _See:_ Agrippa.――――Augusta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called _Saragossa_. ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’ =Cæsarēa=, a city of Cappadocia,――――of Bithynia,――――of Mauritania, ――――of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in compliment to them. =Cæsarion=, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 17, & _Cæsar_, ch. 52. =Cæsennius Pætus=, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25. =Cæsetius=, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7. =Cæsia=, a surname of Minerva.――――A wood in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 50. =Cæsius=, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy. _Catullus_, poem 14.――――A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. _Persius._ =Cæso=, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci. =Cæsonia=, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered at the same time with her daughter Julia. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 59. =Cæsonius Maximus=, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship with Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71. =Cætŭlum=, a town of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2. =Cagāco=, a fountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24. =Caicīnus=, a river of Locris. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 103. =Caīcus=, a companion of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 187; bk. 9, li. 35.――――A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea, opposite Lesbos. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 370.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 243. =Caiēta=, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 1. =Caius= and =Caia=, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ it implied Cais. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Caius=, a son of Agrippa by Julia. _See:_ Agrippa. =Quintus Calăber=, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734. =Calābria=, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 425.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 31; _Epodes_, poem 1, li. 27; bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 48. =Calăbrus=, a river of Calabria. _Pausanias_, bk. 6. =Calagurritāni=, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children rather than yield to Pompey. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6. =Calais= and =Zethes=. _See:_ Zethes. =Calagutis=, a river of Spain. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 22. =Calămis=, an excellent carver. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10. =Calămīsa=, a place of Samos. _Herodotus_, bk. 9. =Calămos=, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20. ――――A town of Phœnicia.――――Another of Babylonia. =Calămus=, a son of the river Mæander, who was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35. =Calānus=, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked him whether he had anything to say. “No,” said he, “I shall meet you again in a very short time.” Alexander died three months after in Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 23.――_Arrian_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ælian_, bk. 2, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Calaon=, a river of Asia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Calăris=, a city of Sardinia. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Calathāna=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13. =Calathes=, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Calathion=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Calathus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope. =Calātia=, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman colony in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 543. =Calatiæ=, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 38. =Calavii=, a people of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27. =Calavius=, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators from death, &c. _Livy_, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3. =Calaurēa= and =Calaurīa=, an island near Trœzene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly from the persecutions of Antipater. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 384.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Calbis=, a river of Caria. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16. =Calce=, a city of Campania. _Strabo_, bk. 5. =Calchas=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years’ siege. He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact number, Calchas died through grief. _See:_ Mopsus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 69.――_Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43. =Calchedonia.= _See:_ Chalcedon. =Calchinia=, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who inherited his grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Caldus Cælius=, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the Germans. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 120. =Cale= (es), =Cales= (ium), and =Calēnum=, now _Calvi_, a town of Campania. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 69. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 413.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 728. =Calēdonia=, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed to denote a German extraction, according to _Tacitus_, _Life of Agricola_. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants so little civilized, that they called it _Britannia Barbara_, and they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or conquest. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 44.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 598. =Calēntum=, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so light that they swam on the surface of the water. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 14. =Calēnus=, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 2.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s army. After Cæsar’s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_. =Cales.= _See:_ Cale.――――A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. _Arrian._ =Calesius=, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 16. =Calētæ=, a people of Belgic Gaul, now _Pays de Caux_, in Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum. =Caletor=, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire to the ship of Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 419. =Calex=, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 75. =Caliadne=, the wife of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Calicēni=, a people of Macedonia. =Marcus Calidius=, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――Lucius Julius, a man remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 12. =Caius Calĭgŭla=, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing in the camp the _Caliga_, a military covering for the leg. He was son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul, and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps have shown himself more tyrannical had not Chæreas, one of his servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year, after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the writings of Homer and of Virgil. _Dio Cassius._――_Suetonius_, _Lives of the Twelve Caesars_.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_. =Calĭpus=, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330. =Calis=, a man in Alexander’s army, tortured for conspiring against the king. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11. =Callæscherus=, the father of Critias. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_. =Callaĭci=, a people of Lusitania, now _Gallicia_, at the north of Spain. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 461. =Callas=, a general of Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――Of Cassander against Polyperchon. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A river of Eubœa. =Callatēbus=, a town of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 32. =Calle=, a town of ancient Spain, now _Oporto_, at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal. =Calleteria=, a town of Campania. =Callēni=, a people of Campania. =Callia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Calliădes=, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 51. =Callias=, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and his country. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A son of Temenus, who murdered his father with the assistance of his brothers. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost. He was surnamed Schœnion, from his twisting ropes (σχοινος), through poverty. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――――A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view. _Athenæus_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius._――――An Athenian greatly revered for his patriotism. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 121.――――A soothsayer. ――――An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships he took, &c.――――A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison, on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――――An historian, who wrote an explanation of the poems of Alcæus and Sappho. =Callibius=, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_. =Callicērus=, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. =Callichŏrus=, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated. =Callĭcles=, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given by Harpalus, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――A statuary of Megara. =Callicolōna=, a place of Troy, near the Simois. =Callicrătes=, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity. He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months. He is called _Calippus_ by some authors. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_. ――――An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――An artist, who made, with ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer’s verses upon a grain of millet. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the Athenians to submit to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――――A Syrian, who wrote an account of Aurelian’s life.――――A brave Athenian, killed at the battle of Platæa. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 72. =Callicratĭdas=, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval battle, B.C. 406. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_. ――――One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius, upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A Pythagorean writer. =Callidius=, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his abilities with commendation. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 274.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36. =Callidrŏmus=, a place near Thermopylæ. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6. =Calligētus=, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by Pharnabazus. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6. =Callĭmăchus=, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name of _Ibis_. _See:_ Apollonius. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31 epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled himself the _Roman Callimachus_. The precise time of his death, as well as of his birth, is unknown. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 65.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 84.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An Athenian general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an erect posture, all covered with wounds. _Plutarch._――――A Colophonian, who wrote the life of Homer. _Plutarch._ =Callimĕdon=, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the populace. =Callimĕles=, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by Apollodorus of Cassandrea. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Callinus=, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stobæus. _Athenæus._――_Strabo_, bk. 13. =Calliŏpe=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels. She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to enjoy. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Horace_, _Odes_. =Callipatīra=, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in man’s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade any wrestlers to appear but naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 7. =Callĭphon=, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A philosopher who made the _summum bonum_ consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This system was opposed by _Cicero_. _Academic Questions_, bk. 4, chs. 131 & 139; _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 119. =Callĭphron=, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among his pupils. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_. =Callipĭdæ=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 17. =Callipŏlis=, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 250.――――A town of Sicily near Ætna.――――A city of Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a bridge to the continent. It is now called _Gallipoli_, and contains 6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton. =Callĭpus=, or =Calippus=, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &c. _See:_ Callicrates. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_. ――――A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Zeno_. ――――A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by Thermopylæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Callipyges=, a surname of Venus. =Callirhoe=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.――――A fountain of Attica where Callirhoe killed herself. _See:_ Coresus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Statius_, bk. 12, _Thebiad_, li. 629.――――A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by Chrysaor. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her, upon which she killed herself.――――A daughter of the Achelous, who married Alcmæon. _See:_ Alcmæon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A daughter of Phocus the Bœotian, whose beauty procured her many admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance of the Bœotians. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.――――A daughter of Piras and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 145. =Calliste=, an island of the Ægean sea, called afterwards _Thera_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Its chief town was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras. =Callisteia=, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Minerva. =Callisthĕnes=, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10 books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of Demetrius from Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are extant. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Arrian_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.――――A writer of Sybaris.――――A freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_. =Callisto= and =Calisto=, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the bear. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Hyginus_, fable 176 & 177.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Callistonicus=, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16. =Callistrătus=, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and Chabrias against Lacedæmon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An orator of Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his age.――――An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate acquaintance after he had heard him plead. _Xenophon._――――A Greek historian praised by _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.――――A comic poet, rival of Aristophanes.――――A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A secretary of Mithridates. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A grammarian, who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans. =Callixĕna=, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused, though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince’s ambition was ridiculed. =Callixĕnus=, a general who perished by famine.――――An Athenian imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners. _Diodorus_, bk. 13. =Calon=, a statuary. _Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. =Calor=, now _Calore_, a river in Italy near Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 14. =Calpe=, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar. =Calphurnia=, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius Cæsar’s fourth wife. The night previous to her husband’s murder, she dreamed that the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain him at home. After Cæsar’s murder she placed herself under the patronage of Marcus Antony. _Suetonius_, _Julius_. =Calphurnius Bestia=, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered his wives when asleep. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 2. ――――Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli. He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the king’s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.――――A man who conspired against the emperor Nerva.――――Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Piso, condemned for using seditious words against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 21.――――Another, famous for his abstinence. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting. Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.――――A man surnamed Frugi, who composed annals, B.C. 130. =Calpurnia=, or =Calphurnia=, a noble family in Rome, derived from Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones, Bibuli, Flammæ, Cæsennini, Asprenates, &c. ♦_Plutarch_, _Numa_. ♦ ‘Pliny’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’ =Calpurnia= and =Calphurnia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. _Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished to conquer the Cimbri. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A woman who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in the civil wars of Marius. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The wife of Julius Cæsar. _See:_ Calphurnia.――――A favourite of the emperor Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――A woman ruined by Agrippina on account of her beauty, &c. _Tacitus._ =Calvia=, a female minister of Nero’s lusts. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Calvīna=, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 3, li. 133. =Calvisius=, a friend of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――An officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 48. =Calumnia= and =Impudentia=, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles. =Calusidius=, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general wished to stab ♦himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him his own, observing that it was sharper. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 35. ♦ ‘himslf’ replaced with ‘himself’ =Calusium=, a town of Etruria. =Calvus Cornelius Licinius=, a famous orator, equally known for writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon Cæsar and Pompey, and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19. =Caly̆be=, a town of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――An old woman, priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 419. =Calycadnus=, a river of Cilicia. =Caly̆ce=, a daughter of Æolus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by Æthlius the son of Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1. ――――A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus. As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of _Athenæus_, bk. 14. ――――A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. _Hyginus_, fable 157. =Calydium=, a town on the Appian way. =Calydna=, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Some suppose it to be near Rhodes, others near Tenedos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 205. =Calydon=, a city of Ætolia, where Œneus the father of Meleager reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from Calydon the son of Ætolus. During the reign of Œneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the country, on account of the neglect which had been shown to her divinity by the king. All the princes of the age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Calydonian boar. Meleager killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar was preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the temple of Minerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in Tegea, and Augustus carried them away to Rome, because the people of Tegea had followed the party of Antony. These tusks were shown for a long time at Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, and the other was broken. _See:_ Meleager and Atalanta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. ――_Homer_, ♦_Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 577.――_Hyginus_, fable 174.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4, &c.――――A son of Ætolus and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of Ætolia. ♦ Book reference omitted in text. =Caly̆dōnis=, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 4. =Caly̆dōnius=, a surname of Bacchus. =Calymne=, an island near Lebynthos. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 81. =Calynda=, a town of Caria. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Calȳpso=, one of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas, according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence is doubted. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she received him with great hospitality, and offered him immortality if he would remain with her as a husband. The hero refused, and after seven years’ delay, he was permitted to depart from the island by order of Mercury the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses had two sons by Calypso, Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the departure of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 360.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 18; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15. =Camalodūnum=, a Roman colony in Britain, supposed Malden, or Colchester. =Camantium=, a town of Asia Minor. =Camarīna=, a town of Italy.――――A lake of Sicily, with a town of the same name, built B.C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, and rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained, contrary to the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was the consequence; but the lowness of the lake below the level of the sea prevents it being drained. The words _Camarinam movere_ are become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 701.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 134. =Cambaules=, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19. =Cambes=, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious appetite that he ate his own wife, &c. _Ælian_, bk. 1, _Varia Historia_, ch. 27. =Cambre=, a place near Puteoli. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 154. =Cambunii=, mountains of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 53. =Camby̆ses=, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and was so offended at the superstition of the Egyptians, that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When he wished to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his army a number of cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in the attempt to defend themselves, to kill animals which they reverenced as divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Ammon’s temple, and resolved to attack the Carthaginians and Æthiopians. He killed his brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his son to succeed him, telling him to remember where he sat. He died of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted on horseback; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years before the birth of Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after. _Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――――A person of obscure origin, to whom king Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, who had been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by the hand of his daughter’s son, had taken this step in hopes that the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in obscurity. He was disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane’s son, dethroned him when grown to manhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 46, 107, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Camelāni=, a people of Italy. =Camelītæ=, a people of Mesopotamia. =Camera=, a field of Calabria. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 582. ♦=Camerīnum= and =Camertium=, a town of Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabitants were called Camertes. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36. ♦ ‘Camernīum’ replaced with ‘Camerīnum’ =Camerīnus=, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 16, li. 19.――――Some of the family of the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens, as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius, commissioned by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect the best of Solon’s laws. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 90. =Camerium=, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, taken by Romulus. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Camertes=, a friend of Turnus killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 562. _See:_ Camerinum. =Camilia=, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. She was educated in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, and fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against Æneas, where she signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She was so swift that she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea without wetting her feet. She died by a wound which she had received from Aruns. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 803; bk. 11, li. 435. =Camilli= and =Camillæ=, the priests instituted by Romulus for the service of the gods. =Camillus Lucius Furius=, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus, from his services to his country. He was banished by the people, for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time in the possession of the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his age, B.C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor, three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians, and dissuaded his countrymen from their intentions of leaving Rome to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed into his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Livy_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 825.――――A name of Mercury.――――An intimate friend of Cicero. =Camīro= and =Clytia=, two daughters of Pandarus of Crete. When their parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus; who, with the other goddesses, brought them up with tenderness, and asked Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them the crime of their father, who was accessary to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to the furies. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20, li. 66. =Camīrus= and =Camīra=, a town of Rhodes, which received its name from Camirus, a son of Hercules and Iole. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 163. =Camissares=, a governor of part of Cilicia, father to Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_. =Camma=, a woman of Calatia, who avenged the death of her husband Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying him, according to the custom of their country, which required that the bridegroom and his bride should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped by refusing to drink on pretence of illness. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Camœnæ=, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of their songs, _à cantu amæno_, or, according to Varro, from _carmen_. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 7. =Campāna lex=, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691, to divide some lands among the people. =Campānia=, a country of Italy, of which Capua was the capital, bounded by Latium, Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua is often called _Campana urbs_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, ch. 35.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 22, ch. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 16. =Campe=, kept the 100 handed monsters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because she refused to give them their liberty to come to his assistance against the Titans. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 500. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Campaspe=, or =Pancaste=, a beautiful concubine of Alexander, whom the king gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as he drew her picture in her naked charms. It is said that from this beauty the painter copied the thousand charms of his Venus Anadyomene. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10. =Campi Diomēdis=, a plain situate in Apulia. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 93. =Campsa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123. =Campus Martius=, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors. It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from its closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a vestal virgin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud, who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin was driven from Rome the people recovered it, and threw away into the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it unlawful for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of Æsculapius. Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 20. =Camulogīnus=, a Gaul raised to great honours by Cæsar, for his military abilities. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 57. =Camŭlus=, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Etrurians. =Cana=, a city and promontory of Æolia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18. =Canăce=, a daughter of Æolus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of her brother Macareus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The cries of the child discovered the mother’s incest; and Æolus sent his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled, and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fables 238 & 242.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 11; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 384. =Canăche=, one of Actæon’s dogs. =Canăchus=, a statuary of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9. =Canæ=, a city of Locris,――――of Æolia. =Canārii=, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they inhabited were called _Fortunate_ by the ancients, and are now known by the name of the _Canaries_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Canăthus=, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to recover her infant purity. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 38. =Candăce=, a queen of Æthiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was blind of one eye. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 22.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. =Candāvia=, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from Macedonia. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 331. =Candaules=, or =Myrsilus=, son of Myrsus, was the last of the Heraclidæ who sat on the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen was so incensed, that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before the christian era. After this murder, Gyges married the queen and ascended the throne. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_. =Candēi=, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents. =Candiŏpe=, a daughter of Œnopion, ravished by her brother. =Candy̆ba=, a town of Lycia. =Canens=, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 9. =Canephŏria=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small baskets to the deity, and received the name of _Canephoræ_, whence statues representing women in that attitude were called by the same appellation. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4. =Canethum=, a place of Eubœa.――――A mountain in Bœotia. =Căniculāres dies=, certain days in the summer, in which the star Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more warm during its appearance. _Marcus Manilius._ =Cānĭdia=, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. _Horace_, _Epodes_. =Canĭdius=, a tribune, who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_. =Caninefātes=, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is situate. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 15. =Caius Caninius Rebilus=, a consul with Julius Cæsar, after the death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his predecessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only for the remaining part of the day; whence Cicero observed, that Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not slept during the whole time of his consulship. _Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 33.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 83.――――Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. _Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 3.――――Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero. =Canistius=, a Lacedæmonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 20. =Canius=, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so naturally merry that he always laughed. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62. ――――A Roman knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, where he bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the morrow. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_, ch. 14. =Cannæ=, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Roman consuls, Probus Æmylius and Terentius Varro, and slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and denominated the field of blood. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 44.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_. =Canōpicum ostium=, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from Alexandria. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21. =Cănōpus=, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore called Amyclæa, and it received its name from Canopus the pilot of the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet of _Pellæus_, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built Alexandria in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 11, li. 433. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_ bk. 4, li. 287.――――The pilot of the ship of Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Cantăbra=, a river falling into the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20. =Cantăbri=, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by whom they were conquered. Their country is now called Biscay. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 326.――_Horace_, bk. 2, odes 6 & 11. =Cantăbriæ lacus=, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in which 12 axes were found. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 8. =Canthărus=, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17. ――――A comic poet of Athens. =Canthus=, a son of Abas, one of the Argonauts. =Cantium=, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_ bk. 5. =Canuleia=, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. _Plutarch._――――A law. _See:_ Canuleius. =Caius Canuleius=, a tribune of the people of Rome, A.U.C. 310, who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 17. =Canulia=, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and killed herself by order of her father. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. =Canŭsium=, now _Canosa_, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans fled after the battle of Cannæ. It was built by Diomedes, and its inhabitants have been called _bilingues_, because they retained the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of their neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 11. =Canŭsius=, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. _Plutarch._ =Canutius Tiberinus=, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His satire cost him his life. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 64.――――A Roman actor. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_. =Căpăneus=, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war, he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such contempt provoked the god, who struck him dead with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt separately from the others, and his wife threw herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said that Æsculapius restored him to life. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 404.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 68 & 70.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_ & _Suppliants_.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_. =Capella=, an elegiac poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 36.――――Martianus, a Carthaginian, A.D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and philology, and in praise of the liberal arts. The best edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo, Bernæ, 1763.――――A gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 155. =Capēna=, a gate of Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 192. =Capēnas=, a small river of Italy. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 13, li. 85. =Capēni=, a people of Etruria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove and a temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bks. 5, 22, &c. =Caper=, a river of Asia Minor. =Capētus=, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A suitor of Hippodamia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21. =Caphāreus=, a lofty mountain and promontory of Eubœa, where Nauplius king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes, slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night, which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 260.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 481. ――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 115. =Caphyæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23. =Capio=, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. _Plutarch_, ♦_de Pat. Am_. ♦ reference unknown =Capĭto=, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Crassus. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.――――Fonteius, a man sent by Antony to settle his disputes with Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 32.――――A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely punished by the senate. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 93.――――An epic poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love.――――An historian of Lycia, who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books.――――A poet who wrote on illustrious men. =Capĭtolīni ludi=, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls. =Capĭtolīnus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount Capitolinus.――――A surname of Marcus Manlius, who, for his ambition, was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly defended.――――A mountain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it.――――A man of lascivious morals, consul with Marcellus. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――――Julius, an author in Diocletian’s reign, who wrote an account of the life of Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are now lost. =Capĭtōlium=, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by the consul Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. It was built upon four acres of ground, the front was adorned with three rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. The ascent to it from the ground was by 100 steps. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one time 2000 pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass, and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields of solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during the civil war of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before the dedication, which was performed by Quintus Catulus. It was again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; and Vespasian, who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death. Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000 talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they found a man’s head called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground, and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capitolium, _a capite Toli_. The consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices there, when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 136; bk. 8, li. 347.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 72.――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 10, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 33, &c.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 40. =Cappădŏcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between the Halys, the Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them: Vipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at illa Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis. When they were offered their freedom and independence by the Romans, they refused it, and begged of them a king, and they received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the unfruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, St. Basil, and Gregory Nazianzen, among other illustrious characters. The horses of this country were in general esteem, and with these they paid their tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 39.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Curtius_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 73; bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8. =Cappădox=, a river of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3. =Caprăria=, now _Cabrera_, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6. =Căpreæ=, now _Capri_, an island on the coast of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous for the residence and debaucheries of the emperor Tiberius, during the seven last years of his life. The island, in which now several medals are dug up expressive of the licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference, and surrounded by steep rocks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 709.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.――_Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 3, li. 5. =Capræa Palus=, a place near Rome where Romulus disappeared. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 491. =Capricornus=, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amalthæa, which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice, or the longest night in the year. _Marcus Manilius_, bks. 2 & 4. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 17, li. 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 196; _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 28. =Caprificiālis=, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered him money. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 15. =Caprīma=, a town of Caria. =Caprĭpĕdes=, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having goats’ feet. =Caprias=, a great informer in Horace’s age. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 66. =Caprotīna=, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honour of Juno, at which women only officiated. _See:_ Philotis. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5. =Caprus=, a harbour near mount Athos. =Capsa=, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. =Capsăge=, a town of Syria. _Curtius_, bk. 10. =Căpua=, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises. This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled Rome, and was called _altera Roma_. The soldiers of Annibal, after the battle of Cannæ, were enervated by the pleasures and luxuries which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――_Livy_, bks. 4, 7, 8, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 44.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 12, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_. =Capys=, a Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of those who, against the advice of Thymœtes, wished to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――――A son of Assaracus by a daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 33. =Capys Sylvius=, a king of Alba, who reigned 28 years. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 768. =Car=, a son of Phoroneus king of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 39 & 40.――――A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe daughter of the Mæander. Caria received its name from him. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 171. =Carabactra=, a place in India. =Carabis=, a town of Spain. =Carăcalla.= _See:_ Antonius. =Caracates=, a people of Germany. =Caractăcus=, a king of the Britons, conquered by an officer of Claudius Cæsar, A.D. 47. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ♦bk. 12, chs. 33 & 37. ♦ ‘c. 12, 33,’ replaced with ‘12, chs. 33,’ =Caræ=, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp. =Caræus=, a surname of Jupiter in Bœotia,――――in Caria. =Carălis= (or es, ium), the chief city of Sardinia, _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17. =Carambis=, now _Kerempi_, a promontory of Paphlagonia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19. =Carānus=, one of the Heraclidæ, the first who laid the foundation of the Macedonian empire, B.C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned 28 years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by Perdiccas. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7.――――A harbour of Phœnicia. =Carausius=, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A.D. 293. =Carro=, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not curb the licentious manners of his countrymen. _Cicero_, _Brutus_. ――――Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government. He was killed in Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pompey. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――An orator, son of Carbo the orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the ancient military discipline. _Cicero_, _Brutus_. =Carchēdon=, the Greek name of Carthage. =Carcīnus=, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. ――――Another of Athens.――――Another of Naupactum.――――A man of Rhegium, who exposed his son Agathocles on account of some uncommon dreams during his wife’s pregnancy. Agathocles was preserved. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――An Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the time of Pericles. _Diodorus_, bk. 12. =Carcĭnus=, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 536. =Cardaces=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 15. =Cardămy̆le=, a town of Argos. =Cardia=, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Cardŭchi=, a warlike nation of Media, along the borders of the Tigris. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Cāres=, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves the original possessors of that country. They became so powerful that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the Ægean sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. Nileus son of Codrus invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the inhabitants. In this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side by enemies, fortified themselves in the mountainous parts of the country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They were anciently called Leleges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 146 & 171. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 725. =Caresa=, an island of the Ægean sea, opposite Attica. =Caressus=, a river of Troas. =Carfinia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 69. =Cāria=, now _Aidinelli_, a country of Asia Minor, whose boundaries have been different in different ages. Generally speaking, it was at the south of Iona, at the east and north of the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Major, and Lycia. It has been called Phœnicia, because a Phœnician colony first settled there; and afterwards it received the name of Caria, from Car, a king who first invented the auguries of birds. The chief town was called Halicarnassus, where Jupiter was the chief deity. _See:_ Cares.――――A poet of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Carias=, a town of Peloponnesus.――――A general. _See:_ Laches. =Cariate=, a town of Bactriana, where Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes. =Carilla=, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by Annibal for its great attachment to Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8. =Carīna=, a virgin of Caria, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Carinæ=, certain edifices at Rome, built in the manner of ships, which were in the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a street in which Pompey’s house was built. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 361.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7. =Carīne=, a town near the Caicus in Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 42. =Carīnus Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who attempted to succeed his father Carus as emperor. He was famous for his debaucheries and cruelties. Diocletian defeated him in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a soldier whose wife he had debauched, A.D. 268. =Carisiăcum=, a town of ancient Gaul, now Cressy in Picardy. =Carissanum=, a place of Italy near which Milo was killed. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 56. =Caristum=, a town of Liguria. =Carmānia=, a country of Asia, between Persia and India. _Arrian._ ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23. =Carmānor=, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of slaughter. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30. =Carme=, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was one of Diana’s attendants. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30. =Carmēlus=, a god among the inhabitants of ♦mount Carmel, situate between Syria and Judæa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 78. ――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 5. ♦ ‘muont’ replaced with ‘mount’ =Carmenta= and =Carmentīs=, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Faunus, about 60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was _Nicostrata_, and she received that of _Carmentis_ from the wildness of her looks when giving oracles, as if _carens mentis_. She was the oracle of the people of Italy during her life, and after death she received divine honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name of _Themis_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 467; bk. 6, li. 530.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 339.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 47. =Carmentāles=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of January, near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol. This goddess was entreated to render the Roman matrons prolific, and their labours easy. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Carmentālis porta=, one of the gates of Rome in the neighbourhood of the Capitol. It was afterwards called _Scelerata_, because the Fabii passed through it on going to that famous expedition where they perished. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 338. =Carmides=, a Greek of an uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24. =Carna= and =Cardinea=, a goddess at Rome who presided over hinges, as also over the entrails and secret parts of the human body. She was originally a nymph called _Grane_, whom Janus ravished, and, for the injury, he gave her the power of presiding over the exterior of houses, and of removing all noxious birds from the doors. The Romans offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simplicity of their ancestors. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 101, &c. =Carnasius=, a village of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33. =Carneădes=, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a sect called the third or new academy. The Athenians sent him with Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, as ambassadors to Rome, B.C. 155. The Roman youth were extremely fond of the company of these learned philosophers; and when Carneades, in a speech, had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and in another speech confuted all the arguments he had advanced, and apparently given no existence to the virtue he had so much commended, a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come who had so captivated by his words the rising generation, that they forgot their usual amusements, and ran mad after philosophy. When this reached the ears of Cato the censor, he gave immediate audience to the Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dismissed them in haste, expressing his apprehensions of their corrupting the opinions of the Roman people, whose only profession, he sternly observed, was arms and war. Carneades denied that anything could be perceived or understood in the world, and he was the first who introduced a universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th year of his age, B.C. 128. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 23; _On Oratory_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30.――_Lactantius_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 8. =Carneia=, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more particularly at Sparta, where it was first instituted, about 675 B.C., in honour of Apollo, surnamed _Carneus_. It lasted nine days, and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the ancients. =Carnion=, a town of Laconia.――――A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34. =Carnus=, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom Apollo was called _Carneus_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Carnūtes=, a people of Celtic Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 4. =Carpasia= and =Carpasium=, a town of Cyprus. =Carpăthus=, an island in the Mediterranean between Rhodes and Crete, now called _Scapanto_. It has given its name to a part of the neighbouring sea, thence called the _Carpathian sea_, between Rhodes and Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, and was sometimes called Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 45.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. =Carpia=, an ancient name of Tartessus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19. =Carpis=, a river of Mysia. _Herodotus._ =Carpo=, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus the son of Mæander, whom she equally admired. She was drowned in the Mæander, and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of fruit. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35. =Carpophŏra=, a name of Ceres and Proserpine in Tegea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53. =Carpophŏrus=, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. _Martial._ ――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 198. =Carræ= and =Carrhæ=, a town of Mesopotamia, near which Crassus was killed. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 105.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14. =Carrīnātes Secundus=, a poor but ingenious rhetorician, who came from Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula’s resentment, who banished him. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 205. =Carrūca=, a town of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic War_, ch. 27. =Carseŏli=, a town of the Æqui, at the west of the lake Fucinus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 683. =Cartalias=, a town of Spain. =Carteia=, a town at the extremity of Spain, near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the same as Calpe. =Cartēna=, a town of Mauritania, now _Tenez_, on the shores of the Mediterranean. =Carthæa=, a town in the island of Cea, whence the epithet of Cartheius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 368. =Carthāgĭnienses=, the inhabitants of Carthage, a rich and commercial nation. _See:_ Carthago. =Carthāgo=, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and long the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. The precise time of its foundation is unknown, yet most writers seem to agree that it was first built by Dido, about 869 years before the christian era, or, according to others, 72 or 93 years before the foundation of Rome. This city and republic flourished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was under Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Punic war, it contained no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained three famous wars against Rome, called the Punic wars [_See:_ Punicum bellum], in the third of which Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio the second Africanus, B.C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly during 17 days. After the destruction of Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Romans thought themselves secure; and as they had no rival to dispute with them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. Cæsar planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. Augustus sent there 3000 men; and Adrian, after the example of his imperial predecessors, rebuilt part of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was conquered from the Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; and it was for more than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the seventh century. The Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very superstitious, and generally offered human victims to their gods; an unnatural custom, which their allies wished them to abolish, but in vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people, and the proverb _Punica fides_ is well known. _Strabo_, bk. 17. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ptolemy_ bk. 4.――_Justin._――_Livy_, bk. 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bks. 1 & 2. ――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_, &c.――_Cicero._――――Nŏva, a town built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered himself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of _Carthagena_. _Polybius_, bk. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 43, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 220, &c.――――A daughter of Hercules. =Carthasis=, a Scythian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7. =Carthea=, a town of Cos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9. =Carvilius=, a king of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s naval station by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22. ――――Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breastplates taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.――――The first Roman who divorced his wife during the space of about 600 years. This was for barrenness, B.C. 231. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Carus=, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and active general; he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the Persian war which his predecessor had commenced. He reigned two years, and died on the banks of the Tigris as he was going in an expedition against Persia, A.D. 283. He made his two sons, Carinus and Numerianus, Cæsars; and as his many virtues had promised the Romans happiness, he was made a god after death. _Eutropius._――――One of those who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, by order of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11. =Carya=, a town of Arcadia.――――A city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10. Here a festival was observed in honour of Diana _Caryatis_. It was then usual for virgins to meet at the celebration and join in a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians did not appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess by not celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled at the usual place, and sang pastorals called Βουκολισμοι, from Βουκολος, a _neatherd_. From this circumstance some suppose that Bucolics originated. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebiad_, li. 225. =Caryanda=, a town and island on the coast of Caria, now Karacoion. =Caryātæ=, a people of Arcadia. =Carystius Antigonus=, an historian, &c. B.C. 248. =Carystus=, a maritime town on the south of Eubœa, still in existence, famous for its marble. _Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 93. ――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 76. =Caryum=, a place of Laconia, where Aristomenes preserved some virgins, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 16. =Casca=, one of Cæsar’s assassins, who gave him the first blow. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_. =Cascellius Aulus=, a lawyer of great merit in the Augustan age. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 371. =Casilīnum=, a town of Campania. When it was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 or 570 natives of Præneste, who, when half their number had perished either by war or famine, surrendered to the conqueror. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Casīna= and =Casīnum=, a town of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 227. =Casius=, a mountain near the Euphrates.――――Another at the east of Pelusium, where Pompey’s tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter, surnamed _Casius_, had a temple there. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 858. ――――Another in Syria, from whose top the sun can be seen rising, though it be still the darkness of night at the bottom of the mountain. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 22.――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 3. =Casmenæ=, a town built by the Syracusans in Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 5. =Casmilla=, the mother of Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 543. =Caspĕria=, wife of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii, committed adultery with her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.――――A town of the Sabines. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714. =Caspĕrŭla=, a town of the Sabines. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 416. =Caspiæ portæ=, certain passes of Asia, which some place about Caucasus and the Caspian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea, or near mount Taurus, or Armenia, or Cilicia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 27; bk. 6, ch. 13. =Caspiana=, a country of Armenia. =Caspii=, a Scythian nation near the Caspian sea. Such as had lived beyond their 70th year were starved to death. Their dogs were remarkable for their fierceness. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 92, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 67, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14, ch. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 798. =Caspium mare=, or =Hyrcānum=, a large sea in the form of a lake, which has no communication with other seas, and lies between the Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north of Parthia, receiving in its capacious bed the tribute of several large rivers. Ancient authors assure us that it produced enormous serpents and fishes, different in colour and kind from those of all other waters. The eastern parts are more particularly called the _Hyrcanian sea_, and the western the _Caspian_. It is now called the sea of _Sala_ or _Baku_. The Caspian is about 680 miles long, and in no part more than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, and on account of its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels drawing only nine or ten feet of water. It has strong currents, and, like inland seas, is liable to violent storms. Some navigators examined it in 1708, by order of the Czar Peter, and after the labour of three years, a map of its extent was published. Its waters are described as brackish, and not impregnated with salt so much as the wide ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 4; bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, chs. 5 & 6. ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 50. =Caspius mons=, a branch of mount Taurus, between Media and Armenia, at the east of the Euphrates. The Caspiæ portæ are placed in the defiles of the mountain by some geographers. =Cassandāne=, the mother of Cambyses by Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 2. =Cassander=, son of Antipater, made himself master of Macedonia after his father’s death, where he reigned for 18 years. He married Thessalonica the sister of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his throne. Olympias the mother of Alexander wished to keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alexander’s young children; and therefore she destroyed the relations of Cassander, who besieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, and Barsane the mother of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, who had been for some time upon friendly terms with Cassander, declared war against him; and Cassander, to make himself equal with his adversary, made a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory at Ipsus, B.C. 301. He died three years after this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed his mother; and for his unnatural murder he was put to death by his brother Alexander, who, to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius the son of Antigonus from Asia. Demetrius took advantage of the invitation, and put to death Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Justin_, bks. 12, 13, &c. =Cassandra=, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, who promised to grant her whatever she might require, if she would gratify his passion. She asked the power of knowing futurity; and as soon as she had received it, she refused to perform her promise, and slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips with his tongue, and by this action effected that no credit or reliance should ever be put upon her predictions, however true or faithful they might be. Some maintain that she received the gift of prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being placed when young one night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed round their bodies and licking their ears, which circumstance gave them the knowledge of futurity. She was looked upon by the Trojans as insane, and she was even confined, and her predictions were disregarded. She was courted by many princes during the Trojan war. When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva, where Ajax found her, and offered her violence, with the greatest cruelty, at the foot of Minerva’s statue. In the division of the spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamoured of her, took her as his wife, and returned with her to Greece. She repeatedly foretold to him the sudden calamities that awaited his return; but he gave no credit to her, and was assassinated by his wife Clytemnestra. Cassandra shared his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled. _See:_ Agamemnon. _Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 363; _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 117. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 246, &c.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 13, li. 421.――_Euripides_, _Trojan Women_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 3, ch. 19. =Cassandria=, a town of the peninsula of Pallene in Macedonia, called also _Potidæa_. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23. =Cassia lex=, was enacted by Cassius Longinus, A.U.C. 649. By it no man condemned or deprived of military power was permitted to enter the senate house.――――Another, enacted by Caius Cassius the pretor, to choose some of the plebeians to be admitted among the patricians. ――――Another. A.U.C. 616, to make the suffrages of the Roman people free and independent. It ordained that they should be received upon tablets. _Cicero_, _de Amicitia_.――――Another, A.U.C. 267, to make a division of the territories taken from the Hernici, half to the Roman people and half to the Latins.――――Another, enacted A.U.C. 596, to grant a consular power to Publius Anicius and Octavius on the day they triumphed over Macedonia. _Livy._ =Cassiodōrus=, a great statesman and writer in the sixth century. He died A.D. 562, at the age of 100.――His works were edited by Chandler, 8vo, London, 1722. =Cassiŏpe= and =Cassiŏpea=, married Cepheus king of Æthiopia, by whom she had Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the Nereides; upon which Neptune, at the request of these despised nymphs, punished the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea monster to ravage Æthiopia. The wrath of Neptune could be appeased only by exposing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly loved, to the fury of this sea monster; and just as she was going to be devoured, Perseus delivered her. _See:_ Andromeda. Cassiope was made a southern constellation, consisting of 13 stars called Cassiope. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 738.――_Hyginus_, fable 64.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 3.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1. ――――A city of Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in the island of Corcyra. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――The wife of Epaphus. _Statius_, _Sylvæ_. =Cassitĕrĭdes=, islands in the western ocean, where tin was found, supposed to be the _Scilly_ islands, the _Land’s End_, and _Lizard Point_, of the moderns. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22. =Cassivelaunus=, a Briton invested with sovereign authority when Julius Cæsar made a descent upon Britain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 19, &c. =Caius Cassius=, a celebrated Roman, who made himself known by being first questor to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, from which he extricated himself with uncommon address. He followed the interest of Pompey; and when Cæsar had obtained the victory in the plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those who owed their life to the mercy of the conqueror. He married Junia the sister of Brutus, and with him he resolved to murder the man to whom he was indebted for his life, on account of his oppressive ambition; and before he stabbed Cæsar, he addressed himself to the statue of Pompey, who had fallen by the avarice of him whom he was going to assassinate. When the provinces were divided among Cæsar’s murderers, Cassius received Africa; and when his party had lost ground at Rome, by the superior influence of Augustus and Marcus Antony, he retired to Philippi, with his friend Brutus and their adherents. In the battle that was fought there, the wing which Cassius commanded was defeated, and his camp was plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he suddenly gave up all hopes of recovering his losses, and concluded that Brutus was conquered and ruined as well as himself. Fearful to fall into the enemy’s hands, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through, and he perished by that very sword which had given wounds to Cæsar. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by his friend Brutus, who declared over him that he deserved to be called the last of the Romans. If he were brave, he was equally learned. Some of his letters are still extant among Cicero’s epistles. He was a strict follower of the doctrines of Epicurus. He was often too rash and too violent, and many of the wrong steps which Brutus took are to be ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cassius. He is allowed by Paterculus to have been a better commander than Brutus, though a less sincere friend. The day after Cæsar’s murder he dined at the house of Antony, who asked him whether he had then a dagger concealed in his bosom. “Yes,” replied he, “if you aspire to tyranny.” _Seutonius_, _Cæsar_ & _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Cæsar_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 46.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40. ――――A Roman citizen who condemned his son to death, on pretence of his raising commotions in the state. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A tribune of the people, who made many laws tending to diminish the influence of the Roman nobility. He was competitor with Cicero for the consulship.――――One of Pompey’s officers, who, during the civil wars, revolted to Cæsar with 10 ships.――――A poet of Parma, of great genius. He was killed by Varus, by order of Augustus, whom he had offended by his satirical writings. His fragments of Orpheus were found and edited some time after by the poet Statius. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 62.――――Spurius, a Roman, put to death on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, after he had been three times consul, B.C. 485. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――――Brutus, a Roman who betrayed his country to the Latins, and fled to the temple of Pallas, where his father confined him, and he was starved to death.――――Longinus, an officer of Cæsar in Spain, much disliked. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 48.――――A consul, to whom Tiberius married Drusilla daughter of Germanicus. _Seutonius_, _Galba_, ch. 57.――――A lawyer whom Nero put to death, because he bore the name of Julius Cæsar’s murderer. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 37.――――Lucius Hemina, the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. He lived A.U.C. 608.――――Lucius, a Roman lawyer, whose severity in the execution of the law has rendered the words _Cassiani judices_ applicable to rigid judges. _Cicero_, _For Sextus Roscius of Ameria_, ch. 30.――――Longinus, a critic. _See:_ Longinus.――――Lucius, a consul with Caius Marius, slain with his army by the Gauls Senones. _Appian_, _Gallic History_.――――Marcus Scæva, a soldier of uncommon valour in Cæsar’s army. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――An officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his soldiers, and murdered three months after.――――Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote on animals.――――Severus, an orator who wrote a severe treatise on illustrious men and women. He died in exile, in his 25th year. _See:_ Severus. The family of Cassii branched into the surname of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, &c. =Cassōtis=, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24. =Castabala=, a city of Cilicia, whose inhabitants made war with their dogs. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40. =Castabus=, a town of Chersonesus. =Castălia=, a town near Phocis.――――A daughter of the Achelous. =Castălius fons=, or =Castalia=, a fountain of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. The waters of this fountain were cool and excellent, and they had the power of inspiring those who drank of them with the true fire of poetry. The Muses have received the surname of _Castalides_ from this fountain. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 293.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 11; bk. 12, ltr. 3. =Castanea=, a town near the Peneus, whence the _nuces Castaneæ_ received their name. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 9. =Castellum menapiōrum=, a town of Belgium on the Maese, now _Kessel_. ――――Morinorum, now _mount Cassel_, in Flanders.――――Cattorum, now _Hesse Cassel_. =Casthĕnes=, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium. =Castianira=, a Thracian, mistress of Priam and mother of Gorgythion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8. =Castor= and =Pollux=, were twin brothers, sons of Jupiter by Leda, the wife of Tyndarus king of Sparta. The manner of their birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured of Leda, changed himself into a beautiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into an eagle. After this transformation the goddess pursued the god with apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into the arms of Leda, who was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage of his situation, and nine months after Leda, who was already pregnant, brought forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux and Helena; and from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the children of Tyndarus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth only one egg, from which Castor and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, where they were educated; and as soon as they had arrived at years of maturity, they embarked with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. In this expedition both behaved with superior courage: Pollux conquered and slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished himself in the management of horses. The brothers cleared the Hellespont and the neighbouring seas from pirates, after their return from Colchis, from which circumstance they have been always deemed the friends of navigation. During the Argonautic expedition, in a violent storm, two flames of fire were seen to play around the heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their power to protect sailors has been more firmly credited, and the two before-mentioned fires, which are very common in storms, have since been known by the name of Castor and Pollux; and when they both appeared, it was a sign of fair weather; but if only one was seen it prognosticated storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was consequently solicited. Castor and Pollux made war against the Athenians to recover their sister Helen, whom Theseus had carried away; and from their clemency to the conquered, they acquired the surname of _Anaces_ or benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred mysteries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their marriage with Phœbe and Talaira the daughters of Leucippus, who was brother to Tyndarus. Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel. They became enamoured of the two women whose nuptials they were to celebrate, and resolved to carry them away and marry them. This violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas: a battle ensued, and Castor killed Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death of his brother by killing Idas; and, as he was immortal, and tenderly attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life, or to be deprived himself of immortality. Jupiter permitted Castor to share the immortality of his brother; and consequently, as long as the one was upon earth, so long was the other detained in the infernal regions, and they alternately lived and died every day; or, according to others, every six months. This act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers constellations in heaven, under the name of _Gemini_, which never appear together, but when one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. Castor made Talaira mother of Anogon, and Phœbe had Mnesileus by Pollux. They received divine honours after death, and were generally called _Dioscuri_, sons of Jupiter. White lambs were more particularly offered on their altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing by the divinity of the _Dioscuri_, by the expressions of _Ædepol_ and _Æcastor_. Among the ancients, and especially among the Romans, there prevailed many public reports, at different times, that Castor and Pollux had made their appearance to their armies; and mounted on white steeds, had marched at the head of their troops, and furiously attacked the enemy. Their surnames were many, and they were generally represented mounted on two white horses, armed with spears, and riding side by side, with their head covered with a bonnet, on whose top glittered a star. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 109; _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 701; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 54.――_Hyginus_, fables 77 & 78.――_Homer_, _Hymn 33 to the Dioscuri_.――_Euripides_, _Helen_.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 121.――_Marcus Manilius_, _Astronomica_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 2. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 6.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 3. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 27.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 12. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 11. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 27.――――An ancient physician.――――A swift runner.――――A friend of Æneas, who accompanied him into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124.――――An orator of Rhodes, related to king Dejotarus. He wrote two books on Babylon, and one on the Nile.――――A gladiator. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19. =Castra Alexandri=, a place of Egypt about Pelusium. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――Cornelia, a maritime town of Africa, between Carthage and Utica. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Annibalis, a town of the Brutii, now _Rocella_.――――Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when he marched against Crœsus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――Julia, a town of Spain.――――Posthumania, a place of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic War_, ch. 8. =Castratius=, a governor of Placentia during the civil wars of Marius. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 2. =Castrum Novum=, a place on the coast of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 3.――――Truentinum, a town of Picenum. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 12.――――Inui, a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775. =Castŭlo=, a town of Spain, where Annibal married one of the natives. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 41.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, lis. 99 & 391. =Catabathmos=, a great declivity near Cyrene fixed by Sallust as the boundary of Africa. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 17 & 19. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5. =Catadūpa=, the name of the large cataracts of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the ears of travellers for a short space of time, and totally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of the power of hearing. _Cicero_, _Somnium Scipionis_, ch. 5. =Catagogia=, festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated by the people of Eryx. _See:_ Anagogia. =Catamenteles=, a king of the Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Catăna=, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna, founded by a colony from Chalcis, 753 years before the christian era. Ceres had there a temple, in which none but women were permitted to appear. It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the dreadful overthrows to which it has been subjected from its vicinity to Ætna, which has discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream of lava four miles broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of seven miles in a day. Catana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53; bk. 5, ch. 84.――_Diodorus_, bks. 11 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 3. =Cataonia=, a country above Cilicia, near Cappadocia. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 4. =Cataracta=, a city of the Samnites. =Cataractes=, a river of Pamphylia, now _Dodensoui_. =Catĕnes=, a Persian by whose means Bessus was seized. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 43. =Cathæa=, a country of India. =Cathări=, certain gods of the Arcadians.――――An Indian nation, where the wives accompany their husbands to the burning pile, and are burnt with them. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Catia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 95. =Catiēna=, a courtesan in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 133. =Catiēnus=, an actor at Rome in Horace’s age, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 61. =Lucius Sergius Cătĭlīna=, a celebrated Roman, descended of a noble family. When he had squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries and extravagance, and been refused the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruin of his country, and conspired with many of the most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and set Rome on fire. This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero, whom he had resolved to murder; and Catiline, after he had declared his intentions in the full senate, and attempted to vindicate himself, on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, retired to Gaul, where his partisans were assembling an army; while Cicero at Rome punished the condemned conspirators. Petreius, the other consul’s lieutenant, attacked Catiline’s ill-disciplined troops, and routed them. Catiline was killed in the engagement, bravely fighting, about the middle of December, B.C. 63. His character has been deservedly branded with the foulest infamy; and to the violence he offered to a vestal, he added the more atrocious murder of his own brother, for which he would have suffered death, had not friends and bribes prevailed over justice. It has been reported that Catiline and the other conspirators drank human blood, to make their oaths more firm and inviolable. _Sallust_ has written an account of the conspiracy. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 668. =Catilli=, a people near the river Anio. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 225. =Catilius=, a pirate of Dalmatia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 5, ch. 10. =Catillus=, or =Catilus=, a son of Amphiaraus, who came to Italy with his brothers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 672.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18, li. 2. =Catīna=, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. _See:_ Catana. ――――Another of Arcadia. =M. Catius=, an epicurean philosopher of Insubria, who wrote a treatise in four books, on the nature of things, and the _summum bonum_, and an account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faithful follower of the epicurean philosophy, he has been ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Vestinus, a military tribune in Marcus Antony’s army. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ch. 23. =Catizi=, a people of the Pygmæans, supposed to have been driven from their country by cranes. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Cato=, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered illustrious by Marcus Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman, afterwards called _Censorius_, from his having exercised the office of censor. He rose to all the honours of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was against Annibal, at the age of 17, where he behaved with uncommon valour. In his questorship, under Africanus against Carthage, and in his expedition in Spain against the Celtiberians, and in Greece, he displayed equal proofs of his courage and prudence. He was remarkable for his love of temperance; he never drank but water, and was always satisfied with whatever meats were laid upon his table by his servants, whom he never reproved with an angry word. During his censorship, which he obtained, though he had made many declarations of his future severity if ever in office, he behaved with the greatest rigour and impartiality, showed himself an enemy to all luxury and dissipation, and even accused his colleague of embezzling the public money. He is famous for the great opposition which he made against the introduction of the finer arts of Greece into Italy, and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This prejudice arose from an apprehension that the learning and luxury of Athens would destroy the valour and simplicity of the Roman people; and he often observed to his son, that the Romans would be certainly ruined whenever they began to be infected with Greek. It appears, however, that he changed his opinion, for he made himself remarkable for the knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. He himself educated his son, and instructed him in writing and grammar. He taught him dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured him to the labours of the field, and to bear cold and heat with the same indifference, and to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease and boldness. He was universally deemed so strict in his morals, that Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He repented only of three things during his life; to have gone by sea when he could go by land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret to his wife. A statue was raised to his memory, and he distinguished himself as much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his political life. In Cicero’s age there were 50 orations of his, besides letters, and a celebrated work called _Origines_, of which the first book gave a history of the Roman monarchy; the second and third an account of the neighbouring cities of Italy; the fourth a detail of the first, and the fifth of the second Punic war; and in the others the Roman history was brought down to the war of the Lusitanians, carried on by Servius Galba. Some fragments of the _Origines_ remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato’s treatise, _De Re Rusticâ_, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 8vo, Antwerp, Plantin, 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c., seems to be Gesner’s, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735. Cato died in extreme old age, about 150 B.C.; and Cicero, to show his respect for him, has introduced him in his treatise on old age, as the principal character. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 14. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_ have written an account of his life. _Cicero_, _Academica_ & _De Senectute_, &c.――――Marcus, the son of the Censor, married the daughter of Paullus Æmylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and, with their assistance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the censor. He had five horses killed under him in battles. _Plutarch_, _Cato_. ――――Valerius, a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote some poems. _Ovid_, bk. 2, _Tristia_, poem 1, li. 436.――――Marcus, surnamed _Uticensis_, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to the censor of the same name. The early virtues that appeared in his childhood seemed to promise a great man; and, at the age of 14, he earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla. He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of the Stoics; he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted in public, and never travelled but on foot. He was such a lover of discipline, that in whatever office he was employed, he always reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient regulations. When he was set over the troops in the capacity of a commander, his removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss by his affectionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was so great, that the veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his visits to his friends, he wished to give as little molestation as possible; and the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him when he was at his court, that he hastened away from his presence. He was very jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched carefully over the conduct of Pompey, whose power and influence were great. He often expressed his dislike to serve the office of tribune; but when he saw a man of corrupted principles apply for it, he offered himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and was the chief cause that the conspirators were capitally punished. When the provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to Cæsar, Cato observed to the senators that they had introduced a tyrant into the Capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition would injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful campaign, Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguishing honours, which he, however, modestly declined. When the first triumvirate was formed between Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all his might, and with an independent spirit foretold to the Roman people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to disgrace than support the dignity of that office, by the meanness of his dress. He applied for the consulship, but could never obtain it. When Cæsar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver the care of the republic into the hands of Pompey; and when his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was entrusted with the care of the ammunition, and of 15 cohorts. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the command of the Corcyrean fleet; and when he heard of Pompey’s death on the coast of Africa, he traversed the deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards repented. When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying regard to Cato’s advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, but, however, not with the intentions of supporting a siege. When Cæsar approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than fall alive into the conqueror’s hands, he stabbed himself after he had read Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul, B.C. 46, in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he united himself to Martia daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his friend, wished to raise children by Martia, and therefore obtained her from Cato. After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This conduct was ridiculed by the Romans, who observed that Martia had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observed that Cato always appeared in mourning, and never laid himself down at his meals since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if depressed with the recollection that the supporters of republican liberty were decaying. _Plutarch_ has written an account of his life. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 128, &c. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 21. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 841; bk. 8, li. 670.――――A son of Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much honour. _Plutarch_, _Cato Minor_. =Catrea=, a town of Crete. _Pausanias._ =Catreus=, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Catta=, a woman who had the gift of prophecy. _Suetonius_, _Vitellius_, ch. 14. =Catti=, a people of Gaul and Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, li. 57. =Catuliāna=, a surname of Minerva, from Lutatius Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. =Catullus Caius=, or =Quintus Valerius=, a poet of Verona, whose compositions, elegant and simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant imagination. He was acquainted with the most distinguished people of his age, and directed his satire against Cæsar, whose only revenge was to invite the poet, and hospitably entertain him at his table. Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with success the Greek writers, and introduced their numbers among the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with licentious expressions, the whole is written with great purity of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 40. The best editions of his works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of Vulpius, 4to, Patavii, 1737, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 427.――――A man surnamed _Urbicarius_, was a mimographer. _Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 111. =Quintus Luctatius Catŭlus=, went with 300 ships during the first Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their ships under Hamilcar, near the Ægates. This celebrated victory put an end to the war.――――An orator, distinguished also as a writer of epigrams, and admired for the neatness, elegance, and polished style of his compositions. He is supposed to be the same as the colleague of Marius, when a consul the fourth time; and he shared with him the triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his colleague’s order, suffocated in a room filled with the smoke of burning coals. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 174.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――A Roman sent by his countrymen to carry a present to the god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from Asdrubal. _Livy_, bk. 27. =Caturĭges=, a people of Gaul, now _Chorges_, near the source of the Durance. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20. =Cavares=, a people of Gaul, who inhabited the present province of _Comtat_ in Provence. =Cavarillus=, a commander of some troops of the Ædui in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_. _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 67. =Cavarinus=, a Gaul, made king of the Senones by Cæsar, and banished by his subjects. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 54. =Caucăsus=, a celebrated mountain between the Euxine and Caspian seas, which may be considered as the continuation of the ridge of mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It was inhabited anciently by various savage nations who lived upon the wild fruits of the earth. It was covered with snow in some parts, and in others it was variegated with fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabitants formerly were supposed to gather gold on the shores of their rivulets in sheepskins, but they now live without making use of money. Prometheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and continually devoured by vultures, according to ancient authors. The passes near this mountain, called _Caucasiæ portæ_, bear now the name of _Derbent_, and it is supposed that through them the Sarmatians, called Huns, made their way, when they invaded the provinces of Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 11. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203, &c.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6; _Georgics_, ch. 2, li. 440; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 366.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 155. =Caucon=, a son of Clinus, who first introduced the Orgies into Messenia from Eleusis. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Caucones=, a people of Paphlagonia, originally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia, according to some accounts. Some of them made a settlement near Dymæ in Elis. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8, &c. =Caudi= and =Caudium=, a town of the Samnites, near which, in a place called _Caudinæ Furculæ_, the Roman army under Titus Veturius Calvinus and Spurius Posthumius was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, and pass under the yoke with the greatest disgrace. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 138. =Cavii=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30. =Caulonia=, or =Caulon=, a town of Italy near the country of the Brutii, founded by a colony of Achæans, and destroyed in the wars between Pyrrhus and the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 553. =Caunius=, a man raised to affluence from poverty by Artaxerxes. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_. =Caunus=, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He was passionately fond of, or, according to others, he was tenderly beloved by, his sister Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to Caria, where he built a city called by his own name. _See:_ Byblis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11.――――A city of Caria, opposite Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The climate was considered as unwholesome, especially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the cry of a person who sold Caunian figs, which were very famous (_qui Cauneas clamitabat_), at Brundusium, as a bad omen (_cave ne eas_) against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 176. =Cauros=, an island with a small town formerly called Andros, in the Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Caurus=, a wind blowing from the west. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 356. =Caus=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25. =Caȳci=, or =Chauci=, a nation of Germany, now the people of Friesland and Groningen. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 463. =Caȳcus=, a river of Mysia. _See:_ Caicus. =Cayster=, or =Caystrus=, now _Kitcheck-Meinder_, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Lydia, and, after a meandering course, falling into the Ægean sea near Ephesus. According to the poets, the banks and neighbourhood of this river were generally frequented by swans. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 253; bk. 5, li. 386.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 54.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 461.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 384. =Cea=, or =Ceos=, an island near Eubœa, called also Co. _See:_ Co. =Ceădes=, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus was concerned in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Ceba=, now _Ceva_, a town of modern Piedmont, famous for cheese. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 42. =Ceballīnus=, a man who gave information of the snares laid against Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Cebarenses=, a people of Gaul. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36. =Cebenna=, mountains of Gaul, now the Cevennes, separating the Arverni from the Helvii, extending from the Garonne to the Rhone. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Cebes=, a Theban philosopher, one of the disciples of Socrates, B.C. 405. He attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and distinguished himself by three dialogues that he wrote; but more particularly by his tables, which contain a beautiful and affecting picture of human life, delineated with accuracy of judgment and great splendour of sentiment. Little is known of the character of Cebes from history. Plato mentions him once, and Xenophon the same, but both in a manner which conveys most fully the goodness of his heart and the purity of his morals. The best editions of Cebes are those of Gronovius, 8vo, 1689; and Glasgow, 12mo, 1747. =Cebren=, the father of Asterope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Cebrēnia=, a country of Troas with a town of the same name, called after the river _Cebrenus_, which is in the neighbourhood. Œnone the daughter of the Cebrenus receives the patronymic of _Cebrenis_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 769.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, bk. 5, li. 21. =Cebriŏnes=, one of the giants conquered by Venus.――――An illegitimate son of Priam, killed with a stone by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_. =Cebrus=, now _Zebris_, a river falling in a southern direction into the Danube, and dividing Lower from Upper Mœsia. =Cecidas=, an ancient dithyrambic poet. =Cecilius.= _See:_ Cæcilius. =Cecīna=, a river near Volaterra in Etruria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =A. Cecinna=, a Roman knight in the interest of Pompey, who used to breed up young swallows, and send them to carry news to his friends as messengers. He was a particular friend of Cicero, with whom he corresponded. Some of his letters are still extant in Cicero. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, bk. 15, ltr. 66; _Orator_, ch. 29.――――A scribe of Octavius Cæsar. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――A consular man suspected of conspiracy and murdered by Titus, after an invitation to supper. _Suetonius_, _Titus_, ch. 6. =Cecrŏpia=, the original name of Athens, in honour of Cecrops, its first founder. The ancients often use this word for Attica, and the Athenians are often called _Cecropidæ_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671; _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 81.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 306.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Catullus_, poems 62, 79.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 186. =Cecrŏpĭdæ=, an ancient name of the Athenians, more particularly applied to those who were descended from Cecrops the founder of Athens. The honourable name of Cecropidæ was often conferred as a reward for some virtuous action in the field of battle. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671. =Cecrops=, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led a colony to Attica about 1556 years before the christian era, and reigned over part of the country which was called from him Cecropia. He softened and polished the rude and uncultivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew them from the country to inhabit 12 small villages which he had founded. He gave them laws and regulations, and introduced among them the worship of those deities which were held in adoration in Egypt. He married the daughter of Actæus, a Grecian prince, and was deemed the first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects to cultivate the olive, and instructed them to look upon Minerva as the watchful patroness of their city. It is said that he was the first who raised an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly formed kingdom, and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leaving three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, a native of the country. Some time after, Theseus, one of his successors on the throne, formed the 12 villages which he had established into one city, to which the name of Athens was given. _See:_ Athenæ. Some authors have described Cecrops as a monster, half a man and half a serpent; and this fable is explained by the recollection that he was master of two languages, the Greek and the Egyptian; or that he had the command over two countries, Egypt and Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the regulations which Cecrops made amongst the inhabitants concerning marriage and the union of the two sexes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 561.――_Hyginus_, fable 166.――――The second of that name was the seventh king of Athens, and the son and successor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa the sister of Dædalus, by whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and died 1307 B.C. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5. =Cecyphalæ=, a place of Greece, where the Athenians defeated the fleet of the Peloponnesians. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 105. =Cedreātis=, the name of Diana among the Orchomenians, because her images were hung on lofty cedars. =Cedon=, an Athenian general, killed in an engagement against the Spartans. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Cedrusii=, an Indian nation. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 11. =Ceglŭsa=, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12. =Cei=, the inhabitants of the island Cea. =Celădon=, a man killed by Perseus, at the marriage of Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 144.――――A river of Greece, flowing into the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7, li. 133. =Celădus=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――An island of the Adriatic sea. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Celænæ=, or =Celēne=, a city of Phrygia, of which it was once the capital. Cyrus the younger had a palace there, with a park filled with wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. The Mæander arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after his defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celænæ were carried by Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly founded. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.――_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 1. Marsyas is said to have contended in its neighbourhood against Apollo. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 206. =Celæno=, one of the daughters of Atlas, ravished by Neptune. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 173.――――One of the Harpies, daughter of Neptune and Terra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 245.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Neptune and Ergea. _Hyginus._――――A daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6. =Celeæ=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14. =Celeia= and =Cela=, a town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 24. =Celelates=, a people of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29. =Celendræ=, =Celendris=, and =Celenderis=, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with a harbour of the same name at the mouth of the Selinus. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 259. =Celeneus=, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder might be expiated. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 406. =Celenna=, or =Celæna=, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 739. =Celer=, a man who, with Severus, ♦undertook to rebuild Nero’s palace after the burning of Rome. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 42.――――A man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 837. ――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius dedicated a poem. ♦ ‘untook’ replaced with ‘undertook’ =Celĕres=, 300 of the noblest and strongest youths at Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his body-guards, to attend him wherever he went, and to protect his person. The chief or captain was called _Tribunus Celerum_. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 15. =Celetrum=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 40. =Celeus=, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind reception to Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. His rustic dress became a proverb. The invention of several agricultural instruments made of osiers is attributed to him. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 508; bk. 5, li. 269. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 165.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A king of Cephallenia. =Celmus=, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was changed into a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was mortal. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 281. =Celonæ=, a place of Mesopotamia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Celsus=, an epicurean philosopher in the second century, to whom Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise against the christians, to which an answer was returned by Origen. ――――Cornelius, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight books on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. The best editions of Celsus _de medicinâ_ are the 8vo, Leiden, 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo, Paris, apud Didot, 1772.――――Albinoyanus, a friend of Horace, warned against plagiarism, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed, in the eighth epistle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved. ――――Juventius, a lawyer who conspired against Domitian.――――Titus, a man proclaimed emperor, A.D. 265, against his will, and murdered seven days after. =Celtæ=, a name given to the nation that inhabited the country between the Ocean and the Palus Mæotis, according to some authors mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_. This name, though anciently applied to the inhabitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, was more particularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Celtica, was situate between the rivers Sequana and Garumna, modernly called _la Seine_ and _la Garonne_. The Celtæ seemed to receive their name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of Polyphemus. The promontory which bore the name of _Celticum_ is now called Cape Finisterre. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c. ――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49. =Celtĭbēri=, a people of Spain, descended from the Celtæ. They settled near the Iberus, and added the name of the river to that of their nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. They made strong head against the Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country. Their country, called _Celtiberia_, is now known by the name of Arragon. _Diodorus_, bk. 6.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 339. =Celtĭca=, a well-populated part of Gaul, inhabited by the Celtæ. =Celtĭci=, a people of Spain. The promontory which bore their name is now _Cape Finisterre_. =Celtillus=, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arverni. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4. =Celtorii=, a people of Gaul, near the Senones. _Plutarch._ =Celtoscy̆thæ=, a northern nation of Scythians. _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Cemmĕnus=, a lofty mountain of Gaul. _Strabo._ =Cempsi=, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains. _Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 358. =Cenăbum=, or =Genăbum=. _See:_ Genabum. =Cenæum=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Jupiter _Cæneus_ had an altar raised by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 93. =Cenchreæ=, now _Kenkri_, a town of Peloponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth.――――A harbour of Corinth. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 4. =Cenchreis=, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or, as others say, of Assyria. _Hyginus_, fable 58. =Cenchreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis, or, as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a large serpent at Salamas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Cenchrius=, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, where some suppose that Latona was washed after she had brought forth. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 61. =Cenepŏlis=, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. _Polybius._ =Cenetium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Strabo._ =Cenneus.= _See:_ Cænis. =Cenimāgni=, a people on the western parts of Britain. =Cenīna.= _See:_ Cænina. =Cenon=, a town of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 63. =Censōres=, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created B.C. 443. Their office was to number the people, estimate the possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended over private families; they punished irregularity, and inspected the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire into the expenses of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from all his privileges and honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This punishment was generally executed in passing over the offender’s name in calling the list of the senators. The office of public censor was originally exercised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, first established a _census_, by which every man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his children, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c. The ends of the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges of his order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate, if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task of numbering and reviewing the people was, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when the republic was become more powerful, and when the number of its citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the census, on account of the multiplicity of business. After it had been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius, and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the name of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a _lustrum_, and 10 or 20 years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra. After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered, the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their office, and a law was made, A.U.C. 420, by Mamercus Æmilius, to limit the time of the censorship to 18 months. After the second Punic war, they were always chosen from such persons as had been consuls; their office was more honourable, though less powerful, than that of the consuls; the badges of their office were the same, but the censors were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them as the consuls. When one of the censors died, no one was elected in his room till the five years were expired, and his colleague immediately resigned. This circumstance originated from the death of a censor before the sacking of Rome by Brennus, and was ever deemed an unfortunate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the censors, and took upon themselves to execute their office. =Censorīnus, Appius Claudius=, was compelled, after many services to the state, to assume the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270.――――Martius, a consul, to whom, as a particular friend, _Horace_ addressed his bk. 4, ode 8. ――――A grammarian of the third century, whose book, _De Die Natali_, is extant, best edited in 8vo, by Havercamp, Leiden, 1767. It treats of the birth of man, of years, months, and days. =Census=, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors; _à censeo_, to value. _See:_ Censores.――――A god worshipped at Rome, the same as Consus. =Centaretus=, a Galatian, who, when Antiochus was killed, mounted his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself and his rider. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42. =Centaurī=, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were the offspring of Centaurus son of Apollo, by Stilbia daughter of the Peneus. According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion’s adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert, of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed horses, and having appeared to their neighbours mounted on horseback, a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, when at a distance, seems only one body, and consequently one creature. Some derive the name ἀπο του κεντειν ταυρους, _goading bulls_, because they went on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they hunted wild bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural course of things. Plutarch, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_ mentions one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3, says that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithæ is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly described it, and it has also employed the pen of ♦Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus, &c.; and Pausanias in _Elis_ says it was represented in the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius, according to Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5. The origin of the battle was a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even offered violence to the women that were present. Such an insult irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithæ, who defended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating Hercules with it whenever he passed through their territory. They resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and attacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended himself with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules, though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in the midst of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that were present were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped the common destruction. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon, Rhœtus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Tzetzes_, _Historiarum variarum Chiliades_, bk. 9, ch. 237.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 286.――_Hyginus_, fables 33 & 62.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 2. ♦ ‘Hesoid’ replaced with ‘Hesiod’ =Centaurus=, a ship in the fleet of Æneas, which had the figure of a Centaur. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122. =Centobrica=, a town of Celtiberia. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Centŏres=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus._ =Centoripa=, or =Centuripa=. _See:_ Centuripa. =Centrites=, a river between Armenia and Media. =Centrones=, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by Julius Cæsar when they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern country of _Tarantaise_ in Savoy. There was a horde of Gauls of the same name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near _Courtray_ in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 38. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20. =Centronius=, a man who squandered his immense riches on useless and whimsical buildings. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 86. ♦=Centum cellum=, a seaport town of Etruria built by Trajan, who had there a villa. It is now _Civita Vecchia_, and belongs to the pope. _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 51. ♦ Placed in correct alphabetical order. =Centumvĭri=, the members of a court of justice at Rome. They were originally chosen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, and though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards increased to the number of 180, and still kept their original name. The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of the greatest importance, as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them; and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree of their court was called _Hastæ judicium_: their sentences were very impartial, and without appeal. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――_Quintilian_, bks. 4, 5, & 11.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 33. =Centŭria=, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of 100. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 curiæ. Servius Tullius made a census; and when he had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear arms, he divided them into six classes, and each class into several centuries, or companies of 100 men. The first class consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards, appointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17 to 45 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of Rome. Their arms were all the same; that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin; and as they were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called, by way of eminence, _Classici_, and their inferiors _infra classem_. They were to be worth 1,100,000 _asses_, a sum equivalent to 1800_l._ English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each of 20 centuries, 10 of which were composed of the more aged, and the others of the younger sort of people. Their arms were a large shield, a spear, and a javelin; they were to be worth in the second class, 75,000 _asses_, or about 121_l._ In the third, 50,000, or about 80_l._; and in the fourth, 25,000, or about 40_l._ The fifth class consisted of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters by trade, and the others of different professions, such as were necessary in the camp. They were all armed with slings and stones. They were to be worth 11,000 _asses_, or about 18_l._ The sixth class contained only one centuria, comprising the whole body of the poorest citizens, who were called _Proletarii_, as their only service to the state was procreating children. They were also called _capite censi_, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their estate. In the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, at the election of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital crimes, the people gave their vote by centuries, whence the assembly was called _comitia centuriata_. In these public assemblies, which were never convened but only by the consuls at the permission of the senate, or by the dictator in the absence of the consuls, some of the people appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from some foreign enemy. When a law was proposed in the public assemblies, its necessity was explained, and the advantages it would produce to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; after which it was exposed in the most conspicuous parts of the city three market-days, that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view, was called _proponere legem_, and explaining it, _promulgare legem_. He who merely proposed it, was called _lator legis_; and he who dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced, was called _auctor legis_. When the assembly was to be held, the auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic, dismissed them to their respective centuries, that their votes might be gathered. They gave their votes _vivâ voce_, till the year of Rome A.U.C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their approbation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the first was superior to all the others in number; but if they were not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave offence to the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one class of the six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes first, without regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered, the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word _Centuria_ is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman legions which consisted of 100 men, and was the half of a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion. The commander of a centuria was called _centurion_, and he was distinguished from the rest by a branch of a vine which he carried in his hand. =Centŭrĭpa= (es, or æ, arum), now _Centorlu_, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 23. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 205.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Ceos= and =Cea=, an island. _See:_ Co. =Cephălas=, a lofty promontory of Africa near the Syrtis Major. _Strabo._ =Cephaledion=, a town of Sicily near the river Himera. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 52. =Cephallen=, a noble musician, son of Lampus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7. =Cephalēna= and =Cephallenia=, an island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into four different districts, from which circumstance it received the name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same. ――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15. =Cephălo=, an officer of Eumenes. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 19. =Cephaloedis= and =Cephaludium=, now _Cephalu_, a town at the north of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 253.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Against Verres_, ch. 51. =Cephălon=, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote a history of Troy, besides an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander, which he divided into nine books, inscribed with the name of the nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting it would be disputed like Homer’s. He lived in the reign of Adrian. =Cĕphălus=, son of Deioneus king of Thessaly, by Diomede daughter of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away; but he refused to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris. The goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer; but she suffered herself to be seduced by the gold of this stranger, who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubœa, where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented her with a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart which never missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos, because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris. Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephalus showed himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in the cool shade, and earnestly called for _Aura_, or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of a mistress; and some informer reported to the jealous Procris that Cephalus daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband into the woods. According to his daily custom, Cephalus retired to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival. Her motion occasioned rustling among the leaves of a bush that concealed her; and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring dart. ♦Procris was struck to the heart, and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one, son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical event mentioned above. Cephalus was father of Arcefius by Procris, and of Phaeton, according to Hesiod, by Aurora. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 26.――_Hyginus_, fable 189.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A king of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18.――――An orator frequently mentioned by Demosthenes. ♦ ‘Procus’ replaced with ‘Procris’ =Cephēis=, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 193. =Cephēnes=, an ancient name of the Persians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61.――――A name of the Æthiopians, from Cepheus, one of their kings. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 1. =Cēpheus=, a king of Æthiopia, father of Andromeda by Cassiope. He was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after his death. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 669; bk. 5, li. 12. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, chs. 1, 4, & 7; bk. 3, ch. 9, mentions one, son of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The former he makes king of Tegea and father of Sterope; and says that he, with his 12 sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where they were killed. The latter he calls king of Æthiopia and father of Andromeda.――――A son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Cephīsia=, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Cephīsiădes=, a patronymic of Eteocles son of Andreus and Evippe, from the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34. =Cephisidōrus=, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of Æschylus.――――An historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war. =Cephīsion=, the commander of some troops sent by the Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Cephisodŏtus=, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book of proverbs. _Athenæus_, bk. 2. =Cephīsus= and =Cephissus=, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises at Lilæa in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and mount Parnassus, enters Bœotia, where it flows into the lake Copais. The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same name in Attica, and another in Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 29.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 175.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 369; bk. 3, li. 19.――――A man changed into a sea monster by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 388. =Cephren=, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Cepio=, or =Cæpio=, a man who, by a quarrel with Drusus, caused a civil war at Rome, &c.――――Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and he died at last in prison. =Cepion=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_. =Ceraca=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5. =Ceracates=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70. =Cerambus=, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9. =Ceramīcus=, now _Keramo_, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receiving its name from Ceramus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――A public walk, and a place to bury those that were killed in defence of their country, at Athens. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 10. =Cerămium=, a place of Rome, where Cicero’s house was built. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_. =Cerămus=, a town at the west of Asia Minor. =Ceras=, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls. =Cerăsus= (untis), now _Keresoun_, a maritime city of Cappadocia, from which cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. _Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 25; bk. 16, ch. 18; bk. 17, ch. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――Another, built by a Greek colony from Sinope. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Cerata=, a place near Megara. =Cerātus=, a river of Crete. =Ceraunia=, a town of Achaia. =Ceraunia= and =Ceraunii=, large mountains of Epirus, extending far into the sea, and forming a promontory which divides the Ionian and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. _See:_ Acroceraunium.――――Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. =Ceraunii=, mountains of Asia, opposite the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19. =Ceraunus=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A surname of Ptolemy II., from his boldness. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_, ch. 3. =Cerausius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41. =Cerbalus=, a river of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Cerberion=, a town of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 6. =Cerbĕrus=, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three according to other mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime visited Pluto’s kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 134; bk. 6, li. 417.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 622.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 312.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 35. =Cercăphus=, a son of Æolus.――――A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Cercasōrum=, a town of Egypt, where the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Canopic mouths. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15. =Cercēis=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 355. =Cercēne=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 2. =Cercestes=, a son of Ægyptus and Phœnissa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Cercides=, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote iambics. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13. =Cercii=, a people of Italy. =Cercina= and =Cercinna=, a small island of the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 48. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 98. =Cercinium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41. =Cercius= and =Rhetius=, charioteers of Castor and Pollux. =Cercōpes=, a people of Ephesus, made prisoners by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The inhabitants of the island Pithecusa, changed into monkeys on account of their dishonesty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 91. =Cercops=, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history mentioned by Athenæus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher. =Cercyon= and =Cercyŏnes=, a king of Eleusis, son of Neptune, or, according to others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they were easily conquered and put to death. After many cruelties, he challenged Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death by his antagonist. His daughter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom she had a child. Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he was preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed upon his grandfather’s throne by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 439. ――_Hyginus_, fable 187.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 39. =Cercȳra= and =Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, which receives its name from Cercyra daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Cerdylium=, a place near Amphipolis. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 6. =Cereālia=, festivals in honour of Ceres; first instituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in mourning were not permitted to appear at the celebration; therefore they were not observed after the battle of Cannæ. They are the same as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. _See:_ Thesmophoria. =Ceres=, the goddess of corn and of harvests, was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata, _fruit-bearing_, and afterwards Proserpine. This daughter was carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the plains near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought her all over Sicily; and when night came, she lighted two torches in the flames of mount Ætna, to continue her search by night all over the world. She at last found her veil near the fountain Cyane; but no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment, till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that her daughter had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this, than she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, and demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her daughter. The endeavours of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as a powerful god, to become her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the restoration was granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine had eaten the grains of a pomegranate which she had gathered as she walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had seen her, discovered it to make his court to Pluto. The return of Proserpine upon earth was therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus, for his unsolicited information, was changed into an owl. _See:_ Ascalaphus. The grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months with her mother, and the rest of the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth was neglected, and the ground became barren; therefore, to repair the loss which mankind had suffered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica, which was become the most desolate country in the world, and instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in everything which concerned agriculture. She taught him how to plough the ground, to sow and reap the corn, to make bread, and to take particular care of the fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave him her chariot and commanded him to travel all over the world, and communicate his knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. Her beneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was supposed to be the favourite retreat of the goddess, and Diodorus says that she and her daughter made their first appearance to mankind in Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he married Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres, every man according to his abilities; and the fountain of Cyane, through which Pluto opened himself a passage with his trident when carrying away Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an offering of bulls, and the blood of the victims was shed in the waters of the fountain. Besides these, other ceremonies were observed in honour of the goddesses who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The commemoration of the rape was celebrated about the beginning of the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown in the earth. The latter festival continued six successive days; and during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of some free and wanton expressions, as that language had made the goddess smile while melancholy for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which had been so eminently distinguished by the goddess, gratefully remembered her favours in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. _See:_ Eleusinia. Ceres also performed the duties of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the advantages of her salutary laws; hence her surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, was first brought into Greece by Erechtheus. She met with different adventures when she travelled over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was severely punished. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she changed herself into a mare; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis, and from their union arose the horse Arion. _See:_ Arion. The birth of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given information of it to Jupiter. The Parcæ were sent by the god to comfort her, and at their persuasion she returned to Sicily, where her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth. While the corn was yet in the grass, they offered her a ram, after the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was sacred to her. She appears as a countrywoman mounted on the back of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. She was supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus. Cybele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her festivals were yearly celebrated by the Roman matrons in the month of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several days from the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. They always bore lighted torches in commemoration of the goddess; and whoever came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punished with death. _Ceres_ is metaphorically called _bread_ and _corn_, as the word _Bacchus_ is frequently used to signify _wine_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, chs. 12 & 14. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31; bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 8, ch. 25, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 417; _Metamorphoses_, fables 7, 8, &c.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_.――_Livy_, bks. 29 & 31.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2. =Ceressus=, a place of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14. =Cerĕtæ=, a people of Crete. =Ceriālis Anicius=, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 74. =Cerii=, a people of Etruria. =Cerilli=, or =Carillæ=, now _Cirella_, a town of the Brutii near the Laus. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Cerillum=, a place of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 580. =Cerinthus=, now _Zero_, a town of Eubœa, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor son of Chalcedon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――――A beautiful youth, long the favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, _Statius_, bk. 2, li. 81.――――One of the early heretics from christianity. =Cermanus=, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants of Amulius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Cerne=, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African coast. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bks. 5 & 6. =Cernes=, a priest of Cybele. =Ceron=, a fountain of Histiæotis, whose waters rendered black all the sheep that drank of them. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Ceropasades=, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as a hostage to Augustus. =Cerossus=, a place of the Ionian sea. =Cerpheres=, a king of Egypt, who is supposed to have built the smallest pyramid. =Cerrhæi=, a people of Greece, who profaned the temple of Delphi. _Plutarch_, _Solon_. =Cerretāni=, a people of Spain that inhabited the modern district of Cerdana in Catalonia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Cersobleptes=, a king of Thrace, conquered by Philip king of Macedonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 31. =Certima=, a town of Celtiberia. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47. =Certonium=, a town of Asia Minor. =Cervarius=, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50. =Publius Cervius=, an officer under Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, speech 5, ch. 44. =Ceryces=, a sacerdotal family at Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 53. =Cerycius=, a mountain of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20. =Cerymīca=, a town of Cyprus. _Diodorus._ =Cerynēa=, a town of Achaia.――――A mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25. =Cerynītes=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25. =Cesellius Balsus=, a turbulent Carthaginian, who dreamt of money, and persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been deposited by Dido in a certain place, which he described. Inquiry was made, and when no money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 1, &c. =Cesennia=, an infamous prostitute, born of an illustrious family at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 135. =Cestius=, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero.――――A governor of Syria. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5.――――Severus, an informer under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.――――Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling the public money. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 30.――――A bridge at Rome. =Cestrīna=, a part of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23. =Cestrīnus=, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father’s death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the country Cestrina. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11. =Cetes=, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Cethēgus=, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii. ――――Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. _Cicero_, _Brutus_. ――――A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to death by the Roman senate. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c.――――A Trojan, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513.――――Publius Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against Mithridates.――――A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian. =Cetii=, a people of Cilicia. =Cetius=, a river of Mysia.――――A mountain which separates Noricum from Pannonia. =Ceto=, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 237. ――_Lucian_, bk. 9, li. 646. =Ceus= and =Cæus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Phœbe, by whom he had Latona and Asteria. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 179.――――The father of Trœzen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 354. =Cēyx=, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called Alcyons. _See:_ Alcyone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 587. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia were two different persons. =Chea=, a town of Peloponnesus. =Chabinus=, a mountain of Arabia Felix. _Diodorus_, bk. 3. =Chabria=, a village of Egypt. =Chabrias=, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized himself when he assisted the Bœotians against Agesilaus. In this celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy, and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. _Cornelius Nepos_, _De Viris Illustribus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Phocion_. =Chabryis=, a king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Chæanitæ=, a people at the foot of ♦Caucasus. ♦ ‘Causacus’ replaced with ‘Caucasus’ =Chæreas=, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.――――An officer who murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was prepared against himself.――――An Athenian, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 74, &c. =Chæredemus=, a brother of Epicurus, &c. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Chærēmon=, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.――――A stoic, who wrote on the Egyptian priests. =Chærĕphon=, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia. =Chærestrăta=, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family. =Chærinthus=, a beautiful youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81. =Chærippus=, an extortioner, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 96. =Chæro=, the founder of Chæronea. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_. =Chæronia=, =Chæronea=, and =Cherronea=, a city of Bœotia, on the Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians, B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C. 338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Chalæon=, a city of Locris.――――A port of Bœotia. =Chales=, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Chalcæa=, a town of Caria,――――of Phœnicia. =Chalcea=, an island with a town near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3. ――――A festival at Athens. _See:_ Panathenæa. =Chalcēdon= and =Chalcēdŏnia=, now _Kadi-Keni_, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan of the founders. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19. =Chalcidēne=, a part of Syria, very fruitful. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23. =Chalcidenses=, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and Erythræ.――――A people near the Phasis. =Chalcideus=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet killed by the Athenians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 8. =Chalcidĭca=, a country of Thrace,――――of Syria. =Chalcidĭcus= (of _Chalcis_), an epithet applied to Cumæ in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 17. =Chalciœus=, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis in Eubœa. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica. =Chalciŏpe=, a daughter of Æetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to her father’s court for protection. She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband to obtain the golden fleece. _See:_ Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 232.――_Hyginus_, fable 14, &c.――――The mother of Thessalus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The daughter of Rhexenor, who married Ægeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Chalcis=, now _Egripo_, the chief city of Eubœa, in that part which is nearest to Bœotia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the Corinthians. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Chalcītis=, a country of Ionia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5. =Chalcŏdon=, a son of Ægyptus by Arabia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――――A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――――The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――A man who assisted Hercules in his war against Augias. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15. =Chalcon=, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be aware of the Æthiopians, by whom he was to perish. =Chalcus=, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. _Polyænus._ =Chaldæa=, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their knowledge of astrology, _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28. =Chaldæi=, the inhabitants of Chaldæa. =Chalestra=, a town of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123. =Chalonītis=, a country of Media. =Chaly̆bes= and =Caly̆bes=, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country, abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation of Spain. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 421.――_Strabo_, bk. 12, &c.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 375.――_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3. =Chalybon=, now supposed to be _Aleppo_, a town of Syria, which gave the name of _Chalybonitis_ to the neighbouring country. =Chalybonītis=, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the king of Persia drank no other. =Chalybs=, a river of Spain, where _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the people called Calybes. =Chamani= and =Chamaviri=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_. =Chane=, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian sea. =Chaon=, a mountain of Peloponnesus.――――A son of Priam. _See:_ Chaonia. =Chaŏnes=, a people of Epirus. =Chaŏnia=, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus. There was a wood near, where doves (_Chaoniæ aves_) were said to deliver oracles. The words _Chaonius victus_ are by ancient authors applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 426.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 3, li. 47. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 335.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9. ――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1. =Chaonitis=, a country of Assyria. =Chaos=, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it; and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal deities. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 510.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 1. =Charădra=, a town of Phocis. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33. =Charadros=, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 46. =Charădrus=, a place of Argos where military causes were tried. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 60. =Choræadas=, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 86. =Charandæi=, a people near Pontus. =Charax=, a town of Armenia.――――A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a history of Greece in 40 books. =Charaxes= and =Charaxus=, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the necessity of piratical excursions. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 117.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c. =Charuxus=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 272. =Chares=, an Athenian general.――――A statuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.――――A man who wounded Cyrus when fighting against his brother Artaxerxes.――――An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of Alexander.――――An Athenian who fought with Darius against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――――A river of Peloponnesus. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_. =Charĭcles=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedæmonians. _Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_, bk. 1.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A famous physician under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 50. =Chariclīdes=, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the tyrant. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Charĭclo=, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 635. =Charidēmus=, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 44.――――An Athenian banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c. =Charĭla=, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to this circumstance: In a great famine the people of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants. He accordingly distributed the little corn which he had among the noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle. The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided over this institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as attended. Charila’s image was brought before the king, who struck it with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_. =Charilāus= and =Charillus=, a son of Polydectes king of Sparta, educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released on promising that he would cease from war, an engagement which he soon broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36; bk. 6, ch. 48.――――A Spartan who changed the monarchical power into an aristocracy. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12. =Charillus=, one of the ancestors of Leutychides. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 131. =Charīni= and =Carīni=, a people of Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14. =Charis=, a goddess among the Greeks, surrounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 382. =Charisia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.――――A festival in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He who continued awake the longest was rewarded with a cake. =Charisius=, an orator at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 83. =Charistia=, festivals at Rome celebrated on the 20th of February, by the distribution of mutual presents, with the intention of reconciling friends and relations. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2. =Charĭtes= and =Gratiæ=, the Graces, daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three in number――Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. They were the constant attendants of Venus, and they were represented as three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another by the hand. They presided over kindness, and all good offices, and their worship was the same as that of the nine muses, with whom they had a temple in common. They were generally represented naked, because kindness ought to be done with sincerity and candour. The moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined, by observing that there ought to be a perpetual and never-ceasing intercourse of kindness and benevolence among friends. Their youth denotes the constant remembrance that we ought ever to have of kindnesses received; and their virgin purity and innocence teach us that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectation of restoration, and that we ought never to suffer others or ourselves to be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks only of two Graces. =Charĭton=, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth century. He composed a Greek romance called _The Loves of Chæreas and Callirhoe_, which has been much admired for its elegance, and the originality of the characters it describes. There is a very learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D’Orville’s notes, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1750. =Charmădas=, a philosopher of uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24. =Charme= and =Carme=, the mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. =Charmides=, a Lacedæmonian, sent by the king to quell a sedition in Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A boxer. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――A philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95. =Charmīnus=, an Athenian general, who defeated the Peloponnesians. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 42. =Charmione=, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after the example of her mistress. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. =Charmis=, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero’s age, who used cold baths for his patients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those of his cotemporaries. _Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 1. =Charmosy̆na=, a festival in Egypt. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_. =Charmotas=, a part of Arabia. =Charmus=, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose fragments are found scattered in Athenæus. =Charon=, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas and his friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, besides other treatises, B.C. 479.――――An historian of Naucratis, who wrote a history of his country and of Egypt.――――A Carthaginian writer, &c.――――A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for 100 years. If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he could not be admitted before he showed Charon a golden bough, which he had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules, without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man, with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes. His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to place under the tongue of the deceased a piece of money for Charon. This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. _See:_ Acherusia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_, li. 765. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 298, &c. =Charondas=, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thurium, and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it he fell upon his sword, B.C. 446. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, li. 5. =Charonea=, a place of Asia, &c. =Charonia scrobs=, a place of Italy emitting deadly vapours. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 23. =Charonium=, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities. =Charops= and =Charŏpes=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_. ――――A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making war against Philip the king of Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.――――The first decennial archon at Athens. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Charybdis=, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situation of the Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now found to correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words, _Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim_, became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a greater. The name of _Charybdis_ was properly bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. _Lycophron_, _Cassandra_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14.――_Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 420. =Chaubi= and =Chauci=, people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the country now called Friesland and Bremen. =Chaula=, a village of Egypt. =Chauros.= _See:_ Caurus. =Chelæ=, a Greek word (χηλη), signifying _claws_, which is applied to the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 33. =Cheles=, a satrap of Seleucus, &c. =Chelĭdon=, a mistress of Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 40. =Chelīdŏnia=, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c. _Athenæus._――――The wind Favonius was called also _Chelidonia_, from the 6th of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March, the time when swallows first made their appearance. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47. =Chelīdoniæ=, now _Kelidoni_, small islands opposite the promontory of Taurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. _Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 506.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 31.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41. =Chelĭdŏnis=, a daughter of king Leotychides, who married Cleonymus, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_. =Chelidŏnium=, a promontory of mount Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea. =Chelŏne=, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities. =Chelōnis=, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She accompanied her father, whom her husband had expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband, who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. _Plutarch_, _Agis_ & _Cleomenes_. =Chelonophăgi=, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations with the shells. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 24. =Chelydoria=, a mountain of Arcadia. =Chemmis=, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 156. =Chena=, a town of Laconia. =Chenæ=, a village on mount Œta. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24. =Chenion=, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Chenius=, a mountain near Colchis. =Cheops= and =Cheospes=, a king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyramids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other vegetables. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 124. =Chephren=, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so inveterately hated these two royal brothers, that they publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been erected by a shepherd. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 127. =Cheremocrătes=, an artist who built Diana’s temple at Ephesus, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Cherisŏphus=, a commander of 800 Spartans, in the expedition which Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Cheronæa.= _See:_Chæronea. =Cherŏphon=, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip. _Philostratus_, _Lives_. =Cherronēsus.= _See:_ Chersonesus. =Chersias=, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo. _Pausanias_ praises some of his poetry, bk. 9, ch. 38. =Chersidămas=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 259. =Chersiphro=, an architect, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14. =Chersonēsus=, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins _Peninsula_. There were many of these among the ancients, of which these five were the most celebrated: one called _Peloponnesus_; one called _Thracian_, in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the isthmus. From its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called _Taurica_, now _Crim Tartary_, was situate near the Palus Mæotis. The fourth, called _Cimbrica_, now _Jutland_, is in the northern parts of Germany; and the fifth, surnamed _Aurea_, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 33; bk. 7, ch. 58.――_Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 2.――――Also a peninsula near Alexandria in Egypt. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 10. =Cherusci=, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against Rome. They inhabited the country between the Weser and the Elbe. _Tacitus_.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 9. =Chidnæi=, a people near Pontus. =Chidōrus=, a river of Macedonia near Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 127. =Chiliarchus=, a great officer of state at the court of Persia. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_. =Chilius= and =Chileus=, an Arcadian, who advised the Lacedæmonians, when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their country. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 9. =Chilo=, a Spartan philosopher who has been called one of the seven wise men of Greece. One of his maxims was “Know thyself.” He died through excess of joy, in the arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at Olympia, B.C. 597. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 33.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556. =Chilonis=, the wife of Theopompus king of Sparta. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Chimæra=, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typhon, which had three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon, and continually vomited flames. The fore parts of its body were those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts were those of a dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia, called Chimæra, whose top was the resort of lions, on account of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was covered with goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground abounded with serpents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chimæra, because he first made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch says that it was the captain of some pirates, who adorned their ship with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. From the union of the Chimæra with Orthos sprung the Sphinx and the lion of Nemæa. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 181.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 322. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 903.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 646.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 288.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 118. =Chimarus=, a river of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36. =Chimerium=, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8. =Chiomara=, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she had been taken prisoner, &c. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_. =Chion=, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1765. =Chiŏne=, a daughter of Dædalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace Chione became mother of Philammon and Autolycus, the former of whom, as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter was equally notorious for his robberies, of which his father Mercury was the patron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods, that she even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for which impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 8.――――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into the sea, but he was preserved by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A famous prostitute. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 34. =Chionides=, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of comedy. =Chionis=, a victor at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 13. =Chios=, now _Scio_, an island in the Ægean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some suppose, from Chione, or from χιων, _snow_, which was very frequent there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called Æthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there for the space of 700 years. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 2. =Chiron=, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, Æneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. _Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 676.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Horace_, epode 13. =Chloe=, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signification as _Flava_, so often applied to the goddess of corn. The name, from its signification (χλοη, _herba virens_), has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of simplicity. =Chloreus=, a priest of Cybele, who came with Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 768.――――Another, &c. =Chloris=, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5.――――A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed by Hercules. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 280.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.――――A prostitute, &c. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 15. =Chlorus=, a river of Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――Constantine, one of the Cæsars, in Diocletian’s age, who reigned two years after the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306. =Choarīna=, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c. =Choaspes=, a son of Phasis, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 585.――――An Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and now called _Karun_. Its waters are so sweet, that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions they always had some with them which had been previously boiled. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 188.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 40.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27. =Chobus=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._ =Chœrades= and =Pharos=, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt. _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 33.―――― Others in the Euxine sea.――――An island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 13. =Chœrĭlus=, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the prize.――――An historian of Samos.――――Two other poets, one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s flatterers and friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest were rewarded with castigation. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232. =Chœreæ=, a place of Bœotia. =Chonnidas=, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of Trœzene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Chonūphis=, an Egyptian prophet. _Plutarch_, _de Genio Socratis_. =Chorasmi=, a people of Asia near the Oxus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93. =Chorineus=, a man killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 571.――――Another. _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 298.――――A priest with Æneas. _Æneid._ =Chorœbus=, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad. _See:_ Corœbus.――――A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cassandra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341. =Choromnæi=, a people subdued by Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Chosroes=, a king of Persia, in Justinian’s reign. =Chremes=, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence’s Andria. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 94. =Chremĕtes=, a river of Libya. =Chresiphon=, an architect of Diana’s temple in Ephesus. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14. =Chresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus. _See:_ Aristodemus. =Chrestus=, an approved writer of Athens, &c. _Columella_, bk. 1, _de Res Rustica_, ch. 1. =Chromia=, a daughter of Itonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Chromios=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by Hercules.――――A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Chromis=, a captain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A young shepherd. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.――――A Phrygian killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.――――A son of Hercules. _Statius_, bk. 6, li. 346. =Chromius=, a son of Pterilaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82. =Chronius=, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48. =Chronos=, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals called _Chronia_ were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of the Greeks. =Chryasus=, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus. =Chrysa= and =Chryse=, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 37.――_Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.――――A daughter of Halmus, mother of Phlegias by Mars. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36. =Chrysăme=, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. _Polyænus._ =Chrysantas=, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a dog bark. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_. =Chrysanthius=, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the great number of volumes which he wrote. =Chrysantis=, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. _Pausanias_, bk. 1. =Chrysaor=, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from the blood of Medusa, armed with a _golden sword_, whence his name, χρυσος ἀορ. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimæra. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 295. ――――A rich king of Iberia. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Glaucus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21. =Chrysaoreus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice, where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. _Strabo_, bk. 4. =Chrysaŏris=, a town of Cilicia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2. =Crysas=, a river of Sicily, falling into the Simæthus, and worshipped as a deity. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, Speech 4, ch. 44. =Chryseis=, the daughter of Chryses. _See:_ Chryses. =Chrysermus=, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of India, besides a treatise on rivers. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. =Chryses=, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him _Chryseis_. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration; and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore Chryseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.――――A daughter of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Chrysippe=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Chrysippus=, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father, for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia’s sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his arms when Hippodamia killed him. _Hyginus_, fable 85.――_Plato_, _de Leges_, bk. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises. Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent’s marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――_Diodorus._――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 40. There were also others of the same name. _Diogenes Laërtius._ ――――A freedman of Cicero. =Chrysis=, a mistress of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A priestess of Juno at Mycenæ. The temple of the goddess was burnt by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17. =Chrysoaspĭdes=, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they served. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 7. =Chrysogŏnus=, a freedman of Sylla. _Cicero_, _pro Sexto Roscio Amerino_.――――A celebrated singer in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 74. =Chrysolāus=, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8. =Chrysondium=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5. =Chrysopŏlis=, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now _Scutari_. =Chrysorhoas=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31. =Chrysorrhōæ=, a people in whose country are golden streams. =Chrysostom=, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his 53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom’s works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version, by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Etonæ, 1613. They have appeared with a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols., folio, 1718 =Chrysothĕmis=, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.――――A Cretan, who first obtained the poetical prize at the Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7. =Chryxus=, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 148. =Chthonia=, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration, the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel, with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all fell on the same side. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35. =Chthonius=, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 441.――――One of the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. _Hyginus_, fable 178.――――A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Chitrium=, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ. =Cibalæ=, now _Swilei_, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. _Eutropius_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 30, ch. 24. =Cibarītis=, a country of Asia, near the Mæander. =Cibyra=, now _Burun_, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 2.――――Of Caria. =Caius Cicereius=, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a triumph over the Corsicans. _Livy_, bks. 41 & 42. =Marcus Tullius Cicero=, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight, and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities, were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe, was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance, Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled _The father of his country, and a second founder of Rome_. The vehemence with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome, though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence; and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey, he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship. But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies, produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death, and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December, 43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once observed, that _no animal is more revengeful than a woman_. Cicero has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true standard of pure latinity. The words _nascitur poeta_ have been verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial, _Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo_, though severe, is true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country, but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers, poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition; and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet, 9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to, 1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou, 1768. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Quintilian._――_Dio Cassius._ ――_Appian._――_Florus._――_Cornelius Nepo_, _Atticus_.――_Eutropius._ ――_Cicero_, &c.――――Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death, by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_. ――――Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with his son at the same time as his brother Tully.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_. ――_Appian._ =Cicerōnis villa=, a place near Puteoli in Campania. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2. =Cichyris=, a town of Epirus. =Cicŏnes=, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 520, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Cilūta=, an old avaricious usurer. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69. =Cĭlĭcia=, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Varro_, _Re Rustica_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 11.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. ――――Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from the other Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. =Cilissa=, a town of Phrygia. =Cilix=, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who, after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to which he gave the name of Cilicia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 91. =Cilla=, a town of Africa Propria. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――――A town of Æolia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.――――Of Troas, which received its name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 38.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174. =Cilles=, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. =Cillus=, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Cilnius=, the surname of Mæcenas. =Cilo, Junius=, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said, he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be continued two years longer in his province.” _Dio Cassius_, bk. 60. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21. =Cimber, Tillius=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_. =Cimberius=, a chief of the Suevi. =Cimbri=, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a large army, and were conquered by Marius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Cimbrīcum bellum=, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in triumph. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_. =Cimĭnus=, now _Viterbe_, a lake and mountain of Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36. =Cimmĕrii=, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. ――――Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of _Cimmerian darkness_ has proverbially been used. Homer, according to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Cimmĕris=, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30. =Cimmĕrium=, now _Crim_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose inhabitants are called Cimmerii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19. =Cimōlis= and =Cinolis=, a town of Paphlagonia. =Cimōlus=, now _Argentiera_, an island in the Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller’s earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463. ――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16. =Cimon=, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and wife Elpinice. _See:_ Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians, who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power, that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11. ――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――――An Athenian, father of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.――――A Roman, supported in prison by the milk of his daughter.――――An Athenian, who wrote an account of the war of the Amazons against his country. =Cinæthon=, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. _See:_ Cinethon. =Cinaradas=, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Cincia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 4. =Lucius Quinctius Cincinnātus=, a celebrated Roman, who was informed, as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office, and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate. He flourished about 460 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26. ――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3. =Lucius Cincius Alimentus=, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic war, who wrote annals in Greek. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. ――――Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia lex. =Cineas=, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he, however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every senator and knight by his name. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 25.――――A king of Thessaly. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――An Athenian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2, ch. 32. =Cinesias=, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. _Athenæus._ =Cinethon=, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter called Eriopis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18. =Cinga=, now _Cinea_, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean mountains into the Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 21.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 48. =Cingetŏrix=, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――――A prince of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22. =Cingŭlum=, now _Cingoli_, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called _Cingulani_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 34.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 11. =Ciniātā=, a place of Galatia. =Cinithii=, a people of Africa. =Lucius Cornelius Cinna=, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and became mother of Julia. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_, _Pompey_, & _Sulla_.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 822.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――――Caius Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of Cinyras. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A grandson of Pompey. He conspired against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. _Dio Cassius._――_Seneca_, _de Clementia_, ch. 9.――――A town of Italy, taken by the Romans from the Samnites. =Cinnadon=, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was discovered, and he was put to death. _Aristotle._ =Cinnămus=, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 63. =Cinniana=, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4. =Cinxia=, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was supposed to untie the girdles of new brides. =Cinyps= and =Cinyphus=, a river and country of Africa near the Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 312. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 198.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 94.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15, li. 755.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 787. =Ciny̆ras=, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 9.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_――_Hyginus_, fables 242, 248, &c.――――A son of Laodice. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A man who brought a colony from Syria to Cyprus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Ligurian, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 186. =Cios=, a river of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A commercial place of Phrygia.――――The name of three cities in Bithynia. =Cippus=, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a single acre of ground. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 565. =Circæum=, now _Circello_, a promontory of Latium, near a small town called _Circeii_, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people were called _Circeienses_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 248.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.――_Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 17. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19. =Circe=, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all enchantments by a herb called _moly_, which he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. _See:_ Scylla and Picus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2; bk. 1, ode 17.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 70; _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 125.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 136, &c. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 956. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Circenses ludi=, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days, beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ, were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 636. =Circius=, a part of mount Taurus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A rapid and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in any other country. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 408. =Circum padani agri=, the country around the river Po. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 35. =Circus=, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators. It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight. =Ciris=, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 151. =Cirræatum=, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_. =Cirrha= and =Cyrrha=, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo was worshipped. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172. =Cirtha= and =Cirta=, a town of Numidia. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Cisalpīna Gallia=, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata. Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps on the Italian side. =Cispadāna Gallia=, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po. =Cisrhenāni=, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 2. =Cissa=, a river of Pontus.――――An island near Istria. =Cissēis=, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus. =Cissēus=, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some authors. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 320.――――A son of Melampus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 317.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Cissia=, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 49. =Cissiæ=, some gates in Babylon. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 155. =Cissides=, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist the Spartans, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Cissoessa=, a fountain of Bœotia. _Plutarch._ =Cissus=, a mountain of Macedonia.――――A city of Thrace.――――A man who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Cissusa=, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_. =Cistenæ=, a town of Æolia.――――A town of Lycia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18. =Cithæron=, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules killed there an immense lion. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 303.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Citharista=, a promontory of Gaul. =Citium=, now _Chitti_, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his expedition against Egypt _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 112. =Cius=, a town of Mysia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Julius Civīlis=, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against Galba, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 59. =Cizycum=, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus. _See:_ ♦Cyzicus. ♦ ‘Cizycus’ replaced with ‘Cyzicus’. =Cladeus=, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7. =Clanes=, a river falling into the Ister. =Clanis=, a centaur killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 379. =Clanius=, or =Clanis=, a river of Campania. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 225.――――Of Etruria, now _Chiana_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79. =Clarus=, or =Claros=, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes, after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed _Clarius_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 516.――――An island of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 126. =Clastidium=, now _Schiatezzo_, a town of Liguria. _Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.――――A village of Gaul. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_. =Claudia=, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 1. =Claudia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and by this action was honourably acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 17, li. 34.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 315; _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.――――A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother Fulvia. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 62.――――The wife of the poet Statius. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5.――――A daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.――――The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.――――An inconsiderable town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Roman road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _ex Ponto_, poem 8, li. 44.――――A tribe which received its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a large body of attendants. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――――Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to ashes. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 64.――――Pulchra, a cousin of Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius. She was condemned. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 52.――――Antonia, a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his fate, when she refused to marry his murderer. =Claudia lex=, _de comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates, no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent. ――――Another, _de usurâ_, which forbade people to lend money to minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents. ――――Another, _de negotiatione_, by Quintus Claudius the tribune, A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of the state.――――Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 9.――――Another, to take away the freedom of the city of Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum. _Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28. =Claudiæ aquæ=, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441. _Eutropius_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29. =Claudiānus=, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman, 4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1758. =Claudiopŏlis=, a town of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24. =Claudius I.= (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 619. ――_Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――――The second emperor of that name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery, and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these words of the senate, addressed to him: _Claudi Auguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps_.――――Nero, a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy, to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 27, &c. ――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_.――――The father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of Alexandria.――――Pollos, an historian. _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 7, ltr. 51.――――Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――――Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.――――Appius, an orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_. _See:_ Appius.――――Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor, who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was called _Appia_, and it was the first that was brought to the city from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. _See: _ Appius. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203. ――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_, ch. 6.――――A pretor of Sicily.――――Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. _See:_ Clodius.――――Marcellus. _See:_ Marcellus.――――Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not eat. _Livy_, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome. ――――Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded in the empire by the name of Tiberius. _See:_ Tiberius. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.――――The name of Claudius is common to many Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. _Livy._ =Claviēnus=, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8. =Clavĭger=, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a _key_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 228.――――Hercules received also that surname, as he was armed with a _club_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 284. =Clausius=, or =Clusius=, a surname of Janus. =Clausus=, or =Claudius=, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345. =Clazŏmĕnæ= and =Clazŏmĕna=, now _Vourla_, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. ――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39. =Cleadas=, a man of Platæa, who raised tombs over those who had been killed in the battle against Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 85. =Cleander=, one of Alexander’s officers, who killed Parmenio by the king’s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The first tyrant of Gela. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――――A soothsayer of Arcadia. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 83.――――A favourite of the emperor Commodus, who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and his master’s confidence. =Cleandridas=, a Spartan general, &c.――――A man punished with death for bribing two of the Ephori. =Cleanthes=, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno. He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues, the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. _Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4, ch. 7. =Clearchus=, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato’s pupils, during the celebration of the festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power during 12 years, 353 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B.C. 288. ――――A Lacedæmonian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled but refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes, who was so enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell into his hands by the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate death. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a treatise on tactics, &c. _Xenophon._ =Clearides=, a son of Cleonymus governor of Amphipolis. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 132; bk. 5, ch. 10. =Clemens Romanus=, one of the fathers of the church, said to be contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to the Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen there. It has been much admired. The best edition is that of Wotton, 8vo, Cambridge, 1718.――――Another of Alexandria, called from thence _Alexandrinus_, who flourished 206 A.D. His works are various, elegant, and full of erudition; the best edition of which is Potter’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715.――――A senator who favoured the party of Niger against Severus. =Clementia=, one of the virtues to whom the Romans paid adoration. =Cleo=, a Sicilian among Alexander’s flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5. =Cleŏbis= and =Biton=, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their mother’s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on account of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more; and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy event that can happen to man. The Argives raised statues at Delphi. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 47.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Plutarch_, _de Consolatio ad Apollonium_. =Cleobūla=, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Phœnix.――――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatra. She married Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A woman, mother of a son called Euripides by Apollo. ――――Another, who bore Cepheus and Amphidamus to Ægeus.――――The mother of Pithus. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 97, &c. =Cleobūlīna=, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius, learning, judgment, and courage. She composed enigmas, some of which have been preserved. One of them runs thus: “A father had 12 children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day.” In this there is no need of an Œdipus to discover that there are 12 months in the year, and that every month consists of 30 days, and of the same number of nights. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Cleobūlus=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 564. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. ――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――An historian. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――One of the Ephori. _Thucydides._ =Cleochares=, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 13. =Cleocharia=, the mother of Eurotas by Lelax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Cleodæus=, a son of Hyllus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 52; bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131. He endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus after his father’s death, but to no purpose. =Cleodamus=, a Roman general under Gallienus. =Cleodēmus=, a physician. _Plutarch_, _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_. =Cleodōra=, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――――One of the Danaides, who married Lyxus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Cleodoxa=, a daughter of Niobe and Amphion, changed into a stone as a punishment for her mother’s pride. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Cleogĕnes=, a son of Silenus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1. =Cleolāus=, a son of Hercules, by Argele daughter of Thestius, who, upon the ill success of the Heraclidæ in Peloponnesus, retired to Rhodes with his wife and children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Cleomăchus=, a boxer of Magnesia. =Cleomantes=, a Lacedæmonian soothsayer. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Cleombrŏtus=, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta after his brother Agesipolis I. He made war against the Bœotians, and lest he should be suspected of treacherous communication with Epaminondas, he gave that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous place. He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, B.C. 371. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――_Xenophon._――――A son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus was banished; and his wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her father, now accompanied her husband in his exile. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Agis_ & _Cleomenes_.――――A youth of Ambracia, who threw himself into the sea, after reading Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 493. =Cleomēdes=, a famous athlete of Astypalæa, above Crete. In a combat at Olympia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Astypalæa, he entered a school and pulled down the pillars which supported the roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured, that his pursuers were obliged to break them for access. When the tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive. The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, _Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypalæus_. Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a god. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Cleomĕnes I.=, king of Sparta, conquered the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by setting fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. By bribing the oracle, he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, because he had refused to punish the people of Ægina, who had deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C. _Herodotus_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3, &c. =Cleomĕnes II.=, succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acrotatus and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6. =Cleomĕnes III.=, succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and intemperance. He killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his royal colleague Eurydamidas, and made his own brother Euclidas king, against the laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achæans, and attempted to destroy their league. Aratus the general of the Achæans, who supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy Evergetes, where his wife and children had fled before him. Ptolemy received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. _Polybius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 4. =Cleomĕnes=, a man appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt and Africa. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A man placed as arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara.――――An historian.――――A dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.――――A Sicilian contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he was fond of gratifying. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A Lacedæmonian general. =Cleon=, an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing himself in several engagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. _Thucydides_, bks. 3, 4, &c. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A general of Messenia, who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereignty.――――A statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A poet who wrote a poem on the Argonauts.――――An orator of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysander, in which he intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective. _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――A Magnesian, who wrote some commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous events, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――――A Sicilian, one of Alexander’s flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A tyrant of Sicyon.――――A friend of Phocion. =Cleōnæ= and =Cleona=, a village of Peloponnesus, between Corinth and Argos. Hercules killed the lion of Nemæa in its neighbourhood, and thence it is called Cleonæus. It was made a constellation. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 4, li. 28.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 417.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 32.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15. ――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.――――A town of Phocis. =Cleōne=, a daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Cleonīca=, a young virgin of Byzantium, whom Pausanias king of Sparta invited to his bed. She was introduced into his room when he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning lamp which was by the side of the bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden noise, and thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, and he was anxious to make a proper expiation to her manes. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c. =Cleonīcus=, a freedman of Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 45. =Cleonnis=, a Messenian who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Cleony̆mus=, a son of Cleomenes II., who called Pyrrhus to his assistance, because Areus his brother’s son had been preferred to him in the succession; but the measure was unpopular, and even the women united to repel the foreign prince. His wife was unfaithful to his bed, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――A general who assisted the Tarentines, and was conquered by Æmilius the Roman consul. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A person so cowardly that _Cleonymo timidior_ became proverbial. =Cleŏpăter=, an officer of Aratus. =Cleŏpātra=, the granddaughter of Attalus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had divorced Olympias. When Philip was murdered by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order of Olympias, and put to death. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A sister of Alexander the Great, who married Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 20.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 6; bk. 13, ch. 6.――――A harlot of Claudius Cæsar.――――A daughter of Boreas. _See:_ Cleobula.――――A daughter of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. She married Meleager son of king Œneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 552.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Amyntas of Ephesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――――A wife of Tigranes king of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. _Justin_, bk. 38, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor’s son, because he ascended the throne without her consent. She was suspected of preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink it herself, B.C. 120.――――A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes, who raised her son Alexander a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whose interest the people favoured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condition, however, that he should repudiate his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca his younger sister. She afterwards raised her favourite Alexander to the throne; but her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and when Alexander heard it, he put her to death. _Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――――A queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy Dionysius, celebrated for her beauty and her cunning. She admitted Cæsar to her arms, to influence him to give her the kingdom, in preference to her brother who had expelled her, and had a son by him called Cæsarion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear before him. She arrayed herself in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared before her judge in the most captivating attire. Her artifice succeeded; Antony became enamoured of her, and publicly married her, forgetful of his connections with Octavia the sister of Augustus. He gave her the greatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This behaviour was the cause of a rupture between Augustus and Antony; and these two celebrated Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon after Antony followed. Antony killed himself upon the false information that Cleopatra was dead; and as his wound was not mortal, he was carried to the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of the windows of the monument, where she had retired and concealed herself. Antony soon after died of his wounds; and Cleopatra, after she had received pressing invitations from Augustus, and even pretended declarations of love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp not to fall into the conqueror’s hands. She had previously attempted to stab herself, and had once made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extravagant woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls in her drink to render her entertainment more sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she advised Antony to make war against the richest nations, to support her debaucheries. Her beauty has been greatly commended, and her mental perfections so highly celebrated, that she has been described as capable of giving audience to the ambassadors of seven different nations, and of speaking their various languages as fluently as her own. In Antony’s absence, she improved the public library of Alexandria, with the addition of that of Pergamus. Two treatises, _De medicamene faciei epistolæ eroticæ_, and _De morbis mulierum_, have been falsely attributed to her. She died B.C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged 39. Egypt became a Roman province at her death. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Appian_, bk. 5, _Civil Wars_.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Antonius_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 21, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. ――――A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and afterwards Physcon of Cyrene. =Cleopatris=, or =Arsinoe=, a fortified town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf. =Cleophănes=, an orator. =Cleophanthus=, a son of Themistocles, famous for his skill in riding. =Cleŏphes=, a queen of India, who submitted to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she had a son. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10. =Cleophŏlus=, a Samian, who wrote an account of Hercules. =Cleŏphon=, a tragic poet of Athens. =Cleophȳlus=, a man whose posterity saved the poems of Homer. _Plutarch._ =Cleopompus=, an Athenian, who took Thronium, and conquered the Locrians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, chs. 26 & 58.――――A man who married the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some have supposed that she had two husbands. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6. =Cleoptolĕmus=, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11. =Cleŏpus=, a son of Codrus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Cleora=, the wife of Agesilaus. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_. =Cleostrătus=, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent among the Thespians, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――――An ancient philosopher and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Christ. He first found the constellations of the zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar. =Cleoxĕnus=, wrote a history of Persia. =Clepsy̆dra=, a fountain of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31. =Cleri=, a people of Attica. =Clesides=, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by representing her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such personal beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the artist. =Cleta= and =Phaenna=, two of the Graces, according to some. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Clidēmus=, a Greek who wrote the history of Attica. _Vossius_, _historicis græcis_, bk. 3. =Climax=, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by the projection of a brow into the Mediterranean sea. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Climĕnus=, a son of Arcas descended from Hercules. =Clinias=, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 23.――――A son of Alcibiades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 17.――――The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of Coronea. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B.C. 263. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――――A friend of Solon. _Plutarch_, _Solon_. =Clinippĭdes=, an Athenian general in Lesbos. _Diodorus_, bk. 12. =Clinus= of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicostratus and the Argives, as he passed the Nile. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Clio=, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history. She is represented crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in the other. Sometimes she holds a _plectrum_ or quill with a lute. Her name signifies honour and reputation (κλεος, _gloria_); and it was her office faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnus. She was also mother of Hymenæus and Ialemus, according to others. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 75.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――One of Cyrene’s nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341. =Clisithera=, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she was murdered. =Clisthĕnes=, the last tyrant of Sicyon. _Aristotle._――――An Athenian of the family of Alcmæon. It is said that he first established ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after restored. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 66, &c. ――――A person censured as effeminate and incontinent. _Aristotle_. ――――An orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 7. =Clitæ=, a people of Cilicia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 55.――――A place near mount Athos. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 11. =Clitarchus=, a man who made himself absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.――――An historian, who accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5. =Clite=, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself when she saw her husband dead. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Orpheus._ =Cliternia=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Clitodēmus=, an ancient writer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15. =Clitomăchus=, a Carthaginian philosopher of the third academy, who was pupil and successor to Carneades at Athens, B.C. 128. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――An athlete of a modest countenance and behaviour. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 30. =Clitonymus=, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy. =Clitophon=, a man of Rhodes, who wrote a history of India, &c. =Clitor=, a son of Lycaon.――――A son of Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called after his name. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8. Ceres, Æsculapius, Ilythia, the Dioscuri, and other deities, had temples in that city. There is also in this town a fountain called _Clitorium_, whose waters gave a dislike for wine. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.――_Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.――――A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12. =Clitoria=, the wife of Cimon the Athenian. =Clitumnus=, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen white. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 10, li. 25.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 146.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. =Clitus=, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander. Though he had saved the king’s life in a bloody battle, yet Alexander killed him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable for the loss of his friend, whom he had sacrificed in the hour of his drunkenness and dissipation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 6. ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, &c.――――A commander of Polyperchon’s ships, defeated by Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. ――――An officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, against the Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. ――――A Trojan prince killed by Teucer.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a book on Miletus. =Cloacīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the Cloacæ. Some suppose her to be Venus, whose statue was found in the _Cloacæ_, whence the name. The Cloacæ were large receptacles for the filth and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished by Tarquin the Proud. They were built all under the city; so that, according to an expression of Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended between heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones so large, that though they were continually washed by impetuous torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacæ, called _Curatores Cloacarum urbis_. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 48.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Cloanthus=, one of the companions of Æneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome were descended. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122. =Clodia=, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An opulent matron at Rome, mother of Decimus Brutus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.――――A vestal virgin. _See:_ Claudia.――――Another of the same family who successfully repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the procession of her father in his triumph through the streets of Rome. _Cicero_, _For Marcus Cælius_.――――A woman who married Quintus Metellus, and afterwards disgraced herself by her amours with Cœlius, and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. _For Marcus Cælius._ =Clodia lex=, _de Cypro_, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C. 695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato to go with the pretorian power and see the auction of the king’s goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, A.U.C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors. ――――Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 696, to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian.――――Another, _de Provinciis_, A.U.C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly, Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with proconsular power. It empowered them to defray the expenses of their march from the public treasury.――――Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same distribution of corn among the people _gratis_, as had been given them before at six _asses_ and a _triens_ the bushel.――――Another, A.U.C. 695 by the same, _de Judiciis_. It called to an account such as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people, and all the formalities of a trial.――――Another, by the same, to pay no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair was before the people.――――Another, to make the power of the tribunes free, in making and proposing laws.――――Another, to re-establish the companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa, but since his time abolished. =Clodii forum=, a town of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Publius Clōdius=, a Roman descended from an illustrious family, and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself in women’s clothes into the house of Julius Cæsar, whilst Pompeia, Cæsar’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was accused for this violation of human and divine laws; but he corrupted his judges, and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with pretorian power in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero; and by his influence he banished him from Rome, partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero’s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; which, however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him. Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero took upon himself. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――_Appian_ _on Cicero_, bk. 2.――_Cicero_, _for Milo_ & _On his House_.――_Dio Cassius._――――A certain author, quoted by _Plutarch_.――――Licinius, wrote a history of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 22.――――Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Nero’s age. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with Marcus Antony, whose preceptor he was. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Rhetoricians_.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_. =Clœlia=, a Roman virgin, given, with other maidens, as hostages to Porsonna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by her countrymen with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 651.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 265.――――A patrician family descended from Clœlius, one of the companions of Æneas. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Clœliæ fossæ=, a place near Rome. _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_. =Clœlius Gracchus=, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Quinctius Cincinnatus the dictator.――――Tullus, a Roman ambassador, put to death by Tolumnius king of the Veientes. =Clonas=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_. =Clonia=, the mother of Nycteus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Clonius=, a Bœotian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Trojan killed by Messapus in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 749.――――Another, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574. =Clotho=, the youngest of the three Parcæ, daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or, according to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand, and spun the thread of life, whence her name (κλωθειν, _to spin_). She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered with a variegated robe. _See:_ Parcæ. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 218. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Cluacīna=, a name of Venus, whose statue was erected in that place where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape of the virgins. _See:_ Cloacina. =Cluentius=, a Roman citizen, accused by his mother of having murdered his father, 54 years B.C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_. =Cluilia fossa=, a place five miles distant from Rome. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 39. =Clŭpea= and =Cly̆pea=, now _Aklibia_, a town of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, which receives its name from its exact resemblance to a shield, _clypeus_. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 586. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 29.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2, ch. 23. =Clusia=, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom Valerius Torquatus the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged and destroyed his town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the ground unhurt. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. =Clusīni fontes=, baths in Etruria. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 9. =Clusium=, now _Chiusi_, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsena was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was a lake called _Clusina lacus_, which extended northward as far as Arretium, and had a communication with the Arnus, which falls into the sea at Pisa. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, lis. 167 & 655. =Clusius=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. _Polybius_, bk. 2.――――The surname of Janus, when his temple was shut. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 130. =Cluvia=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49. =Cluvius Rufus=, a questor, A.U.C. 693. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 56.――――A man of Puteoli appointed by Cæsar to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ch. 7. =Clymĕne=, a daughter of Oceanus and ♦Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menœtius, and Epimetheus. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. _Hyginus_.――――The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenopæus. _Hyginus_, fable 71.――――A daughter of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――The mother of Phaeton by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 756.――――A Trojan woman. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――The mother of Homer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24. ――――A female servant of Helen, who accompanied her mistress to Troy, when she eloped with Paris. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 267. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144. ♦ ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’ =Clymeneĭdes=, a patronymic given to Phaeton’s sisters, who were daughters of Clymene. =Clymĕnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon and father of Erginus, Stratius, Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him, made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37.――――One of the descendants of Hercules, who built a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――A son of Phoroneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.――――A king of Elis. _Pausanias._――――A son of Œneus king of Calydon. =Clysony̆mus=, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Clytemnestra=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda. She was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos. She had before married Tantalus son of Thyestes, according to some authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin Ægysthus to take care of his wife, of his family, and all his domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the conduct of the guardian as well as that of Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamemnon, Ægysthus made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and he resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers at his return. He was prevented from putting his scheme into execution; Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes would also have been deprived of his life, like his father, had not his sister Electra removed him from the reach of Clytemnestra. After this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married Ægysthus, and he ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven years, returned to Mycenæ, resolved to avenge his father’s murder. He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and indigent circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when Ægysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the god for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who with his faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulterers and killed them with his own hand. They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. _See: _ Ægysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Electra. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 22.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_.――_Hyginus_, fables 117 & 140.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 19.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 471.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 9. =Clytia=, or =Clytie=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole intrigue to her rival’s father. Apollo despised her the more for this, and she pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly called a sunflower, which still turns its head towards the sun in his course, as in pledge of her love. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 3, &c.――――A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of Pelops by Tantalus.――――A concubine of Amyntor son of Phrastor, whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accused son Phœnix. ――――A daughter of Pandarus. =Clytius=, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.――――A youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 325.――――A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against the gods. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 251. ――――A son of Æolus, who followed Æneas in Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 744.――――A son of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17. =Clytus=, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 302. =Cnacadium=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24. =Cnacălis=, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23. =Cnagia=, a surname of Diana. =Cnemus=, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful in an expedition against the Acarnanians. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c. =Cneus=, or =Cnæus=, a prænomen common to many Romans. =Cnidinium=, a name given to a monument near Ephesus. =Cnidus= and =Gnidus=, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made by Praxiteles. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15. =Cnopus=, one of the descendants of Codrus, who went to settle a colony, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Cnossia=, a mistress of Menelaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Cnossus=, or =Gnossus=, a town of Crete, about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 27. =Co=, =Coos=, and =Cos=, now _Zia_, one of the Cyclades, situate near the coasts of Asia, about 15 miles from the town of Halicarnassus. Its town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypalæa. It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous for its fertility, for the wine and silkworms which it produced, and for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate texture. The women of the island always dressed in white; and their garments were so clear and thin, that their bodies could be seen through, according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9. The women of Cos were changed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they reproached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon’s flocks through their territories. _Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 29.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 101.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 23. ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 2; bk. 2, poem 1, li. 5; bk. 4, poem 2, li. 23.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 298. =Coamani=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Coastræ=, and =Coactræ=, a people of Asia near the Palus Mæotis. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 246. =Cobares=, a celebrated magician of Media, in the age of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 4. =Cōcălus=, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received Dædalus, when he fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of Cocalus destroyed him. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 261. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Cocceius Nerva=, a friend of Horace and Mecænas, and grandfather to the emperor Nerva. He was one of those who settled the disputes between Augustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his retreat in Campania, and starved himself to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 58; bk. 6, ch. 26.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 27.――――An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still in being, the present cathedral of Naples.――――A nephew of Otho. _Plutarch._――――A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 72. =Coccygius=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36. =Cocintum=, a promontory of the Brutii, now Cape _Stilo_. =Cocles Publius Horatius=, a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though severely wounded in the leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the Tiber, and swam across with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services. He had the use only of _one eye_, as _Cocles_ signifies. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 650. =Coctiæ= and =Cottiæ=, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus. _Tacitus_, _Histories_. =Cocȳtus=, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from κωκυειν, _to weep and to lament_. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water, and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have made the poets call it one of the rivers of hell, hence _Cocytia virgo_, applied to Alecto, one of the furies. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 38; bk. 4, li. 479; _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 297, 323; bk. 7, li. 479. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――A river of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake. =Codanus sinus=, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Codomănus=, a surname of Darius III. king of Persia. =Codrĭdæ=, the descendants of Codrus, who went from Athens at the head of several colonies. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2. =Codropŏlis=, a town of Illyricum. =Codrus=, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidæ made war against Athens, the oracle declared that the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in battle. The Heraclidæ upon this gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country. He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the christian era. To pay greater honour to his memory, the Athenians made a resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands of perpetual archons. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man who, with his brothers, killed Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 49.――――A Latin poet contemporary with Virgil. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7. ――――Another in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a proverb. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 203. =Cœcilus=, a centurion. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_. =Cœla=, a place in the bay of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 47.――――A part of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Cœlaletæ=, a people of Thrace. =Cœlesyria= and =Cœlosyria=, a country of Syria, between mount Libanus and Antilibanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was Damascus.――――Antiochus Cyzicenus gave his name to that part of Syria which he obtained as his share when he divided his father’s dominions with Grypus, B.C. 112. _Dionysius Periegetes._ =Cœlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_. The Cœlian family, which was plebeian, but honoured with the consulship, was descended from Vibenna Cœles, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus. =Cœlius=, a Roman, defended by Cicero.――――Two brothers of Tarracina accused of having murdered their father in his bed. They were acquitted when it was proved that they were both asleep at the time of the murder. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――――A general of Carbo.――――An orator. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_. ――――A lieutenant of Antony’s.――――Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age of Ticerius.――――A man who, after spending his all in dissipation and luxury, became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.――――A Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121. ――――A hill of Rome. _See:_ Cælius. =Cœlus=, or =Urānus=, an ancient deity, supposed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some, amounted to 45. They were called Titans, and were so closely confined by their father, that they conspired against him, and were supported by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn armed himself with this scythe, and deprived his father of the organs of generation, as he was going to unite himself to Terra. From the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown into the sea, and from them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of beauty. _Hesiod_, &c. =Cœnus=, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died of a distemper, in his return from India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Cœrănus=, a stoic philosopher. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 52. ――――A person slain by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 157.――――A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He was killed by Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 610. =Coes=, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign master of his country by Darius. His countrymen stoned him to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, chs. 11 & 38. =Coeus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria, &c., by Phœbe. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 135 & 405.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 279.――――A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33. =Cogamus=, a river of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Cogidūnus=, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 14. =Cohibus=, a river of Asia, near Pontus. =Cohors=, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men. It was the tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was under the same fluctuation as that of the legions, being sometimes more and sometimes less. =Colænus=, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some accounts. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31. =Colaxias=, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c. =Colaxes=, a son of Jupiter and Ora. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 48. =Colchi=, the inhabitants of Colchis. =Colchis= and =Colchos=, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, now called _Mingrelia_. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country arises the epithets of _Colchus_, _Colchicus_, _Colchiachus_, and Medea receives the name of _Colchis_. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 640.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 418.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13, li. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 24; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 28. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 3. =Colenda=, a town of Spain. =Colias=, now _Agio Nicolo_, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a man’s foot, where Venus had a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 96. =Collatia=, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was there that Sextus Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 37, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 774. =Lucius Tarquinius Collatīnus=, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to whom Sextus Tarquin offered violence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls. As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary banishment. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――One of the seven hills of Rome. =Collīna=, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 871.――――A goddess at Rome, who presided over hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus. =Collucia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 306. =Junius Colo=, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21. =Colōnæ=, a place of Troas. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Colōne=, a city of Phocis,――――of Erythræa,――――of Thessaly,――――of Messenia.――――A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus. =Colōnia Agrippina=, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now _Cologne_. ――――Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now _Noyon_. ――――Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now _Terrouen_, in Artois. ――――Norbensis, a town of Spain, now _Alcantara_.――――Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now _Kellen_, near Cleves.――――Valentia, a town of Spain, which now bears the same name. =Colōnos=, an eminence near Athens, where Œdipus retired during his banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title of Œdipus _Coloneus_ to one of his tragedies. =Colŏphon=, a town of Ionia, at a small distance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Codrus. It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 20.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 54.――_Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8. =Colosse= and =Colossis=, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the government was democratical, and the first ruler called archon. One of the first christian churches was established there, and one of St. Paul’s epistles was addressed to it. _Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 9. =Colossus=, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and everything in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the work of Chares the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; and after it had remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partially demolished by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large contributions to repair it, divided the money amongst themselves, and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at 36,000_l._ English money. =Colotes=, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 8.――――A disciple of Epictetus.――――A follower of Epicurus, accused of ignorance by _Plutarch_.――――A sculptor who made a statue of Æsculapius. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Colpe=, a city of Ionia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Colubraria=, now _Monte Colubre_, a small island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Columbra=, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 17.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15. =Columella Lucius Junius Moderatus=, a native of Gades, who wrote, among other works, 12 books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and the work displays the genius of a naturalist, and the labours of an accurate observer. The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735, and reprinted there 1772. =Columnæ Hercŭlis=, a name given to two mountains on the extremest parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean. They were called _Calpe_ and _Abyla_, the former on the coast of Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, at the distance of only 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero separated them, and opened a communication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.――――Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 351.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 262. =Colūthus=, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, an imitation of Homer. The composition remained long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus. =Colyttus=, a tribe of Athens. =Comagēna=, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, the birthplace of Lucian. _Strabo_, bks. 11 & 17. =Comāna= (a and orum), a town of Pontus. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 34.――――Another in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of Bellona, where there were above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but the king of the country. This high office was generally conferred upon one of the royal family. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 66. ――_Flaccus_, bk. 7, li. 636.――_Strabo_, bk. 12. =Comania=, a country of Asia. =Comarea=, the ancient name of Cape _Comorin_ in India. =Comări=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Comărus=, a port in the bay of Ambracia, near Nicopolis. =Comastus=, a place of Persia. =Combabus=, a favourite of Stratonice wife of Antiochus. =Combe=, a daughter of Ophius, who first invented a brazen suit of armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children, who had conspired to murder her. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 382. =Combi=, or =Ombi=, a city of Egypt on the Nile. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 35. =Combrēa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123. =Combutis=, a general under Brennus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 22. =Comētes=, the father of Asterion, and one of the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 356.――――One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 284.――――A son of Thestius, killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.――――One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of Persia. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――An adulterer of Ægiale.――――A son of Orestes. =Cometho=, a daughter of Pterilaus, who deprived her father of a golden hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Quintus Cominius=, a Roman knight, who wrote some illiberal verses against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 31. =Comitia= (orum), an assembly of the Roman people. The word is derived from _Comitium_, the place where they were convened, _quasi a cum eundo_. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at the top, in the first ages of the republic; so that the assembly was often dissolved in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some _consularia_, for the election of the consuls; others _prætoria_, for the election of pretors, &c. These assemblies were more generally known by the name of _Comitia_, _Curiata_, _Centuriata_, and _Tributa_. The _Curiata_ was when the people gave their votes by curiæ. _Centuriata_ were not convened in later times. _See:_ Centuria. Another assembly was called _Comitia Tributa_, where the votes were received from the whole tribes together. At first the Roman people were divided only into three tribes; but as their numbers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the public officers of state. They could be dissolved by one of the tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues. If one among the people was taken with the falling sickness, the whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is called _morbus comitialis_. After the custom of giving their votes _vivâ voce_ had been abolished, every one of the assembly, in the enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R., that is, _uti rogas_, be it as is required; on the other was an A., that is, _antiquo_, which bears the same meaning as _antiquam volo_, I forbid it; the old law is preferable. If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A.’s, the law was approved constitutionally; if not, it was rejected. Only the chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the consuls, the dictator, the pretor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These were called _majores magistratus_; to whom one of the _minores magistratus_ was added, the tribune of the people. =Comius=, a man appointed king over the Attrebates, by Julius Cæsar, for his services. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21. =Commagēne.= _See:_ Comagena. =Commodus Lucius Aurelius Antoninus=, son of Marcus Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel, and fond of indulging his licentious propensities; and regardless of the instructions of philosophers, and of the decencies of nature, he corrupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys, for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called Hercules, like that hero he adorned his shoulders with a lion’s skin, and armed his hands with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in killing the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared bare-headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded with sunbeams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had prepared, poisoned him; but as the poison did not quickly operate, he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 192. It has been observed, that he never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. _Herodian._ =Commoris=, a village of Cilicia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4. =Comon=, a general of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 26. =Compĭtālia=, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or, according to some, Servius Tullius, instituted them on account of an oracle which ordered him to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims; but Junius Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, thought it sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they enjoyed their freedom. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 140.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4. =Compsa=, now _Consa_, a town of the Hirpini in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius. =Compustus=, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109. =Compusa=, a town of Bithynia. =Comum=, now _Como_, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards called _Novo Comum_ by Julius Cæsar, who transplanted a colony there, though it resumed its ancient name. It was the birthplace of the younger Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Livy_, bk. 34, chs. 36 & 37.――_Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 1, ltr. 3.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 35. =Comus=, the god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal entertainments. During his festivals, men and women exchanged each other’s dress. He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. He is more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning himself when the heat of the falling torch scorched his side. _Philostratus_, bk. 2, _Imagines_.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones romanæ_. =Concăni=, a people of Spain, who lived chiefly on milk mixed with horses’ blood. Their chief town, _Concana_, is now called _Sanlinala_, or _Cangas de Onis_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 463.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 361.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 34. =Concerda=, a town belonging to Venice in Italy. =Concordia=, the goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised a temple in the Capitol, where the magistrates often assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote the peace and union of families and citizens. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_. ――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _On his House_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 639; bk. 6, li. 637. =Condate=, a town of Gaul, now _Rennes_ (_Rhedonum urbs_), in Britany. =Condlaus=, an avaricious officer, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_. =Condivicnum=, a town of Gaul, now _Nantes_, in Britany. =Condochātes=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. =Condrūsi=, a people of Belgium, now _Condrotz_, in Liege. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 6. =Condy̆lia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23. =Cone=, a small island at the mouth of the Ister, supposed to be the same as the _insula Conopôn_ of _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 200. =Conetōdūnus= and =Cotuatus=, two desperate Gauls, who raised their countrymen against Rome, &c.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Confluentes=, a town at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, now _Coblentz_. =Confucius=, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B.C. =Congēdus=, a river of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 9. =Coniăci=, a people of Spain, at the head of the Iberus. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Conimbrĭca=, a town of Spain, now _Coimbra_ of Portugal. =Conisaltus=, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lampsacus. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Coniscī=, a people of Spain. =Connīdas=, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians instituted a festival called _Connideia_. It was then usual to sacrifice to him a ram. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Conon=, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made governor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in a naval battle by Lysander, near the Ægospotamos. He retired in voluntary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country from slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement, where Pisander, the enemy’s admiral, was killed. By his means the Athenians fortified their city with a strong wall, and attempted to recover Ionia and Æolia. He was perfidiously betrayed by a Persian, and died in prison, B.C. 393. _Cornelius Nepos_, _De Viris Illustribus_.――_Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Artaxerxes_.――_Isocrates. _――――A Greek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen’s locks, which had been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had since disappeared, were become a constellation. He was intimate with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B.C. _Catullus_, poem 67.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3, li. 40.――――A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius Cæsar, who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, still extant, preserved by Photius.――――There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the same name. =Consentes=, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 superior gods, the _Dii majorum gentium_. The word signifies as much as _consentientes_, that is, who consented to the deliberations of Jupiter’s council. They were 12 in number, whose names Ennius has briefly expressed in these lines: _Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo._ _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_ =Consentia=, now _Cosenza_, a town in the country of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 28, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Considius Æquus=, a Roman knight, &c. _Tacitus._――――Caius, one of Pompey’s adherents, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2, ch. 23. =Consilinum=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Constans=, a son of Constantine. _See:_ Constantius. =Constantia=, a granddaughter of the great Constantine, who married the emperor Gratian. =Constantīna=, a princess, wife of the emperor Gallus.――――Another of the imperial family. =Constantinopŏlis=, now _Stamboul_, formerly Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great, and solemnly dedicated A.D. 330. It was the capital of the eastern Roman empire, and was called after its foundation, _Roma nova_, on account of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The beauty of its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration of every age. Constantinople became long the asylum of science and of learned men, but upon its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th May, 1453, the professors retired from the barbarity of their victors, and found in Italy the protection which their learning deserved. This migration was highly favourable to the cause of science, and whilst the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and the emperor, munificently supported the fugitives, other princes imitated their example, and equally contributed to the revival of literature in Europe. =Constantīnus=, surnamed _the Great_, from the greatness of his exploits, was son of Constantius. As soon as he became independent he assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius, his brother-in-law and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. It is said that as he was going to fight against Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this inscription, ἐν τουτῳ νικα, _in hoc vince_. From this circumstance he became a convert to christianity and obtained an easy victory, ever after adopting a cross or _abarum_ as his standard. After the death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius, who had reigned together, though in a subordinate manner, Constantine became sole emperor, and began to reform the state. He founded a city in the most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly stood, and called it by his own name, _Constantinopolis_. Thither he transported part of the Roman senate; and by keeping his court there, he made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence, and from that time the two imperial cities began to look upon each other with an eye of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine, a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital of the eastern, dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished for personal courage, and praised for the protection which he extended to the christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their opinions. His murder of his son Crispus has been deservedly censured. By removing the Roman legions from the garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians, and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths, and received into his territories 300,000 Samartians, who had been banished by their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate. Constantine was learned, and preached as well as composed many sermons, one of which remains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory and success. He left three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, among whom he divided his empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion, was conquered by the armies of his brother Constans, and killed in the 25th year of his age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the provinces of Rhætia, murdered Constans in his bed, after a reign of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius, the only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A.D. 353, punished his brother’s murderer, and gave way to cruelty and oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed independent emperor by his soldiers.――――The name of Constantine was very common to the emperors of the east, in a later period.――――A private soldier in Britain, raised on account of his name to the imperial dignity. ――――A general of Belisarius. =Constantius Chlorus=, son of Eutropius and father of the great Constantine, merited the title of Cæsar, which he obtained by his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague of Galerius, on the abdication of Docletian; and after bearing the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York, and made his son his successor, A.D. 306.――――The second son of Constantine the Great. _See:_ Constantinus.――――The father of Julian and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A.D. 337. ――――A Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia the sister of Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoyed only seven months. He died universally regretted, 421 A.D., and was succeeded by his son Valentinian in the west.――――One of the servants of Attila. =Consuāles Ludi=, or =Consuālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Consus, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered under the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival, when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhibited in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spectators of the games. They were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, however, that Romulus only regulated and reinstituted them after they had been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which happened about the middle of August, horses, mules, and asses were exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned with garlands and flowers. _Ausonius_, bk. 69, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 199.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Consul=, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of one year. There were two consuls, a _consulendo_, annually chosen in the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen; but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius. It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be 43 years of age, called _legitimum tempus_. He was always to appear at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to have discharged the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people, and ♦misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their office was the _prætexta_, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards exchanged for the _toga picta_ or _palmata_. They were preceded by 12 lictors, carrying the _fasces_, or bundle of sticks, in the middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the _fasces_ by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his successor. The consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude. While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children, and he was generally called _consul major_ or _prior_. As their power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors; and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the name of the consuls, and by _Marcus Tullius Cicerone_ & _L. Antonio Consulibus_, for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood. This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called _scipio eburneus_, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city, arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces were assigned them, without drawing by lot, by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12 lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival of their successor. At their return they harangued the people, and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority but the useless ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three months by Julius Cæsar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of January denominated the year, and were called _ordinarii_. Their successors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of _suffecti_. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship, and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 consuls in one year. Constantine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted them to be a whole year in office.――――Here is annexed a list of the consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls was totally extinguished. ♦ ‘misbehavour’ replaced with ‘misbehaviour’ The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C. 244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins, and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about 16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and the Capitol was dedicated. A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles, Scævola, and Clœlia. A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued. A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Herminus. Victories obtained over the Sabines. A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the Sabines continued. A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2. A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of Publicola. A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virginius; Spurius Cassius. Sabine war. A.U.C. 253. Postumius Cominius; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome. A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus. A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus Æbutius Elva. A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Clœlius. War with the Latins. A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus; Marcus Minucius. A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virginius. The battle of Regillæ. A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci. A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virginius; Titus Veturius. The dissatisfied people retired to Mons Sacer. A.U.C. 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Spurius Cassius 2. A reconciliation between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes. A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome. A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace. A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci. A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make declarations of war. A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies. A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated. A.U.C. 268. Spurius Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cassius aspires to tyranny. A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornelius; Quintus Fabius. Cassius is condemned, and thrown down the Tarpeian rock. A.U.C. 270. Lucius Æmilius; Cæsio Fabius. The Æqui and Volsci defeated. A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius. A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the Æqui. A.U.C. 273. Cæsio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the Æqui and Veientes. A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cnæus Manlius. Victory over the Hernici. A.U.C. 275. Cæsio Fabius 3; Titus Virginius. The march of the Fabii to the river Cremera. A.U.C. 276. Lucius Æmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued against the neighbouring states. A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of the 300 Fabii. A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virginius. Menenius brought to his trial for the defeat of the armies under him. A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius. A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes. A.U.C. 281. Lucius Æmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions. A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius. A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed against the Æqui. A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius Æmilius. Appius is cited to take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial. A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virginius. A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius. A.U.C. 287. Tiberius Æmilius 2; Quintus Fabius. A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius. A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome. A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius. A.U.C. 291. Lucius Æbutius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome. A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus. A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies at Rome, and seditions. A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made dictator; he quelled the dissensions at Rome, and returned to his farm. A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornelius. The census made the Romans amount to 132,049. A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged in his camp by the Æqui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days after his election. A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the Æqui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five. A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virginius. A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius. A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius. A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius. A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitolinus. The Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables. A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, &c. The Decemvirs assume the reins of government, and preside with consular power. A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence. Appius endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who is killed by her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decemvirs are banished. A.U.C. 306. Lars Herminius; Titus Virginius. A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles. A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Furius. The Æqui and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated. A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law passed to permit the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry. A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius; Lucius Atilius; Titus Clœlius. They abdicated three months after their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius Atratinus. A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macerinus 2; Titus Quintius Capitolinus 5. The censorship instituted. A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius Æbutius Cornicen. A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Crassus. A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macerinus; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Mælius attempts to make himself king. A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus. A.U.C. 316. Mamercus Æmilius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius king of the Veientes killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal spoils called _Opima_. A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Crassus. A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virginius. A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virginius 2. The duration of the censorship limited to 18 months. A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fossius; Lucius Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls. A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator Posthumius. A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Crassus; Lucius Julius. A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus. A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Titus Quintus Pennus 2. A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2. A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Posthumius; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician families. Victory over the Veientes. A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius Atratinus; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Lucius Horatius Barbatus. A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius Atratinus; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people. A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitolinus. A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus; Caius Servilius. A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, &c. A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c. A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. A.U.C. 340. Cnæus Cornelius Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes stoned to death by the army. A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus, consuls. Domestic seditions. A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus. A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius Atratinus. Spurius Nautius Rutilus. A.U.C. 344. Mamercus Æmilius; Caius Valerius Potitus. A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2. Plebeians for the first time questors. A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, &c. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Medullinus, &c. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cnæus Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first received pay. A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. The siege of Veii begun. A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus &c. Military tribunes. A.U.C. 351. Manlius Æmilius Mamercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin to receive pay. A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes. A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, &c. A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians. A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, &c. A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, &c. A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, &c. A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, &c. A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, &c. Camillus declared dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. The people wished to remove to Veii. A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.; Falisci surrendered to the Romans. A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15 successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and it is rejected. A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the censors dies. A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after march towards Rome. A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the Gauls. A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virginius, &c. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans. A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas; Lucius Julius Iulus. A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cnæus Sergius; Lucius Æmilius, &c. A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c. A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornelius, &c. The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty. A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornelius Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus; Marcus Furius ♦Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock. ♦ ‘Carnillus’ replaced with ‘Camillus’ A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, &c. A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, &c. A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, &c. A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii. A.U.C. 375. Cnæus Manlius, &c. A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, &c. A.U.C. 377. Lucius Æmilius, &c. A.U.C. 378. } For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or A.U.C. 379. } military tribunes elected, but only for that A.U.C. 380. } time, Lucius Sextinus; Caius Licinius Calvus A.U.C. 381. } Stolo, tribunes of the people. A.U.C. 382. } A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, &c. A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books. A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitolinus; Spurius Servilius, &c. A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole dictator, without consuls or tribunes. A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Veturius Crassus, &c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future to be elected from among the plebeians. A.U.C. 388. Lucius Æmilius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian; consuls. The offices of pretor and curule ædile granted to the senate by the people. A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died. A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo. A.U.C. 391. Cnæus Genucius; Lucius Æmilius. A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the _Dii manes_. A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle. A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus. A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Manlius. A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated. A.U.C. 397. Caius Marcinus; Cnæus Manlius 2. A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius Lænas 2. A dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time. A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2; both of patrician families. A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius. A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3. A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus. A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A censor elected for the first time from the plebeians. A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius Lænas 3; Lucius Cornelius Scipio. A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Crassus. Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul. A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius Lænas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty of amity concluded with Carthage. A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius. A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius Pætilius. A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus. A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus. A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of the Campanians. They obtained a victory. A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius. A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus. A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins. A.U.C. 415. Tiberius Æmilius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo. A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius Mænius. The Latins conquered. A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius Ælius Pætus. The pretorship granted to a plebeian. A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Cæso Duillius. A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus. A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Posthumius. A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius Pætilius Libo. A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornelius 2; Cnæus Domitius. A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Valerius Potitus. A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Caius Plautius Venno. A.U.C. 425. Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius. A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornelius Scapula. A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2. A.U.C. 428. Caius Pætilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus. A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Scæva. The dictator Papirius ♦Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a famous victory. He pardons him. ♦ ‘Curso’ replaced with ‘Cursor’ A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor. A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus. A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius. A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvinus 2; Spurius Posthumius Albinus 2. Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Caudium. A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3. A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2. A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fossius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno. A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius Æmilius Barbula. A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius. A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4. A.U.C. 440. Marcus Pætilius; Caius Sulpicius. A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2. A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct. A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus Æmilius Barbula 2. A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius. A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor. A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2. A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius. A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornelius Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus. A.U.C. 449. Lucius Posthumius; Tiberias Minucius. A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The Æqui conquered. A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornelius. A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus Æmilius. A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors. A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood made common to the plebeians. A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius Pætinus; Titus Manlius Torquatus. A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Cnæus Fulvius. A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars against the Samnites. A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the Etrurians and Samnites. A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victory. A.U.C. 460. Lucius Posthumius Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus. A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites. A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Scæva. Victory over the Samnites. A.U.C. 463. Lucius Posthumius 3; Caius Junius Brutus. Æsculapius brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus. A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus. A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus Cædicius Noctua. A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornelius Arvina. A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Nautius. A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius Ælius Pætus. A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius Cænina; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; Cæcilius Metellus. War with the Senones. A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornelius Dolabella; Cnæus Domitius Calvinus. The Senones defeated. A.U.C. 472. Qelius Æmilius; Caius Fabricius. War with Tarentum. A.U.C. 473. Lucius Æmilius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum. A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius Lævinus: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Lævinus, and though victorious sues for peace, which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and 272,222 citizens were found. A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus. A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabricius Luscinus 2; Quintus Æmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage renewed. A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Crotona and Locri taken. A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy. A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius. A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornelius Merenda. A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius Cænina 2. An embassy from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans. A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum surrenders. A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius. A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cnæus Cornelius. A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver money coined at Rome for the first time. A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Crassus. A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally. A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius. A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The number of the questors doubled to eight. A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war. Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of gladiators first instituted. A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at Rome, brought from Catana. A.U.C. 492. Lucius Posthumius Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the Carthaginians. A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Crassus. A.U.C. 494. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The naval victory and triumph of Duillius. A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus. Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica. A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Calatinus; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle. A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cnæus Cornelius Blasio. A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus Cædicius. At the death of Cædicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land in Africa. A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius Pætinus Nobilior; Marcus Æmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Carthaginians. A.U.C. 500. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans. A.U.C. 501. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. The Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas. A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus. Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797. A.U.C. 503. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover their power by sea. A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most excruciating torments. A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm. A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2. A.U.C. 507. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222. A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Crassus; Marcus Fabius Licinius. A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus. A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. A.U.C. 511. Caius Fundanius Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A fleet built by individuals at Rome. A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands Ægates. Peace made between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Sicily. A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount to 260,000. A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto. A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto. The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome. A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assistance against Antiochus Theos. A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia. A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa, about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome. A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus. A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage. A.U.C. 522. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Marcus Publicius Malleolus. A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pomponius Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The first divorce known at Rome. A.U.C. 524. Marcus Æmilius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the Illyrians. A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. The building of new Carthage. A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus. A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two new pretors added to the other pretors. A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Messala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of battle 770,000 men. A.U.C. 529. Lucius Æmilius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near Telamon. A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender. A.U.C. 531. Caius Flaminius; Publius Furius Philus. A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called _opima_. A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornelius; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain. A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built. A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Salinator; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. War with Illyricum. A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Annibal. A.U.C. 537. Cnæus Servilius; Caius Flaminius 2. A famous battle near the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of Cnæus Scipio in Spain. A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of Cannæ. Annibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and his army is totally defeated by the Scipios. A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio. A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by sea and land. A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse continued. A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province. Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios conquered in Spain. A.U.C. 543. Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain with proconsular power. A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 4; Marcus Valerius Lævinus 2. The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio. A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio. A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5; Titus Quintius Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated. A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal passes the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into Annibal’s camp. The Romans make war against Philip. A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus Cæcilius. Scipio obtains a victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Romans. A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Publius Licinius Crassus. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa. A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of families found in Rome. A.U.C. 551. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy by the Carthaginian senate. A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage. A.U.C. 553. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Ælius Pætus. Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio triumphs. A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War with the Macedonians. A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The Macedonian war continued. A.U.C. 556. Sextus Ælius Pætus; Titus Quintius Flaminius. Philip defeated by Quintius. A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornelius Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him peace. A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The independence of Greece proclaimed by Flaminius at the Isthmian games. A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato’s victories in Spain, and triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians. A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sempronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus. A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornelius Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms. A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flamininus; Cnæus Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver them. A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus. A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Lælius. The fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio. A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cnæus Manlius Vulso. War with the Gallogrecians. A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Livius Salinator. Antiochus dies. A.U.C. 567. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Flaminius. The Ligurians reduced. A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philippus. The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome. A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria. A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome. A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. Gauls invade Italy. A.U.C. 572. ♦Cnæus Bæbius Tamphilus; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. Death of Philip. ♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Cnæus’ A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornelius Cethegus; Marcus Bæbius Tamphilus 2. Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome. A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated. A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acidinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip. A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso. A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The Istrians defeated. A.U.C. 578. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius Spurinus. A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Scævola. A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius Lænas. A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius Lænas; Publius Ælius Ligur. War declared against Perseus. A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Crassus; Caius Cassius Longinus. Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans. A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serranus. A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philippus 2; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. The campaign in Macedonia. A.U.C. 586. Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Crassus. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus. A.U.C. 587. Quintus Ælius Pætus; Marcus Junius Pennus. A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Sulpicius Galba. A.U.C. 589. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus. A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Cassius Longus. A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna. A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria. A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Fannius Strabo. A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus. A.U.C. 595. Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior. A.U.C. 596. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Popilius Lænas. A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius Cæsar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War against the Dalmatians. A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2. A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2. A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus. A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain. A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flamininus; Manius Acilius Balbus. War between the Carthaginians and Masinissa. A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Manius Manlius Nepos. The Romans declare war against Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed. A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. Carthage besieged. A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio. A.U.C. 608. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth. A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius Æmilianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius. A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta. A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians. A.U.C. 612. Lucius Metellus Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus. A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. A.U.C. 614. Caius Lælius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. The wars with Viriatus. A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Calpurnius Piso. A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes. A.U.C. 617. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars against Numantia. A.U.C. 618. ♦Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serranus. ♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’ A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso. A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus. A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Scævola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi. Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome. A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius Lænas; Publius Rupillus. A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Crassus; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. In the census are found 313,823 citizens. A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos. A.U.C. 626. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus. A.U.C. 627. Lucius Cassius Longus; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. A revolt of slaves in Sicily. A.U.C. 628. ♦Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Marcus’ A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hypsæus; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. A.U.C. 630. Caius Cassius Longinus; ♦Caius Sextius Calvinus. ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’ A.U.C. 631. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Titus Quintius Flamininus. A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Gracchus. A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated. A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo. A.U.C. 635. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta. A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex. A.U.C. 637. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus; Quintus Mutius Scævola. A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus. A.U.C. 639. Marcus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Æmilius Scaurus. A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato. A.U.C. 641. Caius Cæcilius Metellus; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans declare war against Jugurtha. A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by ♦Jugurtha. ♦ ‘Jugartha’ replaced with ‘Jugurtha’ A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus. A.U.C. 645. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Junius Silanus. Success of Metellus against Jugurtha. A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus. Metellus continues the war. A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Cassius. The war against Jugurtha continued with vigour by Marius. A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serranus; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; ♦Cnæus Mallius Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones. ♦ ‘Corn. Maniius’ replaced with ‘Cnæus Mallius’ A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march towards Spain. A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri defeated in Spain. A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius. A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy, and are defeated by Marius and Catulus. A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions against Metellus. A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Metellus is gloriously recalled. A.U.C. 656. ♦Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos; Titus Didius. ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Quintus’ A.U.C. 657. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Licinius Crassus. A.U.C. 658. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Cassius Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people. A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Crassus; Quintus Mucius Scævola. Seditions of Norbanus. A.U.C. 660. Caius Cœlius Caldus; Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus. A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome. A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philippus; Sextus Julius Cæsar. The allies prepare to revolt. A.U.C. 664. ♦Lucius Julius Cæsar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with the Marsi. ♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’ A.U.C. 665. Cnæus Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate. A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornelius Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies. A.U.C. 667. Cnæus Octavius; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter. A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornelius Cinna 2. Marius died, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic war. A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 3; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by Sylla. A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 4; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates. A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla. A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who makes himself dictator. A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs over Africa. A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornelius Sylla Felix 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates. A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship. A.U.C. 676. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla dies. A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus Æmilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Sertorius in Spain. A.U.C. 678. Cnæus Octavius; ♦Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius defeated. ♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’ A.U.C. 679. ♦Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered by Perpenna. ♦ ‘Cn.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’ A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war. A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Cassius ♦Longinus. The gladiators make head against the Romans with much success. ♦ ‘Varus Spartacus’ replaced with ‘Longinus’ A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals. A.U.C. 683. Cnæus Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia. A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Crassus; Cnæus Pompeius Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to above 900,000. A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the invasion of Parthia. A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes. A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes against the pirates. A.U.C. 688. Manius Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy. A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Success of Pompey in Asia. A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius Cæsar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there. A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates poisons himself. Catiline conspires against the state. Cicero discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents. A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Muræna. Pompey triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus. A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Messala Niger. A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Metellus Celer. A reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and Cæsar. A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius Cæsar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Cæsar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains the government of Gaul for five years. A.U.C. 696. ♦Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Successes of Cæsar in Gaul. ♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’ A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cæsar’s success and victories. A.U.C. 698. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus; Lucius Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus. A.U.C. 699. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cæsar continued for five years more in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain. A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of Cæsar. A.U.C. 701. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Marcus Valerius Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius. A.U.C. 702. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards took for colleague, Quintus Cæcilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the Gauls crushed by Cæsar. A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Rise of the jealousy between Cæsar and Pompey. A.U.C. 704. Lucius Æmilius Paulus; ♦Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Cicero proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between Cæsar and Pompey. ♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’ A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Marcellus; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Cæsar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cæsar made dictator. A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius Cæsar 2; Publius Servilius Isauricus. Cæsar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of Cæsar in Egypt. A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vatinius. Power and influence of Cæsar at Rome. He reduces Pontus. A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius Cæsar 3; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. Cæsar defeats Pompey’s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica. A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius Cæsar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator and Imperator, &c. A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius Cæsar 5; Marcus Antonius. Cæsar meditates a war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against Cæsar, and murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power. The rise of Octavius. A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a public enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus. A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory of Julius Cæsar. Brutus and Cassius join their forces against Augustus and Antony. A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius. A.U.C. 714. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Caius Asinius Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short duration. A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Caius Calvisius Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alliance. A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to whom were substituted Caius Octavianus and Quintus Pedius. Sext. Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea to oppose Augustus. A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He builds the famous harbour of Misenum. A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom he is put to death. A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornificus Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by Augustus. A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. Augustus and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another division of the provinces. Cæsar obtains the west, and Antony the east. A.U.C. 721. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra. A.U.C. 722. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Sosius. Dissensions between Augustus and Antony. A.U.C. 723. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 3; Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors, happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth. =Consus=, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was covered in the Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called _Consualia_, during the celebration of which the Romans carried away the Sabine women. _See:_ Consuales ludi. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. ――_Ausonius_, ltr. 69, & Ecolgue 13, poem 23, _on Roman festivals_, li. 19.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Consygna=, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lascivious deportment. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40. =Contadesdus=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 90. =Contubia=, a town in Spain. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17. =Coon=, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_. =Coos=, =Cos=, =Cea=, and =Co=, an island of the Ægean sea. _See:_ Co. =Copæ=, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Copais lacus=, now _Limne_, a lake of Bœotia, into which the Cephisus and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its excellent eels. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24. =Cophas=, a son of Artabazus. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.――――A river of India. _Dionysius Periegetes._ =Cophontis=, a burning mountain of Bactriana. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 106. =Copia=, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing a horn filled with grapes, fruits, &c. =Copillus=, a general of the Tectosagæ, taken by the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_. =C. Coponius=, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in the interest of Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Divinatione_, ch. 8. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 83. =Coprates=, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. =Copreus=, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycenæ at the death of Iphitus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Coptus= and =Coptos=, now _Kypt_, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 28. =Cora=, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 392.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775. =Coracēsium= and =Coracensium=, a maritime town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20. =Coraconāsus=, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25. =Coraletæ=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 81. =Coralli=, a savage people of Pontus. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 2, li. 37. =Coranus=, a miser. _See:_ ♦Nascia. ♦ ‘Nascia’ not referenced =Coras=, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, who fought against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 672. =Corax=, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary of his pupils. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 12; _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 20.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――――A king of Sicyon.――――A mountain of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 30. =Coraxi=, a people of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 5. =Corbeus=, a Gaul, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 6. =Corbis= and =Orsua=, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 21. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11. =Corbŭlo Domitius=, a prefect of Belgium, who, when governor of Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be murdered; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, “I have well deserved this!” A.D. 66. His name was given to a place (_Monumentum_) in Germany, which some suppose to be modern _Groningen_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18. =Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively _Drepane_, _Scheria_, and _Phæacia_, and now bears the name of _Corfu_. Some Corinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when banished from their country, 703 years before the christian era. A colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which was carried on by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was called _Corcyrean_, became but a preparation for the Peloponnesian war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that such as were found on the island of Crete were always put to death. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 512.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 32.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6. =Cordŭba=, now _Cordova_, a famous city of Hispania Bætica, the native place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 57.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Cordyla=, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught there (_Cordylæ_). _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 15. ――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 1. =Core=, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals called _Coreia_ were instituted to her honour in Greece. =Coressus=, a hill near Ephesus. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 100. =Corĕsus=, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Bœotia, who was deeply enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence. The Calydonians were directed by the oracle to appease the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which afterwards bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21. =Corētas=, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_. =Corfinium=, now _San Ferino_, the capital of the Peligni, three miles from the Aternus, which falls into the Adriatic. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 478.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 522. =Coria=, a surname of Minerva among the Arcadians. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23. =Corinna=, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her father’s name was Archelodorus. It is said that she obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her competitor; but it must be acknowledged that her beauty greatly contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of which only some few verses remain. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.――――A woman of Thespis, celebrated for her beauty.――――Ovid’s mistress was also called Corinna. _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 6. =Corinnus=, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem of Corinnus. =Corinthiăcus sinus=, is now called the gulf of Lepanto. =Corinthus=, an ancient city of Greece, now called _Corito_, situated on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus son of Æolus, A.M. 2616, and received its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. Its original name was _Ephyre_; and it is called _Bimaris_, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus and the Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and delivered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by Lucius Mummius the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. The riches which the Romans found there were immense. During the conflagration, all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together, and formed that valuable composition of metals which has since been known by the name of _Corinthium Æs_. This, however, appears improbable, especially when it is remembered that the artists of Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation of _Corinthian brass_ afterwards stamped an extraordinary value on pieces of inferior worth. There was there a famous temple of Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty; whence the proverb of _Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthian_, to show that all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much expense. Julius Cæsar planted a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its former grandeur. The government of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B.C., when officers called Pyrtanes were instituted. The war which has received the name of _Corinthian war_, because the battles were fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon. Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; the former, in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with the Lacedæmonian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days after Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battles were fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 58.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 70.――_Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 28.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 36.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 2.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 106.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 14; _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 44; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――――An actor at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 197. =Coriŏlānus=, the surname of Caius Martius from his victory over Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest honours. When master of the place, he accepted, as the only reward, the surname of Coriolanus, a horse and prisoners, and his ancient host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment; and when the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus insisted that it should be sold for money, and not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people against him for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the influence of the senators, and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most friendly reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched at the head of the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bade them prepare for war. He pitched his camp only at the distance of five miles from the city; and his enmity against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia, and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons to go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his family was tender and affecting. He remained long inexorable; but at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To show their sense of Volumnia’s merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a temple to _Female Fortune_. The behaviour of Coriolanus, however, displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people of Antium; but the clamours which his enemies raised were so prevalent, that he was murdered at the place appointed for his trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourning for his loss. Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 22. =Coriŏli= and =Coriolla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the Romans under Caius Martius, called from thence Coriolanus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 33. =Corissus=, a town of Ionia. =Coritus.= _See:_ Corytus. =Cormasa=, a town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15. =Cormus=, a river near Assyria. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 14. =Cornēlia lex=, _de Civitate_, was enacted A.U.C. 670, by Lucius Cornelius Sylla. It confirmed the Sulpician law, and required that the citizens of the eight newly elected tribes should be divided among the 35 ancient tribes.――――Another, _de Judiciis_, A.U.C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the pretor should always observe the same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the process should not depend upon his will.――――Another, _de Sumptibus_, by the same. It limited the expenses which generally attended funerals. ――――Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It restored to the college of priests the privilege of choosing the priests, which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the people.――――Another, _de Municipiis_, by the same, which revoked all the privileges which had been some time before granted to the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil wars.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, by the same, which gave the power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age, to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and partisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of the privilege of standing for any office of the state.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It ordained that no person should exercise the same office within 10 years’ distance, or be invested with two different magistracies in one year.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tribunes of the privilege of making laws interfering, holding assemblies, and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable of holding any other office in the state by that law.――――Another, _de Majestate_, by the same, A.U.C. 670. It made it treason to send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders, to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive general of the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court without previous leave. The punishment was, _aquæ et ignis interdictio_.――――Another, by the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and the setting fire to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should give their verdict _clam_ or _palam_, _vivâ voce_ or by _ballot_. ――――Another, by the same, which made it _aquæ et ignis interdictio_ to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of wills, corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence were deemed as guilty as the offender.――――Another, _de pecuniis repetundis_, by which a man convicted of peculation or extortion in the provinces was condemned to suffer the _aquæ et ignis interdictio_.――――Another, by the same, which gave the power to such as were sent into the provinces with any government, of retaining their command and appointment, without a renewal of it by the senate, as was before observed.――――Another, by the same, which ordained that the lands of proscribed persons should be common, especially those about Volaterræ and Fesulæ in Etruria, which Sylla divided among his soldiers.――――Another, by Caius Cornelius, tribune of the people, A.U.C. 686, which ordained that no person should be exempted from any law, according to the general custom, unless 200 senators were present in the senate; and no person thus exempted could hinder the bill of his exemption from being carried to the people for their concurrence.――――Another, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war against Perseus, son of Philip king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper satisfaction to the Roman people. =Cornēlia=, a daughter of Cinna, who was the first wife of Julius Cæsar. She became mother of Julia, Pompey’s wife, and was so affectionately loved by her husband, that at her death he pronounced a funeral oration over her body. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A daughter of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her husband Publius Crassus. She has been praised for her great virtues. When her husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on shore in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dying groans without the possibility of aiding him. She attributed all his misfortunes to his connection with her. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_. ――――A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but she preferred being the wife of a Roman citizen to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended, as well as the wholesome principles which she inculcated in her two sons. When a Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels at Cornelia’s house, and entreated her to favour her with a sight of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, “These are the only jewels of which I can boast.” In her lifetime, a statue was raised to her, with this inscription, _Cornelia mater Gracchorum_. Some of her epistles are preserved. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 167.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 58; _de Claris Oratoribus_, ch. 58.――――A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domitian’s age, as guilty of incontinence. _Suetonius_, _Domitian_. =Cornēlii=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who foretold the beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia. ――――Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that Augustus intended to remove her from the monument, where she had retired.――――An officer of Sylla, whom Julius Cæsar bribed to escape the proscription which threatened his life.――――Cethegus, a priest, degraded from his office for want of attention.――――Cnæus, a man chosen by Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship.――――Balbus, a man who hindered Julius Cæsar from rising up at the arrival of the senators.――――Cossus, a military tribune during the time that there were no consuls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the spoils called _opima_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19.――――Balbus, a man of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was ably defended when accused.――――A freedman of Sylla the dictator.――――Scipio, a man appointed master of the horse by Camillus, when dictator.――――Gallus, an elegiac poet. _See:_ Gallus.――――Merula, was made consul by Augustus, in the room of Cinna.――――Marcellus, a man killed in Spain by Galba.――――Cornelius Nepos, an historian. _See:_ Nepos.――――Merula, a consul sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. His grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and when Marius entered the city he killed himself, by opening his veins.――――Gallus, a man who died in the act of copulation. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――――Severus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great genius. He wrote a poem on mount Ætna, and on the death of Cicero. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, li. 1.――――Thuscus, a mischievous person. ――――Lentulus Cethegus, a consul.――――Aulus Celsus, wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, and highly valued.――――Cnæus and Publius Scipio. _See:_ Scipio.――――Lentulus, a high priest, &c. _Livy._ ――_Plutarch._――_Valerius Maximus._――_Tacitus._――_Suetonius._ ――_Polybius._――_Cornelius Nepos_, &c. =Cornicŭlum=, a town of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Cornificius=, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia was also blessed with a poetical genius. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.――――A lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A friend of Cicero, and his colleague in the office of augur. =Cornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus. =Cornūtus=, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. _Persius_, bk. 5, li. 36.――――A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero. _Cicero_, bk. 10, ltr. 12.――――A Roman, saved from the proscription of Marius by his servants, who hung up a dead man in his room, and said it was their master. _Plutarch_, _Marius_. =Corœbus=, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of Cassandra for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire from the war. He was killed by Peneleus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341, &c.――――A courier of Elis, killed by Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in the 28th olympiad, from the institution of Iphitus; but this year has generally been called the first olympiad. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called Pœne, sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in the number of the furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, and he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build a temple where a tripod which was given him should fall from his hand. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43. =Corōna=, a town of Messenia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Coronēa=, a town of Bœotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, B.C. 394. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A town of Peloponnesus,――――of Corinth,――――of Cyprus,――――of Ambracia,――――of Phthiotis. =Corōnis=, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal partiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury saved the child from her womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say that she brought forth her son and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father’s resentment; and they further mention that Apollo had set a crow to watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called Æsculapius; and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a statue at Sicyon, in her son’s temple, which was never exposed to public view. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The daughter of Coronæus king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before Neptune. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 543.――――One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione. =Coronia=, a town of Acarnania. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 102. =Corōnus=, a son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of Phoroneus king of the Lapithæ. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Corrhāgium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27. =Corsi=, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans. =Corsia=, a town of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24. =Corsīca=, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled among them. They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, which was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the possession of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by the Romans, B.C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was considered as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding its present population.――_Strabo._ ――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 7, ch. 2. ――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 12, li. 10.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 30. =Corsote=, a town of Armenia. =Corsūra=, an island in the bay of Carthage. =Cortōna=, an ancient town of Etruria, called _Corytum_ by Virgil. It was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, chs. 20 & 26.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 22, ch. 4. =Corvīnus=, a name given to Marcus Valerius from a _crow_, which assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul.――――An orator. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――Messala, an eloquent orator, in the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. In his old age he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own name.――――One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to maintain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 108. =Tiberius Coruncānius=, the first plebeian who was made high priest at Rome.――――The family of the _Coruncanii_ was famous for the number of great men which it supplied for the service and honour of the Roman republic. _Cicero_, _On his House_. =Corus=, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 9. =Corybantes=, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence passed into Crete, and ♦secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele, who first introduced the rites of his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival at Cnossus in Crete called _Corybantica_, in commemoration of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 37.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 250. ♦ ‘secretely’ replaced with ‘secretly’ =Cory̆bas=, a son of Jasus and Cybele. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. =Corybassa=, a city of Mysia. =Cory̆bus=, a promontory of Crete. =Corycia=, a nymph, mother of Lycorus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6. =Cōry̆cĭdes=, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied to the Muses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 320. =Corycius=, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in taking care of his bees. He is represented by _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 12, &c., as a contented old man, whose assiduity and diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word _Corycius_ implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had settled in Italy. =Cory̆cus=, now _Curco_, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which produced excellent saffron. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 68.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 809.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――Another of Ionia, long the famous retreat of robbers.――――Another at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Cory̆don=, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occuring in the pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil. =Coryla= and =Coryleum=, a village of Paphlagonia. =Cory̆na=, a town of Ionia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17. =Corymbĭfer=, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of _corymbi_, certain berries that grow on the ivy. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 393. =Coryneta= and =Corynetes=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Coryphasium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36. =Coryphe=, a daughter of Oceanus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23. =Corythenes=, a place of Tegea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45. =Corythus=, a king of Corinth. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Corytus=, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put to death to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and mountain of Etruria, now _Cortona_, near which Dardanus was born. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 170; bk. 7, li. 209.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 123; bk. 4, li. 721. =Cos=, an island. _See:_ Co. =Cosa= and =Cossa=, or =Cŏsæ=, a town of Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 168.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 9, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 6.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 34. =Cosconius=, a Latin writer. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――――A wretched epigram writer. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 77. =Cosingas=, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 22. =Cosis=, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_. =Cosmus=, an effeminate Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 8. =Cossea=, a part of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Cossus=, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.――――A Roman who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the _Spolia Opima_, A.U.C. 317. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 841. =Cossutii=, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Cæsar’s wife, was descended. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 1. One of the family was distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced into Italy the more perfect models of Greece. =Costobœi=, robbers in Galatia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 34. =Cosȳra=, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 567. =Cotes= and =Cottes=, a promontory of Mauritania. =Cothon=, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. _Servius_ on _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 431.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3. =Cothonea=, the mother of Triptolemus. _Hyginus_, fable 147. =Cŏtĭso=, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 63.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18. =Cotōnis=, an island near the Echinades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Cotta Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by Mithridates. He was surnamed _Ponticus_, because he took Heraclea of Pontus by treachery. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An orator, greatly commended by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――――A governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sardanapalus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――――A spendthrift in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――An officer of Cæsar in Gaul. ――――A poet mentioned by ♦_Ovid_, _Epistulæ ex Ponto_. ♦ added author’s name ‘Ovid’ =Cottiæ Alpes=, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated from Gaul. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 37; _Nero_, ch. 18. =Cottus=, a giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 147.――――A man among the Ædui. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Cotyæum=, a town of Galatia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――Of Phrygia. =Cotyæus=, a surname of Æsculapius, worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19. =Cotylius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41. =Cotyora=, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Cotys=, the father of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45.――――A son of Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of Mæonia. ――――A king of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.――――Another, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 54.――――Another, king of Thrace, who divided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes from his banishment. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Annals_, ch. 64.――_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Epistulæ ex Ponto_, ltr. 9.――――A king of the Odrysæ. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 29.――――A king of Armenia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bks. 11 & 13.――――Another, who imagined he should marry Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent. _Athenæus_, bk. 12. =Cotytto=, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called _Cotyttia_, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Baptæ, and nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration. A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. The goddess ♦Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proserpine or Ceres. _Horace_, epode 17, li. 58.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 91. ♦ ‘Corytto’ replaced with ‘Cotytto’ =Cragus=, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 21. =Crambūsa=, a town of Lycia. =Cranai=, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44. =Cranapes=, a Persian, &c. _Herodotus._ =Cranaus=, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A city of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Crane=, a nymph. _See:_ ♦Cara.――――A town of Arcadia. ♦ no reference found for ‘Cara’ =Craneum=, a gymnastic school at Corinth. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Cranii=, a town of Cephallenia. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30. =Cranon= and =Crannon=, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia, where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander’s death. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64. =Crantor=, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demoleon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 361. =Crassĭpes=, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 42. =Lucius Crassitius=, a man who opened a school at Rome. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_, ch. 18. =Crassus=, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.――――Marcus Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed _Rich_, on account of his opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances; but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome; and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour. When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon put an end to the war, and was honoured with an _ovatio_ at his return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and Cæsar. As his love of riches was more predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth. With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome, though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53. His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with which Crassus received the news of his son’s death, who perished in that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena, equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army. Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive. _Plutarch_ has written his life. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――――Publius, the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father. When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.――――Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator, commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book _On Oratory_ as the principal speaker.――――A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil wars, after Cæsar’s death. =Crastīnus=, a man in Cæsar’s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 29. =Cratais=, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 124. =Cratæus=, conspired against Archelaus, &c. _Aristotle._ =Crater=, a bay of Campania near Misenus. =Cratĕrus=, one of Alexander’s generals. He rendered himself conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the field, and wrote the history of Alexander’s life. He was greatly respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander’s death he subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321. He had received for his share of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece and Epirus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bks. 12 & 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 3.――_Arrian._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A physician of Atticus, mentioned by _Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.――――A painter whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.――――A famous sculptor. =Crates=, a philosopher of Bœotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle, and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters, whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters are extant. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at Rome, where he taught grammar. _Suetonius._――――A native of Pergamus, who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C. 165. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 17, ch. 9.――――A philosopher of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.――――An Athenian comic poet. =Cratesiclēa=, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of serving her country, &c. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_. =Cratesipŏlis=, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 58. =Cratesippĭdas=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the Athenians, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 13. =Cratēvas=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. =Crateus=, a son of Minos. =Crathis=, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――Another in Magna Græcia, whose waters were supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that drank them. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 315.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2. =Cratīnus=, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings, and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of ♦97 years, B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4.――_Quintilian._――――A wrestler of an uncommon beauty. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――――A river of Asia. _Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 2. ♦ ‘97, B.C. 431 years.’ replaced with ‘97 years, B.C. 431.’ =Cratippus=, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught Cicero’s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher defended. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 1. ――――An historian contemporary with Thucydides. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Craty̆les=, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates. =Crausiæ=, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus. =Crausis=, the father of Philopœmen. =Crauxĭdas=, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8. =Crĕmĕra=, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 205. ――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 155. =Cremides=, a place of Bithynia. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Cremma=, a town of Lycia. =Cremmyon= and =Crommyon=, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of uncommon bigness. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 435. =Cremni= and =Cremnos=, a commercial place on the Palus Mæotis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 2. =Cremōna=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 56.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19. =Cremōnis Jugum=, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to enter Italy. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. =Cremutius Cordus=, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 35; _Tiberius_, ch. 60, _Caligula_, ch. 16. =Crenis=, a nymph mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 313. =Creon=, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter Glauce to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a present a gown covered with poison. Glauce put it on and was seized with sudden pains. Her body took fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house was also consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce’s fate. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Euripides_, _Medea_. ――_Hyginus_, fable 25.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Menœtius father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Œdipus. At the death of Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx [_See:_ Sphinx] were intolerable, Creon offered his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. Œdipus was happy in his explanations, and he ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mutually agreed, after their father’s death, to reign in the kingdom each alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time, and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers. They both killed one another and Creon ascended the throne, till Leodamas the son of Eteocles should be of sufficient age to assume the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If this was in any manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone the sister of Polynices transgressed, and was accordingly punished. Hæmon the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him at the request of Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Argives. _See:_ Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, Œdipus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 56, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_.――_Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Hyginus_, fables 67 & 76.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――――The first annual archon at Athens. 684 B.C. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Creontiădes=, a son of Hercules by Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his father because he had slain Lycus. =Creŏphĭlus=, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he received a poem in return. Some say that he was that poet’s master, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――An historian. _Athenæus_, bk. 8. =Creperius Pollio=, a Roman, who spent his all in the most extravagant debauchery. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 6. =Cres=, an inhabitant of Crete.――――The first king of Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53. =Cresa= and =Cressa=, a town of Caria. =Cresius=, a hill of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44. =Cresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c. =Cressius=, belonging to Crete. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 70; bk. 8, li. 294. =Creston=, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called _Crestonia_. The inhabitants had each many wives; and when the husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 5. =Cresus= and =Ephesus=, two men who built the temple of Diana at Ephesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2. =Crēta=, now _Candia_, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its 100 cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established there. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves, their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c., that established themselves there. The island, after groaning under the tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feeling the scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Roman province, B.C. 66, after a war of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk was produced there and thence called _Creta_, and with it the Romans marked their lucky days in their calendar. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 10; epode 9.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 444; _Epistles_, bk. 10, li. 106.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 184.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 104.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Cretæus=, a poet mentioned by _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 29. =Crete=, the wife of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Deucalion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Cretea=, a country of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according to some traditions. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38. =Cretes=, inhabitants of Crete. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146. =Creteus=, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 774. ――――Another, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 538. =Cretheis=, the wife of Acastus king of Iolchos, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, because he refused to comply with her wishes, &c. She is called by some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. _Pindar_, _Nemean_, ch. 4. =Cretheus=, a son of ♦Æolus father of ♥Æson, by Tyro his brother’s daughter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c. ♦ ‘Œolus’ replaced with ‘Æolus’ ♥ ‘Œson’ replaced with ‘Æson’ =Crethon=, a son of Diocles, engaged in the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by ♦Æneas. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 540. ♦ ‘Œneas’ replaced with ‘Æneas’ =Cretĭcus=, a certain orator. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 67.――――A surname of Marcus Antony’s father. =Cressas=, a famous boxer. _Pausanias_, bk. 2. =Creūsa=, a daughter of Creon king of Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment, which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infidelity of Jason. Some call her Glauce. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 335. ――――A daughter of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba. She married Æneas, by whom she had some children, among which was Ascanius. When Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were separated in the midst of the confusion, and Æneas could not recover her, nor hear where she was. Cybele saved her, and carried her to her temple, of which she became priestess; according to the relation of Vigil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while he was seeking her in the tumult of war. She predicted to Æneas the calamities that attended him, the fame he should acquire when he came to Italy, and his consequent marriage with a princess of the country. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 562, &c.――――A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was mother of Janus by Apollo.――――A town of Bœotia. _Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32. =Creusis=, a naval station of the Thespians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32. =Criăsus=, a son of Argos king of Peloponnesus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Crinippus=, a general of Dionysius the elder. =Crinis=, a stoic philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A priest of Apollo. =Crinīsus= and =Crimīsus=, now _Caltabellota_, a river on the western parts of ♦Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the Carthaginian forces. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 38. The word in the various editions of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who exposed his daughter on the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by the sea monster which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Laomedon. _See:_ Laomedon. The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so disconsolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river in Sicily, and granted him the power of metamorphosing himself into whatever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce the neighbouring nymphs. ♦ ‘Cicily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’ =Crino=, a daughter of Antenor. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._ =Crison=, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olympia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23. =Crispīna=, a Roman matron, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, ch. 47. =Crispīnus=, a pretorian, who, though originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the acquisition of riches, raised to the honours of Roman knighthood by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 26.――――A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the foolish and tedious poem which he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own sect, to which _Horace_ alludes in the last verses of bk. 1, satire 1. =Crispus Sallustius.= _See:_ Sallustius.――――Virio, a famous orator. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The second husband of Agrippina. ――――Flavius Julius, a son of the Great Constantine, made Cæsar by his father, and distinguished for valour and extensive knowledge. Fausta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and when he refused, she accused him before Constantine, who believed the crime, and caused his son to be poisoned, A.D. 326. =Crissæus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of _Salona_. It received its name from _Crissa_, a town of Phocis, situate on the bay and near Delphi. =Critāla=, a town of Cappadocia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 26. =Crithēis=, a daughter of Melanippus, who became pregnant by an unknown person, and afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and brought forth the poet Homer, according to _Herodotus_, _Life of Homer_. =Crithōte=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. _Cornelius Nepos._ =Critias=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to death. He was killed in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished. He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_.――――A philosopher.――――A man who wrote on republics. ――――Another who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades. =Crito=, one of the disciples of Socrates, who attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dialogues, now lost. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A physician in the age of Artaxerxes Longimanus.――――An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all that had happened during eight particular years of his life.――――A Macedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pallene, of Persia, of the foundation of Syracuse, of the Getæ, &c. =Critobūlus=, a general of Phocis, at the battle of Thermopylæ, between Antiochus and the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 20.――――A physician in the age of Philip king of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――――A son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Crito_. =Critodēmus=, an ancient historian. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 76. =Critognātus=, a celebrated warrior of Alesia, when Cæsar was in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Critolāus=, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, who, with two brothers, fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an end to the long war between their respective nations. The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand his three bold antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at his return, his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned, on account of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards general of the Achæans, and it is said that he poisoned himself, because he had been conquered at Thermopylæ by the Romans. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to Rome, &c., 140 B.C. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_. ――――An historian who wrote about Epirus. =Crius=, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13. ――――A man of Ægina, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 50.――――A river of Achaia, called after a giant of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 27. =Crobialus=, a town of Paphlagonia. =Crobyzi=, a people of Thrace. =Crŏcăle=, one of Diana’s attendants. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. =Croceæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Crocodilopŏ1is=, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration; and they were so tame, that they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It was afterwards called Arsinoe. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. =Crocus=, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 283. =Crœsus=, the fifth and last of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Alyattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His court was the asylum of learning; and Æsop the famous fable-writer, among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with Solon, Crœsus wished to be thought the happiest of mankind; but the philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to poverty and domestic virtue. Crœsus undertook a war against Cyrus the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an army of 420,000 men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated, B.C. 548; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror’s hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim, “Solon!” with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his exclamation, and Crœsus repeated the conversation which he had once with Solon on human happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital, and at the recollection of the inconstancy of human affairs, he ordered Crœsus to be taken from the burning pile, and he became one of his most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Crœsus survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is unknown. He is celebrated for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, which he interpreted in his favour, and which was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Solon_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Cromi=, a people of Arcadia. =Cromītis=, a country of Arcadia. =Crommyon= and =Cromyon=, a place of Attica, where Perseus killed a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.――_Xenophon._――――A town near Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Cromna=, a town of Bithyna. =Cromus=, a son of Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Lycaon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Cronia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a condemned malefactor. =Cronium=, a town of Elis,――――of Sicily. =Crophi=, a mountain of Egypt, near which were the sources of the Nile, according to some traditions, in the city of _Sais_. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 28. =Crossæa=, a country situate partly in Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123. =Crotălus=, a navigable river of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Croton=, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Crŏtōna=, a town of Italy, still known by the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, founded 759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent warriors, and great wrestlers. Democedes, Alcmæon, Milo, &c., were natives of this place. It was surrounded with a wall 12 miles in circumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the attacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample glory, in being the place where Pythagoras established his school. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 47.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 96.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 24, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 2. =Crotoniatæ=, the inhabitants of Crotona. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Crotoniatis=, a part of Italy, of which Crotona is the capital. _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 35. =Crotopiădes=, a patronymic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus. =Crotōpias=, the patronymic of Linus grandson of Crotopus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 480. =Crotōpus=, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 480. =Crotus=, a son of Eumene the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29. =Crunos=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Crusis=, a place near Olynthos. =Crustŭmĕrium= and =Crustumeria=, a town of the Sabines. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 42, ch. 34.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 631. =Crustūmīnum=, a town of Etruria, near Veii, famous for pears; whence the adjective _Crustumia_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 88. =Crustŭmium=, =Crustunus=, and =Crusturnenius=, now _Conca_, a river flowing from the Apennines by Ariminum. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406. =Crynis=, a river of Bithynia. =Crypta=, a passage through mount Pausilypus. _See:_ Pausilypus. =Cteătus=, one of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 4. =Ctemene=, a town of Thessaly. =Ctenos=, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica. =Ctesias=, a Greek historian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king’s wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He wrote a history of the Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have partially preferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments of his compositions have been preserved by Photius, and are to be found in Wesseling’s edition of Herodotus. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Athenæus_, bk. 12. ――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――A sycophant of Athens.――――An historian of Ephesus. =Ctesibius=, a mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 135 years B. C. He was the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic instruments. He also invented a _clepsydra_, or water clock. This invention of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious. Water was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels communicated their regular motion to a small wooden image, which, by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours and months, which were engraved on a column near the machine. This artful invention gave rise to many improvements; and the modern manner of measuring time with an hour-glass is an imitation of the clepsydra of Ctesibius. _Vitruvius_, _On Architecture_, bk. 9, ch. 9.――――A cynic philosopher.――――An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C., and died in his 104th year. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_. =Ctesĭcle=, a general of Zacynthos. =Ctesidēmus=, a painter who had Antiphilus for pupil. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10. =Ctesilŏchus=, a noble painter, who represented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. =Ctesĭphon=, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, who advised his fellow-citizens publicly to present Demosthenes with a golden crown for his probity and virtue. This was opposed by the orator Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demosthenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a celebrated oration still extant, and Æschines was banished. _Demosthenes_ & _Æschines_, _On the Crown_.――――A Greek architect, who made the plan of Diana’s temple at Ephesus.――――An elegiac poet, whom king Attalus sat over his possessions in Æolia. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.――――A Greek historian, who wrote a history of Bœotia, besides a treatise on trees and plants. ♦_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A large village of Assyria, now _Elmodain_, on the banks of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia generally resided on account of the mildness of the climate. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26. ♦ ‘Put.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’ =Ctesippus=, a son of Chabrias. After his father’s death he was received into the house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and extravagancies. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A man who wrote a history of Scythia. ――――One of the descendants of Hercules. =Ctimĕne=, the youngest daughter of Laertes by Anticlea. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 334. =Cularo=, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, called afterwards _Gratianopolis_, and now _Grenoble_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_. =Cuma= and =Cumæ=, a town of Æolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods which entered their harbour during 300 years. They were called _Cumani_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A city of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumæ, of Æolia, before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called _Cumæi_ and _Cumani_. There was one of the Sibyls that fixed her residence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the _Cumæan_ Sibyl. _See:_ Sibyllæ.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 712; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 158; _Ex Ponto_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 41.――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 441.――_Livy_, bk. 4.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Cumānum=, a country house of Pompey, near Cumæ. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 10.――――Another of Varro. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Cunaxa=, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, famous for a battle fought there between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the younger, B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of battle with 113, 000 men, and the former’s forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had the principal care of the retreat. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――_Ctesias._ =Cuneus=, a cape of Spain, now _Algarve_, extending into the sea in the form of a wedge. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22. =Capāvo=, a son of Cycnus, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 186. =Cupentus=, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 539. =Cupīdo=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, god of love, and love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents. Cicero mentions three Cupids: one, son of Mercury and Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and the earth. There are, according to the more received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch; at other times he plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worshipped with the same solemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influence was extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknowledged, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit the earth, and even the gods themselves, were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes; and we find him in the Æneid putting on, at the request of his mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido’s court, where he inspired the queen with love. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 693, &c. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 121, &c.――_Oppian_, _Halieutica_, bk. 4.――_Cynegetica_, bk. 2.――_Bion_, _Idylls_, bk. 3. ――_Moschus._――_Euripides_, _Hippolytus_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poems 3, 11, &c. =Cupiennius=, a friend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for the nicety and effeminacy of his dress. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 36. =Cures=, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called _Quirites_, were carried to Rome, of which they became citizens. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 292; bk. 8, li. 638.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, lis. 477 & 480; bk. 3, li. 94. =Curētes=, a people of Crete, called also _Corybantes_, who, according to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was extensive, and they communicated it to many parts of ancient Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields and cymbals. As a reward for their attention, they were made priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had entrusted them with the care of Jupiter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 151.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 282; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 210. =Curētis=, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the Curetes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 136. =Curia=, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiæ. Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of his respective assembly. The sacrifices were called _Curionia_ and the priest _Curio_. He was to be above the age of 50. His morals were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all defects. The _Curiones_ were elected by their respective Curiæ, and above them was a superior priest called _Curio maximus_, chosen by all the Curiæ in a public assembly.――――The word _Curia_ was also applied to public edifices among the Romans. These were generally of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies of the priests, and of every religious order, for the regulation of religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was appointed for the senate, where they assembled for the despatch of public business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome, which more particularly claim our attention: _Curia Hostilia_, built by king Tullus Hostilius: _Curia Pompeii_, where Julius Cæsar was murdered; and _Curia Augusti_, the palace and court of the emperor Augustus.――――A town of the Rhœti, now _Coire_, the capital of the Grisons. =Curia lex=, _de Comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Curius Dentatus the tribune. It forbade the convening of the _Comitia_, for the election of magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate. =Curias.= _See:_ Curium. =Curiatii=, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5. ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 24. ♦=Caius Curio=, an excellent orator, who called Cæsar in full senate, _Omnium mulierum virum et omnium virorum mulierem_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 21, ch. 7.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 49.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――His son Caius Scribonius, was tribune of the people, and an intimate friend of Cæsar. He saved Cæsar’s life as he returned from the senate house, after the debates concerning the punishments which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of Catiline. He killed himself in Africa. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_, ch. 49.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 268. ♦ ‘Q.’ replaced with ‘Caius’ =Curiosolitæ=, a people among the Celtæ, who inhabited the country which now forms Lower Brittany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 11. =Curium=, a town of Cyprus, at a small distance from which, in the south of the island, there is a Cape, which bears the name of _Curias_. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 113. =Curius Dentātus Marcus Annius=, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude and frugality. He was three times consul, and was twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum. The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe him by the offer of large presents. He refused their offers with contempt, and said. “I prefer my earthen pots to all your vessels of gold and silver, and it is my wish to command those who are in possession of money, while I am deprived of it, and live in poverty.” _Plutarch_, _Marcus Cato_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 12, li. 41.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s cavalry, to whom six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, ♦bk. 1, ch. 24. ♦ Book number omitted in text. =Curtia=, a patrician family, which migrated with Tatius to Rome. =Curtīllus=, a celebrated epicure, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 52. =Marcus Curtius=, a Roman youth who devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country about 360 years B.C. A wide gap, called afterwards _Curtius lacus_, had suddenly opened in the forum, and the oracle had said that it never would close before Rome threw into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius immediately perceived that no less than a human sacrifice was required. He armed himself, mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which immediately closed over his head. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――Quintus Rufus. _See:_ Quintus.――――Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.――――Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4.――――Atticus, a Roman knight, who accompanied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4.――――Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped. _See:_ Marcus Curtius.――――Fons, a stream which conveyed water to Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as to be distributed through all the hills of the city. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15. =Curūlis magistratus=, a state officer at Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dictator, the consuls, the censors, the pretors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and therefore were called _curules magistratus_. The senators who had passed through the above-mentioned offices, were generally carried to the senate-house in ivory chairs, as also all generals in their triumphant procession to the Capitol. When names of distinction began to be known among the Romans, the descendants of curule magistrates were called _nobiles_, the first of a family who discharged that office were known by the name of _notii_, and those that had never been in office were called _ignobiles_. =Cussæi=, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the manes of Hephæstion. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Cusus=, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the _Vag_. =Cutilium=, a town of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a floating island, and of which the water was of an unusually cold quality. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Seneca_, _Naturales quaestiones_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 11. =Cyamosōrus=, a river of Sicily. =Cyăne=, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her father offered violence in a fit of drunkenness. She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pestilence, which, from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the country. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_――――A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured to assist Proserpine when she was carried away by Pluto. The god changed her into a fountain now called _Pisme_, a few miles from Syracuse. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 112.――――A town of Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――An inn-keeper, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 162. =Cyăneæ=, now _the Pavorane_, two rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the European coast, and, according to Strabo, there is only a space of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, which continually break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a darkening foam, and render the passage extremely dangerous. The ancients supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through the straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other objects, to draw nearer when navigators approached them. They were sometimes called _Symplegades_ and _Planetæ_. Their true situation and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 85.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, lis. 317 & 600.――_Lycophron_, li. 1285.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 34. =Cyanee= and =Cyanea=, a daughter of the Mæander, mother of Byblis and Caunus by Miletus, Apollo’s son. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 451. =Cyaneus=, a large river of Colchis. =Cyanippe=, a daughter of Adrastus. =Cyanippus=, a Syracusan, who derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god so inebriated him, that he offered violence to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the altar. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A Thessalian, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. =Cyaraxes=, or =Cyaxares=, son of Phraortes, was king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had invaded. He made war against Alyattes king of Lydia, and subjected to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign of 40 years, B.C. 585. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 73 & 103.――――Another prince, supposed by some to be the same as Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father’s dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. _Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_, bk. 1. =Cybēbe=, a name of Cybele, from ♦κυβηβειν, because in the celebration of her festivals men were driven to madness. ♦ ‘κυβμβειν’ replaced with ‘κυβηβειν’ =Cybĕle=, a goddess, daughter of Cœlus and Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by his wife Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon as she was born she was exposed on a mountain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her father’s court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mythologists are unanimous in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, and the violation of his promise was expiated by voluntary mutilation. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c., were not admitted in the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks and howlings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions; Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with her head covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580 years B.C. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing every year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the shrine of this goddess in the waters of the river Almon. There prevailed many obscenities in the observation of the festivals, and the priests themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to show their unbounded licentiousness by the impurity of their actions. _See:_ Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Corybantes, Galli, &c. _Augustine_, _City of God_, &c.――_Lactantius._――_Lucian_, _De Syria Dea_. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 252.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 566.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, lis. 210 & 361.――_Plutarch_, _de Garrulitate_.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.――_Cælius_, _Rhodiginus_, ♦bk. 18, ch. 17, &c. ♦ ‘8’ replaced with ‘18’ =Cybĕle= and =Cybela=, a town of Phrygia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Cybĕlus=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped. =Cy̆bĭra=, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybiraticus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33. =Cybistria=, a town of Cappadocia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15. =Cycesium=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pisa. =Cychreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis. After death he was honoured as a god in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, he made Telamon his successor, because he had freed the country from a monstrous serpent. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Cyclădes=, a name given to certain islands of the Ægean sea, those particularly that surround Delos as with a circle; whence the name (κυκλος, _circulus_). They were about 53 in number, the principal of which were Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades; but during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, they revolted from their ancient and natural allies. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Dionysius Periegeta._ ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 64.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 127; bk. 8, li. 692.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 247. =Cyclōpes=, a certain race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They had but one eye, in the middle of the forehead; whence their name (κυκλος, _circulus_, ὠψ, _oculus_). They were three in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was greater according to other mythologists, and in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their king. _See:_ Polyphemus. They inhabited the western parts of the island of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in their manners, the poets speak of them as men-eaters. The tradition of their having only one eye originates from their custom of wearing small bucklers of steel which covered their faces, and had a small aperture in the middle, which corresponded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity to mount Ætna, they have been supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancients, to be the work of the Cyclops, to render them more respectable; and we find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and that the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the produce of their labour. The Cyclops were reckoned among the gods, and we find a temple dedicated to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them all, because they had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son Æsculapius had been killed. From the different accounts given of the Cyclops by the ancients, it may be concluded that they were all the same people, to whom various functions have been attributed, which cannot be reconciled one to the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction or mythology. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 1 & 9.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 140.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 170; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 630; bk. 8, li. 418, &c.; bk. 11, li. 263. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 780; bk. 14, li. 249.――――A people of Asia. =Cycnus=, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by Hercules. The manner of his death provoked Mars to such a degree that he resolved severely to punish his murderer, but he was prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. _Hyginus_, fables 31 & 261.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_. ――――A son of Neptune, invulnerable in every part of his body. Achilles fought against him; but when he saw that his darts were of no effect, he threw him on the ground and smothered him. He stripped him of his armour, and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 3.――――A son of Hyrie, changed into a swan.――――A son of Sthenelus king of Liguria. He was deeply afflicted at the death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations he was metamorphosed into a swan. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 367.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 189.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――A horse’s name. _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_ li. 524. =Cydas=, a profligate Cretan, made judge at Rome by Antony. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, speeches 5 & 8. =Cydias=, an Athenian of great valour, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 21. ――――A painter who made a painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated piece was bought by the orator Hortensius, for 164 talents. _Pliny_, bk. 34. =Cydippe=, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 165. ――――The mother of Cleobis and Biton. _See:_ Cleobis.――――A girl beloved by Acontius. _See:_ Acontius.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 329. =Cydnus=, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where Alexander bathed when covered with sweat. The consequences proved almost fatal to the monarch. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 8. =Cydon=, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 335. =Cydon= and =Cydonia=, now _Canea_, a town of Crete, built by a colony from Samos. It was supposed that Minos generally resided there. Hence _Cydoneus_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 858.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 109.――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 60.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 229. =Cydonia=, an island opposite Lesbos. _Pliny_, bks. 2 & 4. =Cydrara=, a city of Phrygia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 30. =Cydrolāus=, a man who led a colony to Samos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Cygnus.= _See:_ Cycnus. =Cylabus=, a place near Argos in Peloponnesus. ♦_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_. ♦ ‘Piut.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’ =Cylbiani=, mountains of Phrygia where the Gayster takes its rise. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Cylices=, a people among the Illyrians. There was in their country a monument in honour of Cadmus. _Athenæus._ =Cylindus=, a son of Phryxus and Calliope. =Cyllabaris=, a public place for exercises at Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. _Pausanias_, _Corinthia_. =Cyllabărus=, a gallant of the wife of Diomedes, &c. =Cyllărus=, the most beautiful of all the Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. They perished both at the same time. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 408.――――A celebrated horse of Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 90. =Cyllen=, a son of Elatus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4. =Cyllēne=, the mother of Lycaon by Pelasgus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A naval station of Elis in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.――――A mountain of Arcadia, with a small town on its declivity, which received its name from Cyllen. Mercury was born there; hence his surname of _Cylleneius_, which is indiscriminately applied to anything he invented, or over which he presided. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 663.――_Horace_, epode 13, li. 13.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 17.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 139.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 146; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 147. =Cyllēnēius=, a surname of Mercury, from his being born on the mountain of Cyllene. =Cyllyrii=, certain slaves at Syracuse. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 155. =Cylon=, an Athenian who aspired to tyranny. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 71. =Cyma=, or =Cymæ=, the largest and most beautiful town of Æolia, called also _Phriconis_, and _Phricontis_, and _Cumæ_. _See:_ Cumæ. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 20.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149. =Cymodŏce=, =Cyme=, and =Cymo=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 255.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 388. =Cymōlus= and =Cimōlus=, an island of the Cretan sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463. =Cymŏthoe=, one of the Nereides, represented by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 148, as assisting the Trojans with Triton after the storm with which Æolus, at the request of Juno, had afflicted the fleet. =Cynara=, one of Horace’s favourites. Bk. 4, ode 1, li. 4. =Cynægīrus=, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage. He was brother to the poet Æschylus. After the battle of Marathon, he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teeth. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 114.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 9. =Cynæthium=, a town of Arcadia, founded by one of the companions of Æneas. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Cynāne=, a daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, who married Amyntas son of Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Cynāpes=, a river falling into the Euxine. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 10, li. 49. =Cynaxa.= _See:_ Cunaxa. =Cyneas.= _See:_ Cineas. =Cynesii= and =Cynetæ=, a nation on the remotest shores of Europe, towards the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 33. =Cynethussa=, an island in the Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Cynia=, a lake of Acarcania. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Cynĭci=, a sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes the Athenian. They received this name _à caninâ mordacitate_, from their canine propensity to criticize the lives and actions of men, or because, like dogs, they were not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires publicly. They were famous for their contempt of riches, for their negligence of their dress, and the length of their beards. Diogenes was one of their sect. They generally slept on the ground. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _De Officiis_, chs. 35 & 41. =Cynisca=, a daughter of Archidamus king of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the chariot-races at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Cyno=, a woman who preserved the life of Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 110. =Cynocephăle=, a town of Thessaly, where the proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of Macedon, and put an end to the first Macedonian war, B.C. 197. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 7. =Cynocephăli=, a nation of India, who have the head of a dog, according to some traditions. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2. =Cynophontis=, a festival of Argos, observed during the dog days. It received its name ἀπο του κυνας φονειν, _killing dogs_, because they used to kill all the dogs they met. =Cynortas=, one of the ancient kings of Sparta, son of Amyclas and Diomede. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Cynortion=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 27. =Cynos=, a town of Locris.――――Another in Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, was buried. =Cynosargres=, a surname of Hercules.――――A small village of Attica of the same name, where the Cynic philosophers had established their school. _Herodotus_, bks. 5 & 6. =Cynossēma= (_a dog’s tomb_), a promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba was changed into a dog, and buried. _Ovid_, bk. 13, _Metamorphoses_, li. 569. =Cynosūra=, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star which bears the same name. It is the same as the Ursa Minor. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107. =Cynthia=, a beautiful woman who was mistress to _Propertius_.――――A surname of Diana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born. =Cynthius=, a surname of Apollo, from mount Cynthus. =Cynthus=, a mountain of Delos, so high that it is said to overshadow the whole island. Apollo was surnamed _Cynthius_, and Diana _Cynthia_, as they were born on the mountain, which was sacred to them. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 36.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 304; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 346. =Cynūrenses=, a people of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Cynus=, a naval station of Opus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 1. =Cypărissi= and =Cyparissia=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Massenia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 31.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Cypărissus=, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite stag of Apollo’s, for which he was so sorry that he pined away, and was changed by the god into a cypress tree. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 680.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 121.――――A town near Delphi. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Cyphăra=, a fortified place of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13. =Cypriānus=, a native of Carthage, who, though born of heathen parents, became a convert to christianity, and the bishop of his countrymen. To be more devoted to purity and study, he abandoned his wife; and as a proof of his charity, he distributed his goods to the poor. He wrote 81 letters, besides several treatises, _De Dei gratiâ_, _De virginum habitu_, &c., and rendered his compositions valuable by the information which he conveys of the discipline of the ancient church, and by the soundness and purity of his theology. He died a martyr, A.D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian are that of Fell, folio, Oxford, 1682, and that reprinted Amsterdam, 1700. =Cyprus=, a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, who married Agrippa. ――――A large island in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of Cilicia, and at the west of Syria, formerly joined to the continent near Syria, according to Pliny. It has been anciently called _Acamantis_, _Amathusia_, _Aspelia_, _Cerastis_, _Colonia_ or _Colinia_, _Macaria_, and _Spechia_. It has been celebrated for giving birth to Venus surnamed _Cypris_, who was the chief deity of the place, and to whose service many places and temples were consecrated. It was anciently divided into nine kingdoms, and was for some time under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of the Persians. The Greeks made themselves masters of it, and it was taken from them by the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There were three celebrated temples there, two sacred to Venus, and the other to Jupiter. The inhabitants were given much to pleasure and dissipation. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 9. ――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 24; bk. 33, ch. 3; bk. 36, ch. 26.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Cypsĕlĭdes=, the name of three princes as descendants of Cypselus, who reigned at Corinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeeded by his son Periander, who left his kingdom, after a reign of 40 years, to Cypselus II. ♦=Cypsĕsus=, a king of Arcadia, who married the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen himself against the Heraclidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A man of Corinth, son of Eetion and father of Periander. He destroyed the Bacchiadæ, and seized upon the sovereign power, about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 30 years, and was succeeded by his son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron and Cypselus, who was insane. Cypselus received his name from the Greek word κυψελος, _a coffer_, because when the Bacchiadæ attempted to kill him, his mother saved his life by concealing him in a coffer. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 37. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 114; bk. 5, ch. 92, &c.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_.――――The father of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 35. ♦ ‘Cysĕsus’ replaced with ‘Cypsĕsus’ =Cyraunis=, an island of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 195. =Cyrbiāna=, a province of the Elymæans. =Cyre=, a fountain near Cyrene. =Cyrēnaĭca=, a country of Africa, of which Cyrene is the capital. _See:_ Cyrene. =Cyrēnaĭci=, a sect of philosophers who followed the doctrine of Aristippus. They placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and said that virtue ought to be commended because it gave pleasure. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Aristotle_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3. =Cyrēne=, the daughter of the river Peneus, of whom Apollo became enamoured. He carried her to that part of Africa which is called _Cyrenaica_, where she brought forth Aristæus. She is called by some daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapithæ and son of the Peneus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 321.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 7. ――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 9.――――A celebrated city of Libya, to which Aristæus, who was the chief of the colonists settled there, gave his mother’s name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and fertile plain, about 11 miles from the Mediterranean sea, and it became the capital of the country, which was called _Pentapolis_, on account of the five cities which it contained. It gave birth to many great men, among whom were Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades, Aristippus, &c. The town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B.C. 630, and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, B.C. 97, by king Ptolemy Appion. _Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 70. =Cyriades=, one of the 30 tyrants who harassed the Roman empire in the reign of Gallienus. He died A.D. 259. =Cyrillus=, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died A.D. 386. Of his writings, composed in Greek, there remain 23 _catecheses_, and a letter to the emperor Constantine, the best edition of which is by Milles, folio, Oxford, 1703.――――A bishop of Alexandria, who died A.D. 444. The best edition of his writings, which are mostly controversial, in Greek, is that of Paris, folio, 7 vols., 1638. =Cyrne=, a place of Eubœa. =Cyrnus=, a driver in the games which Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 342.――――A man of Argos, who founded a city of Chersonesus. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A river that falls into the Caspian sea. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――An island on the coast of Liguria, the same as Corsica; and called after Cyrnus the son of Hercules. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 30.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17. =Cyrræi=, a people of Æthiopia. =Cyrrhadæ=, an Indian nation. =Cyrrhes=, a people of Macedonia, near Pella. =Cyrrhestĭca=, a country of Syria near Cilicia, of which the capital was called _Cyrrhum_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 18. =Cyrrhus= and =Cyrus=, a river of Iberia in Asia. =Cyrsīlus=, an Athenian, stoned to death by his countrymen, because he advised them to receive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the power of Persia. _Demosthenes_, _de Coronâ_.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_, ch. 11. =Cyrus=, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages king of Media. His father was of an ignoble family, whose marriage with Mandane had been consummated on account of the apprehensions of Astyages. _See:_ Astyages. Cyrus was exposed as soon as born; but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who educated him as her own son. As he was playing with his equals in years, he was elected king in a certain diversion, and he exercised his power with such an independent spirit, that he ordered one of his play companions to be severely whipped for disobedience. The father of the youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the king of the ill treatment which his son had received from a shepherd’s son. Astyages ordered Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was Mandane’s son, from whom he had so much to apprehend. He treated him with great coldness; and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, escaped from his confinement, and began to levy troops to dethrone his grandfather. He was assisted and encouraged by the ministers of Astyages, who were displeased with the king’s oppression. He marched against him, and Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken prisoner, B.C. 559. From this victory the empire of Media became tributary to the Persians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made war against Crœsus king of Lydia, whom he conquered, B.C. 548. He invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon by drying the channels of the Euphrates, and marching his troops through the bed of the river, while the people were celebrating a grand festival. He afterwards marched against Tomyris the queen of the Massagetæ, a Scythian nation, and was defeated in a bloody battle, B.C. 530. The victorious queen, who had lost her son in a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, _Satia te sanguine quem sitisti_. Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus; but his history is not perfectly authentic. In the character of Cyrus he delineates a brave and virtuous prince, and often puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. The chronology is false; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given existence to persons whom no other historian ever mentioned. The _Cyropædia_, therefore, is not to be looked upon as an authentic history of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as showing what every good and virtuous prince ought to be. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 75, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 7. ――――The younger Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus, and the brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father, at the age of 16, to assist the Lacedæmonians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at the death of Nothus; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and would have been punished with death, had not his mother Parysatis saved him from the hands of the executioner by her tears and entreaties. This circumstance did not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus; he was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion, and levied troops under various pretences. At last he took the field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 Greeks under the command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, and Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his uncommon rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers met in person, and engaged with the most inveterate fury, and their engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 years B.C. Artaxerxes was so anxious of its being universally reported that his brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to death two of his subjects for boasting that they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were engaged in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle; and after the death of Cyrus, they remained victorious in the field without a commander. They were not, however, discouraged, though at a great distance from their country, and surrounded on every side by a powerful enemy. They unanimously united in the election of commanders, and traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual attacks of the Persians; and nothing is more truly celebrated in ancient history than the bold retreat of the 10,000. The journey that they made from the place of their first embarkation till their return, has been calculated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space of 15 months, including all the time which was devoted to take rest and refreshment. This retreat has been celebrated by Xenophon, who was one of their leaders, and among the friends and supporters of Cyrus. It is said, that in the letter he wrote to Lacedæmon to solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal blood, and his ability to drink more wine than his brother without being intoxicated. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――――A rival of Horace, in the affections of one of his mistresses, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 24.――――A poet of Panopolis, in the age of Theodosius. =Cyrus= and =Cyropŏlis=, a city of Syria, built by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose humanity in relieving them from their captivity they wished thus to commemorate. =Cyrus=, a river of Persia, now _Kur_. =Cyta=, a town of Colchis, famous for the poisonous herbs which it produced, and for the birth of Medea. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 693. ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 73. =Cytæis=, a surname of Medea, from her being an inhabitant of Cyta. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 7. =Cythēra=, now _Cesigo_, an island on the coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was from thence surnamed _Cytheræa_, and who rose, as some suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It was for some time under the power of the Argives, and always considered as of the highest importance to maritime powers. The Phœnicians had built there a famous temple to Venus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 262; bk. 10, li. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 288; bk. 15, li. 386; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 15.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 29. =Cythĕræa=, a surname of Venus. =Cythēris=, a certain courtesan, much respected by the poet Gallus, as well as by Antony. =Cythēron.= _See:_ Cithæron. =Cythērun=, a place of Attica. =Cytherus=, a river of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22. =Cythnos=, now _Thermia_, an island near Attica, famous for its cheese. It has been called _Ophiousa_ and _Dryopis_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 252. =Cytineum=, one of the four cities called Tetrapolis in Doris. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 107. =Cytissorus=, a son of Phryxus, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 197. =Cytōrus=, now _Kudros_, a mountain and town of Galatia, built by Cytorus son of Phryxus, and abounding in box-wood. _Catullus_, poem 4, li. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 311.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 437. =Cyzĭcum=, or =Cyzicus=, an island of the Propontis, about 530 stadia in circumference, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander joined it to the continent by two bridges, and from that time it was called a peninsula. It had two harbours called Panormus and Chytus, the first natural, and the other artificial. It became one of the most considerable cities of Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and relieved by Lucullus. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18. =Cyzĭcus=, a son of Œneus and Stilba, who reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received the Argonauts, in their expedition against Colchis. After their departure from the coast of Cyzicus, they were driven back in the night, by a storm, upon the coast; and the inhabitants seeing such an unexpected number of men, furiously attacked them, supposing them to be the Pelasgi, their ancient enemies. In this nocturnal engagement, many were killed on both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hands of Jason himself, who honoured him with a splendid funeral, and raised a stately monument over his grave. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Flaccus._ ――_Apollonius._――_Orpheus._――――The chief town of the island of Cyzicum, built where the island is joined by the bridges to the continent. It has two excellent harbours, called Panormus and Chytus. The former is naturally large and beautiful, and the other owes all its conveniences to the hand of art. The town is situate partly on a mountain, and partly in a plain. The Argonauts built a temple to Cybele in the neighbourhood. It derives its name from Cyzicus, who was killed there by Jason. The Athenians defeated near this place their enemies of Lacedæmon, assisted by Pharnabazus, B.C. 410. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.――_Strabo._――_Apollonius_, bk. 1. ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 22.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 636. D =Daæ=, =Dahæ=, or =Dai=, now the _Dahistan_, a people of Scythia, who dwelt on the borders of the Caspian sea. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 764.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 420.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 728. =Daci= and =Dacæ=, a warlike nation of Germany, beyond the Danube, whose country, called _Dacia_, was conquered by the Romans under Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A.D. 103. The emperor joined the country to Mœsia, by erecting a magnificent bridge across the Danube, considered as the best of his works, which, however, the envy of his successor Adrian demolished. Dacia now forms the modern countries of _Walachia_, _Transylvania_, and _Moldavia_. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 53. =Dacĭcus=, a surname assumed by Domitian on his pretended victory over the Dacians. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 204. =Dacty̆li=, a name given to the priests of Cybele, which some derive from δακτυλος, _finger_, because they were 10, the same number as the fingers of the hands. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Dadicæ=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 91. =Dædăla=, a mountain and city of Lycia, where Dædalus was buried according to _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A name given to Circe, from her being _cunning_ (δαιδαλος), and like Dædalus, addicted to deceit and artifice. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 282.――――Two festivals in Bœotia. One of these was observed at Alalcomenos by the Platæans, in a large grove, where they exposed in the open air pieces of boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither the crows that came to prey upon them directed their flight. All the trees upon which any of these birds alighted were immediately cut down, and with them statues were made called _Dædala_, in honour of Dædalus.――――The other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated every 60 years by all the cities of Bœotia, as a compensation for the intermission of the smaller festivals, for that number of years, during the exile of the Platæans. Fourteen of the statues, called Dædala, were distributed by lot among the Platæans, Lebadæans, Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagræans, and Chæroneans, because they had effected a reconciliation among the Platæans and had caused them to be recalled from exile, about the time that Thebes was restored by Cassander the son of Antipater. During this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride-maid accompanied a statue, which was dressed in female garments, on the banks of the Eurotas. This procession was attended to the top of mount Cithæron, by many of the Bœotians, who had places assigned them by lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood cemented together like stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown large quantities of combustible materials. Afterwards a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the cities of Bœotia, and by the most opulent that attended. The poorest citizens offered small cattle; and all these oblations, together with the Dædala, were thrown in the common heap and set on fire, and totally reduced to ashes. They originated in this: When Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubœa, and refused to return to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, went to consult Cithæron king of Platæa, to find some effectual measure to break her obstinacy. Cithæron advised him to dress a statue in woman’s apparel, and carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report that it was Platæa the daughter of Asopus, whom he was going to marry. The advice was followed, and Juno, informed of her husband’s future marriage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was easily united to him, when she discovered the artful measures he made use of to effect a reconciliation. _Pausanias_ & _Plutarch_. =Dædălion=, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx and father of Philonis. He was so afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had put to death, that he threw himself down from the top of mount Parnassus, and was changed into a falcon by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 295. =Dædălus=, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, descended from Erechtheus king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age, and to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level, and many other mechanical instruments, and the sails of ships. He made statues, which moved of themselves, and seemed to be endowed with life. Talus, his sister’s son, promised to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his inventions; and therefore, from envy, he threw him down from a window and killed him. After the murder of this youth, Dædalus, with his son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos king of the country gave him a cordial reception. Dædalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae the queen to gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For this action, Dædalus incurred the displeasure of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here he made himself wings with feathers and wax, and carefully fitted them to his body, and to that of his son, who was the companion of his confinement. They took their flight in the air from Crete; but the heat of the sun melted the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the ocean, which from him has been called the Icarian sea. The father, by a proper management of his wings, alighted at Cumæ, where he built a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily, where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared war against him, because he had given an asylum to Dædalus. The flight of Dædalus from Crete, with wings, is explained, by observing that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass at a distance for wings. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7 & 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 3; _Heroides_, poem 4; _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 40.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 14.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――There were two statuaries of the same name, one of Sicyon son of Patroclus, the other a native of Bithynia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 14.――_Arrian._ =Dæmon=, a kind of spirit which, as the ancients supposed, presided over the actions of mankind, gave them their private counsels, and carefully watched over their most secret intentions. Some of the ancient philosophers maintained that every man had two of these Dæmons; the one bad and the other good. These Dæmons had the power of changing themselves into whatever they pleased, and of assuming whatever shapes were most subservient to their intentions. At the moment of death, the Dæmon delivered up to judgment the person with whose care he had been entrusted; and according to the evidence he delivered, sentence was passed over the body. The Dæmon of Socrates is famous in history. That great philosopher asserted that the genius informed him when any of his friends was going to engage in some unfortunate enterprise, and stopped him from the commission of all crimes and impiety. These Genii or Dæmons, though at first reckoned only as the subordinate ministers of the superior deities, received divine honour in length of time, and we find altars and statues erected to a _Genio loci_, _Genio Augusti_, _Junonibus_, &c. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de Genio Socratis_. =Dahæ.= _See:_ Daæ. =Dai=, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125. =Daicles=, a victor at Olympia, B.C. 753. =Daĭdis=, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. It lasted three days. The first was in commemoration of Latona’s labour; the second in memory of Apollo’s birth; and the third in honour of the marriage of Podalirius, and the mother of Alexander. Torches were always carried at the celebration; whence the name. =Daimăchus=, a master of horse at Syracuse, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1. =Daimĕnes=, a general of the Achæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――An officer exposed on a cross, by Dionysius of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Daĭphron=, a son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Daīra=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleusis by Mercury. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38. =Daldia=, a town of Lydia. =Dalmatius=, one of the Cæsars in the age of Constantine, who died A.D. 337. =Dalmătia=, a part of Illyricum, at the east of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on the west, whose inhabitants, called _Dalmatæ_, were conquered by Metellus, B.C. 118. They chiefly lived upon plunder, and from their rebellious spirit were troublesome to the Roman empire. They wore a peculiar garment called _Dalmatica_, afterwards introduced at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 16.――_Lampridus_, _Commodus_, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2. =Dalmium=, the chief town of Dalmatia. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Damagetus=, a man of Rhodes, who inquired of the oracle what wife he ought to marry? and received for answer the daughter of the bravest of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter in marriage, B.C. 670. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 24. =Damălis=, a courtesan at Rome in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 13. =Damas=, a Syracusan in the interest of Agathocles. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. =Damascēna=, a part of Syria near mount Libanus. =Damascius=, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote a philosophical history, the life of Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary events, in the age of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, were greatly esteemed according to Photius. =Damascus=, a rich and ancient city of _Damascene_ in Syria, where Demetrius Nicanor was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the modern _Damas_, or _Sham_, inhabited by about 80,000 souls. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 215.――_Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11. =Damasia=, a town called also _Augusta_, now ♦_Augsburg_, in Swabia, on the Leck. ♦ ‘Ausburg’ replaced with ‘Augsburg’ =Damasichthon=, a king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5. =Damasippus=, a captain in Philip’s army.――――A senator who accompanied Juba when he entered Utica in triumph. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2. ――――A great enemy of Sylla. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――An orator. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 185.――――A merchant of old seals and vessels, who, after losing his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, assumed the name and habit of a stoic philosopher. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3.――――One of Niobe’s sons. =Damasistrătus=, a king of Platæa, who buried Laius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Damasithynus=, a son of Candaules general in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 98.――――A king of Calyndæ, sunk in his ship by Artemisia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 87. =Damastes=, a man of Sigæum, disciple of Hellanicus about the age of Herodotus, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A famous robber. _See:_ Procrustes. =Damastor=, a Trojan chief, killed by Patroclus at the siege of Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 416. =Damia=, a surname of Cybele.――――A woman to whom the Epidaurians raised a statue. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82. =Damias=, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, in the age of Lysander. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9. =Damippus=, a Spartan taken by Marcellus as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. He discovered to the enemy that a certain part of the city was negligently guarded, and in consequence of this discovery Syracuse was taken. _Polyænus._ =Damis=, a man who disputed with Aristodemus the right of reigning over the Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Damnii=, a people at the north of Britain. =Damnonii=, a people of Britain, now supposed Devonshire. =Damnōrix=, a celebrated Gaul in the interest of Julius Cæsar, &c. =Damo=, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by order of her father, devoted her life to perpetual celibacy, and induced others to follow her example. Pythagoras at his death entrusted her with all the secrets of his philosophy, and gave her the unlimited care of his compositions, under the promise that she never would part with them. She faithfully obeyed his injunctions; and though in the extremest poverty, she refused to obtain money by the violation of her father’s commands. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_. =Damŏcles=, one of the flatterers of Dionysius the elder, of Sicily. He admired the tyrant’s wealth, and pronounced him the happiest man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to undertake for a while the charge of royalty, and be convinced of the happiness which a sovereign enjoyed. Damocles ascended the throne, and while he gazed upon the wealth and splendour that surrounded him, he perceived a sword hanging over his head by a horse hair. This so terrified him that all his imaginary felicity vanished at once, and he begged Dionysius to remove him from a situation which exposed his life to such fears and dangers. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 21. =Damocrătes=, a hero, &c. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_. =Damocrĭta=, a Spartan matron, wife of Alcippus, who severely punished her enemies who had banished her husband, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. =Damocrĭtus=, a timid general of the Achæans, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 13.――――A Greek writer, who composed two treatises, one upon the art of drawing an army in battle array, and the other concerning the Jews.――――A man who wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine. =Damon=, a victor at Olympia, Olympiad 102. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 27.――――A poet and musician of Athens, intimate with Pericles, and distinguished for his knowledge of government and fondness of discipline. He was banished for his intrigues about 430 years before Christ. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 15, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pericles_. ――――A Pythagorean philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. When he had been condemned to death by Dionysius, he obtained from the tyrant leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on promise of returning at a stated hour to the place of execution. Pythias pledged himself to undergo the punishment which was to be inflicted on Damon, should he not return in time, and he consequently delivered himself into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned at the appointed moment, and Dionysius was so struck with the fidelity of those two friends, that he remitted the punishment, and entreated them to permit him to share their friendship, and enjoy their confidence. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A man of Cheronæa, who killed a Roman officer, and was murdered by his fellow-citizens. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――――A Cyrenean, who wrote a history of philosophy. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Damophantus=, a general of Elis in the age of Philopœmen. _Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_. =Damophĭla=, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho, and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana and of the gods, but opened a school where the younger persons of her sex were taught the various powers of music and poetry. _Philostratus._ =Damophĭlus=, an historian. _Diodorus._――――A Rhodian general against the fleet of Demetrius. _Diodorus_, bk. 20. =Damŏphon=, a sculptor of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23. =Damostrătus=, a philosopher who wrote a treatise concerning fishes. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 21. =Damoxĕnus=, a comic writer of Athens. _Athenæus_, bk. 3.――――A boxer of Syracuse, banished for killing his adversary. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 40. =Damyrias=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_. =Dana=, a large town of Cappadocia. =Danăce=, the name of the piece of money which Charon required to convey the dead over the Styx. _Suidas._ =Dănae=, the daughter of Acrisius king of Argos by Eurydice. She was confined in a brazen tower by her father, who had been told by an oracle that his daughter’s son would put him to death. His endeavours to prevent Danae from becoming a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter, who was enamoured of her, introduced himself to her bed, by changing himself into a golden shower. From his embraces Danae had a son, with whom she was exposed on the sea by her father. The wind drove the bark which carried her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus, where she was saved by some fishermen, and carried to Polydectes king of the place, whose brother called Dictys educated the child called Perseus, and tenderly treated the mother. Polydectes fell in love with her; but as he was afraid of her son, he sent him to conquer the Gorgons, pretending that he wished Medusa’s head to adorn the nuptials which he was going to celebrate with Hippodamia the daughter of Œnomaus. When Perseus had victoriously finished his expedition, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the house of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently killed. Some suppose that it was Prœtus the brother of Acrisius who introduced himself to Danae in the brazen tower; and instead of a golden shower, it was maintained that the keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and that she founded a city called Ardea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 611; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 415; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 19, li. 27.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 16.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 319. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 4.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li. 255.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 410.――――A daughter of Leontium, mistress to Sophron governor of Ephesus.――――A daughter of Danaus, to whom Neptune offered violence. =Dănai=, a name given to the people of Argos, and promiscuously to all the Greeks, from Danaus their king. _Virgil_, & _Ovid_, _passim_. =Dănaĭdes=, the 50 daughters of Danaus king of Argos. When their uncle Ægyptus came from Egypt with his 50 sons, they were promised in marriage to their cousins; but before the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, who had been informed by an oracle that he was to be killed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, made his daughters solemnly promise that they would destroy their husbands. They were provided with daggers by their father, and all, except Hypermnestra, stained their hands with the blood of their cousins, the first night of their nuptials; and as a pledge of their obedience to their father’s injunctions, they presented him each with the head of the murdered sons of Ægyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to appear before her father, and answer for her disobedience in suffering her husband Lynceus to escape, but the unanimous voice of the people declared her innocent, and in consequence of her honourable acquittal, she dedicated a temple to the goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were purified of this murder by Mercury and Minerva, by order of Jupiter; but according to the more received opinion, they were condemned to severe punishment in hell, and were compelled to fill with water a vessel full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as poured into it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and their punishment eternal. The names of the Danaides and their husbands were as follows, according to Apollodorus: Amymone married Enceladus; Automate, Busiris; Agave, Lycus; Scea, Dayphron; Hippodamia, Ister; Rhodia, Chalcedon; Calyce, another Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus; Cleopatra, Agenor; Asteria, Chætus; Glauce, Aleis; Hippodamia, Diacorytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, Hippothous; Iphimedusa, Euchenor; Rhode, Hippolytus; Pirene, Agaptolemus; Cercestis, Dorion; Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra, Ægius; Evippe, Arigius; Anaxibia, Archelaus; Nelo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Stenele, Stenelus; Chrysippe, Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eurylochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra, Peristhenes; Eurydice, Dryas; Glaucippe, Potamon; Autholea, Cisseus; Cleodora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius; Stygne, Polyctor; Bryce, Chthonius; Actea, Periphas; Podarce, Œneus; Dioxippe, Ægyptus; Adyte, Menalces; Ocypete, Lampus; Pilarge, Idmon; Hippodice, Idas; Adiante, Diaphron; Callidia, Pandion; Œme, Arbelus; Celena, Hixbius; Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the sons of Ægyptus were buried at Argos; but their bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder had been committed. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Hyginus_, fable 168, &c. =Danăla=, a castle of Galatia. =Danapris=, now the _Nieper_, a name given in the middle ages to the Borysthenes, as _Danaster_ the _Neister_, was applied to the Tyras. =Dănaus=, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, who, after his father’s death, reigned conjointly with his brother Ægyptus on the throne of Egypt. Some time after, a difference arose between the brothers, and Danaus set sail with his 50 daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Minerva, and arrived safe on the coast of Peloponnesus, where he was hospitably received by Gelanor king of Argos. Gelanor had lately ascended the throne, and the first years of his reign were marked with dissensions with his subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor’s unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate the crown. In Gelanor, the race of the _Inaehidæ_ was extinguished, and the _Belides_ began to reign at Argos in Danaus. Some authors say that Gelanor voluntarily resigned the crown to Danaus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to punish the impiety of Inachus. The success of Danaus invited the 50 sons of Ægyptus to embark for Greece. They were kindly received by their uncle, who, either apprehensive of their number, or terrified by an oracle which threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daughters, to whom they were promised in marriage, to murder them the first night of their nuptials. His fatal orders were executed, but Hypermnestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. _See:_ Danaides. Danaus at first persecuted Lynceus with unremitted fury, but he was afterwards reconciled to him, and he acknowledged him for his son-in-law and successor, after a reign of 50 years. He died about 1425 years before the christian era, and after death he was honoured with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, which still existed in the age of Pausanias. According to Æschylus, Danaus left Egypt, not to be present at the marriage of his daughters with the sons of his brother, a connection which he deemed unlawful and impious. The ship in which Danaus came to Greece was called _Armais_, and was the first that had ever appeared there. It is said that the use of pumps was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 168, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 91, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 94. =Dandări= and =Dandarĭdæ=, certain inhabitants near mount Caucasus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 18. =Dandon=, a man of Illyricum, who, as _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48, reports, lived 500 years. =Dānŭbius=, a celebrated river, the greatest in Europe, which rises, according to Herodotus, near the town of Pyrene, in the country of the Celtæ, and after flowing through the greatest part of Europe, falls into the Euxine sea. The Greeks called it _Ister_; but the Romans distinguished it by the appellation of the _Danube_, from its source till the middle of its course; and from thence to its mouths they called it _Ister_, like the Greeks. It falls into the Euxine through seven mouths, or six according to others. Herodotus mentions five, and modern travellers discover only two. The Danube was generally supposed to be the northern boundary of the Roman empire in Europe; and therefore, several castles were erected on its banks, to check the incursions of the barbarians. It was worshipped as a deity by the Scythians. According to modern geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and after receiving about 40 navigable rivers, finishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying itself into the Black sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 4, ch. 48, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Ammianus_, bk. 23. =Daŏchus=, an officer of Philip, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_. =Daphnæ=, a town in Egypt on one of the mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pelusium. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 30. =Daphnæus=, a general of Syracuse, against Carthage. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Daphne=, a daughter of the river Peneus or of the Ladon by the goddess Terra, of whom Apollo became enamoured. This passion had been raised by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest over the serpent Python, had disputed the power of his darts. Daphne heard with horror the addresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove herself from his importunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; and Daphne, fearful of being caught, intreated the assistance of the gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crowned his head with the leaves of the laurel, and for ever ordered that that tree should be sacred to his divinity. Some say that Daphne was admired by Leucippus, son of Œnomaus king of Pisa, who, to be in her company, disguised his sex, and attended her in the woods, in the habit of a huntress. Leucippus gained Daphne’s esteem and love; but Apollo, who was his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and Leucippus was killed by the companions of Diana. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452, &c.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.――――A daughter of Tiresias priestess in the temple of Delphi, supposed by some to be the same as Manto. She was consecrated to the service of Apollo by the Epigoni, or, according to others, by the goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of the wildness of her looks and expressions when she delivered oracles. Her oracles were generally in verse, and Homer, according to some accounts, has introduced much of her poetry in his compositions. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――――A famous grove near Antioch, consecrated to voluptuousness and luxury. =Daphnēphŏria=, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by the Bœotians. It was then usual to adorn an olive bough with garlands of laurel and other flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe, on which were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were placed a number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, and the bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment. The globe on the top represented the sun, or Apollo; that in the middle was an emblem of the moon, and the others of the stars. The crowns, which were 65 in number, represented the sun’s annual revolutions. This bough was carried in solemn procession by a beautiful youth of an illustrious family, and whose parents were both living. The youth was dressed in rich garments which reached to the ground, his hair hung loose and dishevelled, his head was covered with a golden crown, and he wore on his feet shoes called _Iphicratidæ_, from Iphicrates, an Athenian who first invented them. He was called δαφνηφορος, _laurel-bearer_, and at that time he executed the office of priest of Apollo. He was preceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned with garlands, and behind him followed a train of virgins, with branches in their hands. In this order the procession advanced as far as the temple of Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns were sung to the god. This festival owed its origin to the following circumstance: When an oracle advised the Ætolians, who inhabited Arne and the adjacent country, to abandon their ancient possessions, and go in quest of a settlement, they invaded the Theban territories, which at that time were pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. As the celebration of Apollo’s festivals was near, both nations, who religiously observed it, laid aside all hostilities, and according to custom, cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas, and walked in procession in honour of the divinity. The day that this solemnity was observed, Polemates the general of the ♦Bœotian army saw a youth in a dream that presented him with a complete suit of armour, and commanded the Bœotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and walk in procession with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three days after this dream, the Bœotian general made a sally, and cut off the greatest part of the besiegers, who were compelled by this blow to relinquish their enterprise. Polemates immediately instituted a novennial festival to the god who seemed to be the patron of the Bœotians. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_, &c. ♦ ‘Bœtian’ replaced with ‘Bœotian’ =Daphnis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was educated by the nymphs, Pan taught him to sing and play upon the pipe, and the muses inspired him with the love of poetry. It was supposed that he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which his successor Theocritus so happily excelled. He was extremely fond of hunting; and at his death five of his dogs, from their attachment to him, refused all aliments, and pined away. From the celebrity of this shepherd, the name of _Daphnis_ has been appropriated by the poets, ancient and modern, to express a person fond of rural employments, and the peaceful innocence which accompanies the tending of flocks. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――There was another shepherd on mount Ida of the same name changed into a rock, according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 275.――――A servant of Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――A grammarian. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_. ――――A son of Paris and Œnone. =Daphnus=, a river of Locris, into which the body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. _Plutarch_, _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A physician who preferred a supper to a dinner, because he supposed that the moon assisted digestion. _Athenæus_, bk. 7. =Darăba=, a town of Arabia. =Darantasia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, called also _Forum Claudii_, and now _Motier_. =Daraps=, a king of the Gangaridæ, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 67. =Dardăni=, the inhabitants of Dardania.――――Also a people of Mœsia, very inimical to the neighbouring power of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 27, ch. 33; bk. 31, ch. 28; bk. 40, ch. 57.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Dardănia=, a town or country of Troas, from which the Trojans were called _Dardani_ and _Dardanidæ_. There is also a country of the same name near Illyricum. This appellation is also applied to Samothrace. _Virgil_ & _Ovid_, _passim_.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. =Dardănĭdes=, a name given to Æneas, as descended from Dardanus. The word, in the plural number, is applied to the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_. =Dardanium=, a promontory of Troas, called from the small town of _Dardanus_, about seven miles from Abydos. The two castles built on each side of the strait by the emperor Mahomet IV., A.D. 1659, gave the name of _Dardanelles_ to the place. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Dardănus=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the kingdom of Etruria after the death of his reputed father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, and thence to Asia Minor, where he married Batia the daughter of Teucer, king of Teucria. After the death of his father-in-law he ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. He built the city of Dardania, and was reckoned the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded by Erichthonius. According to some, Corybas his nephew accompanied him to Teucria, where he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his subjects to worship Minerva; and he gave them two statues of the goddess, one of which is well known by the name of Palladium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 167.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4. ――_Hyginus_, fables 155 & 275.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20.――――A Trojan killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 460. =Dardării=, a nation near the Palus Mæotis. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_. =Dares=, a Phrygian who lived during the Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and of which he wrote the history in Greek. This history was extant in the age of Ælian; the Latin translation, now extant, is universally believed to be spurious, though it is attributed by some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition is that of Smids cum not. var. 4to & 8vo, Amsterdam, 1702.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, lis. 10 & 27.――――One of the companions of Æneas, descended from Amycus, and celebrated as a pugilist at the funeral games in honour of Hector, where he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 369; bk. 12, li. 363. =Darētis=, a country of Macedonia. =Darīa=, a town of Mesopotamia. =Dariaves=, the name of Darius in Persian. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Dariobrigum=, a town of Gaul, now _Vennes_ in Britany. =Darītæ=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 92. =Darīus=, a noble satrap of Persia, son of Hystaspes, who conspired with six other noblemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses. On the murder of the usurper, the seven conspirators universally agreed, that he whose horse neighed first should be appointed king. In consequence of this resolution the groom of Darius previously led his master’s horse to a mare at a place near which the seven noblemen were to pass. On the morrow before sunrise, when they proceeded all together, the horse, recollecting the mare, suddenly neighed; and at the same time a clap of thunder was heard, as if in approbation of the choice. The noblemen dismounted from their horses, and saluted Darius king; and a resolution was made among them, that the king’s wives and concubines should be taken from no other family but that of the conspirators, and that they should for ever enjoy the unlimited privilege of being admitted into the king’s presence without previous introduction. Darius was 29 years old when he ascended the throne, and he soon distinguished himself by his activity and military accomplishments. He besieged Babylon, which he took after a siege of 20 months, by the artifices of Zopyrus. From thence he marched against the Scythians, and in his way conquered Thrace. This expedition was unsuccessful; and, after several losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia, the king retired with shame, and soon after turned his arms against the Indians, whom he subdued. The burning of Sardis, which was a Grecian colony, incensed the Athenians, and a war was kindled between Greece and Persia. Darius was so exasperated against the Greeks, that a servant every evening, by his order, repeated these words: “Remember, O king, to punish the Athenians.” Mardonius, the king’s son-in-law, was entrusted with the care of the war, but his army was destroyed by the Thracians; and Darius, more animated by his loss, sent a more considerable force, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. They were conquered at the celebrated battle of Marathon, by 10,000 Athenians; and the Persians lost in that expedition no less than 206,000 men. Darius was not disheartened by this severe blow, but he resolved to carry on the war in person, and immediately ordered a still larger army to be levied. He died in the midst of his preparations, B.C. 485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th year of his age. _Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――――The second king of Persia, of that name, was also called _Ochus_ or _Nothus_, because he was the illegitimate son of Artaxerxes by a concubine. Soon after the murder of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, and married Parysatis his sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by whom he had Artaxerxes Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. He carried on many wars with success, under the conduct of his generals and of his son Cyrus. He died B.C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who asked him on his death-bed, what had been the guide of his conduct in the management of the empire, that he might imitate him? “The dictates of justice and of religion,” replied the expiring monarch. _Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――The third of that name was the last king of Persia, surnamed _Codomanus_. He was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and descended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Bagoas raised him to the throne, though not nearly allied to the royal family, in hopes that he would be subservient to his will; but he prepared to poison him, when he saw him despise his advice, and aim at independence. Darius discovered his perfidy, and made him drink the poison which he had prepared against his life. The peace of Darius was early disturbed, and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks had suffered from the predecessors of Darius. The king of Persia met his adversary in person, at the head of 600,000 men. This army was remarkable more for its opulence and luxury than for the military courage of its soldiers; and Athenæus mentions that the camp of Darius was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfume the king, and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers to deck the dishes and meat which appeared on the royal table. With these forces Darius met Alexander. A battle was fought near the Granicus, in which the Persians were easily defeated. Another was soon after fought near Issus; and Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead on the field of battle, and took among the prisoners of war, the mother, wife, and children of Darius. The darkness of the night favoured the retreat of Darius, and he saved himself by flying in disguise, on the horse of his armour-bearer. These losses weakened, but discouraged not Darius. He assembled another more powerful army, and the last decisive battle was fought at Arbela. The victory was long doubtful; but the intrepidity of Alexander, and the superior valour of the Macedonians, prevailed over the effeminate Persians; and Darius, sensible of his disgrace and ruin, fled towards Media. His misfortunes were now completed. Bessus the governor of Bactriana took away his life, in hopes of succeeding him on the throne; and Darius was found by the Macedonians in his chariot, covered with wounds, and almost expiring, B.C. 331. He asked for water, and exclaimed, when he received it from the hand of a Macedonian, “It is the greatest of my misfortunes that I cannot reward thy humanity. Beg Alexander to accept my warmest thanks for the tenderness with which he has treated my wretched family, whilst I am doomed to perish by the hand of a man whom I have loaded with kindness.” These words of the dying monarch were reported to Alexander, who covered the dead body with his own mantle, and honoured it with a most magnificent funeral. The traitor Bessus met with a due punishment from the conquerer, who continued his kindness to the unfortunate family of Darius. Darius has been accused of imprudence, for the imperious and arrogant manner in which he wrote his letters to Alexander, in the midst of his misfortunes. In him the empire of Persia was extinguished 228 years after it had been first founded by Cyrus the Great. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――_Justin_, bks. 10, 11, &c.――_Curtius._――――A son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta, and was killed by Artabanus. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 108.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son of Artaxerxes, declared successor to the throne, as being the eldest prince. He conspired against his father’s life, and was capitally punished. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_. =Dascon=, a man who founded Camarina. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 5. =Dascylitis=, a province of Persia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 129. =Dascy̆lus=, the father of Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Dasea=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Dasius=, a chief of Salapia, who favoured Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 38. =Dassarĕtæ=, =Dassarītæ=, =Dassarēni=, or =Dassariti=, a people of Illyricum, or Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_. =Datămes=, son of Camissares, governor of Caria and general of the armies of Artaxerxes. The influence of his enemies at court obliged him to fly for safety, after he had greatly signalized himself by his military exploits. He took up arms in his own defence, and the king made war against him. He was treacherously killed by Mithridates, who had invited him under pretence of entering into the most inviolable connection and friendship, 362 B.C. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_. =Dataphernes=, one of the friends of Bessus. After the murder of Darius, he betrayed Bessus into Alexander’s hands. He also revolted from the conqueror, and was delivered up by the Dahæ. _Curtius_, bk. 7, chs. 5 & 8. =Datis=, a general of Darius I., sent with an army of 200,000 foot and 10,000 horse, against the Greeks, in conjunction with Artaphernes. He was defeated at the celebrated battle of Marathon by Miltiades, and some time after put to death by the Spartans. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_. =Datos=, or =Daton=, a town of Thrace, on a small eminence, near the Strymon. There is in the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from which Proserpine, according to some, was carried away by Pluto. That city was so rich, that the ancients generally made use of the word _Datos_ to express abundance. When the king of Macedonia conquered it he called it _Philippi_, after his own name. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_. =Davara=, a hill near mount Taurus, in Asia Minor. =Daulis=, a nymph, from whom the city of Daulis in Phocis, anciently called _Anacris_, received its name. It was there that Philomela and Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, and hence the nightingale, into which Philomela was changed, is often called _Daulias avis_. _Ovid_, ltr. 15, li. 154.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Dauni=, a people on the eastern part of Italy, conquered by Daunus, from whom they received their name. =Daunia=, a name given to the northern parts of Apulia, on the coast of the Adriatic. It receives its name from Daunus, who settled there, and is now called _Capitanata_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 146. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9, li. 500; bk. 12, li. 429.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 27.――――Juturna, the sister of Turnus, was called _Daunia_, after she had been made a goddess by Jupiter. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 785. =Daunus=, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where he reigned over part of the country, which from him was called Daunia, and he was still on the throne when Diomedes came to Italy. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――――A river of Apulia, now _Carapelle_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 30. =Daurĭfer= and =Daurises=, a brave general of Darius, treacherously killed by the Carians. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 116, &c. =Davus=, a comic character in the Andria of Terence. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 40. =Debæ=, a nation of Arabia. _Diodorus_, bk. 3. =Decapŏlis=, a district of Judæa, from its 10 cities. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 18. =Decebălus=, a warlike king of the Daci, who made a successful war against Domitian. He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian’s successor, and he obtained peace. His active spirit again kindled rebellion, and the Roman emperor marched against him, and defeated him. He destroyed himself, and his head was brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Roman province, A.D. 103. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 68. =Deceleum= (or ea), now _Biala Castro_, a small village of Attica, north of Athens; which, when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a very galling garrison to the Athenians. The Peloponnesian war has occasionally been called _Decelean_, because for some time hostilities were carried on in its neighbourhood. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 7, ch. 4. =Decĕlus=, a man who informed Castor and Pollux that their sister, whom Theseus had carried away, was concealed at Aphidnæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 73. =Decemvĭri=, 10 magistrates of absolute authority among the Romans. The privileges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction among the plebeians; who, though freed from the power of the Tarquins, still saw that the administration of justice depended upon the will and caprice of their superiors, without any written statute to direct them, and convince them that they were governed with equity and impartiality. The tribunes complained to the senate, and demanded that a code of laws might be framed for the use and benefit of the Roman people. This petition was complied with, and three ambassadors were sent to Athens, and to all the other Grecian states, to collect the laws of Solon, and of the other celebrated legislators of Greece. Upon the return of the commissioners, it was universally agreed that 10 new magistrates, called _decemviri_, should be elected from the senate, to put the project into execution. Their power was absolute; all other offices ceased after their election, and they presided over the city with regal authority. They were invested with the badges of the consul, in the enjoyment of which they succeeded by turns, and only one was preceded by the fasces, and had the power of assembling the senate and confirming decrees. The first decemvirs were Appius Claudius, Titus Genutius, Publius Sextus, Spurius Veturius, Caius Julius, Aulus Manlius, Servius Sulpitius Pluriatius, Titus Romulus, Spurius Posthumius, A.U.C. 303. Under them, the laws which had been exposed to public view, that every citizen might speak his sentiments, were publicly approved of as constitutional, and ratified by the priests and augurs in the most solemn and religious manner. These laws were 10 in number, and were engraved on tables of brass; two were afterwards added, and they were called the laws of the 12 tables, _leges duodecim tabularum_, and _leges decemvirales_. The decemviral power, which was beheld by all ranks of people with the greatest satisfaction, was continued; but in the third year after their creation, the decemvirs became odious, on account of their tyranny; and the attempt of Appius Claudius to ravish Virginia, was followed by the total abolition of the office. The people were so exasperated against them, that they demanded them from the senate, to burn them alive. Consuls were again appointed, and tranquillity re-established in the state.――――There were other officers in Rome, called _decemvirs_, who were originally appointed, in the absence of the pretor, to administer justice. Their appointment became afterwards necessary, and they generally assisted at sales called _subhastationes_, because a spear, _hasta_, was fixed at the door of the place where the goods were exposed to sale. They were called _decemviri litibus judicandis_. The officers whom Tarquin appointed to guard the Sibylline books, were also called decemviri. They were originally two in number, called _duumviri_, till the year of Rome 388, when their number was increased to 10, five of which were chosen from the plebeians, and five from the patricians. Sylla increased their number to 15, called _quindecemvirs_. =Decetia=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar._ =Decia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Decius the tribune, A.U.C. 442, to empower the people to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair the fleets. =Lucius Decidius Saxa=, a Celtiberian in Cæsar’s camp. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1. =Decineus=, a celebrated soothsayer. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Decius Mus=, a celebrated Roman consul, who, after many glorious exploits, devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country, in a battle against the Latins, 338 years B.C. His son Decius imitated his example, and devoted himself in like manner in his fourth consulship, when fighting against the Gauls and Samnites, B.C. 296. His grandson also did the same in the wars against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, B.C. 280. This action of devoting oneself was of infinite service to the state. The soldiers were animated by the example, and induced to follow with intrepidity a commander who, arrayed in an unusual dress, and addressing himself to the gods with solemn invocation, rushed into the thickest part of the enemy to meet his fate. _Livy_, bks. 8, 9, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 824.――――Brutus, conducted Cæsar to the senate-house the day that he was murdered. ――Cnæus Metius Q. Trajanus, a native of Pannonia, sent by the emperor Philip to appease a sedition in Mœsia. Instead of obeying his master’s command, he assumed the imperial purple, and soon after marched against him, and at his death became the only emperor. He signalized himself against the Persians; and when he marched against the Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, from which he could not extricate himself, and he perished with all his army by the darts of the barbarians, A.D. 251, after a reign of two years. This monarch enjoyed the character of a brave man and of a great disciplinarian; and by his justice and exemplary life merited the title of _Optimus_, which a servile senate had lavished upon him. =Decurio=, a subaltern officer in the Roman armies. He commanded a _decuria_, which consisted of 10 men, and was the third part of a _turma_, or the thirtieth part of a _legio_ of horse, which was composed of 300 men. The badge of the centurions was a vine rod or sapling, and each had a deputy called _optio_. There were certain magistrates in the provinces called _decuriones municipales_, who formed a body to represent the Roman senate in free and corporate towns. They consisted of 10, whence the name; and their duty extended to watch over the interest of their fellow-citizens, and to increase the revenues of the commonwealth. Their court was called _curia decurionum_, and _minor senatus_; and their decrees, called _decreta decurionum_, were marked with two D. D. at the top. They generally styled themselves _civitatum patres curiales_, and _honorati municipiorum senatores_. They were elected with the same ceremonies as the Roman senators; they were to be at least 25 years of age, and to be possessed of a certain sum of money. The election happened on the calends of March. =Decumates agri=, lands in Germany which paid the tenth part of their value to the Romans. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 29. =Deditamĕnes=, a friend of Alexander, made governor of Babylonia. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Degis=, a brother of Decebalus king of the Daci. He came as ambassador to the court of Domitian. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 3. =Dējănīra=, a daughter of Œneus king of Ætolia. Her beauty procured her many admirers, and her father promised to give her in marriage to him only who proved to be the strongest of all his competitors. Hercules obtained the prize, and married Dejanira, by whom he had three children, the most known of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was once travelling with her husband, they were stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, and the centaur Nessus offered Hercules to convey her safe to the opposite shore. The hero consented; but no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, than he attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, and to carry her away in the sight of her husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed from the other shore a poisoned arrow at the seducer, and mortally wounded him. Nessus, as he expired, wished to avenge his death upon his murderer; and he gave Dejanira his tunic, which was covered with blood, poisoned and infected by the arrow, observing that it had the power of reclaiming a husband from unlawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present; and when Hercules proved faithless to her bed, she sent him the centaur’s tunic, which instantly caused his death. _See:_ Hercules. Dejanira was so disconsolate at the death of her husband, which she had ignorantly occasioned, that she destroyed herself. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 8 & 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Seneca_, _Hercules_.――_Hyginus_, fable 34. =Deicoon=, a Trojan prince, son of Pergasus, intimate with Æneas. He was killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 534.――――A son of Hercules and Megara. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Dēĭdămīa=, a daughter of Lycomedes king of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguised at her father’s court in woman’s clothes, under the name of Pyrrha. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 9.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Pyrrhus, killed by the Epirots. _Polyænus._――――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, called also Hippodamia. =Deilēon=, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 115. =Deilŏchus=, a son of Hercules. =Deimăchus=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, was killed, with all his brothers, except Nestor, by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――――The father of Enarette. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Deiŏces=, a son of Phraortes, by whose means the Medes delivered themselves from the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as judge among his countrymen, and his great popularity and love of equity raised him to the throne, and he made himself absolute, B.C. 700. He was succeeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years. He built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and surrounded it with seven different walls, in the middle of which was the royal palace. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 96, &c.――_Polyænus._ =Deiŏchus=, a Greek captain killed by Paris in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 341. =Dēīŏne=, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. Miletus is often called _Deionides_, on account of his mother. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 442. =Dēīŏneus=, a king of Phocis, who married Diomede daughter of Xuthus, by whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in marriage to Ixion, who promised to make a present to his father-in-law. Deioneus accordingly visited the house of Ixion, and was thrown into a large hole filled with burning coal, by his son-in-law. _Hyginus_, fables 48 & 241.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9; bk. 2, ch. 4. =Dēĭŏpēia=, a nymph, the fairest of all the 14 nymphs that attended upon Juno. The goddess promised her in marriage to Æolus the god of the winds, if he would destroy the fleet of Æneas, which was sailing for Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 76.――――One of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 343. =Deiotărus=, a governor of Galatia, made king of that province by the Roman people. In the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar, Deiotarus followed the interest of the former. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar severely reprimanded Deiotarus for his attachment to Pompey, deprived him of part of his kingdom, and left him only the bare title of royalty. When he was accused by his grandson of attempts upon Cæsar’s life, Cicero ably defended him in the Roman senate. He joined Brutus with a large army, and faithfully supported the republican cause. His wife was barren; but fearing that her husband might die without issue, she presented him with a beautiful slave, and tenderly educated, as her own, the children of this union. Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 55. =Deĭphĭla.= _See:_ Deipyle. =Dēĭphŏbe=, a sibyl of Cumæ, daughter of Glaucus. It is supposed that she led Æneas to the infernal regions. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 36. =Dēĭphŏbus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, who, after the death of his brother Paris, married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed him, and introduced into his chamber her old husband Menelaus, to whom she wished to reconcile herself. He was shamefully mutilated and killed by Menelaus. He had highly distinguished himself during the war, especially in his two combats with Merion, and in that in which he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 495. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.――――A son of Hippolytus, who purified Hercules after the murder of Iphitus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Deĭphon=, a brother of Triptolemus, son of Celeus and Metanira. When Ceres travelled over the world, she stopped at his father’s court, and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. To reward the hospitality of Celeus, the goddess began to make his son immortal; and every evening she placed him on burning coals to purify him from whatever mortal particles he still possessed. The uncommon growth of Deiphon astonished Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to make him so vigorous. She was frightened to see her son on burning coals, and the shrieks that she uttered disturbed the mysterious operations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in the flames. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――――The husband of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus king of Argos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Dēiphontes=, a general of Temenus, who took Epidauria, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A general of the Dorians, &c. _Polyænus._ =Dēipy̆le=, a daughter of Adrastus, who married Tydeus, by whom she had Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Dēipy̆lus=, a son of Sthenelus, in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5. =Dēipy̆rus=, a Grecian chief during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8. =Deldon=, a king of Mysia, defeated by Crassus. =Dēlia=, a festival celebrated every fifth year in the island of Delos, in honour of Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, who, at his return from Crete, placed a statue there, which he had received from Ariadne. At the celebration, they crowned the statue of the goddess with garlands, appointed a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races. They afterwards led a dance, in which they imitated, by their motions, the various windings of the Cretan labyrinth, from which Theseus had extricated himself by Ariadne’s assistance.――――There was also another festival of the same name, yearly celebrated by the Athenians in Delos. It was also instituted by Theseus, who, when he was going to Crete, made a vow, that if he returned victorious, he would yearly visit in a solemn manner the temple of Delos. The persons employed in this annual procession were called _Deliastæ_ and _Theori_. The ship, the same which carried Theseus, and had been carefully preserved by the Athenians, was called _Theoria_ and _Delias_. When the ship was ready for the voyage, the priest of Apollo solemnly adorned the stern with garlands, and a universal lustration was made all over the city. The _Theori_ were crowned with laurel, and before them proceeded men armed with axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who had cleared the way from Trœzene to Athens, and delivered the country from robbers. When the ship arrived at Delos, they offered solemn sacrifices to the god of the island, and celebrated a festival in his honour. After this they retired to their ship, and sailed back to Athens, where all the people of the city ran in crowds to meet them. Every appearance of festivity prevailed at their approach, and the citizens opened their doors, and prostrated themselves before the Deliastæ, as they walked in procession. During this festival, it was not lawful to put to death any malefactor, and on that account the life of Socrates was prolonged for 30 days. _Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_ & _Symposium_.――♦_Plato_, _Phædo_.――_Seneca_, ltr. 70. ♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’ =Dēlia=, a surname of Diana, because she was born in Delos. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3, li. 67. =Dēliădes=, a son of Glaucus, killed by his brother Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――The priestesses in Apollo’s temple. _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_. =Dēlium=, a temple of Apollo.――――A town of Bœotia opposite Calchis, famous for a battle fought there, B.C. 424, &c. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45; bk. 35, ch. 51. =Dēlius=, a surname of Apollo, because he was born in Delos.――――Quintus, an officer of Antony, who, when he was sent to cite Cleopatra before his master, advised her to make her appearance in the most captivating attire. The plan succeeded. He afterwards abandoned his friend, and fled to Augustus, who received him with great kindness. Horace has addressed bk. 2, ode 3 to him. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. =Delmatius Flavius Julius=, a nephew of Constantine the Great, honoured with the title of Cæsar, and put in possession of Thrace, Macedonia, and Achaia. His great virtues were unable to save him from a violent death, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers, &c. =Delmĭnium=, a town of Dalmatia. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Dēlos=, one of the Cyclades at the north of Naxos, was severally called Lagia, Ortygia, Asteria, Chlamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle, Cynthus, and Cynæthus, and now bears the name of Sailles. It was called Delos from δηλος, because it suddenly made its _appearance_ on the surface of the sea, by the power of Neptune, who, according to the mythologists, permitted Latona to bring forth there, when she was persecuted all over the earth, and could find no safe asylum. _See:_ Apollo. The island is celebrated for the nativity of Apollo and Diana; and the solemnity with which the festivals of these deities were celebrated there, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands and of the continent, is well known. One of the altars of Apollo, in the island, was reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. It had been erected by Apollo when only four years old, and made with the horns of goats, killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, which was religiously kept pure from blood and every pollution. The whole island of Delos was held in such veneration, that the Persians, who had pillaged and profaned all the temples of Greece, never offered violence to the temple of Apollo, but respected it with the most awful reverence. Apollo, whose image was in the shape of a dragon, delivered there oracles during the summer, in a plain manner, without any ambiguity or obscure meaning. No dogs, as Thucydides mentions, were permitted to enter the island. It was unlawful for a man to die, or for a child to be born there; and when the Athenians were ordered to purify the place, they dug up all the dead bodies that had been interred there, and transported them to the neighbouring islands. An edict was also issued, which commanded all persons labouring under any mortal or dangerous disease to be instantly removed to the adjacent island called Rhane. Some mythologists suppose that Asteria, who changed herself into a quail, to avoid the importuning addresses of Jupiter, was metamorphosed into this island, originally called Ortygia _ab_ ὀρτυξ, _a quail_. The people of Delos are described by _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 18, as famous for rearing hens. _Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 329; bk. 6, li. 333.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_, &c.――_Thucydides_, bks. 3, 4, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 73.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Delos_.――_Claudian_, _Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti_, bk. 4. =Delphi=, now _Castri_, a town of Phocis, situate in a valley at the south-west side of mount Parnassus. It was also called _Pytho_, because the serpent Python was killed there; and it received the name of _Delphi_, from Delphus the son of Apollo. Some have also called it _Parnassia Nape_, the _valley_ of Parnassus. It was famous for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in every age and country. The origin of the oracle, though fabulous, is described as something wonderful. A number of goats that were feeding on mount Parnassus came near a place which had a deep and long perforation. The steam which issued from the hole seemed to inspire the goats, and they played and frisked about in such an uncommon manner, that the goat-herd was tempted to lean on the hole, and see what mysteries the place contained. He was immediately seized with a fit of enthusiasm, and his expressions were wild and extravagant, and passed for prophecies. This circumstance was soon known about the country, and many experienced the same enthusiastic inspiration. The place was revered, and a temple was soon after erected in honour of Apollo, and a city built. According to some accounts, Apollo was not the first who gave oracles there; but Terra, Neptune, Themis, and Phœbe were in possession of the place before the son of Latona. The oracles were generally given in verse; but when it had been sarcastically observed that the god and patron of poetry was the most imperfect poet in the world, the priestess delivered her answers in prose. The oracles were always delivered by a priestess called _Pythia_. _See:_ Pythia. The temple was built and destroyed several times. It was customary for those who consulted the oracle to make rich presents to the god of Delphi; and no monarch distinguished himself more by his donations than Crœsus. This sacred repository of opulence was often the object of plunder, and the people of Phocis seized 10,000 talents from it, and Nero carried away no less than 500 statues of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the most ♦illustrious heroes. In another age, Constantine the Great removed its most splendid ornaments to his new capital. It was universally believed, and supported, by the ancients, that Delphi was in the middle of the earth; and on that account it was called _terræ umbilicus_. This, according to mythology, was first found out by two doves, which Jupiter had let loose from the two extremities of the earth, and which met at the place where the temple of Delphi was built. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 706.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16. ――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 168.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. ♦ ‘illustrous’ replaced with ‘illustrious’ =Delphĭcus=, a surname of Apollo, from the worship paid to his divinity at Delphi. =Delphīnia=, festivals at Ægina, in honour of Apollo of Delphi. =Delphīnium=, a place in Bœotia, opposite Eubœa. =Delphis=, the priestess of Delphi. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 43. =Delphus=, a son of Apollo, who built Delphi, and consecrated it to his father. The name of his mother is differently mentioned. She is called by some Celæno, by others Melæne daughter of Cephis, and by others Thyas daughter of Castalius, the first who was priestess of Bacchus. _Hyginus_, fable 161.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6. =Delphȳne=, a serpent which watched over Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6. =Delta=, a part of Egypt, which received that name from its resemblance to the form of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies between the Canopian and Pelusian mouths of the Nile, and begins to be formed where the river divides itself into several streams. It has been formed totally by the mud and sand, which are washed down from the upper parts of Egypt by the Nile, according to ancient tradition. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bks. 15 & 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Demădes=, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, became an eloquent orator, and obtained much influence in the state. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Cheronæa by Philip, and ingratiated himself into the favour of that prince, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was put to death, with his son, on suspicion of treason, B.C. 322. One of his orations is extant. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_. =Demænetus=, a rhetorician of Syracuse, enemy to Timoleon. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_, ch. 5. =Demagŏras=, one of Alexander’s flatterers.――――An historian, who wrote concerning the foundation of Rome. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. =Demarāta=, a daughter of Hiero, &c. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 22. =Demarātus=, the son and successor of Ariston on the throne of Sparta, B.C. 526. He was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes his royal colleague, as being illegitimate. He retired into Asia, and was kindly received by Darius son of Hystaspes king of Persia. When the Persian monarch made preparations to invade Greece, Demaratus, though persecuted by the Lacedæmonians, informed them of the hostilities which hung over their head. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 75, &c.; bk. 6, ch. 50, &c.――――A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family of the Bacchiadæ. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, migrated to Italy, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years before Christ. His son Lucumon was king of Rome, under the name of Tarquinius Priscus. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A Corinthian exile at the court of Philip king of Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Demarchus=, a Syracusan put to death by Dionysius. =Demarēta=, the wife of Gelon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Demariste=, the mother of Timoleon. =Dēmātria=, a Spartan mother, who killed her son because he returned from a battle without glory. _Plutarch_, _Instituta Laconica_. =Demetria=, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the Greeks _Demeter_. It was then customary for the votaries of the goddess to lash themselves with whips made with the bark of trees. The Athenians had a solemnity of the same name, in honour of Demetrius Poliorcetes. =Dēmētrias=, a town of Thessaly. The name was common to other places. =Dēmētrius=, a son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, _destroyer of towns_. At the age of 22, he was sent by his father against Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza, but he soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison, which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this successful expedition, he besieged and took Munychia, and defeated Cassander at Thermopylæ. His reception at Athens, after these victories, was attended with the greatest servility; and the Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and to consult his oracles. This uncommon success raised the jealousy of the successors of Alexander; and Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hostile armies met at Ipsus, B.C. 301. Antigonus was killed in the battle; and Demetrius, after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill success raised him many enemies; and the Athenians, who lately adored him as a god, refused to admit him into their city. He soon after ravaged the territories of Lysimachus, and reconciled himself to Seleucus, to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now laboured under tyranny; and Demetrius relieved it, and pardoned the inhabitants. The loss of his possessions in Asia recalled him from Greece, and he established himself on the throne of Macedonia, by the murder of Alexander the son of Cassander. Here he was continually at war with the neighbouring states; and the superior power of his adversaries obliged him to leave Macedonia, after he had sat on the throne for seven years. He passed into Asia, and attacked some of the provinces of Lysimachus with various success; but famine and pestilence destroyed the greatest part of his army, and he retired to the court of Seleucus for support and assistance. He met with a kind reception, but hostilities were soon begun; and after he had gained some advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was totally forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and became an easy prey to the enemy. Though he was kept in confinement by his son-in-law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, and passed his time in hunting and in every laborious exercise. His son Antigonus offered Seleucus all his possessions and even his person, to procure his father’s liberty; but all proved unavailing, and Demetrius died in the 54th year of his age, after a confinement of three years, 286 B. C. His remains were given to Antigonus, and honoured with a ♦splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetrias. His posterity remained in possession of the Macedonian throne till the age of Perseus, who was conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has rendered himself famous for his fondness of dissipation when among the dissolute, and his love of virtue and military glory in the field of battle. He has been commended as a great warrior, and his ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous machines in his war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to that perfect character. He has been blamed for his voluptuous indulgencies; and his biographer observes, that no Grecian prince had more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence to his father have been justly admired; and it has been observed, that Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a foreign prince particularly to remark the cordiality and friendship which subsisted between him and his son. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 17, &c.――――A prince who succeeded his father Antigonus on the throne of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was succeeded by Antigonus Doson. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 2.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――――A son of Philip king of Macedonia, given up as a hostage to the Romans. His modesty delivered his father from a heavy accusation laid before the Roman senate. When he returned to Macedonia, he was falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who was jealous of his popularity, and his father too credulously consented to his death, B.C. 180. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 2.――――A Magnesian.――――A servant of Cassius.――――A son of Demetrius of Cyrene.――――A freedman of Pompey.――――A son of Demetrius, surnamed Slender.――――A prince surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus Philopater, the son of Antiochus the Great king of Syria. His father gave him as a hostage to the Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus Epiphanes, the deceased monarch’s brother, usurped the kingdom of Syria, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. This usurpation displeased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome; he procured his liberty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria, where the troops received him as their lawful sovereign, B.C. 162. He put to death Eupator and Lysias, and established himself on his throne by cruelty and oppression. Alexander Bala the son of Antiochus Epiphanes laid claim to the crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, in the 12th year of his reign. _Strabo_, bk. 16. ――_Appian._――_Justin_, bk. 34, ch. 3.――――The Second, surnamed _Nicanor_, or _Conqueror_, was son of Soter, to whom he succeeded by the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven out the usurper Alexander Bala, B.C. 146. He married Cleopatra daughter of Ptolemy; who was, before, the wife of the expelled monarch. Demetrius gave himself up to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered his kingdom to be governed by his favourites. At that time a pretended son of Bala, called Diodorus Tryphon, seized a part of Syria; and Demetrius, to oppose his antagonist, made an alliance with the Jews, and marched into the east, where he was taken by the Parthians. Phraates king of Parthia gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage; and Cleopatra was so incensed at this new connection, that she gave herself up to Antiochus Sidetes her brother-in-law, and married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle against the Parthians, and Demetrius regained the possession of his kingdom. His pride and oppression rendered him odious, and his subjects asked a king of the house of Seleucus, from Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable to resist the power of his enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was then in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut up against his approach by Cleopatra; and he was killed by order of the governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for protection. He was succeeded by Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne, B.C. 127. _Justin_, bk. 36, &c.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――_Josephus._ ――――The Third, surnamed _Eucerus_, was son of Antiochus Gryphus. After the example of his brother Philip, who had seized Syria, he made himself master of Damascus, B.C. 93, and soon after obtained a victory over his brother. He was taken in a battle against the Parthians, and died in captivity. _Josephus_, bk. 1.――――Phalereus, a disciple of Theophrastus, who gained such an influence over the Athenians, by his eloquence, and the purity of his manners, that he was elected decennial archon, B.C. 317. He so embellished the city, and rendered himself so popular by his munificence, that the Athenians raised 360 brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the midst of all this popularity, his enemies raised a sedition against him, and he was condemned to death, and all his statues thrown down, after obtaining the sovereign power for 10 years. He fled without concern or mortification to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, where he met with kindness and cordiality. The Egyptian monarch consulted him concerning the succession of his children; and Demetrius advised him to raise to the throne the children of Eurydice, in preference to the offspring of Berenice. This counsel so irritated Philadelphus the son of Berenice, that after his father’s death he sent the philosopher into Upper Egypt, and there detained him in strict confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his life by the bite of an asp, 284 B.C. According to some, Demetrius enjoyed the confidence of Philadelphus, and enriched his library at Alexandria with 200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius, on rhetoric, history, and eloquence are lost; and the treatise on rhetoric, falsely attributed to him, is by some supposed to be the composition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of this treatise is that of Glasgow, 8vo, 1743. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_ & _de Officiis_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Exilio_.――――A Cynic philosopher, disciple of Apollonius Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula. The emperor wished to gain the philosopher to his interest by a large present; but Demetrius refused it with indignation, and said, “If Caligula wishes to bribe me, let him send me his crown.” Vespasian was displeased with his insolence, and banished him to an island. The Cynic derided the punishment, and bitterly inveighed against the emperor. He died in a great old age; and Seneca observes, that _nature had brought him forth, to show mankind that an exalted genius can live securely without being corrupted by the vices of the surrounding world_. _Seneca._――_Philostratus_, _Apollonius_.――――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――――A native of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek poets. ――――An Athenian killed at Mantinea, when fighting against the Thebans. _Polyænus._――――A writer who published a history of the irruptions of the Gauls into Asia.――――A philological writer in the age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 11.――――A stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.――――Syrus, a rhetorician at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 174.――――A geographer surnamed the Calatian. _Strabo_, bk. 1. ♦ ‘splended’ replaced with ‘splendid’ =Demo=, a sibyl of Cumæ. =Demoanassa=, the mother of Ægialeus. =Democēdes=, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from Samos to Darius king of Persia, where he acquired great riches and much reputation by curing the king’s foot, and the breast of Atossa. He was sent to Greece as a spy by the king, and fled away to Crotona, where he married the daughter of the wrestler Milo. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 18.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 124, &c. =Dēmŏchăres=, an Athenian sent with some of his countrymen with an embassy to Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch gave them audience, and when he asked them what he could do to please the people of Athens, Demochares replied, “Hang yourself.” This imprudence raised the indignation of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed them, and bade them ask their countrymen, which deserved most the appellation of wise and moderate, either they who gave such ill language, or he who received it without any signs of resentment? _Seneca_, _de Irâ_, bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 3, 7, 8, 12.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 3; _On Oratory_, bk. 2.――――A poet of Soli, who composed a comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A statuary, who wished to make a statue to mount Athos. _Vitruvius._――――A general of Pompey the younger, who died B.C. 36. =Dēmŏcles=, a man accused of disaffection towards Dionysius, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A beautiful youth, passionately loved by Demetrius Poliorcetes. He threw himself into a cauldron of boiling water, rather than submit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_. =Demŏcoon=, a natural son of Priam, who came from his residence at Abydos to protect his country against the Greeks. He was, after a glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4. =Dēmŏcrătes=, an architect of Alexandria.――――A wrestler. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――An Athenian, who fought on the side of Darius against the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5. =Dēmŏcrĭtus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He travelled over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and Africa, in quest of knowledge, and returned home in the greatest poverty. There was a law at Abdera, which deprived of the honour of a funeral the man who had reduced himself to indigence; and Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeated before his countrymen one of his compositions called _Diacosmus_. It was received with such uncommon applause that he was presented with 500 talents; statues were erected in his honour; and a decree passed that the expenses of his funeral should be paid from the public treasury. He retired to a garden near the city, where he dedicated his time to study and solitude; and according to some authors he put out his eyes, to apply himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. He was accused of insanity, and Hippocrates was ordered to inquire into the nature of his disorder. The physician had a conference with the philosopher, and declared that not Democritus, but his enemies, were insane. He continually laughed at the follies and vanity of mankind, who distract themselves with care, and are at once a prey to hope and anxiety. He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the loss of his wife, that he would raise her from the dead, if he could find three persons who had gone through life without adversity, whose names he might engrave on the queen’s monument. The king’s inquiries to find such persons proved unavailing, and the philosopher in some manner soothed the sorrow of his sovereign. He taught his disciples that the soul died with the body; and therefore, as he gave no credit to the existence of ghosts, some youths, to try his fortitude, dressed themselves in a hideous and deformed habit, and approached his cave in the dead of night, with whatever could create terror and astonishment. The philosopher received them unmoved; and without even looking at them, he desired them to cease making themselves such objects of ridicule and folly. He died in the 109th year of his age, B.C. 361. His father was so rich, that he entertained Xerxes, with all his army, as he was marching against Greece. All the works of Democritus are lost. He was the author of the doctrine of atoms, and first taught that the milky way was occasioned by a confused light from a multitude of stars. He may be considered as the parent of experimental philosophy, in the prosecution of which he showed himself so ardent, that he declared he would prefer the discovery of one of the causes of the works of nature to the diadem of Persia. He made artificial emeralds, and tinged them with various colours; he likewise dissolved stones, and softened ivory. _Eusebius_, bk. 14, ch. 27.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 20.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 15.――――An Ephesian, who wrote a book on Diana’s temple, &c. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A powerful man of Naxos. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 46. =Dēmŏdĭce=, the wife of Cretheus king of Iolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro. _Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20. =Dēmŏdŏchus=, a musician at the court of Alcinous, who sang, in the presence of Ulysses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus, &c. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, li. 44.――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――――A Trojan chief, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 413.――――An historian. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_. _Dēmŏleon_, a centaur, killed by Theseus at the ♦nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 356.――――A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 395. ♦ ‘nupitals’ replaced with ‘nuptials’ =Dēmŏleus=, a Greek, killed by Æneas in the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 260. =Dēmon=, an Athenian, nephew to Demosthenes. He was at the head of the government during the absence of his uncle, and obtained a decree that Demosthenes should be recalled, and that a ship should be sent to bring him back. =Dēmonassa=, a daughter of Amphiaraus, who married Thersander. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5. =Dēmōnax=, a celebrated philosopher of Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He showed no concern about the necessaries of life; but when hungry, he entered the first house he met, and there satisfied his appetite. He died in his 100th year.――――A man of Mantinea, sent to settle the government of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 161. =Dēmŏnīca=, a woman who betrayed Ephesus to Brennus. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. =Dēmŏphantus=, a general killed by Antigonus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 49. =Demophĭle=, a name given to the sibyl of Cumæ, who, as it is supposed by some, sold the sibylline books to Tarquin. _Varro_, cited by _Lactantius_, _[Divine Institutes]_, bk. 1, ch. 6. =Dēmŏphĭlus=, an Athenian archon.――――An officer of Agathocles. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. =Dēmŏphon=, an Athenian, who assisted the Thebans in recovering Cadmea, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Dēmŏphoon=, son of Theseus and Phædra, was king of Athens, B.C. 1182 and reigned 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war, he visited Thrace, where he was tenderly received and treated by Phyllis. He retired to Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of Phyllis, who hanged herself in despair. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 55.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675. =Dēmŏpŏlis=, a son of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_. =Dēmos=, a place of Ithaca. =Dēmosthĕnes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of a rich blacksmith, called Demosthenes, and of Cleobule. He was but seven years of age when his father died. His guardians negligently managed his affairs, and embezzled the greatest part of his possessions. His education was totally neglected; and for whatever advances he made in learning, he was indebted to his own industry and application. He became the pupil of Isæus and Plato, and applied himself to study the orations of Isocrates. At the age of 17 he gave an early proof of his eloquence and abilities against his guardians, from whom he obtained the retribution of the greatest part of his estate. His rising talents were, however, impeded by weak lungs, and a difficulty of pronunciation, especially of the letter ρ, but these obstacles were soon conquered by unwearied application. To correct the stammering of his voice, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth; and removed the distortion of his features, which accompanied his utterance, by watching the motions of his countenance in a looking-glass. That his pronunciation might be loud and full of emphasis, he frequently ran up the steepest and most uneven walks, where his voice acquired force and energy; and on the sea-shore, when the waves were violently agitated, he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself to the noise and tumults of a public assembly. He also confined himself in a subterraneous cave, to devote himself more closely to studious pursuits; and to eradicate all curiosity of appearance in public, he shaved one half of his head. In this solitary retirement, by the help of a glimmering lamp, he composed the greatest part of his orations, which have ever been the admiration of every age, though his contemporaries and rivals severely inveighed against them, and observed that they smelt of oil. His abilities as an orator raised him to consequence at Athens, and he was soon placed at the head of the government. In this public capacity he roused his countrymen from their indolence, and animated them against the encroachments of Philip of Macedonia. In the battle of Cheronæa, however, Demosthenes betrayed his pusillanimity, and saved his life by flight. After the death of Philip, he declared himself warmly against his son and successor Alexander, whom he branded with the appellation of boy; and when the Macedonians demanded of the Athenians their orators, Demosthenes reminded his countrymen of the fable of the sheep which delivered their dogs to the wolves. Though he had boasted that all the gold of Macedonia could not tempt him, yet he suffered himself to be bribed by a small golden cup from Harpalus. The tumults which this occasioned forced him to retire from Athens; and in his banishment, which he passed at Trœzene and Ægina, he lived with more effeminacy than true heroism. When Antipater made war against Greece, after the death of Alexander, Demosthenes was publicly recalled from his exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him from Ægina. His return was attended with much splendour, and all the citizens crowded at the Piræus to see him land. His triumph and popularity, however, were short. Antipater and Craterus were near Athens, and demanded all the orators to be delivered up into their hands. Demosthenes, with all his adherents, fled to the temple of Neptune in Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of safety were banished, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried in a quill, and expired on the day that the Thesmophoria were celebrated, in the 60th year of his age, B.C. 322. The Athenians raised a brazen statue to his honour, with an inscription translated into this distich: _Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne, fuisset, Græcia non Macedæ succubuisset hero._ Demosthenes has been deservedly called the prince of orators; and Cicero, his successful rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect model, and such as he wished to be. These two great princes of eloquence have often been compared together; but the judgment hesitates to which to give the preference. They both arrived at perfection, but the measures by which they obtained it were diametrically opposite. Demosthenes has been compared, and with propriety, by his rival Æschines, to a Siren, from the melody of his expressions. No orator can be said to have expressed the various passions of hatred, resentment, or indignation, with more energy than he; and as a proof of his uncommon application, it need only be mentioned, that he transcribed eight or even ten times the history of Thucydides, that he might not only imitate, but possess the force and energy of the great historian. The best editions of his works are that of Wolfius, folio, Frankof. 1604; that left unfinished by Taylor, Cambridge, 4to, and that published in 12 vols., 8vo, 1720, &c., Lipscomb, by Reiske and his widow. Many of the orations of Demosthenes have been published separately. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch. 33.――――An Athenian general, sent to succeed Alcibiades in Sicily. He attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his efforts were ineffectual. After many calamities he fell into the enemy’s hands, and his army was confined to hard labour. The accounts about the death of Demosthenes are various; some believe that he stabbed himself, while others suppose that he was put to death by the Syracusans, B.C. 413. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 4, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――The father of the orator Demosthenes. He was very rich, and employed an immense number of slaves in the business of a sword-cutler. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――A governor of Cæsarea, under the Roman emperors. =Dēmostrătus=, an Athenian orator. =Demūchus=, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 457. =Dēmy̆lus=, a tyrant who tortured the philosopher Zeno. _Plutarch_, _de Stoicorum Repugnantiis_. =Denseletæ=, a people of Thrace. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 34. =Deobriga=, a town on the Iberus in Spain, now _Miranda de Ebro_. =Deodătus=, an Athenian who opposed the cruel resolutions of Cleon against the captive prisoners of Mitylene. =Dēōis=, a name given to Proserpine from her mother Ceres, who was called _Deo_. This name Ceres received, because when she sought her daughter all over the world, all wished her success in her pursuits, with the word δηεις, _invenies_; a δηω, _invenio_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 114. =Deræ=, a place of Messenia. =Derbe=, a town of Lycaonia, at the north of mount Taurus in Asia Minor, now _Alah-Dag_.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 73. =Derbĭces=, a people near Caucasus, who killed all those that had reached their 70th year. They buried such as died a natural death. _Strabo._ =Derce=, a fountain in Spain, whose waters were said to be uncommonly cold. =Dercennus=, an ancient king in Latium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 850. =Dercĕto= and =Dercĕtis=, a goddess of Syria, called also _Atergatis_, whom some supposed to be the same as Astarte. She was represented as a beautiful woman above the waist, and the lower part terminated in a fish’s tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had offended, made her passionately fond of a young priest, remarkable for the beauty of his features. She had a daughter by him, and became so ashamed of her incontinence, that she removed her lover, exposed the fruit of her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her body was transformed into a fish, and her child was preserved, and called Semiramis. As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and represented like a fish, the Syrians anciently abstained from fishes. _Lucian_, _de Deâ Syria_.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 44.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2. =Dercyllĭdas=, a general of Sparta, celebrated for his military exploits. He took nine different cities in eight days, and freed Chersonesus from the inroads of the Thracians by building a wall across the country. He lived B.C. 399. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. ――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c. =Dercyllus=, a man appointed over Attica by Antipater. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_, ch. 2. =Dercy̆nus=, a son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Dersæi=, a people of Thrace. =Derthona=, now _Tortona_, a town of Liguria, between Genoa and Placentia, where a Roman colony was settled. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 2. =Dertose=, now _Tortosa_, a town of Spain near the Iberus. =Derusiæi=, a people of Persia. =Dēsudăba=, a town of Media. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 26. =Deva=, a town of Britain, now _Chester_ on the Dee. =Deucălion=, a son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his age the whole earth was overwhelmed with a deluge. The impiety of mankind had irritated Jupiter, who resolved to destroy the world, and immediately the earth exhibited a boundless scene of waters. The highest mountains were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants of the country; but this seeming place of security was soon overtopped by the rising waters, and no hope was left of escaping the universal calamity. Prometheus advised his son to make himself a ship, and by this means he saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The vessel was tossed about during nine successive days, and at last stopped on the top of mount Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till the waters had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make no mention of a vessel built by the advice of Prometheus; but, according to their relation, Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on the top of Parnassus, or, according to Hyginus, of Ætna in Sicily. As soon as the waters had retired from the surface of the earth, Deucalion and his wife went to consult the oracle of Themis, and were directed to repair the loss of mankind, by throwing behind them the bones of their grandmother. This was nothing but the stones of the earth; and after some hesitation about the meaning of the oracle, they obeyed. The stones thrown by Deucalion became men, and those of Pyrrha women. According to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one who escaped from the universal calamity. Many saved their lives by ascending the highest mountains, or trusting themselves in small vessels to the mercy of the waters. This deluge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly, according to the relation of some writers, was produced by the inundation of the waters of the river Peneus, whose regular course was stopped by an earthquake near mount Ossa and Olympus. According to Xenophon, there were no less than five deluges. The first happened under Ogyges, and lasted three months. The second, which was in the age of Hercules and Prometheus, continued but one month. During the third, which happened in the reign of another Ogyges, all Attica was laid waste by the waters. Thessaly was totally covered by the waters during the fourth, which happened in the age of Deucalion. The last was before the Trojan war, and its effects were severely felt by the inhabitants of Egypt. There prevailed a report in Attica, that the waters of Deucalion’s deluge had disappeared through a small aperture about a cubit wide, near Jupiter Olympius’s temple; and Pausanias, who saw it, further adds, that a yearly offering of flour and honey was thrown into it with religious ceremony. The deluge of Deucalion, so much celebrated in ancient history, is supposed to have happened 1503 years B.C. Deucalion had two sons by Pyrrha, Hellen, called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphictyon king of Attica, and also a daughter, Protogenia, who became mother of Æthlius by Jupiter. _Pindar_, poem 9, _Olympian_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8; _Heroides_, ♦poem 15, li. 167. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 81.――_Hyginus_, fable 153. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 62.――――One of the Argonauts.――――A son of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A son of Abas. ♦ ‘45’ replaced with ‘15’ =Deucetius=, a Sicilian general. _Diodorus_, bk. 11. =Deudorix=, one of the Cherusci, led in triumph by Germanicus. =Dexamĕne=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18. =Dexamĕnus=, a man delivered by Hercules from the hands of his daughter’s suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A king of Olenus in Achaia, whose two daughters married the sons of Actor. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Dexippus=, a Spartan who assisted the people of Agrigentum, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 13. =Dexithea=, the wife of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Dexius=, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed by Glaucus in the Trojan war, &c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7. =Dīa=, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pirithous by Ixion.――――An island in the Ægean sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as Naxos. _See:_ Naxos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 157.――――Another on the coast of Crete, now _Standia_.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Eubœa, ――――Peloponnesus,――――Lusitania,――――Italy, near the Alps,――――Scythia, near the Phasis,――――Caria,――――Bithynia,――――and Thessaly. =Diactorĭdes=, one of Agarista’s suitors. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127. ――――The father of Eurydame the wife of Leutychides. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 71. =Diæus=, of Megalopolis, a general of the Achæans, who killed himself when his affairs became desperate. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 16. =Diadumeniānus=, a son of Macrinus, who enjoyed the title of Cæsar during his father’s lifetime, &c. =Diăgon= and =Diăgum=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and separating Pisa from Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21. =Diagondas=, a Theban who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15. =Diăgŏras=, an Athenian philosopher. His father’s name was Teleclytus. From the greatest superstition, he became a most unconquerable atheist, because he saw a man who laid a false claim to one of his poems, and who perjured himself, go unpunished. His great impiety and blasphemies provoked his countrymen, and the Areopagites promised one talent to him who brought his head before their tribunal, and two if he were produced alive. He lived about 416 years before Christ. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 3, ch. 37, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――An athlete of Rhodes, 460 years before the christian era. Pindar celebrated his merit in a beautiful ode still extant, which was written in golden letters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned the same day at Olympia, and died through excess of joy. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Diālis=, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first instituted by Numa. He was never permitted to swear, even upon public trials. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2. ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20. =Diallus=, an Athenian who wrote a history of all the memorable occurrences of his age. =Diamastigōsis=, a festival of Sparta in honour of Diana Orthia, which received that name, ἀπο του μαστιγουν, _from whipping_, because boys were whipped before the altar of the goddess. These boys, called Bomonicæ, were originally free-born Spartans; but, in the more delicate ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of a slavish origin. This operation was performed by an officer in a severe and unfeeling manner; and that no compassion should be raised, the priest stood near the altar with a small light statue of the goddess, which suddenly became heavy and insupportable if the lash of the whip was more lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the children attended the solemnity, and exhorted them not to commit anything, either by fear or groans, that might be unworthy of Laconian education. These flagellations were so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse torrents, and many expired under the lash of the whip without uttering a groan, or betraying any marks of fear. Such a death was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse was buried with much solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. The origin of this festival is unknown. Some suppose that Lycurgus first instituted it to inure the youths of Lacedæmon to bear labour and fatigue, and render them insensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain that it was a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that human blood should be shed on Diana’s altar; and according to their opinion, Orestes first introduced that barbarous custom, after he had brought the statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is another tradition, which mentions that Pausanias, as he was offering prayers and sacrifices to the gods, before he engaged with Mardonius, was suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice, and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons with which the Lacedæmonians were provided at that moment. In commemoration of this, therefore, the whipping of boys was instituted at Sparta, and after that the Lydian procession. =Diāna=, was the goddess of hunting. According to Cicero, there were three of this name; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became mother of Cupid; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona; and a daughter of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her all the ancients allude. She was born at the same birth as Apollo; and the pains which she saw her mother suffer during her labour, gave her such an aversion to marriage, that she obtained from her father the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside over the travails of women. To shun the society of men, she devoted herself to hunting, and obtained the permission of Jupiter to have for her attendants 60 of the Oceanides, and 20 other nymphs, all of whom, like herself, abjured the use of marriage. She is represented with a bent bow and quiver, and attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn in a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she appears with wings, holding a lion in one hand and a panther in the other, with a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of different colours. She is represented taller by the head than her attendant nymphs, her face has something manly, her legs are bare, well-shaped, and strong, and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the ancients. Diana received many surnames, particularly from the places where her worship was established, and from the functions over which she presided. She was called Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba, when invoked by women in child-bed, and Trivia when worshipped in the cross-ways, where her statues were generally erected. She was supposed to be the same as the moon, and Proserpine or Hecate, and from that circumstance she was called Triformis; and some of her statues represented her with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, and a boar. Her power and functions under these three characters have been beautifully expressed in these two verses: Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana, Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagittâ. She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Taurica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was supposed to be the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, whose worship was introduced into Greece with that of Osiris under the name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against the gods, Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. The goddess is generally known in the figures that represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous of her temples was that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. _See:_ Ephesus. She was there represented with a great number of breasts, and other symbols which signified the earth, or Cybele. Though she was the patroness of chastity, yet she forgot her dignity to enjoy the company of Endymion, and the very familiar favours which, according to mythology, she granted to Pan and Orion are well known. _See:_ Endymion, Pan, Orion. The inhabitants of Taurica were particularly attached to the worship of this goddess, and they cruelly offered on her altar all the strangers that were shipwrecked on their coasts. Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest who had always murdered his predecessor, and the Lacedæmonians yearly offered her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who changed this barbarous custom for the sacrifice of flagellation. The Athenians generally offered her goats, and others a white kid, and sometimes a boar pig, or an ox. Among plants the poppy and the ditamy were sacred to her. She, as well as her brother Apollo, had some oracles, among which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and Ephesus are the most known. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 155; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 156; bk. 7, lis. 94 & 194, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 302; _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 505.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 31 & 37.――_Catullus._――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 57.――_Apollodorus_ bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 5, &c. =Dianasa=, the mother of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_. =Dianium=, a town and promontory of Spain, now cape _Martin_, where Diana was worshipped. =Diasia=, festivals in honour of Jupiter at Athens. They received their name ἀπο του διος και της ἁτης, _from Jupiter and misfortune_, because, by making application to Jupiter, men obtained relief from their misfortunes, and were delivered from dangers. During this festival things of all kinds were exposed for sale. =Dibio=, a town of France, now _Dijon_ in Burgundy. =Dicæa= and =Dicæarchea=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 385. =Dicæus=, an Athenian who was supernaturally apprised of the defeat of the Persians in Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65. =Dice=, one of the Horæ, daughters of Jupiter. _Apollonius_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Dicearchus=, a Messenian famous for his knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathematics. He was one of Aristotle’s disciples. Nothing remains of his numerous compositions. He had composed a history of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read over every year by order of the magistrates, for the improvement and instruction of youth. =Diceneus=, an Egyptian philosopher in the age of Augustus, who travelled into Scythia, where he ingratiated himself with the king of the country, and by his instruction softened the wildness and rusticity of his manners. He also gained such an influence over the multitude, that they destroyed all the vines which grew in their country, to prevent the riot and dissipation which the wine occasioned among them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws in a book, that they might not lose the benefit of them after his death. =Dicomas=, a king of the Getæ. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. =Dictæ= and =Dictæus mons=, a mountain of Crete. The island is often known by the name of _Dictæa arva_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6; _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 171.――――Jupiter was called _Dictæus_, because worshipped there, and the same epithet was applied to Minos. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 536.――_Ovid_. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 43.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. =Dictamnum= and =Dictynna=, a town of Crete, where the herb called _dictamnus_ chiefly grows. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 412. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 50. =Dictātor=, a magistrate at Rome, invested with regal authority. This officer, whose magistracy seems to have been borrowed from the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first chosen during the Roman wars against the Latins. The consuls being unable to raise forces for the defence of the state, because the plebeians refused to enlist, if they were not discharged from all the debts they had contracted with the patricians, the senate found it necessary to elect a new magistrate, with absolute and incontrollable power to take care of the state. The dictator remained in office for six months, after which he was again elected, if the affairs of the state seemed to be desperate; but if tranquillity was re-established, he generally laid down his power before the time was expired. He knew no superior in the republic, and even the laws were subjected to him. He was called dictator, because _dictus_, named by the consul, or _quoniam dictis ejus parebat populus_, because the people implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the consul in the night, _vivâ voce_, and his election was confirmed by the auguries, though sometimes he was nominated or recommended by the people. As his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct them against an enemy, and disband them at pleasure. He punished as he pleased; and from his decision there was no appeal, at least till later times. He was preceded by 24 lictors, with the _fasces_: during his administration, all other offices, except the tribunes of the people, were suspended, and he was the master of the republic. But amidst all his independence he was not permitted to go beyond the borders of Italy, and he was always obliged to march on foot in his expeditions; and he never could ride in difficult and laborious marches, without previously obtaining a formal leave from the people. He was chosen only when the state was in imminent dangers from foreign enemies or inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence, a dictator was sometimes elected, as also to hold the _comitia_, or to celebrate the public festivals, to hold trials, to choose senators, or drive a nail in the Capitol, by which superstitious ceremonies the Romans believed that a plague could be averted, or the progress of an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable and illustrious in the first ages of the republic, became odious by the perpetual usurpations of Sylla and Julius Cæsar; and after the death of the latter the Roman senate, on the motion of the consul Antony, passed a decree, which for ever after forbade a dictator to exist in Rome. The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, called his master of horse, _magister equitum_. This officer was respectable, but he was totally subservient to the will of the dictator, and could do nothing without his express order, though he enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and had the same insignia as the pretors. This subordination, however, was some time after removed; and during the second Punic war the master of the horse was invested with a power equal to that of the dictator. A second dictator was also chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome, after the battle of Cannæ. The dictatorship was originally confined to the patricians, but the plebeians were afterwards admitted to share it. Titus Lartius Flavus was the first dictator, A.U.C. 253. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 3. ――_Dio Cassius._――_Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_.――_Appian_, bk. 3. ――_Polybius_, bk. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 57; bk. 9, ch. 38. =Dictidienses=, certain inhabitants of mount Athos. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 82. =Dictynna=, a nymph of Crete, who first invented hunting nets. She was one of Diana’s attendants, and for that reason the goddess is often called _Dictynnia_. Some have supposed that Minos pursued her, and that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea, and was caught in fishermen’s nets, δικτυα, whence her name. There was a festival at Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dictynnia. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A city of Crete. =Dictys=, a Cretan, who went with Idomeneus to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he wrote a history of this celebrated war, and that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where it remained till a violent earthquake, in the reign of Nero, opened the monument where he had been buried. This convulsion of the earth threw out his history of the ♦Trojan war, which was found by some shepherds, and afterwards carried to Rome. This mysterious tradition is deservedly deemed fabulous; and the history of the Trojan war, which is now extant as the composition of Dictys of Crete, was composed in the 15th century, or, according to others, in the age of Constantine, and falsely attributed to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The edition of Dictys is by Mascellus Venia, 4to, Milan, 1477.――――A king of the island of Seriphus, son of Magnes and Nais. He married the nymph Clymene, and was made king of Seriphus by Perseus, who deposed Polydectes, because he behaved with wantonness to Danae. _See:_ Polydectes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 334. ♦ ‘Trojon’ replaced with ‘Trojan’ =Didas=, a Macedonian who was employed by Perseus to render Demetrius suspected to his father Philip. _Livy_, bk. 40. =Didia lex=, _de Sumptibus_, by Didius, A.U.C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attended public festivals and entertainments, and limit the number of guests which generally attended them, not only at Rome, but in all the provinces of Italy. By it, not only those who received guests in these festive meetings, but the guests themselves, were liable to be fined. It was an extension of the Oppian and Fannian laws. =Didius=, a governor of Spain, conquered by Sertorius. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――――A man who brought Cæsar the head of Pompey’s eldest son. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Britain under Claudius. ――――Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought the empire which the pretorians had exposed to sale, A.D. 192. His great luxury and extravagance rendered him odious; and when he refused to pay the money which he had promised for the imperial purple, the soldiers revolted against him, and put him to death, after a short reign. Severus was made emperor after him. =Dīdo=, called also _Elissa_, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichæus, or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Sichæus, to get possession of the immense riches which he possessed; and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail in quest of a settlement, with a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of the tyrant became odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly desired; and by that artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, that had come by order of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichæus. During her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away 50 women, who prostituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be covered by a bull’s hide, cut into thongs. Upon this piece of land she built a citadel, called Byrsa [_See:_ Byrsa], and in the increase of population, and the rising commerce among her subjects, soon obliged her to enlarge her city and the boundaries of her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprise, gained her many admirers; and her subjects wished to compel her to marry Iarbas king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido begged three months to give her decisive answer; and during that time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn sacrifice, to appease the manes of Sichæus, to whom she had promised eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile in presence of her people, and by this uncommon action obtained the name of Dido, _valiant woman_, instead of Elissa. According to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the sudden departure of Æneas, of whom she was deeply enamoured, and whom she could not obtain as a husband. This poetical fiction represents Æneas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of near 300 years. Dido left Phœnicia, 247 years after the Trojan war, or the age of Æneas; that is, about 953 years B.C. This chronological error proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets, but it is supported by the authority of Horace, _Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge._ While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, the desperate love of Dido, and the submission of Æneas to the will of the gods, he at the same time gives an explanation of the hatred which existed between the republics of Rome and Carthage, and informs his readers that their mutual enmity originated in their very first foundation, and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause than the jealousy and rivalship of two flourishing empires. Dido, after her death, was honoured as a deity by her subjects. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 6.――_Appian_, _Punic Wars_.――_Orosius_, bk. 4.――_Herodian._――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Dĭdy̆ma=, a place of Miletus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――An island in the Sicilian sea. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11. =Dĭdy̆mæus=, a surname of Apollo. =Dĭdy̆māon=, an excellent artist, famous for making suits of armour. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 359. =Dĭdy̆me=, one of the Cyclades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 469. ――――A city of Sicily. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 476.――――One of the Lipari isles, now _Saline_.――――A place near Miletus, where the Branchidæ had their famous oracle. =Dĭdy̆mum=, a mountain of Asia Minor. =Dĭdy̆mus=, a freedman of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 24.――――A scholiast on Homer, surnamed Χαλκεντερος, flourished B.C. 40. He wrote a number of books, which are now lost. The editions of his commentaries are, that in 2 vols., Venice, by Aldus Manutius, 1528, and that of Paris, 8vo, 1530. =Diēnĕces=, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, before the battle of Thermopylæ, that the Persians were so numerous that their arrows would darken the light of the sun, observed that it would be a great convenience, for they then should fight in the shade. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 226. =Diespĭter=, a surname of Jupiter, as being the father of light. =Digentia=, a small river which watered Horace’s farm, in the country of the Sabines. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 104. =Digma=, a part of the Piræus at Athens. =Dii=, the divinities of the ancient inhabitants of the earth, were very numerous. Every object which causes terror, inspires gratitude, or bestows affluence, received the tribute of veneration. Man saw a superior agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees, and supposed that the waters which communicated fertility to his fields and possessions, were under the influence and direction of some invisible power, inclined to favour and to benefit mankind. Thus arose a train of divinities, which imagination arrayed in different forms, and armed with different powers. They were endowed with understanding, and were actuated by the same passions which daily afflict the human race; and those children of superstition were appeased or provoked as the imperfect being which gave them birth. Their wrath was mitigated by sacrifice and incense, and sometimes human victims bled to expiate a crime which superstition alone supposed to exist. The sun, from its powerful influence and animating nature, first attracted the notice, and claimed the adoration, of the uncivilized inhabitants of the earth. The moon also was honoured with sacrifices, and addressed in prayers; and after immortality had been liberally bestowed on all the heavenly bodies, mankind classed among their deities the brute creation, and the cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter himself, the father of gods and men, the devout veneration of their votaries. This immense number of deities have been divided into classes, according to the will and pleasure of the mythologists. The Romans, generally speaking, reckoned two classes of the gods, the _dii majorum gentium_, or _dii consulentes_, and the _dii minorum gentium_. The former were 12 in number, six males and six females. _See:_ Consentes. In the class of the latter, were ranked all the gods who were worshipped in different parts of the earth. Besides these, there were some called _dii selecti_, sometimes classed with the 12 greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, the Moon, Pluto, and Bacchus. There were also some called demi-gods, that is, who deserved immortality by the greatness of their exploits, and for their uncommon services to mankind. Among these were Priapus, Vertumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents were some of the immortal gods. Besides these, there were some called _topici_, whose worship was established at particular places, such as Isis in Egypt, Astarte in Syria, Uranus at Carthage, &c. In process of time also, all the passions and the moral virtues were reckoned as powerful deities, and temples were raised to a goddess of concord, peace, &c. According to the authority of Hesiod, there were no less than 30,000 gods that inhabited the earth, and were guardians of men, all subservient to the power of Jupiter. To these succeeding ages have added an almost equal number; and indeed they were so numerous, and their functions so various, that we find temples erected, and sacrifices offered, to unknown gods. It is observable, that all the gods of the ancients have lived upon earth as mere mortals; and even Jupiter, who was the ruler of heaven, is represented by the mythologists as a helpless child; and we are acquainted with all the particulars that attended the birth and education of Juno. In process of time, not only good and virtuous men who had been the patrons of learning and the supporters of liberty, but also thieves and pirates, were admitted among the gods; and the Roman senate courteously granted immortality to the most cruel and abandoned of their emperors. =Dii=, a people of Thrace, on mount Rhodope. =Dimassus=, an island near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Dinarchus=, a Greek orator, son of Sostratus, and disciple to Theophrastus at Athens. He acquired much money by his compositions, and suffered himself to be bribed by the enemies of the Athenians, 307 B.C. Of 64 of his orations, only three remain. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――――A Corinthian ambassador, put to death by Polyperchon. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A native of Delos, who collected some fables in Crete, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_. =Dindy̆mus= (or a, orum), a mountain of Phrygia, near a town of the same name in the neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place that Cybele was called _Dindymene_, as her worship was established there by Jason. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 9.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617. =Dinia=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 5.――――A town of Gaul, now _Digne_ in Provence. =Dinias=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A man of Pheræ, who seized the supreme power at Cranon. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. ――――A man who wrote a history of Argos. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_. =Dinĭche=, the wife of Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Dinŏchăres=, an architect who finished the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it had been burnt by Erostratus. =Dinŏcrătes=, an architect of Macedonia, who proposed to Alexander to cut mount Athos in the form of a statue, holding a city in one hand, and in the other a basin, into which all the waters of the mountain should empty themselves. This project Alexander rejected as too chimerical, but he employed the talents of the artist in building and beautifying Alexandria. He began to build a temple in honour of Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in which he intended to suspend a statue of the queen, by means of loadstones. His death, and that of his royal patron, prevented the execution of a work which would have been the admiration of future ages. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 40.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――――A general of Agathocles.――――A Messenian, who behaved with great effeminacy and wantonness. He defeated Philopœmen, and put him to death, B.C. 183. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_. =Dinŏdŏchus=, a swift runner. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1. =Dinolŏchus=, a Syracusan, who composed 14 comedies. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 6, ch. 52. =Dinŏmĕnes=, a tyrant of Syracuse. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 42. =Dinon=, a governor of Damascus, under Ptolemy, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4. ――――The father of Clitarchus, who wrote a history of Persia in Alexander’s age. He is esteemed a very ♦authentic historian by _Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Diogenes Laërtius._ ♦ ‘anthentic’ replaced with ‘authentic’ =Dinosthĕnes=, a man who made himself a statue of an Olympian victor. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16. =Dinostrătus=, a celebrated geometrician in the age of Plato. =Diŏclea=, festivals in the spring at Megara, in honour of Diocles, who died in the defence of a certain youth to whom he was tenderly attached. There was a contention on his tomb, and the youth who gave the sweetest kiss was publicly rewarded with a garland. Theocritus has described them in his _Idylls_, bk. 12, li. 27.――――A town on the coast of Dalmatia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 23. =Diocles=, a general of Athens, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A comic poet of Athens.――――An historian, the first Grecian who ever wrote concerning the origin of the Romans, and the fabulous history of Romulus. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――One of the four brothers placed over the citadel of Corinth by Archelaus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6. ――――A rich man of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A general of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 13. =Diocletianopŏlis=, a town of Thessaly, called so in honour of Diocletian. =Diocletiānus Caius Valerius Jovius=, a celebrated Roman emperor, born of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first a common soldier, and by merit and success he gradually rose to the office of a general, and at the death of Numerian he was invested with the imperial purple. In this high station, he rewarded the virtue and fidelity of Maximian, who had shared with him all the subordinate offices in the army, by making him his colleague on the throne. He created two subordinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he called _Cæsars_, whilst he claimed for himself and his colleague the superior title of _Augustus_. Diocletian has been celebrated for his military virtues; and though he was naturally unpolished by education and study, yet he was the friend and patron of learning and true genius. He was bold and resolute, active and diligent, and well acquainted with the arts which endear a sovereign to his people, and make him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies. His cruelty, however, against the followers of christianity has been deservedly branded with the appellation of unbounded tyranny, and insolent wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years in the greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia, on the 1st of May, A.D. 304, and retired to a private station at Salona. Maximian, his colleague, followed his example, but not from voluntary choice; and when he some time after endeavoured to rouse the ambition of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume the imperial purple, he received for answer, that Diocletian took now more delight in cultivating his little garden, than he formerly enjoyed in a palace, when his power was extended over all the earth. He lived nine years after his abdication in the greatest security and enjoyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year of his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign who voluntarily resigned his power; a philosophical resolution, which, in a later age, was imitated by the emperor Charles V. of Germany. =Diŏdōrus=, an historian, surnamed _Siculus_, because he was born at Argyra in Sicily. He wrote a history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are extant, with some few fragments. This valuable composition was the work of an accurate inquirer, and it is said that he visited all the places of which he has made mention in his history. It was the labour of 30 years, though the greater part may be considered as nothing more than a judicious compilation from Berosus, Timæus, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The author, however, is too credulous in some of his narrations, and often wanders far from the truth. His style is neither elegant nor too laboured, but it contains great simplicity and unaffected correctness. He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports and trifling incidents, while events of the greatest importance to history are treated with brevity, and sometimes passed over in silence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads and the Roman consuls, will be found very erroneous. The historian flourished about 44 years B.C. He spent much time at Rome to procure information, and authenticate his historical narrations. The best edition of his works is that of Wesseling, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1746.――――A disciple of Euclid, in the age of Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A comic poet.――――A son of Echeanax, who, with his brothers Codrus and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life of Anaximander. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An orator of Sardis, in the time of the Mithridatic war.――――A stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero. He lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom he instructed in the various branches of Greek literature. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A general of Demetrius.――――A writer, surnamed _Periegetes_, who wrote a description of the earth. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.――――An African, &c. _Plutarch._ =Dioetas=, a general of Achaia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. =Dīŏgēnes=, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from his country for coining false money. From Sinope, he retired to Athens, where he became the disciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to admit him into his house, and even struck him with a stick. Diogenes calmly bore the rebuke, and said, “Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me from your presence, whilst there is anything to be learnt, any information to be gained, from your conversation and acquaintance.” Such firmness recommended him to Antisthenes, and he became his most devoted pupil. He dressed himself in the garment which distinguished the Cynics, and walked about the streets with a tub on his head, which served him as a house and a place of repose. Such singularity, joined to the greatest contempt for riches, soon gained him reputation, and Alexander the Great condescended to visit the philosopher in his tub. He asked Diogenes if there was anything in which he could gratify or oblige him. “Get out of my sunshine,” was the only answer which the philosopher gave. Such an independence of mind so pleased the monarch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, “Were I not Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes.” He was once sold as a slave, but his magnanimity so pleased his master, that he made him the preceptor of his children, and the guardian of his estates. After a life spent in the greatest misery and indigence, he died B.C. 324, in the 96th year of his age. He ordered his body to be carelessly thrown into a ditch, and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His orders were, however, disobeyed in this particular, and his friends honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral at Corinth. The inhabitants of Sinope raised statues to his memory; and the marble figure of a dog was placed on a high column erected on his tomb. His biographer has transmitted to posterity a number of his sayings, remarkable for their simplicity and moral tendency. The life of Diogenes, however, shrinks from the eye of a strict examination; he boasted of his poverty, and was so arrogant, that many have observed that the virtues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, not from wisdom and sound philosophy. His morals were corrupted, and he gave way to his most vicious indulgencies, and his unbounded wantonness has given occasion to some to observe, that the bottom of his tub would not bear too close an examination. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 36, &c.――――A stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He went to Athens, and was sent as ambassador to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 years before Christ. He died in the 88th year of his age, after a life of the most exemplary virtue. Some suppose that he was strangled by order of Antiochus king of Syria, for speaking disrespectfully of his family in one of his treatises. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 51. ――――A native of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of philosophy and physic. He was pupil to Anaxagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――Laërtius, an epicurean philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the philosophers in 10 books, still extant. This work contains an accurate account of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with all their anecdotes and particular opinions. It is compiled, however, without any plan, method, or precision, though much neatness and conciseness are observable through the whole. In this multifarious biography the author does not seem particularly partial to any sect, except perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexandria. Diogenes died A.D. 222. The best editions of his works are that of Meibomius, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1692, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1759.――――A Macedonian, who betrayed Salamis to Aratus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――There was a philosopher of that name who attended Alexander in his Asiatic expedition, for the purpose of marking out and delineating his march, &c. =Diogĕnia=, a daughter of Celeus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A daughter of the Cephisus, who married Erechtheus. _Apollodorus._ =Diogĕnus=, a man who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Diognetus=, a philosopher who instructed Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing dialogues. =Diŏmēda=, a daughter of Phorbas, whom Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his mistress after the loss of Briseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 661.――――The wife of Deion of Amyclæ. =Diŏmēdes=, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of Ætolia, and one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He engaged Hector and Æneas, and by repeated acts of valour obtained much military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in murdering Rhesus king of Thrace, and carrying away his horses. At his return from the siege of Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the night, and landed in Attica, where his companions plundered the country, and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife Ægiale forgot her marriage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of her servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some to the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely wounded in the arm in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of Ægiale was highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native country, which was the seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of his wife to take away his life, according to some accounts, did not a little contribute to hasten his departure. He came to that part of Italy which has been called Magna Græcia, where he built a city called Argyripa, and married the daughter of Daunus the king of the country. He died there in extreme old age, or, according to a certain tradition, he perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His death was greatly lamented by his companions, who in the excess of their grief were changed into birds resembling swans. These birds took flight into a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became remarkable for the tameness with which they approached the Greeks, and for the horror with which they shunned all other nations. They are called the birds of Diomedes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 756; bk. 11, li. 243, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_, fables 97, 112, & 113.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――――A king of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him; and accordingly the hero, attended with some of his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, and gave him to be devoured by his own horses, which he had fed so barbarously. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A friend of Alcibiades. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A grammarian. =Diŏmēdon=, an Athenian general, put to death for his negligence at Arginusæ. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 19.――――A man of Cyzicus, in the interest of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_. =Dion=, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous for his power and abilities. He was related to Dionysius, and often advised him, together with the philosopher Plato, who at his request had come to reside at the tyrant’s court, to lay aside the supreme power. His great popularity rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who banished him to Greece. There he collected a numerous force, and encouraged by the influence of his name, and the hatred of his enemy, he resolved to free his country from tyranny. He entered the port of Syracuse only with two ships, and in three days reduced under his power an empire which had already subsisted for 50 years, and which was guarded by 500 ships of war, and 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse. The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in his own hands, fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends of Dionysius. He was, however, shamefully betrayed and murdered by one of his familiar friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 years before the christian era, in the 55th year of his age, and four years after his return from Peloponnesus. His death was universally lamented by the Syracusans, and a monument was raised to his memory. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Life of Dion_.――――A town of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.――――Cassius, a native of Nicæa in Bithynia. His father’s name was Apronianus. He was raised to the greatest offices of state in the Roman empire by Pertinax and his three successors. Naturally fond of study, he improved himself by unwearied application, and was 10 years collecting materials for a history of Rome, which he made public in 80 books, after a laborious employment of 12 years in composing it. This valuable history began with the arrival of Æneas in Italy, and was continued down to the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. The 34 first books are totally lost, the 20 following are mutilated, and fragments are all that we possess of the last 20. In the compilation of his extensive history, Dion proposed to himself Thucydides for a model; but he is not perfectly happy in his imitation. His style is pure and elegant, and his narrations are judiciously managed, and his reflections learned; but upon the whole he is credulous, and the bigoted slave of partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against the republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of Cæsar. Seneca also is the object of his satire, and he represents him as debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about the 230th year of the christian era. The best edition of his works is that of Reimarus, 2 vols., folio, Hamburg, 1750.――――A famous christian writer, surnamed _Chrysostom_, &c. =Diōnæa=, a surname of Venus, supposed to be the daughter of Jupiter and Done. =Diōne=, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was mother of Venus by Jupiter, according to Homer and others. Hesiod, however, gives Venus a different origin. _See:_ Venus. Venus is herself sometimes called Dione. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 381.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 86. =Dionȳsia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. Their form and solemnity were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis, the Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated by the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were observed at Athens with more splendour and ceremonious superstition than in any other part of Greece. The years were numbered by their celebration, the Archon assisted at the solemnity, and the priests that officiated were honoured with the most dignified seats at the public games. At first they were celebrated with great simplicity, and the time was consecrated to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel of wine adorned with a vine branch, after which followed a goat, a basket of figs, and the φαλλοι. The worshippers imitated in their dress and actions the poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They clothed themselves in fawns’ skins, fine linen, and mitres; they carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and flutes, and crowned themselves with garlands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their dress, and their fantastical motions. Some rode upon asses, and others drove the goats to slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both sexes joined in the solemnity, and ran about the hills and country, nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous postures, and filling the air with hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying aloud, “Evoe Bacche! Io! Io! Evoe! Iacche! Io Bacche! Evohe!” With such solemnities were the festivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the Athenians. In one of these there followed a number of persons carrying sacred vessels, one of which contained water. After these came a select number of noble virgins, carrying little baskets of gold filled with all sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious part of the solemnity. Serpents were sometimes put in the baskets, and by their wreathing and crawling out they amused and astonished the beholders. After the virgins followed a company of men carrying poles, at the end of which were fastened φαλλοι. The heads of these men, who were called φαλλοφοροι, were crowned with ivy and violets, and their faces covered with other herbs. They marched singing songs upon the occasion of the festivals, called φαλλικα ᾁσματα. Next to the φαλλοφοροι followed the ἰθυφαλλοι in women’s apparel, with white striped garments reaching to the ground; their heads were decked with garlands, and on their hands they wore gloves composed of flowers. Their gestures and actions were like those of a drunken man. Besides these, there were a number of persons called λικνοφοροι, who carried the λικνον or _musical van_ of Bacchus; without their attendance none of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with due solemnity, and on that account the god is often called λικνιτης. The festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable. The name of the most celebrated were the Dionysia ♦ἀρχαιότερα, at Limnæ in Attica. The chief persons that officiated were 14 women called γεραιραι, _venerable_. They were appointed by one of the archons, and before their appointment they solemnly took an oath before the archon or his wife, that their body was free from all pollution.――――The greater Dionysia, sometimes called ἀστικα or τα κατ’ ἀστυ, as being celebrated _within the city_, were the most famous. They were supposed to be the same as the preceding.――――The less Dionysia, sometimes called τα κατ’ ἀργους, because celebrated _in the country_, or ληναια, from ληνος, _a wine-press_, were, to all appearance, a preparation for the greater festivals. They were celebrated in autumn.――――The Dionysia βραυρωνια, observed at _Brauron_ in Attica, were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and debauchery.――――The Dionysia νυκτηλια were observed by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen or done during the celebration.――――The Dionysia called ὠμοφαγια, because human victims were offered to the god, or because the priests imitated the _eating of raw flesh_, were celebrated with much solemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, and by the wildness of their looks, and the oddity of their actions, they feigned insanity.――――The Dionysia ἀρκαδικα were yearly observed in Arcadia, and the children who had been instructed in the music of Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced in a theatre, where they celebrated the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the spectators with songs, dances, and different exhibitions. There were, besides these, others of inferior note. There was also one observed every three years called Dionysia τριετηρικα, and it is said that Bacchus instituted it himself in commemoration of his Indian expedition, in which he spent three years. There is also another, celebrated every fifth year, as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristophanes.――――All these festivals, in honour of the god of wine, were celebrated by the Greeks with great licentiousness, and they contributed much to the corruption of morals among all ranks of people. They were also introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. Among the Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration during the darkness of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure actions and indulgencies which soon prevailed at the solemnity, called aloud for the interference of the senate, and the consuls Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Martius Philippus made a strict examination concerning the propriety and superstitious forms of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution which was practised with impunity by no less than 7000 votaries of either sex, were beheld with horror and astonishment by the consuls, and the Bacchanalia were for ever banished from Rome by a decree of the senate. They were again reinstituted there in length of time, but not with such licentiousness as before. _Euripides_, _Bacchæ_. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 737.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 533; bk. 4, li. 391; bk. 6, li. 587. ♦ ‘ἀλχαιωτερα’ replaced with ‘ἀρχαιότερα’ =Diŏnȳsiădes=, two small islands near Crete.――――Festivals in honour of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Diŏnȳsias=, a fountain. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36. =Diŏnysides=, a tragic poet of Tarsus. =Diŏnȳsiodōrus=, a famous geometer. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 109.――――A Bœotian historian. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A Tarentine, who obtained a prize at Olympia in the 100th Olympiad. =Dionȳsion=, a temple of Bacchus in Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43. =Dionȳsipŏlis=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Dionȳsius I.=, or the elder, was son of Hermocrates. He signalized himself in the wars which the Syracusans carried on against the Carthaginians, and, taking advantage of the power lodged in his hands, he made himself absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he increased the pay of the soldiers, and recalled those that had been banished. He vowed eternal enmity against Carthage, and experienced various success in his wars against that republic. He was ambitious of being thought a poet, and his brother Theodorus was commissioned to go to Olympia, and repeat there some verses in his name, with other competitors, for the poetical prizes. His expectations were frustrated, and his poetry was received with groans and hisses. He was not, however, so unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical prize was publicly adjudged to one of his compositions. This victory gave him more pleasure than all the victories he had ever obtained in the field of battle. His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspicious that he never admitted his wife or children to his private apartment without a previous examination of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber, but always burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock, said to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, which measured 80 feet in height and 250 in length. It was called the ear of Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous cave were all necessarily directed to one common tympanum, which had a communication with an adjoining room, where Dionysius spent the greatest part of his time to hear whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty had confined in the apartments above. The artists that had been employed in making this cave were all put to death by order of the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what purposes a work of such uncommon construction was to be appropriated. His impiety and sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious credulity. He took a golden mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of Saturn had a covering too warm for the summer, and too cold for the winter, and he placed one of wool instead. He also robbed Æsculapius of his golden beard, and plundered the temple of Proserpine. He died of an indigestion in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 368, after a reign of 38 years. Authors, however, are divided about the manner of his death, and some are of opinion that he died a violent death. Some suppose that the tyrant invented the _catapulta_, an engine which proved of infinite service for the discharging of showers of darts and stones in the time of a siege. _Diodorus_, bks. 13, 15, &c. ――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1, &c.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――_Plutarch_, _Diodorus_.――――The second of that name, surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius I. by Doris. He succeeded his father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion his brother-in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his court, under whom he studied for a while. The philosopher advised him to lay aside the supreme power, and in his admonitions he was warmly seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato was seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, on account of his great popularity, was severely abused and insulted in his family, and his wife given in marriage to another. Such a violent behaviour was highly resented; Dion, who was banished, collected some forces in Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B.C. 357. _See:_ Dion. Dionysius retired to Locri, where he behaved with the greatest oppression, and was ejected by the citizens. He recovered Syracuse 10 years after his expulsion, but his triumph was short, and the Corinthians, under conduct of Timoleon, obliged him to abandon the city. He fled to Corinth, where to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero observes, that he might still continue to be tyrant; and as he could not command over men, that he might still exercise his power over boys. It is said that he died from excess of joy, when he heard that a tragedy of his own composition had been rewarded with a poetical prize. Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but he did not, like him, possess the art of restraining his power. This was seen and remarked by the old man, who, when he saw his son attempting to debauch the wives of some of his old subjects, asked him, with the greatest indignation, whether he had ever heard of his having acted so brutal a part in his younger days? “No,” answered the son, “because you were not the son of a king.” “Well, my son,” replied the old man, “never shalt thou be the father of a king.” _Justin_, bk. 21, chs. 1, 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Quintilian_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 2. ――――An historian of _Halicarnassus_, who left his country and came to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study all the Greek and Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Roman history. He formed an acquaintance with all the learned of the age, and derived much information from their company and conversation. After an unremitted application, during 24 years, he gave to the world his Roman antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now extant, nearly containing the account of 312 years. His composition has been greatly valued by the ancients as well as the moderns for the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his chronology, and the judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like a faithful historian, he never mentioned anything but what was authenticated, and he totally disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace the pages of both his predecessors and followers. To the merits of the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his treatises, has also added the equally respectable character of the eloquent orator, the critic, and the politician. He lived during the Augustan age, and came to Rome about 80 years before the christian era. The best editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 vols., folio, 1704, and that of Reiske, 6 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――――A tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. After the death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris the niece of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was of such an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public, and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he always placed himself in a chair which was conveniently made to hide his face and person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep, it was impossible to awake him without boring his flesh with pins. He died in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was remarkable for mildness and popularity, his death was severely lamented by his subjects. He left two sons and a daughter, and appointed his widow queen-regent.――――A surname of Bacchus.――――A disciple of Chæremon. ――――A native of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled κτισεις, or _the origin of cities_.――――A commander of the Ionian fleet against the Persians, who went to plunder Phœnicia. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 17. ――――A general of Antiochus Hierax.――――A philosopher of Heraclea, disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, B.C. 279, in the 81st year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An epic poet of Mitylene.――――A sophist of Pergamus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A writer in the Augustan age, called _Periegetes_. He wrote a very valuable geographical treatise in Greek hexameters, still extant. The best edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to, 1577, with the scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo, London, 1688.――――A christian writer, A.D. 492, called _Areopagita_. The best edition of his works is that of Antwerp, 2 vols., folio, 1634.――――The music master of Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos._――――A celebrated critic. _See:_ Longinus.――――A rhetorician of Magnesia.――――A Messenian madman, &c. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A native of Thrace, generally called the Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote some grammatical treatises and commentaries, B.C. 64. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A painter of Colophon. =Diŏphănes=, a man who joined Peloponnesus to the Achæan league. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――――A rhetorician intimate with Tiberias Gracchus. _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_. =Diŏphantus=, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in the service of Nectanebus king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A Greek orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tiberius Gracchus. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A native of Alexandria in the fourth century. He wrote 13 books of arithmetical questions, of which six are still extant, the best edition of which is that in folio, Tolosæ, 1670. He died in his 84th year, but the age in which he lived is uncertain. Some place him in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and Antonines. =Diopœnus=, a noble sculptor of Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 4. =Diopŏlis=, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Diōres=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. He had engaged in the games exhibited by Æneas on his father’s tomb in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 297; bk. 12, li. 509. =Dioryctus=, a place of Acarnania, where a canal was cut (δια ὀρυσσω), to make Leucadia an island. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Dioscorĭdes=, a native of Cilicia, who was physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study, and wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which the best edition is that of Saracenus, folio, Frankfurt. 1598.――――A man who wrote an account of the republic of Lacedæmon.――――A nephew of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――A disciple of Isocrates.――――An astrologer sent ambassador by Julius Cæsar to Achillas, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 109. =Dioscorĭdis insula=, an island situate at the south of the entrance of the Arabic gulf, and now called _Socotra_. =Dioscūri=, or _sons of Jupiter_, a name given to Castor and Pollux. There were festivals in their honour, called _Dioscuria_, celebrated by the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the Lacedæmonians. They were observed with much jovial festivity. The people made a free use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with sports, of which wrestling matches always made a part. =Dioscurias=, a town of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28. =Diospăge=, a town of Mesopotamia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26. =Diospŏlis=, or =Thebæ=, a famous city of Egypt, formerly called Hecatompylos. _See:_ Thebæ. =Diotīme=, a woman who gave lectures upon philosophy, which Socrates attended. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_. =Diotīmus=, an Athenian skilled in maritime affairs, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A stoic, who flourished 85 B.C. =Diotrephes=, an Athenian officer, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 75. =Dioxippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Dioxippus=, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. _Ælian._――――An Athenian boxer, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574. =Dipæa=, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between the Arcadians and Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 35. =Diphĭlas=, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans, to destroy the Athenian faction there. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A governor of Babylon in the interest of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――An historian. =Dīphĭlus=, an Athenian general, A.U.C. 311.――――An architect so slow in finishing his works, that _Diphilo tardior_ became a proverb. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――――A tragic writer. =Diphorĭdas=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_. =Dipœnæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31. =Dipŏlis=, a name given to Lemnos, as having two cities, Hephæstia and Myrina. =Dipsas= (antis), a river of Cilicia, flowing from mount Taurus. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 255.――――(adis), a profligate and incontinent woman mentioned by _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 8.――――A kind of serpent. _Lucan_, bk. 9. =Dipylon=, one of the gates of Athens. =Diræ=, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted the souls of the guilty. They are the same as the furies, and some suppose they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Diræ in heaven. They were represented as standing near the throne of Jupiter, in an attitude which expressed their eagerness to receive his orders, and the power of tormenting the guilty on earth with the most excruciating punishments. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 473; bk. 8, li. 701. =Dirce=, a woman whom Lycus king of Thebes married after he had divorced Antiope. When Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce suspected her husband of infidelity to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope, whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. Antiope escaped from her confinement, and brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount Cithæron. When these children were informed of the cruelties to which their mother had been exposed, they besieged Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her over rocks and precipices, and exposed her to the most poignant pains, till the gods, pitying her fate, changed her into a fountain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes. According to some accounts, Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus before she was confined and exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. _See:_ Amphion, Antiope. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 37.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 57.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 175; bk. 4, li. 550. =Dircenna=, a cold fountain of Spain, near Bilbilis. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 17. =Dirphyia=, a surname of Juno, from _Dirphya_, a mountain of Bœotia, where the goddess had a temple. =Dis=, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul supposed themselves descended from that deity. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 84. =Discordia=, a malevolent deity, daughter of Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcæ, and death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter, because she sowed dissensions among the gods, and was the cause of continual quarrels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were celebrated, the goddess of discord was not invited, and this seeming neglect so irritated her, that she threw an apple into the midst of the assembly of the gods, with the inscription of _detur pulchriori_. This apple was the cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to the Greeks. _See:_ Paris. She is represented with a pale, ghastly look, her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, and she holds a dagger concealed in her bosom. Her head is generally entwined with serpents, and she is attended by Bellona. She is supposed to be the cause of all dissensions, murders, wars, and quarrels which arise upon earth, public as well as private. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 702.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 225. ――_Petronius._ =Dithyrambus=, a surname of Bacchus, whence the hymns sung in his honour were called Dithyrambics. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2. =Dittani=, a people of Spain. =Divi=, a name chiefly appropriated to those who were made gods after death, such as heroes and warriors, or the Lares and Penates, and other domestic gods. =Divitiăcus=, one of the Ædui, intimate with Cæsar. _Cicero_ bk. 1, _de Divinatione_. =Dium=, a town of Eubœa, where there were hot baths. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.――――A promontory of Crete.――――A town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 7. =Divodurum=, a town of Gaul, now _Metz_ in Lorrain. =Divus Fidius=, a god of the Sabines, worshipped also at Rome. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Diyllus=, an Athenian historian. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13. =Doberes=, a people of Pæonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16. =Docĭlis=, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19. =Docĭmus=, a man of Tarentum, deprived of his military dignity by Philip son of Amyntas, for indulging himself with hot baths. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――An officer of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. ――――An officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. =Dōdōna=, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or, according to others, in Thessaly. There was in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple of the god were first built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge. It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece, and according to the traditions of the Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus, it was founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he relates, took their flight from the city of Thebes in Egypt, one of which flew to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where, with a human voice, they acquainted the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter had consecrated the ground, which in future would give oracles. The extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter’s temple was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and oracles were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, and the doves which inhabited the place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves is explained by Herodotus, who observes that some Phœnicians carried away two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went to fix her residence at Dodona, where the oracle was established. It may further be observed, that the fable might have been founded upon the double meaning of the word πελειαι, which signifies _doves_ in most parts of Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies _old women_. In ancient times the oracles were delivered by the murmuring of a neighbouring fountain, but the custom was afterwards changed. Large kettles were suspended in the air near a brazen statue, which held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew strong, the statue was agitated and struck against one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to all the rest, and raised that clattering and discordant din which continued for a while, and from which the artifice of the priests drew their predictions. Some suppose that the noise was occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old oak, which the superstition of the people frequently consulted, and from which they pretended to receive oracles. It may be observed with more probability that the oracles were delivered by the priests, who, by artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks, gave occasion to the superstitious multitude to believe that the trees were endowed with the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was built with some of the oaks of the forest of Dodona, there were some beams in the vessel which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned them against the approach of calamity. Within the forest of Dodona there was a stream with a fountain of cool water, which had the power of lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This fountain was totally dry at noonday, and was restored to its full course at midnight, from which time till the following noon it began to decrease, and at the usual hour was again deprived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona were originally delivered by men, but afterwards by women. _See:_ Dodonides. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 57.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14; _Iliad_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 427.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 23. =Dōdōnæus=, a surname of Jupiter from Dodona. =Dōdōne=, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa.――――A fountain in the forest of Dodona. _See:_ Dodona. =Dōdōnĭdes=, the priestesses who gave oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. According to some traditions the temple was originally inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nursed Bacchus. Their names were Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis, Tythe or Tyche. In the latter ages the oracles were always delivered by three old women, which custom was first established when Jupiter enjoyed the company of Dione, whom he permitted to receive divine honour in his temple at Dodona. The Bœotians were the only people of Greece who received their oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons which _Strabo_, bk. 9, fully explains. =Doii=, a people of Arabia Felix. =Dolabella Publius Cornelius=, a Roman who married the daughter of Cicero. During the civil wars he warmly espoused the interest of Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied at the famous battles at Pharsalia, Africa, and Munda. He was made consul by his patron, though Marcus Antony his colleague opposed it. After the death of Julius Cæsar, he received the government of Syria as his province. Cassius opposed his views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the assassination of Trebonius, one of Cæsar’s murderers, was declared an enemy to the republic of Rome. He was besieged by Cassius in Laodicea, and when he saw that all was lost, he killed himself, in the 27th year of his age. He was of small stature, which gave occasion to his father-in-law to ask him once when he entered his house, who had tied him so cleverly to his sword.――――A proconsul of Africa. ――――Another, who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii at the lake of Vadimonis, B. C. 283.――――The family of the Dolabellæ distinguished themselves at Rome, and one of them, Lucius Cornelius, conquered Lusitania, B.C. 99. =Dolichaon=, the father of the Hebrus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 696. =Dolīche=, an island in the Ægean sea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――――A town of Syria,――――of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53. =Dolius=, a faithful servant of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 675. =Dolomēna=, a country of Assyria. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Dŏlon=, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous for his swiftness. Being sent by Hector to spy the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed the situation, schemes, and resolutions of his countrymen, with the hopes of escaping with his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, as a traitor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10, li. 314.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 349, &c. ――――A poet. _See:_ Susarion. =Dōlonci=, a people of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34. =Dŏlŏpes=, a people of Thessaly, near mount Pindus. Peleus reigned there, and sent them to the Trojan war under Phœnix. They became also masters of Scyros, and like the rest of the ancient Greeks, were fond of migration. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 7.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 33.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_. =Dŏlŏpia=, the country of the Dolopes, near Pindus, through which the Achelous flowed. =Dŏlops=, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by Menelaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 525. =Domidūcus=, a god who presided over marriage. Juno also was called _Domiduca_, from the power she was supposed to have in marriages. =Domīnĭca=, a daughter of Petronius, who married the ♦emperor Valens. ♦ ‘emperior’ replaced with ‘emperor’ =Domitĭa lex=, _de Religione_, was enacted by Domitius Ahenobarbus the tribune, A.U.C. 650. It transferred the right of electing priests from the college to the people. =Domĭtia Longīna=, a Roman lady who boasted in her debaucheries. She was the wife of the emperor Domitian. =Domĭtiānus Titus Flavius=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domatilla, made himself emperor of Rome at the death of his brother Titus, whom, according to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The beginning of his reign promised tranquillity to the people, but their expectations were soon frustrated. Domitian became cruel, and gave way to incestuous and unnatural indulgencies. He commanded himself to be called God and Lord in all the papers which were presented to him. He passed the greatest part of the day in catching flies and killing them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a person who asked him who was with the emperor, “Nobody, not even a fly.” In the latter part of his reign Domitian became suspicious, and his anxieties were increased by the predictions of astrologers, but still more poignantly by the stings of remorse. He was so distrustful even when alone, that round the terrace, where he usually walked, he built a wall with shining stones, that from them he might perceive as in a looking-glass whether anybody followed him. All these precautions were unavailing; he perished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of September, A.D. 96, in the 45th year of his age and the 15th of his reign. He was the last of the 12 Cæsars. He distinguished himself for his love of learning, and in a little treatise which he wrote upon the great care which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance, according to the observations of his biographers. After his death he was publicly deprived by the senate of all the honours which had been profusely heaped upon him, and even his body was left in the open air without the honours of a funeral. This disgrace might proceed from the resentment of the senators, whom he had exposed to terror as well as to ridicule. He once assembled that august body, to know in what vessel a turbot might be most conveniently dressed. At another time they received a formal invitation to a feast, and when they arrived at the palace, they were introduced into a large gloomy hall hung with black, and lighted with a few glimmering tapers. In the middle were placed a number of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the name of some one of the invited senators. On a sudden a number of men burst into the room, clothed in black, with drawn swords and flaming torches, and after they had for some time terrified the guests, they permitted them to retire. Such were the amusements and cruelties of a man who, in the first part of his reign, was looked upon as the father of his people, and the restorer of learning and liberty. _Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――_Eutropius_, bk. 7. =Domĭtilla Flavia=, a woman who married Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a year after her marriage, and, 11 years after, Domitian.――――A niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom she was banished. =Domĭtius Domitiănus=, a general of Diocletian in Egypt. He assumed the imperial purple at Alexandria, A.D. 288, and supported the dignity of emperor for about two years. He died a violent death. ――――Lucius. _See:_ Ænobarbus.――――Cnæus Ænobarbus, a Roman consul, who conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on the field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners.――――A grammarian in the reign of Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, and his melancholy disposition.――――A Roman who revolted from Antony to Augustus. He was at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey to fight by the mere force of his ridicule.――――The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties and debaucheries. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A tribune of the people, who conquered the Allobroges. _Plutarch._ ――――A consul during whose consulate peace was concluded with Alexander king of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17.――――A consul under Caligula. He wrote some few things now lost.――――A Latin poet, called also Marsus, in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams, remarkable for little besides their indelicacy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 5.――――Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quintilian. He disgraced his talents by his adulation, and by practising the arts of an informer under Tiberius and his successors. He was made a consul by Nero, and died A.D. 59. =Ælius Donātus=, a grammarian, who flourished A.D. 353.――――A bishop of Numidia, a promoter of the Donatists, A.D. 311.――――A bishop of Africa, banished from Carthage, A.D. 356. =Donilāus=, a prince of Gallogræcia, who assisted Pompey with 300 horsemen against Julius Cæsar. =Donūca=, a mountain of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 57. =Dŏnȳsa=, one of the Cyclades in the Ægean, where green marble is found. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 125. =Doracte=, an island in the Persian gulf. =Dōres=, the inhabitants of Doris. _See:_ Doris. =Dori= and =Dorica=, a part of Achaia near Athens. =Dorĭcus=, an epithet applied not only to Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 27. =Dorienses=, a people of Crete,――――of Cyrene. =Dorieus=, a son of Anaxandridas, who went with a colony into Sicily, because he could not bear to be under his brother at home. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 42, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 16, &c.――――A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Dorilas=, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 4. =Dorilaus=, a general of the great Mithridates. =Dorion=, a town of Thessaly, where Thamyras the musician challenged the muses to a trial of skill. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 182. ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 22, li. 19.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 352. =Dōris=, a country of Greece between Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It received its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, who made a settlement there. It was called _Tetrapolis_, from the four cities of Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which it contained. To these four some add Lilæum and Carphia, and therefore call it Hexapolis. The name of Doris has been common to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis, which they exchanged for Histiæotis, in the age of Dorus. From thence they were driven by the Cadmæans, and came to settle near the town of Pindus. From thence they passed into Dryopis, and afterwards into Peloponnesus. Hercules having re-established Ægimius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven from his country by the Lapithæ, the grateful king appointed Hyllus the son of his patron to be his successor, and the Heraclidæ marched from that part of the country to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent many colonies into different places, which bore the same name as their native country. The most famous of these is _Doris in Asia Minor_, of which Halicarnassus was once the capital. This part of Asia Minor was called Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after the exclusion of Halicarnassus. _Strabo_, bk. 9, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 144; bk. 8, ch. 31.――――A goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to express the sea itself. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 25.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 240.――――A woman of Locri, daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the elder, of Sicily, married the same day with Aristomache. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――――One of the 50 Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 250.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 45. =Doriscus=, a place of Thrace near the sea, where Xerxes numbered his forces. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 59. =Dorium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._ =Dorius=, a mountain of Asia Minor. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3. =Dorsennus=, a comic poet of great merit in the Augustan age. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 10, li. 173. =Dorso Caius Fabius=, a Roman who, when Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then besieged, to go and offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount Quirinalis. He dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on his shoulders the statues of his country gods, passed through the guards of the enemy, without betraying the least signs of fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he returned to the Capitol unmolested by the enemy, who were astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 46. =Dōrus=, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, according to others, of Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went to make a settlement with some of his companions near mount Ossa. The country was called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 56, &c.――――A city of Phœnicia, whose inhabitants are called Dorienses. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24. =Doryasus=, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus. =Dŏrȳclus=, an illegitimate son of Priam, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――――A brother of Phineus king of Thrace, who married Beroe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 620. =Dŏrȳlæum= and =Dorylæus=, a city of Phrygia, now _Eski Shehr_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 17. =Dory̆las=, one of the centaurs killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 180. =Dory̆lāus=, a warlike person intimate with Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the Gnossians, B.C. 125. _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Doryssus=, a king of Lacedæmon, killed in a tumult. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Dosci=, a people near the Euxine. =Dosiadas=, a poet who wrote a piece of poetry in the form of an altar (βωμος), which Theocritus has imitated. =Dosiades=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Crete. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Doson=, a surname of Antigonus, because he promised and never performed. =Dossēnus=, or =Dorsennus=. _See:_ Dorsennus. =Dotădas=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Doto=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 102. =Dotus=, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72. =Doxander=, a man mentioned by _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5. =Dracānus=, a mountain where Jupiter took Bacchus from his thigh. _Theocritus._ =Draco=, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. When he exercised the office of archon, he made a code of laws, B.C. 623, for the use of the citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in letters of blood. By them, idleness was punished with as much severity as murder, and death was denounced against the one as well as the other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator why he was so severe in his punishments, and Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest transgression had appeared to him deserving death, he could not find any punishment more rigorous for more atrocious crimes. These laws were at first enforced, but they were often neglected on account of their extreme severity, and Solon totally abolished them, except that one which punished a murderer with death. The popularity of Draco was uncommon, but the gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. When once he appeared on the theatre, he was received with repeated applauses, and the people, according to the custom of the Athenians, showed their respect to their lawgiver, by throwing garments upon him. This was done in such profusion, that Draco was soon hid under them, and smothered by the too great veneration of his citizens. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A man who instructed Plato in music. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_. =Dracontides=, a wicked citizen of Athens. ♦_Plato [Comicus]_, _The Sophists_. ♦ ‘Plut.’ replaced with ‘Plato’ =Dracus=, a general of the Achæans, conquered by Mummius. =Drances=, a friend of Latinus, remarkable for his weakness and eloquence. He showed himself an obstinate opponent to the violent measures which Turnus pursued against the Trojans. Some have imagined that the poet wished to delineate the character and the eloquence of Cicero under this name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 122. =Drangina=, a province of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Drapes=, a seditious Gaul, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 30. =Drapus=, a river of Noricum, which falls into the Danube near Mursa. =Drĕpăna= and =Drĕpănum=, now _Trapani_, a town of ♦Sicily near mount Eryx, in the form of a scythe, whence its name (δρεπανον, _falx_). Anchises died there, in his voyage to Italy with his son Æneas. The Romans under Claudius Pulcher were defeated near the coast, B.C. 249, by the Carthaginian general Adherbal. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 707.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 57.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 474.――――A promontory of Peloponnesus. ♦ ‘Scily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’ =Drilo=, a river of Macedonia, which falls into the Adriatic at Lissus. =Drimăchus=, a famous robber of Chios. When a price was set upon his head, he ordered a young man to cut it off and go and receive the money. Such an uncommon instance of generosity so pleased the Chians, that they raised a temple to his memory, and honoured him as a god. _Athenæus_, bk. 13. =Drinus=, a small river falling into the Save and Danube. =Driŏpĭdes=, an Athenian ambassador sent to Darius when the peace with Alexander had been violated. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Drios=, a mountain of Arcadia. =Droi=, a people of Thrace. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 101. =Dromæus=, a surname of Apollo in Crete. =Dropĭci=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125. =Dropion=, a king of Pæonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13. =Druentius= and =Druentia=, now _Durance_, a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the Rhone between Arles and Avignon. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 468.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. =Drugĕri=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Druĭdæ=, the ministers of religion among the ancient Gauls and Britons. They were divided into different classes, called the Bardi, Eubages, the Vates, the Semnothei, the Sarronides, and the Samothei. They were held in the greatest veneration by the people. Their life was austere and recluse from the world, their dress was peculiar to themselves, and they generally appeared with a tunic which reached a little below the knee. As the chief power was lodged in their hands, they punished as they pleased, and could declare war and make peace at their option. Their power was extended not only over private families, but they could depose magistrates and even kings, if their actions in any manner deviated from the laws of the state. They had the privilege of naming the magistrates which annually presided over their cities, and the kings were created only with their approbation. They were entrusted with the education of youth, and all religious ceremonies, festivals, and sacrifices were under their peculiar care. They taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and believed the immortality of the soul. They were professionally acquainted with the art of magic, and from their knowledge of astrology they drew omens and saw futurity revealed before their eyes. In their sacrifices they often immolated human victims to their gods, a barbarous custom which continued long among them, and which the Roman emperors attempted to abolish, to little purpose. The power and privileges which they enjoyed were beheld with admiration by their countrymen, and as their office was open to every rank and every station, there were many who daily proposed themselves as candidates to enter upon this important function. The rigour, however, and severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and few were willing to attempt a labour, which enjoined them during 15 or 20 years to load their memory with the long and tedious maxims of druidical religion. Their name is derived from the Greek word δρυς, _an oak_, because the woods and solitary retreats were the places of their residence. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 44.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Druna=, the _Drome_, a river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone. =Drusilla Livia=, a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, famous for her debaucheries and licentiousness. She committed incest with her brother Caligula, who was so tenderly attached to her, that, in a dangerous illness, he made her heiress of all his possessions, and commanded that she should succeed him in the Roman empire. She died A.D. 38, in the 23rd year of her age, and was deified by her brother Caligula, who survived her for some time.――――A daughter of Agrippa king of Judæa, &c. =Drūso=, an unskilful historian and mean usurer, who obliged his debtors, when they could not pay him, to hear him read his compositions, to draw from them praises and flattery. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 86. =Drūsus=, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, who made himself famous by his intrepidity and courage in the provinces of Illyricum and Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest honours of the state by his father, but a blow which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine, proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife of Drusus, and in conjunction with her, he caused him to be poisoned by a eunuch, A.D. 23.――――A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy Sejanus, however, effected his ruin by his insinuations; Drusus was confined by Tiberius, and deprived of all aliment. He was found dead nine days after his confinement, A.D. 33.――――A son of the emperor Claudius, who died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air.――――An ambitious Roman, grandfather to Cato. He was killed for his seditious conduct. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Livius, father of Julia Augusta, was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself with him after the battle of Philippi. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 71.――――Marcus Livius, a celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals of the Agrarian laws, which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as he entered his house, though he was attended with a number of clients and Latins, to whom he had proposed the privilege of Roman citizens, B.C. 190. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ♦ch. 22.――――Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, adopted by Augustus. He was brother to Tiberius, who was afterwards made emperor. He greatly signalized himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul against the Rhœti and Vindelici, and was honoured with a triumph. He died of a fall from his horse in the 30th year of his age, B.C. 9. He left three children, Germanicus, Livia, and Claudius, by his wife Antonia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――Marcus Livius Salinator, a consul who conquered Asdrubal with his colleague Claudius Nero. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 824.――――Caius, an historian, who being one day missed from his cradle, was found the next on the highest part of the house, with his face turned towards the sun.――――Marcus, a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――――The plebeian family of the Drusi produced eight consuls, two censors, and one dictator. The surname of Drusus was given to the family of the Livii, as some suppose, because one of them killed a Gaulish leader of that name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 824, mentions the Drusi among the illustrious Romans, and that perhaps more particularly because the wife of Augustus was of that family. ♦ ‘12’ replaced with ‘22’ =Dryădes=, nymphs that presided over the woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey were offered to them, and sometimes the votaries sacrificed a goat. They were not generally considered immortal, but as genii, whose lives were terminated with the tree over which they were supposed to preside. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 11. =Dryantiădes=, a patronymic of Lycurgus king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He cut his legs as he attempted to destroy the vines that no libations might be made to Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 345. =Dryas=, a son of Hippolochus, who was father to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles to the Theban war, where he perished. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 355.――――A son of Mars, who went to the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A centaur at the nuptials of Pirithous, who killed Rhœtus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 296.――――A daughter of Faunus, who so hated the sight of men, that she never appeared in public.――――A son of Lycurgus, killed by his own father in a fury. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A son of Ægyptus, murdered by his wife Eurydice. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Drymæa=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 33. =Drymo=, a sea-nymph, one of the attendants of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 536. =Drymus=, a town between Attica and Bœotia. =Dryŏpe=, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape Venus assumed, to persuade all the females of the island to murder the men. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 174.――――A virgin of Œchalia, whom Andræmon married after she had been ravished by Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus, who, when scarce a year old, was with his mother changed into a lotus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 331.――――A nymph, mother of Tarquitus by Faunus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 551.――――A nymph of Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mercury, according to _Homer_, _Hymn 19 to Pan_. =Dryŏpeia=, an anniversary day observed at Asine in Argolis, in honour of Dryops the son of Apollo. ♦=Dryŏpes=, a people of Greece, near mount Œta. They afterwards passed into the Peloponnesus, where they inhabited the towns of Asine and Hermione, in Argolis. When they were driven from Asine by the people of Argos, they settled among the Messenians, and called a town by the name of their ancient habitation _Asine_. Some of their descendants went to make a settlement in Asia Minor, together with the Ionians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146; bk. 8, ch. 32.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.――_Strabo_, bks. 7, 8, 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 179. ♦ ‘Drpŏpes’ replaced with ‘Dryŏpes’ =Dryŏpis= and =Dryŏpĭda=, a small country at the foot of mount Œta in Thessaly. Its true situation is not well ascertained. According to Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some time in the possession of the Hellenes, after they were driven from Histiæotis by the Cadmeans. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 56. =Dryops=, a son of Priam.――――A son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Clausus in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 346. =Drypĕtis=, the younger daughter of Darius, given in marriage to Hephæstion by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. =Dubis=, or =Alduadubis=, the _Daux_, a river of Gaul, falling into the Saone. =Dubris=, a town of Britain, supposed to be _Dover_. =Ducetius=, a Sicilian general, who died B.C. 440. =Duillia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Duillius, a tribune, A.U.C. 304. It made it a capital crime to leave the Roman people without its tribunes, or to create any new magistrate without a sufficient cause. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 55.――――Another, A.U.C. 392, to regulate what interest ought to be paid for money lent. =C. Duillius Nepos=, a Roman consul, the first who obtained a victory over the naval power of Carthage, B.C. 260. He took 50 of the enemy’s ships, and was honoured with a naval triumph, the first that ever appeared at Rome. The senate rewarded his valour by permitting him to have music playing and torches lighted, at the public expense, every day while he was at supper. There were some medals struck in commemoration of this victory, and there still exists a column at Rome which was erected on the occasion. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 12. =Dulĭchium=, an island of the Ionian sea, opposite the Achelous. It was part of the kingdom of Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 4, li. 67; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 226; _Remedia Amoris_, li. 272. ――_Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 70, li. 8.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 76. =Dumnōrix=, a powerful chief among the Ædui. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Dunax=, a mountain of Thrace. =Duratius Picto=, a Gaul, who remained in perpetual friendship with the Roman people. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 26. =Duris=, an historian of Samos, who flourished B.C. 257. He wrote the life of Agathocles of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, a history of Macedonia, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 1. =Durius=, a large river of ancient Spain, now called the _Douro_, which falls into the ocean, near modern Oporto in Portugal, after a course of nearly 300 miles. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 234. =Durocasses=, the chief residence of the Druids in Gaul, now _Dreux_. _Cæsar_. _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 13. =Duronia=, a town of the Samnites. =Dusii=, some deities among the Gauls. _Augustine_, _The City of God_, bk. 15, ch. 23. =Duumvĭri=, two noble patricians at Rome, first appointed by Tarquin to keep the Sibylline books, which were supposed to contain the fate of the Roman empire. These sacred books were placed in the Capitol, and secured in a chest under the ground. They were consulted but seldom, and only by an order of the senate, when the armies had been defeated in war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened by an invasion, or by secret seditions. These priests continued in their original institution, till the year A.U.C. 388, when a law was proposed by the tribunes to increase the number to 10, to be chosen promiscuously from patrician and plebeian families. They were from their number called Decemviri, and some time after Sylla increased them to 15, known by the name of Quindecemviri.――――There were also certain magistrates at Rome, called _Duumviri perduelliones sive capitales_. They were first created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such as were accused of treason. This office was abolished as unnecessary, but Cicero complains of their revival by Labienus the tribune. _For Rabirius on a Charge of Treason_.――――Some of the commanders of the Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, especially when there were two together. They were first created A.U.C. 542.――――There were also in the municipal towns in the provinces two magistrates called _Duumviri municipales_. They were chosen from the centurions, and their office was much the same as that of the two consuls at Rome. They were sometimes preceded by two lictors with the fasces. Their magistracy continued for five years, on which account they have been called _Quinquennales magistratus_. =Dyagondas=, a Theban legislator, who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15. =Dyardenses=, a river in the extremities of India. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9. =Dy̆mæ=, a town of Achaia. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31; bk. 32, ch. 22. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. =Dy̆mæi=, a people of Ætolia. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. =Dy̆mas=, a Trojan, who joined himself to Æneas when Troy was taken, and was at last killed by his countrymen, who took him to be an enemy because he had dressed himself in the armour of one of the Greeks whom he had slain. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 340 & 428. ――――The father of Hecuba. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 761. =Dymnus=, one of Alexander’s officers. He conspired with many of his fellow-soldiers against his master’s life. The conspiracy was discovered, and Dymnus stabbed himself before he was brought before the king. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Dȳnămĕne=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 43. =Dynaste=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Dyras=, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the foot of mount Œta, and falls into the bay of Malia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 198. =Dyraspes=, a river of Scythia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 54. =Dyris=, the name of mount Atlas among the inhabitants of that neighbourhood. =Dyrrhăchium=, now _Durazzo_, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea, founded by a colony from Corcyra, B.C. 623. It was anciently called _Epidammus_, which the Romans, considering it of ominous meaning, changed ♦into _Dyrrhachium_. Cicero met with a ♥favourable reception there during his exile. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――_Plutarch._――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 22. ♦ ‘intlo’ replaced with ‘into’ ♥ ‘favourabe’ replaced with ‘favourable’ =Dysaules=, a brother of Celeus, who instituted the mysteries of Ceres at Celeæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14. =Dyscinētus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 27. =Dysōrum=, a mountain of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 22. =Dyspontii=, a people of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22. E =Eanes=, a man supposed to have killed Patroclus, and to have fled to Peleus in Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Eānus=, the name of Janus among the ancient Latins. =Eărĭnus=, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domitian. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 4. =Easium=, a town of Achaia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6. =Ebdŏme=, a festival in honour of Apollo at Athens on the seventh day of every lunar month. It was usual to sing hymns in honour of the god, and to carry about boughs of laurel.――――There was also another of the same name celebrated by private families the seventh day after the birth of every child. =Ebon=, a name given to Bacchus by the people of Neapolis. _Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 18. =Ebora=, a town of Portugal, now _Evora_. =Eborăcum=, York in England. =Ebūdæ=, the western isles of Britain, now _Hebrides_. =Eburōnes=, a people of Belgium, now the country of _Liege_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 6, ch. 5.――――The Eburovices Aulerci were the people of Evreux in Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 17. =Ebŭsus=, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in circumference, which produces no hurtful animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, and now bears the name of _Yvica_, and is famous for pasturage and figs. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A man engaged in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 299. =Ecbatăna= (ōrum), now _Hamedan_, the capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces king of Media. It was surrounded with seven walls, which rose in gradual ascent, and were painted in seven different colours. The most distant was the lowest, and the innermost, which was the most celebrated, contained the royal palace. Parmenio was put to death there by Alexander’s orders; and Hephæstion died there also, and received a most magnificent burial.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 98. ――_Strabo_, bk. 21.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 5, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A town of Syria, where Cambyses gave himself a mortal wound when mounting on horseback. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 8. =Ecechiria=, the wife of Iphitus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10. =Ecetra=, a town of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 4. =Echecrătes=, a Thessalian who offered violence to Phœbas the priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi. From this circumstance a decree was made by which no woman was admitted to the office of priestess before the age of 50. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Echedamia=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3. =Echelătus=, a man who led a colony to Africa. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Echelta=, a fortified town in Sicily. =Echĕlus=, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus.――――Another, son of Agenor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 16 & 20. =Echembrŏtus=, an Arcadian, who obtained the prize at the Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7. =Echĕmon=, a son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 160. =Echĕmus=, an Arcadian, who conquered the Dorians when they endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus under Hyllus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5. ――――A king of Arcadia, who joined Aristomenes against the Spartans. =Echenēus=, a Phæacian. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7. =Echĕphron=, one of Nestor’s sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_.――――A son of Hercules. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24. =Echepŏlis=, a Trojan, son of Thasius, killed by Antilochus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 458. =Echestrătus=, a son of Agis I. king of Sparta, who succeeded his father, B.C. 1058. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204. =Echevethenses=, a people of Tegea in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45. =Echidna=, a celebrated monster sprung from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of the body, but as a serpent below the waist. She was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus, the Hydra, &c. According to Herodotus, Hercules had three children by her, Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 108. ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 18.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 158. =Echidorus=, a river of Thrace. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3. =Echīnădes=, or =Echinæ=, five small islands near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river Achelous. They have been formed by the inundations of that river, and by the sand and mud which its waters carry down, and now bear the name of _Curzolari_. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 85.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 588.――_Strabo_, bk. 2. =Echīnon=, a city of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Echīnus=, an island in the Ægean.――――A town of Acarnania,――――of Phthiotis. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33. =Echinussa=, an island near Eubœa, called afterwards _Cimolus_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Echīon=, one of those men who sprung from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. He was one of the five who survived the fate of his brothers, and assisted Cadmus in building the city of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. He was father of Pentheus by Agave. He succeeded his father-in-law on the throne of Thebes, as some have imagined, and from that circumstance Thebes has been called Echioniæ, and the inhabitants _Echionidæ_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 311; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 5, li. 53.――――A son of Mercury and Antianira, who was the herald of the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 400.――――A man who often obtained a prize in running. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 292.――――A musician at Rome, in Domitian’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 76. ――――A statuary.――――A painter. =Echionides=, a patronymic given to Pentheus, as ♦descended from Echion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. ♦‘deseended’ replaced with ‘descended’ =Echionius=, an epithet applied to a person born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of Echion. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 515. =Echo=, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Cephisus. She was once one of Juno’s attendants, and became the confidant of Jupiter’s amours. Her loquacity, however, displeased Jupiter; and she was deprived of the power of speech by Juno, and only permitted to answer to the questions which were put to her. Pan had formerly been one of her admirers, but he never enjoyed her favours. Echo, after she had been punished by Juno, fell in love with Narcissus, and on being despised by him, she pined away, and was changed into a stone, which still retained the power of voice. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 358. =Ecnŏmos=, a mountain of Sicily, now _Licata_. =Edessa= and =Edesa=, a town of Syria. =Edessæ portus=, a harbour of Sicily near Pachynus. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 34. =Edeta=, or =Leria=, a town of Spain along the river Sucro. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 24.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 371. =Edissa= and =Ædessa=, a town of Macedonia taken by Caranus, and called Ægæ, or Ægeas. _See:_ Ædessa. =Edon=, a mountain of Thrace, called also Edonus. From this mountain that part of Thrace is often called _Edonia_ which lies between the Strymon and the Nessus, and the epithet is generally applied not only to Thrace but to a cold northern climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 325.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 674. =Edoni=, or =Edones=, a people of Thrace, near the Strymon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Edonĭdes=, a name given to the priestesses of Bacchus, because they celebrated the festivals of the god on mount Edon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 69. =Edylius=, a mountain which Sylla seized to attack the people of Cheronæa. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_. =Eetion=, the father of Andromache, and of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. He was killed by Achilles. From him the word _Eetioneus_ is applied to his relations or descendants. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12.――――The commander of the Athenian fleet conquered by the Macedonians under Clytus, near the Echinades. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. =Egĕlĭdus=, a river of Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 610. =Egĕria=, a nymph of Aricra in Italy, where Diana was particularly worshipped. Egeria was courted by Numa, and according to Ovid she became his wife. This prince frequently visited her, and that he might more successfully introduce his laws and new regulations into the state, he solemnly declared before the Roman people that they were previously sanctified and approved by the nymph Egeria. Ovid says that Egeria was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, that she melted into tears, and was changed into a fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by many as a goddess who presided over the pregnancy of women, and some maintain that she is the same as Lucina, or Diana. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 547. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 775.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 6, li. 16. =Egesarētus=, a Thessalian of Larissa, who favoured the interest of Pompey during the civil wars. _Cæsar_, bk. 3, _Civil War_, ch. 35. =Egesīnus=, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 6. =Egesta=, a daughter of Hippotes the Trojan. Her father exposed her on the sea, for fear of being devoured by a marine monster which laid waste the country. She was carried safe to Sicily, where she was ravished by the river Crinisus.――――A town of Sicily. _See:_ Ægesta. =Egnātia Maximilla=, a woman who accompanied her husband into banishment under Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――A town. _See:_ Gnatia. =Proculus Egnātius=, a crafty and perfidious Roman in the reign of Nero, who committed the greatest crimes for the sake of money. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Eion=, a commercial place at the mouth of the Strymon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8. =Eiones=, a village of Peloponnesus on the sea coast. =Eioneus=, a Greek killed by Hector in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8.――――A Thracian, father to Rhesus. _Iliad_, bk. 10. =Elabontas=, a river near Antioch. _Strabo._ =Elæa=, a town of Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 43. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――An island in the Propontis. =Elæus=, a part of Epirus.――――A surname of Jupiter.――――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 16; bk. 37, ch. 9. =Elagabālus=, the surname of the sun at Emessa. =Elāites=, a grove near Canopus in Egypt. =Elaius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41. =Elaphiæa=, a surname of Diana in Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22. =Elăphus=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 36. =Elaphebŏlia=, a festival in honour of Diana the huntress. In the celebration a cake was made in the form of a deer, ἐλαφος, and offered to the goddess. It owed its institution to the following circumstance. When the Phocians had been severely beaten by the Thessalians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a certain Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combustible materials, and burn their wives, children, and effects, rather than submit to the enemy. This resolution was unanimously approved by the women, who decreed Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. When everything was prepared, before they fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, and fought with such desperate fury, that they totally routed them, and obtained a complete victory. In commemoration of this unexpected success, this festival was instituted to Diana, and observed with the greatest solemnity, so that even one of the months of the year, March, was called Elaphebolion from this circumstance. =Elaptonius=, a youth who conspired against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6. =Elāra=, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A daughter of Orchomenus king of Arcadia. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Elatēa=, the largest town of Phocis, near the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 34. =Elatia=, a town of Phocis. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.――――Of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54. =Elātus=, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, B.C. 760. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――――The father of Ceneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 497.――――A mountain of Asia,――――of Zacynthus.――――The father of Polyphemus the Argonaut by Hipseia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9. ――――The son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, who retired to Phocis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――A king in the army of Priam, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6. ――――One of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Eumeus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 267. =Elaver=, a river in Gaul falling into the Loire, now the _Allier_. =Elea=, a town of Campania, whence the followers of Zeno were called the _Eleatic_ sect. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 42; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, chs. 21 & 22; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――――Of Æolia. =Electra=, one of the Oceanides, wife of Atlas, and mother of Dardanus by Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 31.――――A daughter of Atlas and Pleione. She was changed into a constellation, _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 10 & 12.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She first incited her brother Orestes to revenge his father’s death by assassinating his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes gave her in marriage to his friend Pylades, and she became mother of two sons, Strophius and Merdon. Her adventures and misfortunes form one of the interesting tragedies of the poet Sophocles. _Hyginus_, fable 122.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c.――――A sister of Cadmus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――――A city and river of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――――One of Helen’s female attendants. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25. =Electræ=, a gate of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8. =Electrĭdes=, islands in the Adriatic sea, which received their name from the quantity of amber (_electrum_) which they produced. They were at the mouth of the Po, according to Apollonius of Rhodes, but some historians doubt their existence. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 37, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Electryon=, a king of Argos, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He was brother to Alcæus, whose daughter Anaxo he married, and by her he had several sons, and one daughter, Alcmene. He sent his sons against the Teleboans, who had ravaged his country, and they were all killed except Licymnius. Upon this Electryon promised his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could undertake to punish the Teleboans for the death of his sons. Amphitryon offered himself and succeeded. Electryon inadvertently perished by the hand of his son-in-law. _See:_ Amphitryon, Alcmena. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Pausanias._ =Elēi=, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. They were formerly called _Epei_. In their country was the temple of Jupiter, where also were celebrated the Olympic games, of which they had the superintendence. Their horses were in great repute, hence _Elei equi_ and _Elea palma_. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5. ――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 293. =Elēlēus=, a surname of Bacchus, from the word ἐλελευ, which the Bacchanals loudly repeated during his festivals. His priestesses were in consequence called _Eleleis_, _ides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 15. =Eleon=, a village of Bœotia.――――Another in Phocis. =Eleontum=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. =Elephantis=, a poetess who wrote lascivious verses. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 43.――――A princess by whom Danaus had two daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――An island in the river Nile, in Upper Egypt, with a town of the same name, which is often called _Elephantina_ by some authors. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c. =Elephantophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia. =Elphēnor=, son of Chalcedon, was one of Helen’s suitors. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 47. =Elepōrus=, a river of Magna Græcia. =Eleuchia=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Eleus=, a city of Thrace.――――A river of Media.――――A king of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Eleusīnia=, a great festival observed every fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also by the Pheneatæ, Lacedæmonians, Parrhasians, and Cretans; but more particularly by the people of Athens, every fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, where it was introduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. It was the most celebrated of all the religious ceremonies of Greece, whence it is often called, by way of eminence, μυστηρια, _the mysteries_. It was so superstitiously observed, that if any one ever revealed it, it was supposed that he had called divine vengeance upon his head, and it was unsafe to live in the same house with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to an ignominious death. This festival was sacred to Ceres and Proserpine; everything contained a mystery, and Ceres herself was known only by the name of ἀχθεια, from the _sorrow_ and _grief_ (ἀχθος) which she suffered for the loss of her daughter. This mysterious secrecy was solemnly observed, and enjoined to all the votaries of the goddess; and if any one ever appeared at the celebration, either intentionally, or through ignorance, without proper introduction, he was immediately punished with death. Persons of both sexes and all ages were initiated at this solemnity, and it was looked upon as so heinous a crime to neglect this sacred part of religion, that it was one of the heaviest accusations, which contributed to the condemnation of Socrates. The initiated were under the more particular care of the deities, and therefore their life was supposed to be attended with more happiness and real security than that of other men. This benefit was not only granted during life, but it was extended beyond the grave, and they were honoured with the first places in the Elysian fields, while others were left to wallow in perpetual filth and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation were so extensive, particular care was taken in examining the character of such as were presented for initiation. Such as were guilty of murder, though against their will, and such as were convicted of witchcraft, or any heinous crime, were not admitted, and the Athenians suffered none to be initiated but such as were members of their city. This regulation, which compelled Hercules, Castor, and Pollux to become citizens of Athens, was strictly observed in the first ages of the institution, but afterwards all persons, barbarians excepted, were freely initiated. The festivals were divided into greater and less mysteries. The less were instituted from the following circumstance. Hercules passed near Eleusis while the Athenians were celebrating the mysteries, and desired to be initiated. As this could not be done because he was a stranger, and as Eumolpus was unwilling to displease him on account of his great power and the services which he had done to the Athenians, another festival was instituted without violating the laws. It was called μικρα, and Hercules was solemnly admitted to the celebration and initiated. These less mysteries were observed at Agræ, near the Ilissus. The greater were celebrated at Eleusis, from which place Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In latter times the smaller festivals were preparatory to the greater, and no person could be initiated at Eleusis without a previous purification at Agræ. This purification they performed by keeping themselves pure, chaste, and unpolluted during nine days, after which they came and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing garlands of flowers, called ἱσμερα, or ἱμερα, and having under their feet Διος κωδιον, _Jupiter’s skin_, which was the skin of a victim offered to that god. The person who assisted was called ὑδρανος, from ὑδωρ, _water_, which was used at the purification, and they themselves were called μυϛαι, _the initiated_. A year after the initiation at the less mysteries they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, and were admitted in the greater, and the secrets of the festivals were solemnly revealed to them, from which they were called ἐφοροι and ἐποπται, _inspectors_. The institution was performed in the following manner. The candidates, crowned with myrtle, were admitted by night into a place called μυϛικος σηκος, _the mystical temple_, a vast and stupendous building. As they entered the temple they purified themselves by washing their hands in holy water, and received for admonition that they were to come with a mind pure and undefiled, without which the cleanness of the body would be unacceptable. After this the holy mysteries were read to them from a large book called πετρωμα, because made of _two stones_, πετραι, fitly cemented together. After this the priest, called Ἱεροφαντης, proposed to them certain questions to which they readily answered. After this, strange and amazing objects presented themselves to their sight; the place often seemed to quake, and to appear suddenly resplendent with fire, and immediately covered with gloomy darkness and ♦horror. Sometimes thunders were heard, or flashes of lightning appeared on every side. At other times hideous noises and howlings were heard, and the trembling spectators were alarmed by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This was called αὐτοψια, _intuition_. After this the initiated were dismissed with the barbarous words of κογξ, ομπαξ. The garments in which they were initiated were held sacred, and of no less efficacy to avert evils than charms and incantations. From this circumstance, therefore, they were never left off before they were totally unfit for wear, after which they were appropriated for children, or dedicated to the goddess. The chief person that attended at the initiation was called Ἱεροφαντης, _the revealer of sacred things_. He was a citizen of Athens, and held his office during life, though among the Celeans and Phliasians it was limited to the period of four years. He was obliged to devote himself totally to the service of the deities; his life was chaste and single, and he usually anointed his body with the juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme coldness, to extinguish in a great degree the natural heat. The Hierophantes had three attendants; the first was called δαδουχος, _torch-bearer_, and was permitted to marry; the second was called κηρυξ, _a cryer_; the third administered at the altar, and was called ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ. The Hierophantes is said to have been a type of the powerful creator of all things, Δαδουχος of the sun, Κηρυξ of Mercury, and ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ of the moon. There were besides these other inferior officers, who took particular care that everything was performed according to custom. The first of these, called βασιλευς, was one of the Archons; he offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care that there was no indecency or irregularity during the celebration. Besides him there were four others, called ἐπιμεληται, _curators_, elected by the people. One of them was chosen from the sacred family of the Eumolpidæ, the other was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were from among the citizens. There were also 10 persons who assisted at this and every other festival, called Ἱεροποιοι, because they _offered sacrifices_. This festival was observed in the month Boedromion or September, and continued nine days, from the 15th till the 23rd. During that time it was unlawful to arrest any man or present any petition, on pain of forfeiting 1000 drachmas, or, according to others, on pain of death. It was also unlawful for those who were initiated to sit upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or weasels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of this law was to destroy all distinction between the richer and poorer sort of citizens. The first day of the celebration was called ἀγορμος, _assembly_, as it might be said that the worshippers first met together. The second day was called ἀλαδε μυσται, _to the sea, you that are initiated_, because they were commanded to purify themselves by bathing in the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet, were offered; as also barley from a field of Eleusis. These oblations were called Θυα, and held so sacred that the priests themselves were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted to partake of them. On the fourth day they made a solemn procession, in which the καλαθιον, _holy basket of Ceres_, was carried about in a consecrated cart, while on every side the people shouted χαιρε Δημητερ, _Hail, Ceres!_ After these followed women, called κιστοφοροι, who _carried baskets_, in which were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a serpent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The fifth was called ἡ των λαμπαδων ἡμερα, _the torch day_, because on the following night the people ran about with torches in their hands. It was usual to dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which should offer the biggest in commemoration of the travels of the goddess, and of her lighting a torch in the flames of mount Ætna. The sixth day was called Ἰακχος, from Iacchus the son of Jupiter and Ceres, who accompanied his mother in her search of Proserpine, with a torch in his hand. From that circumstance his statue had a torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn procession from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. The statue with those that accompanied it, called Ἰακχαγωγοι, were crowned with myrtle. In the way nothing was heard but singing and the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries danced along. The way through which they issued from the city was called Ἱερα ὁδος, _the sacred way_; the resting place Ἱερα συκη, from a _fig tree_ which grew in the neighbourhood. They also stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus, where they derided those that passed by. After they had passed this bridge, they entered Eleusis by a place called μυστικη εἰσοδος, _the mystical entrance_. On the seventh day were sports, in which the victors were rewarded with a measure of barley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth day was called Ἐπιδαυριων ἡμερα, because once Æsculapius, at his return from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the less mysteries. It became customary, therefore, to celebrate them a second time upon this, that such as had not hitherto been initiated might be lawfully admitted. The ninth and last day of the festival was called Πλημοχοαι, _earthen vessels_, because it was usual to fill two such vessels with wine, one of which being placed towards the east, and the other towards the west, which after the repetition of some mystical words, were both thrown down, and the wine being spilt on the ground, was offered as a libation. Such was the manner of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, which have been deemed the most sacred and solemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks. Some have supposed them to be obscene and abominable, and that from thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They were carried from Eleusis to Rome in the age of Adrian, where they were observed with the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps with more freedom and licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, and were at last abolished by Theodosius the Great. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 31, &c.――_Plutarch._ ♦ ‘horrror’ replaced with ‘horror’ =Eleusis=, or =Eleusin=, a town of Attica, equally distant from Megara and the Piræus, celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. _See:_ Eleusinia. It was founded by Triptolemus. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _Fasti_, ♦li. 507.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24. ♦ extraneous reference ‘5,’ removed =Eleuther=, a son of Apollo.――――One of the Curetes, from whom a town of Bœotia, and another in Crete, received their name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 2 & 9. =Eleuthĕræ=, a village of Bœotia, between Megara and Thebes, where Mardonius was defeated with 300,000 men. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 34, ch. 8. =Eleuthĕria=, a festival celebrated at Platæa in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the asserter of liberty, by delegates from almost all the cities of Greece. Its institution originated in this: After the victory obtained by the Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius the Persian general, in the country of Platæa, an altar and statue were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further agreed upon in a general assembly, by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that deputies should be sent every fifth year from the different cities of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria, _festivals of liberty_. The Platæans celebrated also an anniversary festival in memory of those who had lost their lives in that famous battle. The celebration was thus: At break of day a procession was made with a trumpeter at the head, sounding a signal for battle. After him followed chariots loaded with myrrh, garlands, and a black bull, and certain free young men, as no signs of servility were to appear during the solemnity, because they in whose honour the festival was instituted had died in the defence of their country. They carried libations of wine and milk in large-eared vessels, with jars of oil and precious ointments. Last of all appeared the chief magistrate, who, though not permitted at other times to touch iron, or wear garments of any colour but white, yet appeared clad in purple; and taking a water-pot out of the city chamber, proceeded through the middle of the town with a sword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. There he drew water from the neighbouring spring, and washed and anointed the monuments; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the entertainment the souls of those happy heroes who had perished in the defence of their country. After this he filled a bowl with wine, saying, “I drink to those who lost their lives in the defence of the liberties of Greece.” There was also a festival of the same name observed by the Samians in honour of the god of love. Slaves also, when they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called Eleutheria. =Eleutho=, a surname of Juno Lucina, from her presiding over the delivery of pregnant women. _Pindar_, _Olympian_, bk. 6. =Eleutherocilĭces=, a people of Cilicia, never subject to kings. _Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 4; bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 20. =Eleuthĕros=, a river of Syria, falling into the Mediterranean. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 10. =Elĭcius=, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on mount Aventine. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 328. =Eliensis= and =Eliăca=, a sect of philosophers founded by Phædon of Elis, who was originally a slave, but restored to liberty by Alcibiades. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Strabo._ =Elimēa=, or =Elimiotis=, a district of Macedonia, or of Illyricum according to others. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 45, ch. 30. =Elis=, a country of Peloponnesus at the west of Arcadia, and north of Messenia, extending along the coast, and watered by the river Alpheus. The capital of the country called _Elis_, now _Belvidere_, became large and populous in the age of Demosthenes, though in the age of Homer it did not exist. It was originally governed by kings, and received its name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis was famous for the horses it produced, whose celerity was so often known and tried at the Olympic games. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 494.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 26; _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 32.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 59; bk. 3, li. 202. =Eliphasii=, a people of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 11. =Elissa=, a queen of Tyre, more commonly known by the name of Dido. _See:_ Dido. =Elissus=, a river of Elis. =Ellopia=, a town of Eubœa.――――An ancient name of that island. =Elōrus=, a river of Sicily on the eastern coast, called after a king of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 145. =Elos=, a city of Achaia, called after a servant-maid of Athamas of the same name. =Elotæ.= _See:_ Helotæ. =Elpēnor=, one of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a hog by Circe’s potions, and afterwards restored to his former shape. He fell from the top of a house where he was sleeping, and was killed. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 252.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 552; bk. 11, li. 51. =Elpinīce=, a daughter of Miltiades, who married a man that promised to release from confinement her brother and husband, whom the laws of Athens had made responsible for the fine imposed on his father. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_. =Eluīna=, a surname of Ceres. =Elyces=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3. =Elymāis=, a country of Persia, between the Persian gulf and Media. The capital of the country was called Elymais, and was famous for a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder. The Elymeans assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against the Romans. None of their kings are named in history. _Strabo._ =Ely̆mi=, a nation descended from the Trojans, in alliance with the people of Carthage. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8. =Elymus=, a man at the court of Acestes in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 73. =Elyrus=, a town of Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 16. =Ely̆sium= and =Elysii Campi=, a place or island in the infernal regions, where, according to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. There happiness was complete, the pleasures were innocent and refined. Bowers for ever green, delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were the most striking objects. The air was wholesome, serene, and temperate; the birds continually warbled in the groves, and the inhabitants were blessed with another sun and other stars. The employments of the heroes who dwelt in these regions of bliss were various; the manes of Achilles are represented as waging war with the wild beasts, while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in managing horses, or in handling arms. To these innocent amusements some poets have added continual feasting and revelry, and they suppose that the Elysian fields were filled with all the incontinence and voluptuousness which could gratify the low desires of the debauchee. The Elysian fields were, according to some, in the Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others place them in the island of Leuce; and, according to the authority of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. According to Lucian, they were near the moon; or in the centre of the earth, if we believe Plutarch. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 638.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Pindar._――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 57.――_Lucian._ ――_Plutarch_, ♦_de Consul._ ♦ Unidentified, possible typo for ‘Consolatio ad Apollonium’ =Emăthia=, a name given anciently, and particularly by the poets, to the countries which formed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 492; bk. 4, li. 390.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 1; bk. 10, li. 50; bk. 6, li. 620; bk. 7, li. 427.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 314. =Emăthion=, a son of Titan and Aurora, who reigned in Macedonia. The country was called _Emathia_, from his name. Some suppose that he was a famous robber destroyed by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 313.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A man killed at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 100. =Emăthion=, a man killed in the wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 571. =Embătum=, a place of Asia, opposite Chios. =Embolīma=, a town of India. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12. =Emerĭta=, a town of Spain, famous for dyeing wool. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 41. =Emessa= and =Emissa=, a town of Phœnicia. =Emoda=, a mountain of India. =Empĕdŏcles=, a philosopher, poet, and historian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished 444 B.C. He was the disciple of Telauges the Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of transmigration. He wrote a poem upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very much commended, in which he spoke of the various bodies which nature had given him. He was first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and lastly Empedocles. His poetry was bold and animated, and his verses were so universally esteemed, that they were publicly recited at the Olympic games with those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was no less remarkable for his humanity and social virtues than for his learning. He showed himself an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and refused to become the sovereign of his country. He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alleviated the anxieties of his mind as well as the pains of his body with music. It is reported that his curiosity to visit the flames of the crater of Ætna proved fatal to him. Some maintain that he wished it to be believed that he was a god, and, that his death might be unknown, he threw himself into the crater and perished in the flames. His expectations, however, were frustrated, and the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to the world that Empedocles had perished by fire. Others report that he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was drowned in the sea. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 12, li. 20.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 50, &c.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. =Emperāmus=, a Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war. =Empōclus=, an historian. =Empŏria Punĭca=, certain places near the Syrtes. =Emporiæ=, a town of Spain in Catalonia, now _Ampurias_. _Livy_, bk. 34, chs. 9 & 16; bk. 26, ch. 19. =Encĕlădus=, a son of Titan and Terra, the most powerful of all the giants who conspired against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter’s thunders, and overwhelmed under mount Ætna. Some supposed that he is the same as Typhon. According to the poets, the flames of Ætna proceeded from the breath of Enceladus; and as often as he turned his weary side, the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and shook from its very foundations. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 578, &c.――――A son of Ægyptus. =Enchĕleæ=, a town of Illyricum, where Cadmus was changed into a serpent. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 189.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. =Endeis=, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She married Æacus king of Agina, by whom she had Peleus and Telamon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Endēra=, a place of Æthiopia. =Endy̆mion=, a shepherd, son of Æthlius and Calyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter to grant to him to be always young, and to sleep as much as he would; whence came the proverb of _Endymionis somnum dormire_, to express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked as he slept on mount Latmos, and was so struck with his beauty that she came down from heaven every night to enjoy his company. Endymion married Chromia daughter of Itonus, or, according to some, Hyperipne daughter of Arcas, by whom he had three sons, Pæon, Epeus, and Æolus, and a daughter called Eurydice; and so little ambitious did he show himself of sovereignty, that he made his crown the prize of the best racer among his sons, an honourable distinction which was gained by Epeus. The fable of Endymion’s amours with Diana, or the moon, arises from his knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed the night on some high mountain, to observe the heavenly bodies, it has been reported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there were two of that name, the son of a king of Elis, and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. The people of Heraclea maintained that Endymion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 25. ――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 10. ――_Theocritus_, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 6, ch. 20. =Enĕti=, or =Henĕti=, a people near Paphlagonia. =Engȳum=, now _Gangi_, a town of Sicily freed from tyranny by Timoleon. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 44.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 250. =Enienses=, a people of Greece. =Eniopeus=, a charioteer of Hector, killed by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 120. =Enīpeus=, a river of Thessaly, flowing near Pharsalia. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 373.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assumed the shape of the river god to enjoy the company of Tyro. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 5.――_Strabo._ =Enispe=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25. =Enna=, now _Castro Janni_, a town in the middle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, whence Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 104.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 522.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 37. =Ennia=, was the wife of Macro, and afterwards of the emperor Caligula. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 45. =Quintus Ennius=, an ancient poet born at Rudii in Calabria. He obtained the name and privileges of a Roman citizen by his genius and the brilliancy of his learning. His style is rough and unpolished, but his defects, which are more particularly attributed to the age in which he lived, have been fully compensated by the energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian warmly commends him, and Virgil has shown his merits by introducing many whole lines from his poetry into his own compositions, which he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in heroic verse 18 books of the annals of the Roman republic, and displayed much knowledge of the world in some dramatical and satirical compositions. He died of the gout, contracted by frequent intoxication, about 169 years before the christian era, in the 70th year of his age. Ennius was intimate with the great men of his age; he accompanied Cato in his questorship in Sardinia, and was esteemed by him of greater value than the honours of a triumph; and Scipio, on his death-bed, ordered his body to be buried by the side of his poetical friend. This epitaph was said to be written upon him: _Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam! Hic vestrum pinxit maxima facta patrum. Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera fletu Faxit: cur? volito vivus per ora virûm._ Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appellation of the Homer of Latium. Of the tragedies, comedies, annals, and satires which he wrote, nothing remains but fragments happily collected from the quotations of ancient authors. The best edition of these is by Hesselius, 4to, Amsterdam, 1707. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 424.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 4; _De Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 117, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cato_. =Ennŏmus=, a Trojan prince killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 365; bk. 11, li. 422. =Ennosigæus=, _terræ concussor_, a surname of Neptune. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 182. =Enŏpe=, a town of Peloponnesus near Pylos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Enops=, a shepherd loved by the nymph Nesis, by whom he had Satnius. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――――The father of Thestos.――――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. _Iliad_, bk. 16. =Enos=, a maritime town of Thrace. =Enosichthon=, a surname of Neptune. =Enotocœtæ=, a nation whose ears are described as hanging down to their heels. _Strabo._ =Entella=, a town of Sicily inhabited by Campanians. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 205.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43. =Entellus=, a famous athlete among the friends of Æneas. He was intimate with Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares, whom he conquered in the funeral games of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 387, &c. =Enyalius=, a surname of Mars. =Enȳo=, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins Bellona, supposed by some to be daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 203. =Eone=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Eordæa=, a district at the west of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39; bk. 33, ch. 8; bk. 42, ch. 53. =Eos=, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, whence the epithet Eous is applied to all the eastern parts of the world. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 406; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 537; bk. 6, li. 478. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 288; bk. 2, li. 115. =Eōus=, one of the horses of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 153, &c. =Epāgris=, one of the Cyclades, called by Aristotle _Hydrussa_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Epaminondas=, a famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of Bœotia. His father’s name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated for his private virtues and military accomplishments. His love of truth was so great that he never disgraced himself by falsehood. He formed a most sacred and inviolable friendship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from the power of Lacedæmon. This was the signal of war. Epaminondas was set at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans at the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 371 years B.C. Epaminondas made a proper use of this victorious campaign, and entered the territories of Lacedæmon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many friends and partisans; but at his return to Thebes he was seized as a traitor for violating the laws of his country. While he was making the Theban arms victorious on every side, he neglected the law which forbade any citizen to retain in his hands the supreme power more than one month, and all his eminent services seemed unable to redeem him from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of his country, and only begged of his judges that it might be inscribed on his tomb that he had suffered death for saving his country from ruin. This animated reproach was felt; he was pardoned and invested again with the sovereign power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly, and assisted the Eleans against the Lacedæmonians. The hostile armies met near Mantinea, and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting in the thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal wound in the breast and expired, exclaiming that he died unconquered, when he heard that the Bœotians obtained the victory, in the 48th year of his age, 363 years before Christ. The Thebans severely lamented his death; in him their power was extinguished, for only during his life they had enjoyed freedom and independence among the Grecian states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as virtuous, and he refused with indignation the rich presents which were offered to him by Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is represented by his biographer as an elegant dancer and a skilful musician, accomplishments highly esteemed among his countrymen. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. ――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Polybius_, bk. 1. =Epantelii=, a people of Italy. =Epaphrodītus=, a freedman punished with death for assisting Nero to destroy himself. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A freedman of Augustus, sent as a spy to Cleopatra. _Plutarch._――――A name assumed by Sylla. =Epăphus=, a son of Jupiter and Io, who founded a city in Egypt, which he called Memphis, in honour of his wife, who was the daughter of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, who became mother of Ægyptus and Danaus by Neptune. He was worshipped as a god at Memphis. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 153.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 699, &c. =Epasnactus=, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 44. =Epebŏlus=, a soothsayer of Messenia, who prevented Aristodemus from obtaining the sovereignty. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 9, &c. =Epēi= and =Elēi=, a people of Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Epetium=, now _Viscio_, a town of Illyricum. =Epēus=, a son of Endymion, brother to Pæon, who reigned in a part of Peloponnesus. His subjects were called from him Epei. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A son of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of the famous wooden horse, which proved the ruin of Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 264.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26. =Ephĕsus=, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin mentions, by the Amazons; or by Androchus son of Codrus, according to Strabo; or by Ephesus, a son of the river Cayster. It is famous for a temple of Diana, which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple was 425 feet long and 200 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127 columns, 60 feet high, which had been placed there by so many kings. Of these columns, 36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, one of which was the work of the famous Scopas. This celebrated building was not totally completed till 220 years after its foundation. Ctesiphon was the chief architect. There was above the entrance a huge stone, which, according to Pliny, had been placed there by Diana herself. The riches which were in the temple were immense, and the goddess who presided over it was worshipped with the most awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was burnt on the night that Alexander was born [_See:_ Erostratus], and soon after it rose from its ruins with more splendour and magnificence. Alexander offered to rebuild it at his own expense, if the Ephesians would place upon it an inscription which denoted the name of the benefactor. This generous offer was refused by the Ephesians, who observed, in the language of adulation, that it was improper that one deity should raise temples to the other. Lysimachus ordered the town of Ephesus to be called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife; but after his death the new appellation was lost, and the town was again known by its ancient name. Though modern authors are not agreed about the ancient ruins of this once famed city, some have given the barbarous name of _Ajasalouc_ to what they conjecture to be the remains of Ephesus. The words _literæ Ephesiæ_ are applied to letters containing magical powers. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_. ――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2. =Ephĕtæ=, a number of magistrates at Athens, first instituted by Demophoon the son of Theseus. They were reduced to the number of 51 by Draco, who, according to some, first established them. They were superior to the Areopagites, and their privileges were great and numerous. Solon, however, lessened their power, and entrusted them only with the trial of manslaughter and conspiracy against the life of a citizen. They were all more than 50 years old, and it was required that their manners should be pure and innocent, and their behaviour austere and full of gravity. =Ephialtes=, or =Ephialtus=, a giant, son of Neptune, who grew nine inches every month. _See:_ Aloeus.――――An Athenian, famous for his courage and strength. He fought with the Persians against Alexander, and was killed at Halicarnassus. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A Trachinian who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes by a secret path to attack the Spartans at Thermopylæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 213. =Ephŏri=, powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were first created by Lycurgus; or, according to some, by Theopompus, B.C. 760. They were five in number. Like censors in the state, they could check and restrain the authority of the kings, and even imprison them, if guilty of irregularities. They fined Archidamus for marrying a wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agis for his unconstitutional behaviour. They were much the same as the tribunes of the people at Rome, created to watch with a jealous eye over the liberties and rights of the populace. They had the management of the public money, and were the arbiters of peace and war. Their office was annual, and they had the privilege of convening, proroguing, and dissolving the greater and less assemblies of the people. The former was composed of 9000 Spartans, all inhabitants of the city; the latter of 33,000 Lacedæmonians, inhabitants of the inferior towns and villages. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_, ch. 3.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Ephŏrus=, an orator and historian of Cumæ in Æolia, about 352 years before Christ. He was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he wrote a history which gave an account of all the actions and battles that had happened between the Greeks and barbarians for 750 years. It was greatly esteemed by the ancients. It is now lost. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1. =Ephy̆ra=, the ancient name of Corinth, which it received from a nymph of the same name, and thence _Ephyreus_ is applied to Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian colony. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 264. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 239.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 17. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 59.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 181.――――A city of Threspotia in Epirus.――――Another in Elis. ――――Ætolia.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 343. =Epicaste=, a name of Jocasta the mother and wife of Œdipus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Ægeus, mother of Thestalus by Hercules. =Epicerides=, a man of Cyrene, greatly esteemed by the Athenians for his beneficence. _Demosthenes._ =Epichăris=, a woman accused of conspiracy against Nero. She refused to confess the associates of her guilt, though exposed to the greatest torments, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51. =Epicharmus=, a poet and Pythagorean philosopher of Sicily, who introduced comedy at Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His compositions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote some treatises upon philosophy and medicine, and observed that the gods sold all their kindnesses for toil and labour. According to Aristotle and Pliny, he added the two letters χ and θ to the Greek alphabet. He flourished about 440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th year of his age. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 58.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bks. 3 & 8. ――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 19. =Epicles=, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, li. 378. =Epiclīdes=, a Lacedæmonian of the family of the Eurysthenidæ. He was raised to the throne by his brother Cleomenes III. in the place of Agis, against the laws and constitution of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 9. =Epicrătes=, a Milesian, servant to Julius Cæsar.――――A poet of Ambracia. _Ælian._――――The name is applied to Pompey, as expressive of supreme authority. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 3. =Epictētus=, a stoic philosopher of Hieropolis in Phrygia, originally the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. Though driven from Rome by Domitian, he returned after the emperor’s death, and gained the esteem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like the Stoics he supported the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, but he declared himself strongly against suicide, which was so warmly adopted by his sect. He died in a very advanced age. The earthen lamp of which he made use was sold some time after his death for 3000 drachmas. His _Enchiridion_ is a faithful picture of the stoic philosophy, and his dissertations which were delivered to his pupils, were collected by Arrian. His style is concise and devoid of all ornament, full of energy and useful maxims. The value of his compositions is well known from the saying of the emperor Antoninus, who thanked the gods he could collect from the writings of Epictetus wherewith to conduct life with honour to himself and advantage to his country. There are several good editions of the works of Epictetus, with those of Cebes and others; the most valuable of which, perhaps, will be found to be that of Reland, Utrecht, 4to, 1711; and Arrian’s by Upton, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1739. =Epĭcūrus=, a celebrated philosopher, son of Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Gargettus in Attica. Though his parents were poor and of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to school, where he distinguished himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and at the age of 12, when his preceptor repeated to him this verse from Hesiod, Ἠτοι μεν πρωτιστα χαος γενετ’, &c., _In the beginning of things the Chaos was created_, Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it? To this the teacher answered that he knew not, but only philosophers. “Then,” says the youth, “philosophers henceforth shall instruct me.” After having improved himself, and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited Athens, which was then crowded by the followers of Plato, the Cynics, the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he established himself, and soon attracted a number of followers by the sweetness and gravity of his manners, and by his social virtues. He taught them that the happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, not such as arises from sensual gratification, or from vice, but from the enjoyments of the mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine was warmly attacked by the philosophers of the different sects, and particularly by the Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the gods by representing them as inactive, given up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the affairs of mankind. He refuted all the accusations of his adversaries by the purity of his morals, and by his frequent attendance on places of public worship. When Leontium, one of his female pupils, was accused of prostituting herself to her master and to all his disciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of the accusation by silence and an exemplary life. His health was at last impaired by continual labour, and he died of a retention of urine, which long subjected him to the most excruciating torments, and which he bore with unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 270 years before Christ, in the 72nd year of his age. His disciples showed their respect for the memory of their learned preceptor, by the unanimity which prevailed among them. While philosophers in every sect were at war with mankind and among themselves, the followers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the most solid friendship. The day of his birth was observed with universal festivity, and during a month all his admirers gave themselves up to mirth and innocent amusement. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the only one whose writings deserve attention for their number. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, according to Diogenes Laërtius; and Chrysippus was so jealous of the fecundity of his genius, that no sooner had Epicurus published one of his volumes, than he immediately composed one, that he might not be overcome in the number of his productions. Epicurus, however, advanced truth and arguments unknown before; but Chrysippus said what others long ago had said, without showing anything which might be called originality. The followers of Epicurus were numerous in every age and country; his doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the world, and when the gratification of the sense was substituted to the practice of virtue, the morals of mankind were undermined and destroyed. Even Rome, whose austere simplicity had happily nurtured virtue, felt the attack, and was corrupted. When Cineas spoke of the tenets of the Epicureans in the Roman senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods that all the enemies of the republic might become his followers. But those were the feeble efforts of expiring virtue; and when Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine in poetical composition, the smoothness and beauty of the numbers contributed, with the effeminacy of the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of the world. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, chs. 24 & 25; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 3, ch. 49; _De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 22. =Epicydes=, a tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 213. =Epidamnus=, a town of Macedonia on the Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundusium. The Romans planted there a colony, which they called _Dyrrachium_, considering the ancient name (_ad damnum_) ominous. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Plautus_, _Menæchmi_, scene 2, act 1, li. 42. =Epidaphne=, a town of Syria, called also Antioch. Germanicus son of Drusus died there. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 83. =Epidauria=, a festival at Athens in honour of Æsculapius.――――A country of Peloponnesus. =Epidaurus=, a town at the north of Argolis in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to the worship of Æsculapius, who had there a famous temple. It received its name from Epidaurus son of Argus and Evadne. It is now called _Pidaura_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 44.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――――A town of Dalmatia, now _Ragusi Vecchio_,――――of Laconia. =Epidium=, one of the western isles of Scotland, or the Mull of Cantyre, according to some. _Ptolemy._ =Epidius=, a man who wrote concerning unusual prodigies. _Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 25. =Epidotæ=, certain deities who presided over the birth and growth of children, and were known among the Romans by the name of _Dii Averrunci_. They were worshipped by the Lacedæmonians, and chiefly invoked by those who were persecuted by the ghosts of the dead, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 17, &c. =Epigĕnes=, a Babylonian astrologer and historian. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56. =Epigeus=, a Greek killed by Hector. =Epigŏni=, the sons and descendants of the Grecian heroes who were killed in the first Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is famous in ancient history. It was undertaken 10 years after the first. The sons of those who had perished in the first war resolved to avenge the death of their fathers, and marched against Thebes, under the command of Thersander; or, according to others, of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. The Argives were assisted by the Corinthians, the people of Messina, Arcadia, and Megara. The Thebans had engaged all their neighbours in their quarrel, as in one common cause, and the two hostile armies met and engaged on the banks of the Glissas. The fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory declared for the Epigoni, and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with Leodamas their general, while others retired into Thebes, where they were soon besieged and forced to surrender. In this war Ægialeus alone was killed, and his father Adrastus was the only person who escaped alive in the first war. This whole war, as Pausanias observes, was written in verse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the verses, ascribes them to Homer, which opinion has been adopted by many writers. “For my part,” continues the geographer, “I own that, next to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seen a finer poem.” _Pausanias_, bk. 6, chs. 9 & 25.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――This name has been applied to the sons of those Macedonian veterans, who in the age of Alexander formed connections with the women of Asia. =Epĭgŏnus=, a mathematician of Ambracia. =Epigranea=, a fountain in Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Epīi= and =Epēi=, a people of Elis. =Epilarus=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Epimĕlĭdes=, the founder of Corone. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34. =Epimĕnes=, a man who conspired against Alexander’s life. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6. =Epimenĭdes=, an epic poet of Crete, contemporary with Solon. His father’s name was Agiasarchus and his mother’s Blasta. He is reckoned one of the seven wise men by those who exclude Periander from the number. While he was tending his flocks one day, he entered into a cave, where he fell asleep. His sleep continued for 40 or 47, or according to Pliny, 57 years, and when he awoke, he found every object so considerably altered, that he scarce knew where he was. His brother apprised him of the length of his sleep, to his great astonishment. It is supposed that he lived 289 years. After death he was revered as a god, and greatly honoured by the Athenians, whom he had delivered from a plague, and to whom he had given many good and useful counsels. He is said to be the first who built temples in the Grecian communities. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 34. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Plutarch_, _Solon_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 12. =Epĭmētheus=, a son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides, who inconsiderately married Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha the wife of Deucalian. He had the curiosity to open the box which Pandora had brought with her [_See:_ Pandora], and from thence issued a train of evils, which from that moment have never ceased to afflict the human race. Hope was the only one which remained at the bottom of the box, not having sufficient time to escape, and it is she alone which comforts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus was changed into a monkey by the gods, and sent into the island of Pithecusa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 7.――_Hyginus_, fable.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. _See:_ Prometheus. =Epĭmēthis=, a patronymic of Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 390. =Epĭochus=, a son of Lycurgus, who received divine honours in Arcadia. =Epiŏne=, the wife of Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29. =Epiphanea=, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, now _Surpendkar_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4. ――――Another of Syria on the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24. =Epiphănes= (_illustrious_), a surname given to the Antiochi, kings of Syria.――――A surname of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house of the Lagidæ. _Strabo_, bk. 17. =Epipanius=, a bishop of Salamis, who was active in refuting the writings of Origen; but his compositions are more valuable for the fragments which they preserve than for their own intrinsic merit. The only edition is by _Dionysius Petavius_, 2 vols., Paris, 1622. The bishop died A.D. 403. =Epipŏlæ=, a district of Syracuse, on the north side, surrounded by a wall by Dionysius, who, to complete the work expeditiously, employed 60,000 men upon it, so that in 30 days he finished a wall 4¾ miles long, and of great height and thickness. =Epīrus=, a country situate between Macedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. It was formerly governed by kings, of whom Neoptolemus son of Achilles was one of the first. It was afterwards joined to the empire of Macedonia, and at last became a part of the Roman dominions. It is now called _Larta_. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 121. =Epistrŏphus=, a son of Iphitus king of Phocis, who went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_. =Epitades=, a man who first violated a law of Lycurgus, which forbade laws to be made. _Plutarch_, _Agis_. =Epitus.= _See:_ Epytus. =Epium=, a town of Peloponnesus on the borders of Arcadia. =Epŏna=, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of a man’s union with a mare. =Epŏpeus=, a son of Neptune and Canace, who came from Thessaly to Sicyon, and carried away Antiope, daughter of Nicteus king of Thebes. This rape was followed by a war, in which Nycteus and Epopeus were both killed. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――――A son of Aloeus, grandson to Phœbus. He reigned at Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 3.――――One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who attempted to abuse Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 619. =Eporedōrix=, a powerful person among the Ædui, who commanded his countrymen in their war against the Sequani. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 67. =Epŭlo=, a Rutulian killed by Achates. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 459. =Epytides=, a patronymic given to Periphas the son of Epytus, and the companion of Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 547. =Epy̆tus=, a king of Alba. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 44.――――A king of Arcadia.――――A king of Messenia, of the family of the Heraclidæ. ――――The father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17. =Equajusta=, a town of Thessaly. =Equĭcŏlus=, a Rutulian engaged in the wars of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 684. =Equīria=, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, in honour of Mars, when horse-races and games were exhibited in the Campus Martius. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 859. =Equotutĭcum=, now _Castel Franco_, a little town of Apulia, to which, as some suppose, Horace alludes in this verse, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 87, _Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non est._ =Eracon=, an officer of Alexander, imprisoned for his cruelty. _Curtius_, bk. 10. =Eræa=, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age of Strabo, bk. 3. =Erana=, a small village of Cilicia on mount Amanus. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4. =Erăsēnus=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing for a little space under the ground, in Argolis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 275. ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 13. =Erasippus=, a son of Hercules and Lysippe. =Erasistrătus=, a celebrated physician, grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. He discovered by the motion of the pulse the love which Antiochus had conceived for his mother-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded with 100 talents for the cure by the father of Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleeding and violent physic. He died B.C. 257. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_. =Erăto=, one of the muses who presided over lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She is represented as crowned with roses and myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and a lute in her left, musical instruments of which she is considered by some as the inventress. Love is sometimes placed by her side holding a lighted flambeau, while she herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener with a gay and animated look. She was invoked by lovers, especially in the month of April, which, among the Romans, was more particularly devoted to love. _Apollodorus_, bk. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 37.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 425.――――One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――One of the Dryades, wife of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――One of the Danaides, who married Bromius.――――A queen of the Armenians, after the death of Ariobarzanes, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Eratosthĕnes=, son of Aglaus, was a native of Cyrene, and the second entrusted with the care of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his time to grammatical criticism and philosophy, but more particularly to poetry and mathematics. He has been called a second Plato, the cosmographer and the geometer of the world. He is supposed to be the inventor of the armillary sphere. With the instruments with which the munificence of the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexandria, he was enabled to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic, which he called 20½ degrees. He also measured a degree of the meridian, and determined the extent and circumference of the earth with great exactness, by means adopted by the moderns. He starved himself after he had lived to his 82nd year, B.C. 194. Some few fragments remain of his compositions. He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings by order of one of the Ptolemies. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 2, ltr. 6.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Eratostrătus=, an Ephesian who burnt the famous temple of Diana, the same night that Alexander the Great was born. This burning, as some writers have observed, was not prevented or seen by the goddess of the place, who was then present at the labours of Olympias, and the birth of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus did this villainy merely to eternize his name by so uncommon an action. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 14. =Erātus=, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. _Apollodorus._――――A king of Sicyon, who died B.C. 1671. =Erbessus=, a town of Sicily north of Agrigentum, now _Monte Bibino_. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 30. =Erchia=, a small village of Attica, the birthplace of Xenophon. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 48. =Erĕbus=, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and Darkness. He married Night, by whom he had the light and the day. The poets often used the word Erebus to signify hell itself, and particularly that part where dwelt the souls of those who had lived a virtuous life, from whence they passed into the Elysian fields. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 26. =Erechtheus=, son of Pandion I., was the sixth king of Athens. He was father of Cecrops II., Merion, Pandorus, and of four daughters, Creusa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war against Eleusis he sacrificed Othonia, called also Chthonia, to obtain a victory which the oracle promised for such a sacrifice. In that war he killed Eumolpus, Neptune’s son, who was the general of the enemy, for which he was struck with thunder by Jupiter at Neptune’s request. Some say that he was drowned in the sea. After death he received divine honours at Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1347. According to some accounts, he first introduced the mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 877.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15. ――_Cicero_, _For Sestius_, ch. 21; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 48; _Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Erechthĭdes=, a name given to the Athenians, from their king Erechtheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 430. =Erembi=, a people of Arabia. =Erēmus=, a country of Ethiopia. =Erenēa=, a village of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44. =Eressa=, a town of Æolia. =Erēsus=, a town of Lesbos, where Theophrastus was born. =Erĕtria=, a city of Eubœa on the Euripus, anciently called _Melaneis_ and _Arotria_. It was destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It received its name from Eretrius, a son of Phaeton. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8, &c. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_, ch. 4. =Erētum=, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber, whence came the adjective _Eretinus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 711.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 4. =Eruthalion=, a man killed by Nestor in a war between the Pylians and Arcadians. _Homer_, _Iliad_. =Ergăne=, a river whose waters intoxicated as wine.――――A surname of Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14. =Ergenna=, a celebrated soothsayer of Etruria. _Persius_, satire 2, li. 26. =Ergias=, a Rhodian who wrote a history of his country. =Ergīnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Clymenus. He obliged the Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father had been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his servants, who came to raise the tribute, and mutilated them, and he afterwards killed Erginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invading Bœotia with an army. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17.――――A river of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――A son of Neptune.――――One of the four brothers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6. =Erginnus=, a man made master of the ship Argo by the Argonauts, after the death of Typhis. =Eribœa=, a surname of Juno. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――――The mother of Ajax Telamon. _Sophocles._ =Eribotes=, a man skilled in medicine, &c. _Orpheus._ =Erĭcētes=, a man of Lycaonia, killed by Messapus in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 749. =Erichtho=, a Thessalian woman famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and medicine. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 507.――――One of the Furies. _Ovid._――_Hesiod_, bk. 2, li. 151. =Erichthŏnius=, the fourth king of Athens, sprung from the seed of Vulcan, which fell upon the ground when that god attempted to offer violence to Minerva. He was very deformed, and had the tails of serpents instead of legs. Minerva placed him in a basket, which she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunctions not to examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the curiosity to open the basket, for which the goddess punished her indiscretion by making her jealous of her sister Herse. _See:_ Herse. Erichthon was young when he ascended the throne of Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1437. The invention of chariots is attributed to him, and the manner of harnessing horses to draw them. He was made a constellation after death under the name of Bootes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 553.――_Hyginus_, fable 166.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 113.――――A son of Dardanus, who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 B.C., after a long reign of about 75 years. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Ericinium=, a town of Macedonia. =Ericūsa=, one of the Lipari isles, now _Alicudi_. =Erĭdănus=, one of the largest rivers of Italy, rising in the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic by several mouths; now called the _Po_. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sisters of Phaeton, were changed into poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the king of all rivers, and Lucan compares it to the Rhine and Danube. An Eridanus is mentioned in heaven. _Cicero_, _Aratus_, li. 145.――_Claudian_, _Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti_, bk. 6, li. 175.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 409.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 482; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 659. =Erĭgŏne=, a daughter of Icarius, who hung herself when she heard that her father had been killed by some shepherds whom he had intoxicated. She was made a constellation, now known under the name of _Virgo_. Bacchus deceived her by changing himself into a beautiful grape. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.――_Statius_, bk. 11, _Thebiad_, li. 644.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 33. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Hyginus_, fables 1 & 24.――――A daughter of Ægisthus and Clytemnestra, who had by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who shared the regal power with Timasenus, the legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Erigoneius=, a name applied to the Dog-star, because looking towards Erigone, &c. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 723. =Erĭgŏnus=, a river of Thrace.――――A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. =Erigȳus=, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander’s officers. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4. =Erillus=, a philosopher of Carthage, contemporary with Zeno. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Erindes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 16. =Erinna=, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. =Erinnys=, the Greek name of the Eumenides. The word signifies the _fury of the mind_, ἐρις νους. _See:_ Eumenides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 337.――――A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with Neptune under the form of a horse. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 25 & 42. =Eriopis=, a daughter of Medea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Eriphănis=, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. She was extremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy his company she accustomed herself to live in the woods. _Athenæus_, bk. 14. =Eriphidas=, a Lacedæmonian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assembled the people and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Erĭphȳle=, a sister of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband concealed himself that he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition against Thebes, where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and she discovered where Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war; but before he departed, he charged his son Alcmæon to murder his mother as soon as he was informed of his death. Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, and his death was no sooner known than his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of her son. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 445.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 18.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, chs. 6 & 7.――_Hyginus_, fable 73.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17. =Eris=, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins. _See:_ Discordia. =Erisichthon=, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted him with continual hunger. He squandered all his possessions to gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra had the power of transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made use of that artifice to maintain her father, who sold her, after which she assumed another shape, and became again his property. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, fable 18. =Erithus=, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5. =Erixo=, a Roman knight condemned by the people for having whipped his son to death. _Seneca_, bk. 1, _de Clementia_, ch. 14. =Erōchus=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3. =Erōpus= or =Æropes=, a king of Macedonia, who when in the cradle succeeded his father Philip I., B.C. 602. He made war against the Illyrians, whom he conquered. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2. =Eros=, a servant of whom Antony demanded a sword to kill himself. Eros produced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master, he killed himself in his presence. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A comedian. _Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius the Actor_, ch. 2.――――A son of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. _See:_ Cupido. =Erostrătus.= _See:_ Eratostratus. =Erōtia=, a festival in honour of Eros the god of love. It was celebrated by the Thespians every fifth year with sports and games, when musicians and all others contended. If any quarrels or seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he would totally remove them. =Errūca=, a town of the Volsci of Italy. =Erse=, a daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Herse. =Erxias=, a man who wrote a history of Colophon. He is perhaps the same as the person who wrote a history of Rhodes. =Eryălus=, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 411. =Erybium=, a town at the foot of mount Parnassus. =Erycīna=, a surname of Venus from mount Eryx, where she had a temple. She was also worshipped at Rome under this appellation. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 874.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 33. =Ery̆manthis=, a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erymanthus. ――――Arcadia is also known by that name. =Erymanthus=, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his shoulders to Eurystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid himself in a brazen vessel. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 802.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 4, ch. 22.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 499. =Ery̆mas=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 702. =Erymnæ=, a town of Thessaly. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――Of Magnesia. =Erymneus=, a peripatetic philosopher, who flourished B.C. 126. =Ery̆mus=, a huntsman of Cyzicus. =Erythea=, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 195.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 649.――――A daughter of Geryon. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37. =Erythīni=, a town of Paphlagonia. =Erȳthræ=, a town of Ionia opposite Chios, once the residence of a Sybil. It was built by Neleus the son of Codrus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 28; bk. 38, ch. 39.――――A town of Bœotia. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――One in Libya,――――another in Locris. =Ery̆thræum mare=, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it has a communication with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or the Red sea, it has often been mistaken by the ancient writers, who by the word _Erythran_, understood indiscriminately either the Red sea or the Persian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras, or from the _redness_ (ἐρυθρος, _ruber_) of its sand or waters. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 180 & 189; bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 4, ch. 37.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Ery̆thras=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――A son of Perseus and Andromeda, drowned in the Red sea, which from him was called _Erythræum_. _Arrian_, _Indica_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Erythrion=, a son of Athamas and Themistone. _Apollodorus._ =Ery̆thros=, a place of Latium. =Eryx=, a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength, challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 402.――――An Indian killed by his subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A mountain of Sicily, now _Giuliano_, near Drepanum, which received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready to fall. Dædalus had enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a strong wall. He also consecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which so much resembled life, that it seemed to exceed the power of art. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 478.――_Hyginus_, fables 16 & 260. ――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Eryxo=, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 160. =Esernus=, a famous gladiator. _Cicero._ =Esquĭliæ= and =Esquilīnus mons=, one of the seven hills of Rome, which was joined to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally came to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had been executed there, and thence they were called _Esquilinæ alites_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Horace_, epode 5, li. 100.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 32. =Essedŏnes=, a people of Asia, above the Palus Mæotis, who ate the flesh of their parents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the head and kept it as sacred. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Essui=, a people of Gaul. =Estiæotis=, a district of Thessaly on the river Peneus. =Esŭla=, a town of Italy near Tibur. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 6. =Estiaia=, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to carry away anything or communicate it to anybody. =Etearchus=, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife, he married a woman who made herself odious for her tyranny over her stepdaughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a colony to Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 154. =Eteŏcles=, a son of Œdipus and Jocasta. After his father’s death, it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices, that they should both share the royalty, and reign alternately each a year. Eteocles by right of seniority first ascended the throne, but after the first year of his reign was expired, he refused to give up the crown to his brother according to their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement, went to implore the assistance of Adrastus king of Argos. He received that king’s daughter in marriage, and was soon after assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These hostile preparations were watched by Eteocles, who on his part did not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopæus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be decided by single combat. They both fell in an engagement conducted with the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is even said that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one to the other, separated themselves on the burning pile, as if, even after death, sensible of resentment and hostile to reconciliation. _Statius_, _Thebiad_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 9, ch. 6.――――A Greek, the first who raised altars to the Graces. _Pausanias._ =Eteŏclus=, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disinterestedness, and magnanimity. He was killed by Megareus the son of Creon under the walls of Thebes. _Euripides._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Iphis. =Eteocrētæ=, an ancient people of Crete. =Eteones=, a town of Bœotia on the Asopus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 266. =Eteoneus=, an officer at the court of Menelaus, when Telemachus visited Sparta. He was son of Bœthus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 22. =Eteonīcus=, a Lacedæmonian general, who upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquered at Arginusæ, ordered the messengers of this news to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. This so terrified Conon, who besieged the town, that he concluded that the enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the siege. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1. =Etēsiæ=, periodical northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, very common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and autumn. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 741. =Ethalion=, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for carrying away Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 647. =Etheleum=, a river of Asia, the boundary of Troas and Mysia. _Strabo._ =Ethŏda=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. =Ethēmon=, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 163. =Etias=, a daughter of Æneas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22. =Etis=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22. =Etrūria.= _See:_ Hetruria. =Etrusci=, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous for their superstitions and enchantments. _See:_ Hetruria. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 34. =Etylus=, the father of Theocles. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 19. =Evadne=, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes had been separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 447.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 21. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 800.――――A daughter of the Strymon and Neæra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Evages=, a poet, famous for his genius but not for his learning. =Evăgŏras=, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken from his father by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes the king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over the fleet of his enemy. The Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions, except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this fatal change of fortune by a eunuch, 374 B.C. He left two sons, Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be commended for his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson bore the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed himself oppressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than that of Cyprus, but his oppression rendered him odious, and he was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 12, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man of Elis, who obtained a prize at the Olympian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A Spartan, famous for his services to the people of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――――A son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A king of Rhodes.――――An historian of Lindos.――――Another of Thasos, whose works proved serviceable to Pliny in the compilation of his natural history. _Pliny_, bk. 10. =Evăgŏre=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._ =Evan=, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild ejaculation of _Evan! Evan!_ by his priestesses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 15.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 517. =Evander=, a son of the prophetess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions, and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the conquest of Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars. He gave Æneas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his hospitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek deities. He was honoured as a god after death by his subjects, who raised him an altar on mount Aventine. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 18. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 500; bk. 5, li. 91.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 100, &c.――――A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B.C. 215. =Evangĕlus=, a Greek historian.――――A comic poet. =Evangorĭdes=, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been victorious. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8. =Evanthes=, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some Locrians.――――A celebrated Greek poet.――――An historian of Miletus. ――――A philosopher of Samos.――――A writer of Cyzicus.――――A son of Œnopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4. =Evarchus=, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine, on the confines of Cappadocia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 102. =Evas=, a native of Phrygia who accompanied Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 702. =Evax=, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. _Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 2. =Eubages=, certain priests held in great veneration among the Gauls and Britons. _See:_ Druidæ. =Eubātas=, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtesan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce. _Pausanias_, _Elis_, bk. 1. =Eubius=, an obscene writer, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 415. =Eubœa=, the largest island in the Ægean sea after Crete, now called _Negropont_. It is separated from the continent of Bœotia by the narrow straits of the Euripus, and was anciently known by the different names of _Macris_, _Oche_, _Ellopia_, _Chalcis_, _Abantis_, _Asopis_. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its most extensive parts, and 365 in circumference. The principal town was Chalcis; and it was reported that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had been formerly joined to the continent. Eubœa was subjected to the power of the Greeks; some of its cities, however, remained for some time independent. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 155.――――One of the three daughters of the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――One of Mercury’s mistresses.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A town of Sicily near Hybla. =Euboĭcus=, belonging to Eubœa. The epithet is also applied to the country of Cumæ, because that city was built by a colony from Chalcis, a town of Eubœa. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 257.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 2; bk. 9, li. 710. =Eubote=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Eubotes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Eubūle=, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her country, which laboured under a famine. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 18. =Eubūlĭdes=, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice and encouragement to perseverance he was enabled to conquer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing the letter R. He severely attacked the doctrines of Aristotle. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An historian, who wrote an account of Socrates and of Diogenes. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A famous statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14. =Eubūlus=, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes.――――A comic poet. ――――An historian, who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras.――――A philosopher of Alexandria. =Eucērus=, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that Nero might have occasion to divorce her. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 60. =Euchēnor=, a son of Ægyptus and Arabia. _Apollodorus._ =Euchides=, an Athenian who went to Delphi and returned the same day, a journey of about 107 miles. The object of his journey was to obtain sacred fire. =Euclīdes=, a native of Megara, disciple of Socrates, B.C. 404. When the Athenians had forbidden all the people of Megara on pain of death to enter their city, Euclides disguised himself in women’s clothes to introduce himself into the presence of Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Socrates_.――――A mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 300 B.C. He distinguished himself by his writings on music and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements of mathematics, which consist of problems and theorems with demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators. Euclid was so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy became one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria, which became so famous, that from his age to the time of the Saracen conquest, no mathematician was found but what had studied at Alexandria. He was so respected that Plato, himself a mathematician, being asked concerning the building of an altar at Athens, referred his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid’s writings is that of Gregory, folio, Oxford, 1703. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 12.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 72. =Euclus=, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the birth and greatness of the poet Homer, according to some traditions. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12. =Eucrăte=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._ =Eucrătes=, the father of Procles the historian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 21. =Eucritus.= _See:_ Evephenus. =Euctēmon=, a Greek of Cumæ, exposed to great barbarities. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――An astronomer who flourished B.C. 431. =Euctresii=, a people of Peloponnesus. =Eudæmon=, a general of Alexander. =Eudamĭdas=, a son of Archidamus IV., brother to Agis IV. He succeeded on the Spartan throne, after his brother’s death, B.C. 330. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who succeeded B.C. 268.――――The commander of a garrison stationed at Trœzene by Craterus. =Eudamus=, a son of Agesilaus of the Heraclidæ. He succeeded his father.――――A learned naturalist and philosopher. =Eudēmus=, the physician of Livia the wife of Drusus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopœmen.――――An historian of Naxos. =Eudocia=, the wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger, who gave the public some compositions. She died A.D. 460. =Eudocĭmus=, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by telling them that a hostile army was in sight. _Polyænus._ =Eudōra=, one of the Nereides.――――One of the Atlantides. =Eudōrus=, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16. =Eudoxi Specŭla=, a place in Egypt. =Eudoxia=, the wife of Arcadius, &c.――――A daughter of Theodosius the younger, who married the emperor Maximus, and invited Genseric the Vandal over into Italy. =Eudoxus=, a son of Æschines of Cnidus, who distinguished himself by his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the first who regulated the year among the Greeks, among whom he first brought from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He spent a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the motions of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretell the events of futurity. He died in his 53rd year, B.C. 352. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 187.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Petronius_, ch. 88.――――A native of Cyzicus, who sailed all around the coast of Africa from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules.――――A Sicilian, son of Agathocles.――――A physician. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Evelthon=, a king of Salamis in Cyprus. =Euemĕrĭdas=, an historian of Cnidus. =Evemĕrus=, an ancient historian of Messenia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods, in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost. =Evēnor=, a painter, father to Parrhasius. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9. =Evēnus=, an elegiac poet of Paros.――――A river running through Ætolia, and falling into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had promised him his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him in running, grew so desperate, that he threw himself into the river, which afterwards bore his name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 104.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7, li. 467. =Evephēnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Dionysius consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged to share their friendship and confidence. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Everes=, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not perish in a battle against Electryon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A son of Hercules and Parthenope.――――The father of Tiresias. _Apollodorus._ =Evergĕtæ=, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Evergĕtes=, a surname signifying _benefactor_, given to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that epithet, so expressive of benevolence and humanity. =Evesperĭdes=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171. =Eugănei=, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 604.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Eugeon=, an ancient historian before the Peloponnesian war. =Eugenius=, a usurper of the imperial title after the death of Valentinian II., A.D. 392. =Euhemerus.= _See:_ Evemerus. =Euhydrum=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13. =Euhyus= and =Evius=, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of the giants against Jupiter. _Horace_, bk. 2, Ode 11, li. 17. =Evippe=, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras. ――――Another. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The mother of the Pierides, who were changed into magpies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 303. =Evippus=, a son of Thestius king of Pleuron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 417. =Eulimĕne=, one of the Nereides. =Eumăchius=, a Campanian who wrote a history of Annibal. =Eumæus=, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at his return home from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and assisted him in removing Penelope’s suitors. He was originally the son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and services. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13, li. 403; bk. 14, li. 3; bk. 15, li. 288; bks. 16 & 17. =Eumēdes=, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with Æneas, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 346.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 27. =Eumēlis=, a famous augur. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 8, li. 49. =Eumēlus=, a son of Admetus king of Pheræ in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army. He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus. _Homer_. _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 23.――――A man whose daughter was changed into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 390.――――A man contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of agriculture. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――One of the followers of Æneas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 665.――――One of the Bacchiadæ, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who died B.C. 304. =Eumĕnes=, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral from the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was conquered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to disband the greatest part of his army to secure himself a retreat, and he fled, with only 700 faithful attendants, to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not the courage to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by his officers in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, “Keep him as carefully as you would keep a lion.” This severe command was obeyed; but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and when Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison; though some imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror. His bloody commands were executed B.C. 315. Such was the end of a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in public exercises first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and particularly his military accomplishments, promoted him to the rank of a general. Even his enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose orders he perished, honoured his remains with a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been observed that Eumenes had such a universal influence over the successors of Alexander, that none during his lifetime dared to assume the title of king; and it does not a little reflect to his honour to consider that the wars he carried on were not from private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his deceased benefactor’s children. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 10.――_Arrian._――――A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle Philetærus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, and made war against Prusias king of Bithynia. He was a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by Attalus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――――The second of that name succeeded his father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was small and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opulent, and his alliance with the Romans did not a little contribute to the increase of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died B.C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son Attalus II. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity, and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers were so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Justin_, bks. 31 & 34.――_Polybius._――――A celebrated orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of his harangues and orations are extant.――――An historical writer in Alexander’s army. =Eumenia=, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his brother Eumenes.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――――Of Hyrcania. =Eumĕnĭdes= and =Eumenes=, a man mentioned, _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Tristia_, poem 4, li. 27. =Eumēnĭdes=, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They sprang from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn. According to others they were daughters of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and Terra, according to Sophocles, or, as Epimenides reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. According to the most received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable; always employed in punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, pestilence, and dissensions, and by the secret stings of conscience; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were also called _Furiæ_, _Erinnyes_, and _Diræ_, and the appellation of Eumenides, which signifies benevolence and compassion, they received after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacrifices, and erected a temple in honour of their divinity. Their worship was almost universal, and people presumed not to mention their names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple, which, when entered by any one guilty of crimes, suddenly rendered him furious, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In their sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, and the victims were generally turtledoves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and bloody garment, and serpents wreathing round their head instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of scorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto’s throne, as the ministers of his vengeance. _Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_. ――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus at Colonus_. =Eumĕnĭdia=, festivals in honour of the Eumenides, called by the Athenians σεμναι θεαι, _venerable goddesses_. They were celebrated once every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and libations of honey and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens were admitted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were accepted by the goddesses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner. =Eumēnius=, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 666. =Eumolpe=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._ =Eumolpĭdæ=, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes relating to impiety or profanation were referred to their judgment, and their decisions, though occasionally severe, were considered as generally impartial. The Eumolpidæ were descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became so powerful after his appointment to the priesthood, that he maintained a war against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both; Erechtheus and Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was re-established among their descendants, on condition that the priesthood should ever remain in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of Erechtheus. The priesthood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 1200 years; and this is still more remarkable, because he who was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in perpetual celibacy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14. =Eumolpus=, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune and Chione. He was thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into Æthiopia, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards by a woman of the country, one of whose daughters he married. An act of violence to his sister-in-law obliged him to leave Æthiopia, and he fled to Thrace with his son Ismarus, where he married the daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This connection with the royal family rendered him ambitious; he conspired against his father-in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was discovered, to Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He made war against Erechtheus the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office of high priest, and perished in battle. His descendants were also invested with the priesthood, which remained for about 1200 years in that family. _See:_ Eumolpidæ. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c. ――_Hyginus_, fable 73.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14. =Eumonides=, a Theban, &c. _Plutarch._ =Eunæus=, a son of Jason, by Hypsipyle daughter of Thoas. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7. =Eunapius=, a physician, sophist, and historian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the reign of Valentinian and his successors, and wrote a history of the Cæsars, of which few fragments remain. His life of the philosophers of his age is still extant. It is composed with fidelity and elegance, precision and correctness. =Eunŏmia=, a daughter of Juno, one of the Horæ. _Apollodorus._ =Eunŏmus=, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded his father on the throne of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――A famous musician of Locris, rival to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical prize at Delphi. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A man killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus._ ――――A Thracian, who advised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by his ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――The father of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_. =Eunus=, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the minds of the servile multitude by pretended inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to the astonishment of the people, who believed him to be a god, or something more than human. Oppression and misery compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself at the head of 50,000 men. With such a force he defeated the Roman armies, till Perpenna obliged him to surrender by famine, and exposed on a cross the greatest part of his followers, B.C. 132. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_. =Euonymos=, one of the Lipari isles. =Euoras=, a grove of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Eupagium=, a town of Peloponnesus. =Eupalămon=, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 360. =Eupalămus=, the father of Dædalus and of Metiadusa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Eupător=, a son of Antiochus. The surname of _Eupator_ was given to many of the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Eupătoria=, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and called afterwards _Pompeiopolis_ by Pompey. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 2. ――――Another called _Magnopolis_ in Pontus, now _Tehenikeh_. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Eupeithes=, a prince of Ithaca, father to Antinous. In the former part of his life he had fled before the vengeance of the Thesprotians, whose territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses he was one of the most importuning lovers of Penelope. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 16. =Euphaes=, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first Messenian war began. He died B.C. 730. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 6. =Euphantus=, a poet and historian of Olynthus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Antigonus king of Macedonia. ♦_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Euclides_. ♦ ‘Diod.’ replaced with ‘Diogenes’ =Euphēme=, a woman who was nurse to the Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. _Pausanias._ =Euphēmus=, a son of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift and light that he could run over the sea without scarce wetting his feet. _Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――One of the Greek captains before Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 353. =Euphorbus=, a famous Trojan, son of Panthous, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls, affirmed that he had been once Euphorbus, and that his soul recollected many exploits which had been done while it animated that Trojan’s body. As a further proof of his assertion, he showed at first sight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 160.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 16 & 17.――――A physician of Juba king of Mauritania. =Euphorion=, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eubœa, in the age of Antiochus the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correct writing, and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures in all the public libraries. His father’s name was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th year, B.C. 220. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 64, calls him _Obscurum_.――――The father of Æschylus bore the same name. =Euphrānor=, a famous painter and sculptor of Corinth. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――This name was common to many Greeks. =Euphrātes=, a disciple of Plato, who governed Macedonia with absolute authority in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Parmenio.――――A stoic philosopher in the age of Adrian, who destroyed himself with the emperor’s leave, to escape the miseries of old age, A. D. 118. _Dio Cassius._――――A large and celebrated river of Mesopotamia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is very rapid in its course, and passes through the middle of the city of Babylon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain season of the year, and, like the Nile in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed the course of the waters when he besieged Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 11. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 509; bk. 4, li. 560. =Euphron=, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by bribery. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Euphrŏsy̆na=, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35. =Euplæa=, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near Neapolis. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 149. =Eupŏlis=, a comic poet of Athens, who flourished 435 years before the christian era, and severely lashed the vices and immoralities of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to him, that at his death he refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death, because he had ridiculed him in a comedy which he had written against the Baptæ, the priests of the goddess Cotytto, and the impure ceremonies of their worship; but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea-fight between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians in the Hellespont, and that on that account his countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no poet should ever after go to war. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4; bk. 2, satire 10.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.――_Ælian._ =Eupompus=, a geometrician of Macedonia.――――A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. =Eurianassa=, a town near Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Eurĭpĭdes=, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He applied himself to dramatical composition, and his writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition against Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by repeating some verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most excellent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy, and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets gave an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them both on the stage with success and humour. During the representation of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike them off. Euripides heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced forward on the stage, and told the spectators that he came there to instruct them, and not to receive instruction. Another piece, in which he called riches the _summum bonum_ and the admiration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of the whole would show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. The ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years before the christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of which only 19 are extant; the most approved of which are his Phœnissæ, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity, and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic, and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in composing, and laboured with difficulty, from which circumstance a foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he had written 100 verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. “True,” says Euripides, “but there is this difference between your poetry and mine; yours will expire in three days, but mine shall live for ages to come.” Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that some have called him μισογυνης, _woman-hater_, and perhaps from this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which appear in his female characters; an observation, however, which he refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all this antipathy he was married twice, but his connections were so injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols., 4to, Oxford, 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo, 2 vols., 1597; and of Barnes, folio, Cambridge. 1694. There are also several valuable editions of detached plays. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 50; _Orator_, bk. 3, ch. 7; _Academica_ bk. 1, ch. 4; _De Officiis_, bk. 3; _Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bks. 1 & 4, &c. =Eurīpus=, a narrow strait which separates the island of Eubœa from the coast of Bœotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled the rest of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients; and it is said that Aristotle threw himself into it because he was unable to find out the causes of that phenomenon. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 6. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 95.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Euristhenes.= _See:_ Eurysthenes. =Eurōmus=, a city of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 33, ch. 30. =Eurōpa=, one of the three grand divisions of the earth known among the ancients, extending, according to modern surveys, about 3000 miles from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though inferior in extent, yet it is superior to the others in the learning, power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Ægean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Mæotis, and the Tanais in a northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic and northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa, who was carried there by Jupiter. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 275.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 222.――――A daughter of Agenor king of Phœnicia and Telephassa. She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the better to seduce her he assumed the shape of a bull and mingled with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired towards the shore, and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, and arrived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the christian era. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 13.――_Moschus_, _Idylls_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――One of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.――――A part of Thrace near mount Hæmus. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1. =Eurŏpæus=, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 23. =Europs=, a king of Sicyon, son of Ægialeus, who died B.C. 1993. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Eurōpus=, a king of Macedonia, &c. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A town of Macedonia on the Axius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Eurōtas=, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedæmon. He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the river which flows near Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A river of Laconia flowing by Sparta. It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, _the king of rivers_, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its banks in great abundance. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 29. ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 82.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4.――――A river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, called also _Titaresus_. It joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with it. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8. =Etrōto=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus._ =Eurus=, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The Latins sometimes called it Vulturnus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, &c. =Euryăle=, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted Æetes, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 4.――――A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune.――――A daughter of Prœtus king of Argos.――――One of the Gorgons who was immortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 207. =Euryălus=, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――An illegitimate son of Ulysses and Evippe. _Sophocles._――――A son of Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A Trojan who came with Æneas into Italy, and rendered himself famous for his immortal friendship with Nisus. _See:_ Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 179.――――A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 25.――――A Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war. =Erybătes=, a herald in the Trojan war, who took Briseis from Achilles by order of Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 32.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 3.――――A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the Nemean games, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――――One of the Argonauts. =Eurybia=, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astræus, Pallas, and Perses by Crius.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Eurybiădes=, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet, at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians, upon which the Athenian said, “Strike me, but hear me.” _Herodotus_, bk. 8, chs. 2, 74, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_. =Eurybius=, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between his countrymen and the Athenians. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――A son of Nereus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Euryclēa=, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her with much tenderness and attention. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19. =Eurycles=, an orator of Syracuse, who proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian soldiers in the quarries. _Plutarch._――――A Lacedæmonian at the battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. ――――A soothsayer of Athens. =Eurycrătes=, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204. =Eurycrătĭdas=, a son of Anaxander, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204. =Eurydămas=, a Trojan skilled in the interpretation of dreams. His two sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 148.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 283.――――A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._ =Eurydăme=, the wife of Leotychides king of Sparta. _Herodotus._ =Eurydămĭdas=, a king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Proclidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Eury̆dĭce=, the wife of Amyntas king of Macedonia. She had by her husband, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter’s husband, to whom she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her, Alexander ascended the throne after his father’s death, and perished by the ambition of his mother; Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for protection. The manner of her death is unknown. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridæus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of Alexander the Great, Aridæus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops. Aridæus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword, or the halter. She chose the latter.――――The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before Aristæus, who wished to offer her violence, she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon earth. He violated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever taken from him. _See:_ Orpheus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 30, &c.――――A daughter of Adrastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. ――――One of the Danaides, who married Dyas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The wife of Lycurgus king of Nemæa in Peloponnesus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Actor. _Apollodorus._ ――――A wife of Æneas. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A daughter of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Antipater, who married one of the Ptolemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A daughter of king Philip. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Lacedæmon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Clymenus, who married Nestor. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltiades. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_. =Eurygania=, a wife of Œdipus. _Apollodorus._ =Euryleon=, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius. =Eury̆lŏchus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for which sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 205; bk. 12, li. 195.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 287.――――A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrrhæ, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A man who discovered the conspiracy which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6. =Eury̆măchus=, a powerful Theban, who seized Platæa by treachery, &c. ――――One of Penelope’s suitors.――――A son of Antenor.――――A lover of Hippodamia. _Pausanias._ =Eury̆mĕde=, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. _Apollodorus._ =Eurymĕdon=, the father of Peribœa, by whom Neptune had Nausithous. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――――A river of Pamphylia, near which the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B.C. 470. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41; bk. 37, ch. 23.――――A man who accused Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum. =Eurymĕnes=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus._ =Eurynŏme=, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle.――――A woman of Lemnos, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 136.――――The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――One of Penelope’s female attendants. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17, li. 515.――――An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_. =Eurynŏmus=, one of the deities of hell. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 28. =Euryŏne=, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia by Eurydice. =Eurypon=, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious that his descendants were called _Eurypontidæ_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Eurypy̆le=, a daughter of Thespius. =Eury̆py̆lus=, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan war by Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――――A Grecian at the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. ――――A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercules against Laomedon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A son of Mecisteus, who signalized himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against his father’s life. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A Thessalian who became delirious for looking into a box, which fell to his share after the plunder of Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A soothsayer in the Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries was the injunction to offer a human sacrifice. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 114.――_Ovid._ =Eurysthĕnes=, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension with his twin brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to declare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta, by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called _Eurysthenidæ_; and those of Procles, _Proclidæ_. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called _Agidæ_. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 147; bk. 6, ch. 52.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_. =Eurysthenĭdæ.= _See:_ Eurysthenes. =Eurystheus=, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will of the other. _See:_ Alcmena. This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well known by the name of the 12 labours of Hercules. The success of Hercules in achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his children, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules. His head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. _Hyginus_, fables 30 & 32. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 292. =Eury̆te=, a daughter of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. _Apollodorus._ ――――The mother of Hallirhotius by Neptune. _Apollodorus._ =Euryteæ=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18. =Eury̆tĕle=, a daughter of Thespius.――――A daughter of Leucippus. _Apollodorus._ =Eurythĕmis=, the wife of Thestius. _Apollodorus._ =Eury̆thion= and =Eurytion=, a centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapithæ and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A herdsman of Geryon, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A king of Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. ――――One of the Argonauts. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 311. ――――A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 495. ――――A silversmith. _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 499.――――A man of Heraclea convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition of the oligarchical power there. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics._ =Eury̆tis= (idos), a patronymic of Iole daughter of Eurytus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11. =Eury̆tus=, a son of Mercury, among the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 439.――――A king of Œchalia, father to Iole. He offered his daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his daughter as the prize of his victory. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 7.――――A son of Actor, concerned in the wars between Augias and Hercules, and killed by the hero.――――A son of Augias, killed by Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games. _Apollodorus._――――A person killed in hunting the Calydonian boar. ――――A son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A giant killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against the gods. =Eusebia=, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. She died A.D. 360, highly and deservedly lamented. =Eusebius=, a bishop of Cæsarea, in great favour with the emperor Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arius and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which consisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of Constantine, Chronicon, Evangelical Preparations, and other numerous treatises, most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Præparatio and Demonstratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols., folio, Rothomagi, 1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720. =Eusebius=, a surname of Bacchus. =Eusepus= and =Pedasus=, the twin sons of Bucolion, killed in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6. =Eustathius=, a Greek commentator on the works of Homer. The best edition of this very valuable author is that published at Basil, 3 vols., folio, 1560. It is to be lamented that the design of Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 1735, and published in the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata of the present day.――――A man who wrote a very foolish romance in Greek, entitled _De Ismeniæ et Ismenes amoribus_, edited by Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1617. =Eutæa=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Eutelidas=, a famous statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10. =Euterpe=, one of the Muses, daughter to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the flute and of all wind instruments. She is represented as crowned with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists attributed to her the invention of tragedy, more commonly supposed to be the production of Melpomene. _See:_ Musæ.――――The name of the mother of Themistocles according to some. =Euthycrătes=, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was particularly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horses. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip. =Euthydēmus=, an orator and rhetorician, who greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Euthȳmus=, a celebrated boxer of Locri in Italy, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 6. =Eutrapĕlus=, a man described as artful and fallacious by _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 31.――――A hair-dresser. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 82. =Eutrăpĕlus Volumnius=, a friend of Marcus Antony, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 32. =Eutropius=, a Latin historian in the age of Julian, under whom he carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His origin as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some suppose, from the epithet of _Clarissimus_ prefixed to his history, that he was a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from the age of Romulus to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise on medicine without being acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, _Cum notis variorum_, 8vo, _Leiden_, 1729 & 1762.――――A famous eunuch at the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c. =Eutychĭde=, a woman who was 30 times brought to bed, and carried to the grave by 20 of her children. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Eutychĭdes=, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_.――――A sculptor. =Euxanthius=, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. _Apollodorus._ =Euxenĭdas=, a painter, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 35. =Euxĕnus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of the fabulous ages of Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. =Euxīnus Pontus=, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north of Asia Minor, and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called ἀξεινος, _inhospitable_, on account of the savage manners of the inhabitants on its coast. Commerce with foreign nations, and the plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually softened their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but Euxenus, _hospitable_. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be 1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long and in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and receives the tribute of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth, except in the eastern parts, where some have imagined that it has a subterraneous communication with the Caspian. It is now called the _Black_ sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 13; bk. 4, poem 4, li. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 85. =Euxippe=, a woman who killed herself because the ambassadors of Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c. =Exadius=, one of the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 264.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 266. =Exæthes=, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7. =Exagŏnus=, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents. These venomous creatures, far from hurting him, caressed him and harmlessly licked him with their tongues. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 3. =Exomătræ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 144. F =Fabaria=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carna wife of Janus, when beans (_fabæ_) were presented as an oblation. =Fabăris=, now _Farfa_, a river of Italy in the territories of the Sabines, called also _Farfarus_, _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 715. =Fabia.= _See:_ Fabius Fabricianus. =Făbia lex=, _de ambitu_, was to circumscribe the number of _Sectatores_ or attendants which were allowed to candidates in canvassing for some high office. It was proposed, but did not pass. =Făbia=, a tribe at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 52.――――A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero’s wife. =Făbiāni=, some of the Luperci at Rome, instituted in honour of the Fabian family. =Făbii=, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name from _faba_, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this pulse. They were said to be descended from Fabius, a supposed son of Hercules by an Italian nymph; and they were once so numerous that they took upon themselves to wage war against the Veientes. They came to a general engagement near the Cremera, in which all the family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B.C. 477. There only remained one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, and from him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages. The family was divided into six different branches, the _Ambusti_, the _Maximi_, the _Vibulani_, the _Buteones_, the _Dorsones_, and the _Pictores_, the three first of which are frequently mentioned in the Roman history, but the others seldom. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 46, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 235.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 845. =Făbius Maximus Rullianus=, was the first of the Fabii who obtained the surname of _Maximus_, for lessening the power of the populace at elections. He was master of horse, and his victories over the Samnites in that capacity nearly cost him his life, because he engaged the enemy without the command of the dictator. He was five times consul, twice dictator, and once censor. He triumphed over seven different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered himself illustrious by his patriotism.――――Rusticus, an historian in the age of Claudius and Nero. He was intimate with Seneca, and the encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style make us regret the loss of his compositions.――――Marcellinus, an historian in the second century.――――A Roman lawyer whom _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 134, ridicules as having been caught in adultery.――――Quintus Maximus, a celebrated Roman, first surnamed _Verrucosus_ from a wart on his lip, and _Agnicula_ from his inoffensive manners. From a dull and unpromising childhood he burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and was gradually raised by merit to the highest offices of the state. In his first consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and the fatal battle of Thrasymenus occasioned his election to the dictatorship. In this important office he began to oppose Annibal, not by fighting him in the open field, like his predecessors, but he continually harrassed his army by countermarches and ambuscades, for which he received the surname of Cunctator, or _delayer_. Such operations for the commander of the Roman armies gave offence to some, and Fabius was even accused of cowardice. He, however, still pursued the measures which prudence and reflection seemed to dictate as most salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master of horse raised to share the dictatorial dignity with himself, by means of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator, his successors for a while followed his plan; but the rashness of Varro, and his contempt for the operations of Fabius, occasioned the fatal battle of Cannæ. Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms after the battle of Cannæ, and on that occasion the Carthaginian enemy observed that Fabius was the Annibal of Rome. When he had made an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of the captives, which was totally disapproved by the Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay the money, rather than forfeit his word to the enemy. The bold proposal of young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. He did not, however, live to see the success of the Roman arms under Scipio, and the conquest of Carthage, by measures which he treated with contempt and heard with indignation. He died in the 100th year of his age, after he had been five times consul, and twice honoured with a triumph. The Romans were so sensible of his great merit and services, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed from the public treasury. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Livy._――_Polybius._――――His son bore the same name, and showed himself worthy of his noble father’s virtues. During his consulship, he received a visit from his father on horseback in the camp; the son ordered the father to dismount, and the old man cheerfully obeyed, embracing his son, and saying, “I wished to know whether you knew what it is to be consul.” He died before his father, and the Cunctator, with the moderation of a philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over the dead body of his son. _Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_. ――――Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an historical account of his country, from the age of Romulus to the year of Rome, 536. He flourished B.C. 225. The work which is now extant, and which is attributed to him, is a spurious composition.――――A loquacious person mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 14.――――A Roman consul, surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck with lightning.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――Fabricianus, a Roman assassinated by his wife Fabia, that she might more freely enjoy the company of a favourite youth. His son was saved from his mother’s cruelties, and when he came of age he avenged his father’s death by murdering his mother and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance of the action, and patronized the parricide. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A chief priest at Rome when Brennus took the city. _Plutarch._――――A Roman sent to consult the oracle of Delphi while Annibal was in Italy.――――Another chosen dictator, merely to create new senators. ――――A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithridates.――――A son of Paulus Æmilius, adopted into the family of the Fabii.――――A Roman surnamed Allobrogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, &c. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――Another chosen general against the Carthaginians in Italy. He lost all his forces in a battle, and fell wounded by the side of Annibal. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_. ――――A consul with Julius Cæsar, who conquered Pompey’s adherents in Spain.――――A high priest who wrote some annals, and made war against Viriathus in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 2. ――――Dorso. _See:_ Dorso. =Fābrātĕria=, a colony and town of the Volsci in Latium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 398.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 24. =Fabrĭcius=, a Latin writer in the reign of Nero, who employed his pen in satirizing and defaming the senators. His works were burnt by order of Nero.――――Caius Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his first consulship, obtained several victories over the Samnites and Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. The riches which were acquired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally rewarded by the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 400 talents. Two years after, Fabricus went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused with contempt the presents, and heard with indignation the offers, which might have corrupted the ♦fidelity of a less virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the magnanimity of Fabricius; but his astonishment was more powerfully awakened when he opposed him in the field of battle, and when he saw him make a discovery of the perfidious offer of his physician, who pledged himself to the Roman general for a sum of money to poison his royal master. To this greatness of soul were added the most consummate knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his table. A small salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury and useless ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire among the people; and during his censorship he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, who had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house more than 10 pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather to command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and died in the greatest poverty. His body was buried at the public charge, and the Roman people were obliged to give a dowry to his two daughters, when they had arrived to marriageable years. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 18. ――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 844.――――A bridge at Rome, built by the consul Fabricius, over the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 36. ♦ ‘fidelty’ replaced with ‘fidelity’ =Fabulla=, a prostitute, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 68. =Facelina=, a small place on the north of Sicily, where Diana had a temple. _Servius_, _Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil_, bk. 9, li. 117.――_Hyginus_, fable 261. =Fadus=, a Rutulian killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344. =Fæsŭlæ=, now _Fiesole_, a town of Etruria, famous for its augurs. _Cicero_, _For Lucius Murena_, ch. 24.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 478.――_Sallust_, _Catilinae Coniuratio_, ch. 27. =Falcīdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713, concerning wills and the right of heirs. =Faleria=, a town of Picenum, now _Fallerona_, of which the inhabitants were called Falerienses. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Falerii= (or ium), now _Palari_, a town of Etruria, of which the inhabitants are called Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their laws from Falerii. The place was famous for its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of sausage. _See:_ Falisci. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 46. ――_Livy_, bk. 10, chs. 12 & 16.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 84; _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 41.――_Cato_, _De Re Rustica_, bks. 4 & 14. ――_Servius_, _Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil_, bk. 7, li. 695. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Falerina=, a tribe at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 23. =Falernus=, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its wine, which the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 14.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 57.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 96.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 10; bk. 2, satire 4, li. 15. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 15. =Fălisci=, a people of Etruria, originally a Macedonian colony. When they were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went out of the gates of the city with his pupils, and betrayed them into the hands of the Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the place to surrender. Camillus heard the proposal with indignation, and ordered the man to be stripped naked and whipped back to the town by those whom his perfidy wished to betray. This instance of generosity operated upon the people so powerfully that they surrendered to the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_. =Faliscus Gratius.= _See:_ Gratius. =Fama= (_fame_), was worshipped by the ancients as a powerful goddess, and generally represented blowing a trumpet, &c. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Thebiad_, li. 427. =Fannia=, a woman of Minturnæ, who hospitably entertained Marius in his flight, though he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and divorced her from her husband. =Fannia lex=, _de sumptibus_, by Fannius the consul, A.U.C. 593. It enacted that no person should spend more than 100 _asses_ a day at the great festivals, and 30 _asses_ on other days, and 10 at all other times. =Fannii=, two orators of whom Cicero speaks in _Brutus_. =Fannius=, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace, because his poems and picture were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such as possessed merit. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 21.――――A person who killed himself when apprehended in a conspiracy against Augustus. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 80.――――Caius, an author in Trajan’s reign, whose history of the cruelties of Nero is greatly regretted. =Fanum Vacūnæ=, a village in the country of the Sabines. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49. =Farfărus=, a river of the Sabines, falling into the Tiber above Capena. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330. =Fascelis=, a surname of Diana, because her statue was brought from Taurica by Iphigenia in a bundle of sticks (_fascis_), and placed at Aricia. =Fascellina=, a town of Sicily near Panormus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 261. =Faucŭla=, a prostitute who privately conveyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 33. =Faventia=, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 597.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 15. ――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 74. =Faveria=, a town of Istria. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 11. =Faula=, a mistress of Hercules. =Fauna=, a deity among the Romans, daughter of Picus, and originally called _Marica_. Her marriage with Faunus procured her the name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that of _Fatua_ and _Fatidica_. It is said that she never saw a man after her marriage with Faunus, and that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being ranked among the gods after death. She is the same, according to some, as _Bona Mater_. Some mythologists accuse her of drunkenness, and say that she expired under the blows of her husband, for an immoderate use of wine. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47, &c.――_Varro._――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1. =Faunalia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus. =Fauni=, certain deities of the country, represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. They were called satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants offered them a lamb or a kid with great solemnity. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 10. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 392. =Faunus=, a son of Picus, who is said to have reigned in Italy about 1300 years B.C. His bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to the tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised a temple in honour of the god Pan, called by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality towards strangers with a liberal hand. His great popularity and his fondness for agriculture made his subjects revere him as one of their country deities after death. He was represented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and was consulted to give oracles. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47; bk. 8, li. 314; bk. 10, li. 55.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17. =Favo=, a Roman mimic, who at the funeral of Vespasian imitated the manners and gestures of the deceased emperor. _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 19. =Favorinus=, a philosopher and eunuch under Adrian, &c. =Fausta=, a daughter of Sylla, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64. ――――The wife of the emperor Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties and vices. =Faustīna=, the wife of the emperor Antoninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her daughter of the same name, blessed with beauty, loveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned of her sex. She married Marcus Aurelius.――――The third wife of the emperor Heliogabalus bore that name. =Faustĭtas=, a goddess among the Romans supposed to preside over cattle. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 5, li. 17. =Faustŭlus=, a shepherd ordered to expose Romulus and Remus. He privately brought them up at home. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Faustus=, an obscure poet under the first Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic pieces, Thebæ and Tereus, _Juvenal_ mentions, satire 7, li. 12. =Februus=, a god at Rome, who presided over purifications.――――The Feralia sacrifices which the Romans offered to the gods manes, were also called _Februa_, whence the name of the month of February, during which the oblations were made. =Feciāles=, a number of priests at Rome, employed in declaring war and making peace. When the Romans thought themselves injured, one of this sacerdotal body was empowered to demand redress, and after the allowance of 33 days to consider the matter, war was declared if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear into the territories of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 4, ch. 30. =Felginas=, a Roman knight killed by Pompey at Dyrracchium. _Cæsar_, bk. 3, _Civil War_. =Felix Marcus Antonius=, a freedman of Claudius Cæsar, made governor of Judæa, Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Suetonius the husband of three queens, as he married the two Drusillæ, one granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is unknown. _Suetonius_, _Divus Claudius_, ch. 18.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 14. =Feltria=, a town of Italy at the north of Venice. =Fenestella=, a Roman historian in the age of Augustus. He died at Cumæ.――――One of the gates at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 578. =Fenni=, or =Finni=, the inhabitants of Finningia, or Eningia, now considered as Finland. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Ferālia=, a festival in honour of the dead, observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of February. It continued for 11 days, during which time presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and the temples of the gods were shut. It was universally believed that the manes of their departed friends came and hovered over their graves, and feasted upon the provisions that the hand of piety and affection had procured for them. Their punishments in the infernal regions were also suspended, and during that time they enjoyed rest and liberty. =Ferentīnum=, a town of the Hernici at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were called _Ferentinates_, or _Ferentini_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 394.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 50; bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44. =Ferentum=, or =Forentum=, a town of Apulia, now _Forenza_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 20. =Fĕrētrius=, a surname of _Jupiter_, _a ferendo_, because he had assisted the Romans, or _a feriendo_, because he had conquered their enemies under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome built by Romulus, where the spoils called _opima_ were always carried. Only two generals obtained these celebrated spoils after the age of Romulus. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 20. =Feriæ Latīnæ=, festivals at Rome instituted by Tarquin the Proud. The principal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled on a mount near Rome, where they, together with the Roman magistrates, offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried home some part after the immolation, after they had sworn mutual friendship and alliance. It continued but one day originally, but in process of time four days were dedicated to its celebration. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――_Cicero_, ltr. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 21, &c. The _feriæ_ among the Romans were certain days set apart to celebrate festivals, and during that time it was unlawful for any person to work. They were either public or private. The public were of four different kinds. The _feriæ stativæ_ were certain immovable days always marked in the calendar, and observed by the whole city with much festivity and public rejoicing. The _feriæ conceptivæ_ were movable feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration was always previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. Among these were the _feriæ Latinæ_, which were first established by Tarquin, and observed by the consuls regularly before they set out for the provinces; the _Compitalia_, &c. The _feriæ imperativæ_ were appointed only by the command of the consul, dictator, or pretor, as a public rejoicing for some important victory gained over the enemies of Rome. The _feriæ Nundinæ_ were regular days in which the people of the country and neighbouring towns assembled together and exposed their respective commodities to sale. They were called Nundinæ, because kept every ninth day. The _feriæ privatæ_ were observed only in families, in commemoration of birthdays, marriages, funerals, and the like. The days on which the _feriæ_ were observed were called by the Romans _festi dies_, because dedicated to mirth, relaxation, and festivity. =Fērōnia=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the woods and groves. The name is derived _a ferendo_, because she gave assistance to her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, near mount Soracte, where she had a temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice to her, and to wash the face and hands in the waters of the sacred fountain, which flowed near her temple. It is said that those who were filled with the spirit of this goddess could walk barefooted over burning coals without receiving any injury from the flames. The goddess had a temple and a grove about three miles from Anxur, and also another in the district of Capena. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 26. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, lis. 697 & 800.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 24. =Fescennia= (iorum, or ium), a town of Etruria, now _Galese_, where the _Fescennine verses_ were first invented. These verses, the name of which conveys an idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort of rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed before their audience the failings and vices of their adversaries, and by satirical humour and merriment endeavoured to raise the laughter of the company. They were often repeated at nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also at harvest home, when gestures were made adapted to the sense of the unpolished verses that were used. They were proscribed by Augustus as of immoral tendency. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 695.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 145. =Fesŭlæ=, or =Fæsulæ=, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 3, ch. 6. =Festus=, a friend of Domitian, who killed himself in an illness. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 79.――――Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as governor of Judæa, under Claudius. =Fibrēnus=, a river of Italy, falling into the Liris through Cicero’s farm at Arpinum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 400.――_Cicero_, _De Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Ficana=, a town of Latium, at the south of Rome, near the Tiber. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33. =Ficaria=, a small island on the east of Sardinia, now _Serpentera_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Ficulea=, or =Ficulnea=, a town of Latium beyond mount Sacer, at the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led to the town was called _Ficulnensis_, afterwards _Nomentana Via_. _Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 38; bk. 3, ch. 52. =Fidēna=, an inland town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called _Fidenates_. The place was conquered by the Romans B.C. 435. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 773.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44. ――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 14, 15 & 27; bk. 2, ch. 19; bk. 4, chs. 17 & 21. =Fidentia=, a town of Gaul on the south of the Po, between Placentia and Parma. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 54. =Fides=, the goddess of faith, oaths, and honesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa was the first who paid her divine honours. =Fĭdĭcŭlæ=, a place of Italy. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6. =Fidius Dius=, a divinity by whom the Romans generally swore. He was also called Sancus, or Sanctus, and Semipater, and he was solemnly addressed in prayers the 5th of June, which was yearly consecrated to his service. Some suppose him to be Hercules. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 213.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bks. 2 & 9. =Fimbria=, a Roman officer who besieged Mithridates in Pritaine, and failed in his attempts to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his troops for his cruelty, upon which he killed himself. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_. =Firmum=, now _Fermo_, a town of Picenum on the Adriatic, the port of which was called _Castellum Firmanum_. _Cicero_, bk. 8, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Velleius_, bk. 1, ch. 14. =Marcus Firmius=, a powerful native of Seleucia, who proclaimed himself emperor, and was at last conquered by Aurelian. =Fiscellus=, a part of the Apennine mountains in Umbria, where the Nar rises. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 518.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Flacilla Antonia=, a Roman matron in Nero’s age, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 7. =Flaccus=, a consul who marched against Sylla, and was assassinated by Fimbria. _Plutarch._――――A poet. _See:_ Valerius.――――A governor of Egypt, who died A.D. 39.――――Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles. ――――A name of Horace. _See:_ Horatius. =Ælia Flacilla=, the mother of Arcadius and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a prefect of Gaul. =Flāmĭnia lex=, _agraria_, by Caius Flaminius the tribune, A.U.C. 525. It required that the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Senones had been expelled, should be divided among the Roman people. =Flaminia via=, a celebrated road which led from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia. It received its name from Flaminius, who built it, and was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus against Annibal.――――A gate of Rome opening to the same road, now _del popolo_. =Caius Flāmĭnius=, a Roman consul of a turbulent disposition, who was drawn into a battle near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, with an immense number of Romans, B.C. 217. The conqueror wished to give a burial to his body, but it was not found in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the people he proposed an agrarian law against the advice of his friends, of the senate, and of his own father. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 3, &c.――_Polybius._――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6. =Titus Quinctius Flāmĭnius=, or =Flaminīnus=, a celebrated Roman raised to the consulship, A.U.C. 556. He was trained in the art of war against Annibal, and he showed himself capable in every respect to discharge with honour the great office with which he was entrusted. He was sent at the head of the Roman troops against Philip king of Macedonia, and in his expedition he met with uncommon success. The Greeks gradually declared themselves his firmest supporters, and he totally defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus, and made all Locris, Phocis, and Thessaly tributary to the Roman power. He granted peace to the conquered monarch, and proclaimed all Greece free and independent at the Isthmian games. This celebrated action procured the name of patrons of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly paved their way to universal dominion. Flaminius behaved among them with the greatest policy, and by his ready compliance with their national customs and prejudices he gained uncommon popularity, and received the name of father and deliverer of Greece. He was afterwards sent ambassador to king Prusias, who had given refuge to Annibal, and there his prudence and artifice hastened out of the world a man who had long been the terror of the Romans. Flaminius was found dead in his bed, after a life spent in the greatest glory, in which he had imitated with success the virtues of his model Scipio. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus._――――Lucius, the brother of the preceding, signalized himself in the wars of Greece. He was expelled from the senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother’s colleague in the censorship, an action which was highly resented by Titus. _Plutarch_, _Flaminius_.――――Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who at the head of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, B.C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians and cutting them to pieces. =Flanaticus sinus=, a bay of the Flanates, in Liburnia on the Adriatic, now the gulf of _Carnero_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 19 & 21. =Flāvia lex=, _agraria_, by Lucius Flavius, A.U.C. 693, for the distribution of a certain quantity of lands among Pompey’s soldiers and the commons. =Flāviānum=, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, called also Flavinium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 696.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 492. =Flāvinia=, a town of Latium, which assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 696. =Flavius=, a senator who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――A tribune of the people deposed by Julius Cæsar.――――A Roman who informed Gracchus of the violent measures of the senate against him.――――A brother of Vespasian, &c.――――A tribune who wounded one of Annibal’s elephants in an engagement.――――A schoolmaster at Rome in the age of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 6, li. 72.――――One of the names of the emperor Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 37. =Flevus=, the right branch of the Rhine, which formed a large lake on its falling into the sea called _Flevo_, now _Zuider-Zee_. It was afterwards called _Helium_, now _Ulie_, when its breadth became more contracted, and a fort erected there obtained the name of _Flevum Frisiorum_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 4, li. 72. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Flōra=, the goddess of flowers and gardens among the Romans, the same as the Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that she was originally a common courtesan, who left to the Romans the immense riches which she had acquired by prostitution and lasciviousness, in remembrance of which a yearly festival was instituted in her honour. She was worshipped even among the Sabines, long before the foundation of Rome, and likewise among the Phoceans, who built Marseilles long before the existence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the first who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is said that she married Zephyrus, and that she received from him the privilege of presiding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual youth. _See:_ Floralia. She was represented as crowned with flowers, and holding in her hand the horn of plenty. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 195, &c. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Lactantius_, bk. 1, ch. 20.――――A celebrated courtesan passionately loved by Pompey the Great. She was so beautiful, that when the temple of Castor and Pollux at Rome was adorned with paintings, her picture was drawn and placed amongst the rest.――――Another courtesan, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49. =Florālia=, games in honour of Flora at Rome. They were instituted about the age of Romulus, but they were not celebrated with regularity and proper attention till the year ♦A.U.C. 580. They were observed yearly, and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished once to be present at the celebration, and that when he saw that the deference for his presence interrupted the feast, he retired, not choosing to be the spectator of the prostitution of naked women in a public theatre. This behaviour so captivated the degenerate Romans, that the venerable senator was treated with the most uncommon applause as he retired. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 1.――_Paterculus_, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 29. ♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’ =Flōrentia=, a town of Italy on the Arnus, now _Florence_, the capital of Tuscany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Floriānus=, a man who wore the imperial purple at Rome only for two months, A.D. 276. =Flōrus Lucius Annæus Julius=, a Latin historian of the same family which produced Seneca and Lucan, A.D. 116. He wrote an abridgment of Roman annals in four books, composed in a florid and poetical style, and rather a panegyric on many of the great actions of the Romans than a faithful and correct recital of their history. He also wrote poetry, and entered the lists against the emperor Adrian, who satirically reproached him with frequenting taverns and places of dissipation. The best editions of Florus are Duker’s, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1722 & 1744; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1760.――――Julius, a friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero in his military expeditions. The poet has addressed two epistles to him. =Fluōnia=, a surname of Juno Lucina, who under that appellation was invoked by the Roman matrons to stop excessive discharges of blood. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_. =Folia=, a woman of Ariminum, famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and for her petulance. _Horace_, epode 5, li. 42. =Fons solis=, a fountain in the province of Cyrene, cool at mid-day, and warm at the rising and setting of the sun. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 181. =Fontānus=, a poet mentioned by _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16. =Fontēia=, a vestal virgin. _Cicero._ =Fontēius Capito=, an intimate friend of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 5, li. 32.――――A Roman who raised commotions in Germany after the death of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A man who conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of Antony. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. =Formiæ=, a maritime town of Campania at the south-east of Caieta. It was anciently the abode of the Læstrygones, and it became known for its excellent wines, and was called _Mamurrarum urbs_, from a family of consequence and opulence who lived there. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14; bk. 38, ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 11; bk. 3, ode 17; bk. 1, satire 5, li. 37.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6. =Formiānum=, a villa of Cicero near Formiæ, near which the orator was assassinated. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 11, ltr. 27; bk. 16, ltr. 10.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 10. =Formio=, now _Risano_, a river of Istria, the ancient boundary of Italy eastward, afterwards extended to the Arsia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 18 & 19. =Fornax=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the baking of bread. Her festivals, called _Fornacalia_, were first instituted by Numa. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 525. =Foro Appii=, a people of Italy, whose capital was called _Forum Appii_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Fortūna=, a powerful deity among the ancients, daughter of Oceanus according to Homer, or one of the Parcæ according to Pindar. She was the goddess of fortune, and from her hand were derived riches and poverty, pleasures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. She was worshipped in different parts of Greece, and in Achaia her statue held the horn of plenty in one hand, and had a winged Cupid at its feet. In Bœotia she had a statue which represented her as holding Plutus the god of riches in her arms, to intimate that fortune is the source whence wealth and honours flow. Bupalus was the first who made a statue of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he represented her with the polar star upon her head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. The Romans paid particular attention to the goddess of Fortune, and had no less than eight different temples erected to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first who built her a temple, and from that circumstance it is easily known when her worship was first introduced among the Romans. Her most famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, where presents and offerings were regularly sent from every part of the country. Fortune has been called Pherepolis the protectress of cities, and Acrea from the temple of Corinth on an eminence, ἀκρος. She was called Prænestine at Præneste in Italy, where she had also a temple. Besides, she was worshipped among the Romans under different names, such as Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equestrian, Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the 1st of April, which was consecrated to Venus among the Romans, the Italian widows and marriageable virgins assembled in the temple of Virile fortune, and after burning incense and stripping themselves of their garments, they entreated the goddess to hide from the eyes of their husbands whatever defects there might be on their bodies. The goddess of fortune is represented on ancient monuments with a horn of plenty, and sometimes two in her hands. She is blindfolded, and generally holds a wheel in her hands as an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears with wings, and treads upon the prow of a ship, and holds a rudder in her hands. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 569.――_Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_ & _Caius Marcius Coriolanus_.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 10. ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c. =Fortūnātæ insulæ=, islands at the west of Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They are supposed to be the _Canary_ isles of the moderns, thought to be only two in number, at a little distance one from the other, and 10,000 stadia from the shores of Libya. They were represented as the seats of the blessed, where the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. The air was wholesome and temperate, and the earth produced an immense number of various fruits without the labours of men. When they had been described to Sertorius in the most enchanting colours, that celebrated general expressed a wish to retire thither, and to remove himself from the noise of the world, and the dangers of war. _Strabo_, bk. 1. ――_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8, li. 27; epode 16. ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 31 & 32. =Fŏrŭli=, a town of the Sabines, built on a stony place. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714. =Forum appii=, a town of Latium on the Appia Via. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 3. ――――Augustum, a place at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 552. ――――Allieni, a town of Italy, now _Ferrara_. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now _Montalto_. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――Claudii, another in Etruria, now _Oriolo_.――――Cornelii, another, now _Imola_, in the Pope’s dominions. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 5.――――Domitii, a town of Gaul, now _Frontignan_, in Languedoc.――――Voconii, a town of Gaul, now _Gonsaron_, between Antibes and Marseilles. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17.――――Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.――――Popilii, another at the south of Ravenna, on the Adriatic.――――Flaminii, a town of Umbria, now _San Giavane_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――Gallorum, a town of Gaul Togata, now _Castel Franco_, in the Bolognese. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 30.――――Also a town of Venice called _Forojuliensis urbs_, now _Friuli_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 26.――――Julium, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, now _Frejus_, in Provence. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17. ――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――Lebnorum, a town of Insubria. _Polybius._ ――――Sempronii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many other places bore the name of _Forum_ wherever there was a public market, or rather where the pretor held his court of justice (_forum vel conventus_), and thence they were called sometimes _conventus_ as well as _fora_, into which provinces were generally divided under the administration of a separate governor. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 4, ch. 48; bk. 5, ch. 11; _Against Vatinius_, ch. 5; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltrs. 6 & 8; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 21. =Fosi=, a people of Germany near the Elbe, considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 36. =Fossa=, the straits of _Bonifacio_ between Corsica and Sardinia, called also Taphros. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Drusi, or Drusiana, a canal eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of the Waal. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――――Mariana, a canal cut by Marius from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war, and now called _Galejon_. Sometimes the word is used in the plural, _Fossæ_, as if more than one canal had been formed by Marius. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Fossæ Philistinæ=, one of the mouths of the Po. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 9. =Franci=, a people of Germany and Gaul, whose country was called Francia. _Claudian._ =Fraus=, a divinity worshipped among the Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She presided over treachery, &c. =Frĕgella=, a famous town of the Volsci, in Italy, on the Liris, destroyed for revolting from the Romans, _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 452.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22; bk. 27, ch. 10, &c.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 76. =Fregēnæ=, a town of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Frentāni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, who received their name from the river _Frento_, now _Fortore_, which runs through the eastern part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic opposite the islands of Diomede. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 45.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 520. =Fretum= (_the sea_), is sometimes applied by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits of Messina. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 29. ――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 26.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 1. =Frigĭdus=, a river of Tuscany. =Frisii=, a people of Germany near the Rhine, now the _Frisons of Friesland_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 60; _Histories_, bk. 4, chs. 15 & 72; _Germania_, ch. 36. =Sextus Julius Frontīnus=, a celebrated geometrician, who made himself known by the books which he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his death that no monument should be raised to his memory, saying _memoria nostri durabit, si vitam meruimus_. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1779. =Fronto=, a preceptor of Marcus Antoninus, by whom he was greatly esteemed.――――Julius, a learned Roman, who was so partial to the company of poets, that he lent them his house and gardens, which continually re-echoed the compositions of his numerous visitors. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 12. =Frŭsĭno=, a small town of the Volsci on one of the branches of the Liris. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 223.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 399.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 11, ltrs. 4 & 13. =Fūcĭnus=, a lake of Italy in the country of the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, attempted to be drained by Julius Cæsar and afterwards by Claudius, by whom 30,000 men were employed for 11 years to perforate a mountain to convey the water into the Liris, but with no permanent success. The lake, surrounded by a ridge of high mountains, is now called _Celano_, and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumference, and not more than 12 feet deep on an average. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 56.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 759. =Fufĭdius=, a wretched usurer, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2. =Fufius Geminus=, a man greatly promoted by the interest of Livia, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, chs. 1 & 2. =Fugalia=, festivals at Rome to celebrate the flight of the Tarquins. =Fulgĭnātes= (singular, Fulginas), a people of Umbria, whose chief town was Fulginum, now _Foligno_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 462. ――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 14. =Q. Fulgīnus=, a brave officer in Cæsar’s legions, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_. =Fulgōra=, a goddess at Rome who presided over lightning. She was addressed to save her votaries from the effects of violent storms of thunder. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 6, ch. 10. =Fullinum= and =Fulginum=, a small town of Umbria. =Fulvia lex=, was proposed but rejected A.U.C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended to make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome. =Fulvia=, a bold and ambitious woman who married the tribune Clodius, and afterwards Curio, and at last Marcus Antony. She took a part in all the intrigues of her husband’s triumvirate, and showed herself cruel as well as revengeful. When Cicero’s head had been cut off by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brought to her, and with all the insolence of barbarity, she bored the orator’s tongue with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, upon which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Augustus to take up arms against her husband. When this scheme did not succeed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in which she engaged Lucius Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all her attempts proved fruitless, she retired into the east, where her husband received her with great coldness and indifference. This unkindness totally broke her heart, and she soon after died, about 40 years before the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_ & _Antonius_.――――A woman who discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline upon his life. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_. =Fulvius=, a Roman senator, intimate with Augustus. He disclosed the emperor’s secrets to his wife, who made it public to all the Roman matrons, for which he received so severe a reprimand from Augustus, that he and his wife hanged themselves in despair.――――A friend of Caius Gracchus, who was killed in a sedition with his son. His body was thrown into the river, and his widow was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.――――Flaccus Censor, a Roman who plundered a marble temple of Juno, to finish the building of one which he had erected to Fortune. He was always unhappy after this sacrilege. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 2.――――Servius Nobilior, a Roman consul who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he had acquired much glory against the Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked at his return with 200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus was sent to Spain, where he greatly signalized himself. He was afterwards rewarded with the consulship. =Fundānus=, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which discharges itself into the Mediterranean. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 96. =Fundi=, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the Appian road, at the bottom of a small deep bay called _Lacus Fundanus_. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 8, chs. 14 & 19; bk. 38, ch. 36. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 59.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Fŭriæ=, the three daughters of Nox and Acheron, or of Pluto and Proserpine, according to some. _See:_ Eumenides. =Fŭrii=, a family which migrated from Medullia in Latium, and came to settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among the patricians. Camillus was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to distinction. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_. =Fŭria lex=, _de Testamentis_, by C. Furius the tribune. It forbade any person to leave as a legacy more than 1000 _asses_, except to the relations of the master who manumitted, with a few more exceptions. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Against Verres_, ch. 42.――_Livy_, bk. 35. =Furīna=, the goddess of robbers, worshipped at Rome. Some say that she is the same as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Furius=, a military tribune with Camillus. He was sent against the Tuscans by his colleague.――――A Roman slave who obtained his freedom, and applied himself with unremitted attention to cultivate a small portion of land which he had purchased. The uncommon fruits which he reaped from his labours rendered his neighbours jealous of his prosperity. He was accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft, but honourably acquitted.――――Marcus Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was universally celebrated for the wit and humour of his expressions. It is said that Virgil imitated his poetry, and even borrowed some of his lines. Horace, however, has not failed to ridicule his verses. _Quintilian_, bk. 8, ch. 6, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 40. =Furnius=, a man accused of adultery with Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, li. 52.――――A friend of Horace, who was consul, and distinguished himself by his elegant historical writings. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36. =Aristotle Fuscus=, a friend of Horace, as conspicuous for the integrity and propriety of his manners, as for his learning and abilities. The poet addressed his 22nd Ode, bk. 1 & bk. 1, ltr. 10, to him.――――Cornelius, a pretor sent by Domitian against the Daci, where he perished. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 112. =Fusia lex=, _de Comitiis_, A.U.C. 527, forbade any business to be transacted at the public assemblies on certain days, though among the _fasti_.――――Another, A.U.C. 690, which ordained that the votes in a public assembly should be given separately.――――Caninia, another by Camillus and C. Caninius Galbus, A.U.C. 751, to check the manumission of slaves. =Fusius=, a Roman orator. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_, ch. 22.――――A Roman, killed in Gaul, while he presided there over one of the provinces. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――――A Roman actor, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 60. He intoxicated himself; and when on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and moved by the cries of a ghost; but in vain. G =Gabales=, a people of Aquitain. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 19. =Gabaza=, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4. =Gabellus=, now _La Secchia_, a river falling in a northern direction into the Po, opposite the Mincius. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Gabēne= and =Gabiēne=, a country of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 19. =Gabia= and =Gabina=. _See:_ Gabina. =Găbiēnus=, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by order of Sextus Pompey. It is maintained that he spoke after death. =Găbii=, a city of the Volsci, built by the kings of Alba, but now no longer in existence. It was taken by the artifice of Sextus the son of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the inhabitants by deserting to them, and pretending that his father had ill-treated him. Romulus and Remus were educated there, as it was the custom at that time to send there the young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tucking up their dress, whence _Gabinus cinctus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 773; bk. 7, lis. 612 & 682.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 46; bk. 6, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 709. ――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Găbīna=, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 682. =Găbīnia lex=, _de Comitiis_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 614. It required that in the public assemblies for electing magistrates, the votes should be given by tablets, and not _vivâ voce_.――――Another, for convening daily the senate, from the calends of February to those of March.――――Another, _de Comitiis_, which made it a capital punishment to convene any clandestine assembly, agreeable to the old law of the 12 tables.――――Another, _de Militiâ_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It granted Pompey the power of carrying on the war against the pirates, during three years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states to supply him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean sea, and in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from the sea.――――Another, _de Usurâ_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It ordained that no action should be granted for the recovery of any money borrowed upon small interest, to be lent upon larger. This was a usual practice at Rome, which obtained the name of _versuram facere_.――――Another, against fornication. =Gabiniānus=, a rhetorician in the reign of Vespasian. =Găbīnius=, a Roman historian.――――Aulus, a Roman consul, who made war in Judæa, and re-established tranquillity there. He suffered himself to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was accused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the request of Pompey, ably defended him. He was banished, and died about 40 years before Christ, at Salona.――――A lieutenant of Antony. ――――A consul, who behaved with uncommon rudeness to Cicero. =Gades= (ium), =Gadis= (is), and =Gadīra=, a small island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish coast, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. It was some time called _Tartessus_ and _Erythia_, according to Pliny, and is now known by the name of _Cadiz_. Geryon, whom Hercules killed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, surnamed _Gaditanus_, had there a celebrated temple, in which all his labours were engraved with excellent workmanship. The inhabitants were called _Gaditani_, and their women were known for their agility of body, and their incontinency. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 2, li. 11. ――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 183.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 21; bk. 24, ch. 49; bk. 26, ch. 43.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 23. ――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Cicero_, _for Cornelius Balbus_.――_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Gādītānus=, a surname of Hercules, from Gades. _See:_ Gades. =Gæsātæ=, a people on the Rhone, who assisted the Senones in taking and plundering Rome under Brennus. _Strabo_, bk. 5. =Gætūlia=, a country of Libya, near the Garamantes, which formed part of king Masinissa’s kingdom. The country was the favourite retreat of wild beasts, and is now called _Bildulgerid_. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 287.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4. =Gætūlĭcus, Cnæus Lentulus=, an officer in the age of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 42.――――A poet who wrote some epigrams in which he displayed great genius, and more wit, though he often indulged in indelicate expressions. =Gala=, father of Masinissa, was king of Numidia. =Galăbrii=, a nation near Thrace. =Galactophăgi=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3. =Galæsus.= _See:_ Galesus. =Galanthis=, a servant-maid of Alcmena, whose sagacity eased the labours of her mistress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife of Sthenelus, she solicited the aid of Lucina; who immediately repaired to the house of Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman, sat near the door with her legs crossed, and her fingers joined. In this posture she uttered some magical words, which served to prolong the labours of Alcmena, and render her state the more miserable. Alcmena had already passed some days in the most excruciating torments, when Galanthis began to suspect the jealousy of Juno; and concluded that the old woman, who continued at the door always in the same unchanged posture, was the instrument of the anger of the goddess. With such suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, and with a countenance expressive of joy, she informed the old woman that her mistress had just brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from her posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely delivered. The uncommon laugh which Galanthis raised upon this, made Lucina suspect that she had been deceived. She seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her on the ground; and while she attempted to resist, she was changed into a weasel, and condemned to bring forth her young, in the most agonizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had uttered falsehood. This transformation alludes to a vulgar notion among the ancients, who believed this of the weasel, because she carries her young in her mouth, and continually shifts from place to place. The Bœotians paid great veneration to the weasel, which, as they supposed, facilitated the labours of Alcmena. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6. =Galăta=, a town of Syria.――――An island near Sicily.――――A town of Sicily.――――A mountain of Phocis. =Gălătæ=, the inhabitants of Galatia. _See:_ Galatia. =Gălătæa= and =Galathæa=, a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was passionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom she treated with coolness and disdain; while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her unbounded affection. The happiness of these two lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who crushed his rival to pieces with a piece of a broken rock, while he sat in the bosom of Galatæa. Galatæa was inconsolable for the loss of Acis, and as she could not restore him to life, she changed him into a fountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 789.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 103.――――The daughter of a Celtic king, from whom the Gauls were called Galatæ. _Ammianus_, bk. 15.――――A country girl, &c. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3. =Gălătia=, or =Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, the Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its name from the Gauls, who migrated there under Brennus, some time after the sacking of Rome. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 38, chs. 12, 40.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 540.――_Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 4. ――――The name of ancient Gaul among the Greeks. =Galaxia=, a festival, in which they boiled a mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, called Γαλαξια by the Greeks. =Galba=, a surname of the first of the Sulpicii, from the smallness of his stature. The word signifies a small worm, or according to some, it implies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for which the founder of the Sulpician family was remarkable.――――A king among the Gauls, who made war against Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A brother of the emperor Galba, who killed himself, &c.――――A mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4. ――――Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who defended the cause of adulterers with great warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Horace ridicules him, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 46.――――Servius Sulpicius, a Roman who rose gradually to the greatest offices of the state, and exercised his power in the provinces with equity and unremitted diligence. He dedicated the greatest part of his time to solitary pursuits, chiefly to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disapprobation of the emperor’s oppressive command in the provinces, was the cause of new disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to death, but he escaped from the hands of the executioner, and was publicly saluted emperor. When he was seated on the throne, he suffered himself to be governed by favourites, who exposed to sale the goods of the citizens to gratify their avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high price, and the crime of murder was blotted out, and impunity purchased with a large sum of money. Such irregularities in the emperor’s ministers greatly displeased the people; and when Galba refused to pay the soldiers the money which he had promised them when he was raised to the throne, they assassinated him in the 73rd year of his age, and in the eighth of his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his room, January 16th, A.D. 69. The virtues which had shone so bright in Galba, when a private man, totally disappeared when he ascended the throne; and he who showed himself the most impartial judge, forgot the duties of an emperor, and of a father of his people. _Suetonius_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Tacitus._――――A learned man, grandfather to the emperor of the same name. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 4. ――――Sergius, a celebrated orator before the age of Cicero. He showed his sons to the Roman people, and implored their protection by which means he saved himself from the punishment which either his guilt or the persuasive eloquence of his adversaries, Marcus Cato and Lucius Scribonius, urged as due to him. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 53; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Galēnus Claudius=, a celebrated physician in the age of Marcus Antoninus and his successors, born at Pergamus, the son of an architect. He applied himself with unremitted labour to the study of philosophy, mathematics, and chiefly of physic. He visited the most learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt; and at last came to Rome, where he soon rendered himself famous by his profession. Many, astonished at his cures, attributed them to magic, and said that he had received all his knowledge from enchantments. He was very intimate with Marcus Aurelius the emperor, after whose death he returned to Pergamus, where he died, in his 90th year, A.D. 193. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the greatest part of which were burnt in the temple of Peace at Rome, where they had been deposited. Galenus confessed himself greatly indebted to the writings of Hippocrates for his medical knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums upon him. To the diligence, application, and experiments of these two celebrated physicians, the moderns are indebted for many useful discoveries; yet often their opinions are ill-grounded, their conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. What remains of the works of Galen has been published, without a Latin translation, in 5 vols., folio, Basil. 1538. Galen was likewise edited, together with Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols., folio, Paris, 1679, but very incorrect. =Galeolæ=, certain prophets in Sicily. _Cicero._ =Galeria=, one of the Roman tribes.――――The wife of Vitellius. _Cæsar._ ――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 60.――――Faustina, the wife of the emperor Antoninus Pius. =Gălērius=, a native of Dacia, made emperor of Rome by Diocletian. _See:_ Maximianus. =Gălēsus=, now _Galeso_, a river of Calabria, flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The poets have celebrated it for the shady groves in its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed on its fertile banks, and whose fleeces were said to be rendered soft when they bathed in the stream. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 43; bk. 4, ltr. 28. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 126.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, li. 10.――――A rich person of Latium, killed as he attempted to make a reconciliation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascanius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the prelude to all the enmities between the hostile nations. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 335. =Galilæa=, a celebrated country of Syria, often mentioned in Scripture. =Galinthiadia=, a festival at Thebes, in honour of Galinthias, a daughter of Prœtus. It was celebrated before the festival of Hercules, by whose orders it was first instituted. =Galli=, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, and inclined to war. They were very superstitious, and in their sacrifices they often immolated human victims. In some places they had large statues made with twigs, which they filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They believed themselves descended from Pluto; and from that circumstance they always reckoned their time not by the days, as other nations, but by the nights. Their obsequies were splendid, and not only the most precious things, but even slaves and oxen, were burnt on the funeral pile. Children, among them, never appeared in the presence of their fathers, before they were able to bear arms in the defence of their country. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Tacitus._ _See:_ Gallia.――――The priests of Cybele, who received that name from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where they celebrated the festivals. They mutilated themselves, before they were admitted to the priesthood, in imitation of Atys the favourite of Cybele. _See:_ Atys. The chief among them was called Archigallus, who in his dress resembled a woman, and carried suspended to his neck a large collar, with two representations of the head of Atys. _See:_ Corybantes, Dactyli, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 36.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_. =Gallia=, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were called _Galli_, _Celtiberi_, and _Celtoscythæ_, by themselves _Celtæ_, by the Greeks _Galatæ_. Ancient Gaul was divided into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica, Narbonensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia _Belgia_ was the largest province, bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German ocean; and contained the modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy with part of the Low Countries, and of Champagne, and of the isle of France. Gallia _Narbonensis_, which contained the provinces now called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphinè, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps and Pyrenean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean. _Aquitania_ Gallia, now called the provinces of Poitou, Santonge, Guienne, Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limosin, Gascony, Auvergne, &c., was situate between the Garumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the ocean. Gallia _Celtica_, or _Lugdunensis_, was bounded by Belgium, Gallia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. It contained the country at present known by the name of Lyonnais, Touraine, Franche Comté, Senenois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. Besides these great divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina, or Citerior; Transalpina, or Ulterior, which refers to that part of Italy which was conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed the Alps. By Gallia _Cisalpina_, the Romans understood that part of Gaul which lies in Italy; and by _Transalpina_, that which lies beyond the Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia _Cispadana_, and _Transpadana_, is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by some of the Gauls, and then it means the country on this side of the Po, or beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. By Gallia _Togata_, the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, _togæ_, were usually worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted to the rank of citizenship at Rome. Gallia Narbonensis was called _Braccata_, on account of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for their thighs. The epithet of _Comata_ is applied to Gallia Celtica, because the people suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. The inhabitants were great warriors; and their valour overcame the Roman armies, took the city of Rome, and invaded Greece, in different ages. They spread themselves over the greatest part of the world. They were very superstitious in their religious ceremonies, and revered the sacerdotal order as if they had been gods. _See:_ Druidæ. They long maintained a bloody war against the Romans; and Cæsar resided 10 years in their country before he could totally subdue them. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 5, &c. =Gallicānus mons=, a mountain of Campania. =Gallĭcus ager=, was applied to the country between Picenum and Ariminum, whence the Galli Senones were banished, and which was divided among the Roman citizens. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 14; bk. 39, ch. 44.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 2.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――――Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf of Lyons. =Galliēnus Publius Lucinius=, a son of the emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly with his father for seven years, and ascended the throne as sole emperor, A.D. 260. In his youth he showed his activity and military character, in an expedition against the Germans and Sarmatæ; but when he came to the purple, he delivered himself up to pleasure and indolence. His time was spent in the greatest debauchery; and he indulged himself in the grossest and most lascivious manner, and his palace displayed a scene, at once of effeminacy and shame, voluptuousness and immorality. He often appeared with his hair powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed tranquillity at home, while his provinces abroad were torn by civil quarrels and seditions. He heard of the loss of a rich province, and of the execution of a malefactor, with the same indifference; and when he was apprised that Egypt had revolted, he only observed, that he could live without the produce of Egypt. He was of a disposition naturally inclined to raillery and the ridicule of others. When his wife had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the malefactor to be placed in the circus, in expectation of being exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While the wretch trembled at the expectation of instant death, the executioner, by order of the emperor, let loose a capon upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised upon this, and the emperor observed, that he who had deceived others should expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of these ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by the revolt of two of his officers, who had assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence roused him from his lethargy; he marched against his antagonists, and put all the rebels to the sword, without showing the least favour either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the people and the army; emperors were elected, and no less than 30 tyrants aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved boldly to oppose his adversaries; but in the midst of his preparations he was assassinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th year of his age, A.D. 268. =Gallinaria sylva=, a wood near Cumæ in Italy, famous as being the retreat of robbers. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 307. =Gallipŏlis=, a fortified town of the Salentines, on the Ionian sea. =Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was inhabited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of _Gallogræci_, because a number of Greeks had accompanied them in their emigration. _Strabo_, bk. 2. =Caius Gallōnius=, a Roman knight appointed over Gades, &c. =P. Gallōnius=, a luxurious Roman, who, as was observed, never dined well, because he was never hungry. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, chs. 8 & 28. =Gallus.= _See:_ Alectryon.――――A general of Otho, &c. _Plutarch._――――A lieutenant of Sylla.――――An officer of Marcus Antony, &c.――――Caius, a friend of the great Africanus, famous for his knowledge of astronomy, and his exact calculation of eclipses. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_. ――――Ælius, the third governor of Egypt in the age of Augustus. ――――Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered himself famous by his poetical, as well as military talents. He was passionately fond of the slave Lycoris, or Cytheris, and celebrated her beauty in his poetry. She proved ungrateful, and forsook him to follow Marcus Antony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as the other poets of his age, was in the favour of Augustus, by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He became forgetful of the favours he received; he pillaged the province, and even conspired against his benefactor, according to some accounts, for which he was banished by the emperor. This disgrace operated so powerfully upon him, that he killed himself in despair, A.D. 26. Some few fragments remain of his poetry, and it seems that he particularly excelled in elegiac compositions. It is said that Virgil wrote a eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted it at the end of his Georgics; but that he totally suppressed it, for fear of offending his imperial patron, of whose favours Gallus had shown himself so undeserving, and instead of that he substituted the beautiful episode about Aristæus and Eurydice. This eulogium, according to some, was suppressed at the particular desire of Augustus. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 8.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poems 6 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 29.――――Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul in the age of Augustus, of whose orations Seneca has preserved some fragments.――――A Roman who assassinated Decius the emperor, and raised himself to the throne. He showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with the greatest indifference the revolt of his provinces, and the invasion of his empire, by the barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his soldiers, A.D. 253.――――Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a brother of the emperor Julian, raised to the imperial throne under the title of Cæsar, by Constantius his relation. He conspired against his benefactor, and was publicly condemned to be beheaded, A.D. 354. ――――A small river of Phrygia, whose waters were said to be very efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in curing madness. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 361. =Gamaxus=, an Indian prince, brought in chains before Alexander for revolting. =Gamelia=, a surname of Juno, as _Gamelius_ was of Jupiter, on account of their presiding over marriages.――――A festival privately observed at three different times. The first was the celebration of a marriage, the second was in commemoration of a birthday, and the third was an anniversary of the death of a person. As it was observed generally on the 1st of January, marriages on that day were considered as of a good omen, and the month was called Gemelion among the Athenians. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 31. =Gandarītæ=, an Indian nation. =Gangama=, a place near the Palus Mæotis. =Gangrărĭdæ=, a people near the mouths of the Ganges. They were so powerful that Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some attributed this to the weariness and indolence of his troops. They were placed by Valer. Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8.――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 27. ――_Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 67. =Ganges=, a large river of India, falling into the Indian ocean, said by Lucan to be the boundary of Alexander’s victories in the east. It inundates the adjacent country in the summer. Like other rivers, it was held in the greatest veneration by the inhabitants, and this superstition is said to exist still in some particular instances. The Ganges is now discovered to rise in the mountains of Thibet, and to run upwards of 2000 miles before it reaches the sea, receiving in its course the tribute of several rivers, 11 of which are superior to the Thames, and often equal to the great body of the waters of the Rhine. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 230.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 87.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 31. =Gannascus=, an ally of Rome, put to death by Corbulo the Roman general, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18. =Găny̆mēde=, a goddess, better known by the name of Hebe. She was worshipped under this name in a temple at Phlius in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 13. =Găny̆mēdes=, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, and brother to Ilus and Assaracus. According to Lucan, he was son of Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather tending his father’s flocks on mount Ida, and he became the cup-bearer of the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he was carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and unnatural desires of Jupiter. He is generally represented sitting on the back of a flying eagle in the air. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 28, li. 231.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 252. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 155.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4. =Garætĭcum=, a town of Africa. =Gărămantes= (singular, Garamas), a people in the interior parts of Africa, now called the deserts of Zara. They lived in common, and acknowledged as their own only such children as resembled them, and scarce clothed themselves, on account of the warmth of their climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 795.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 334.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142; bk. 11, li. 181. =Gărămantis=, a nymph who became mother of Iarbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus by Jupiter. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 198. =Gărămas=, a king of Libya, whose daughter was mother of Ammon by Jupiter. =Gărătas=, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, on the banks of which Pan had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44. =Gareătæ=, a people of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45. =Gareathyra=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Gargānus=, now _St. Angelo_, a lofty mountain of Apulia, which advances in the form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 257.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 880. =Gargăphia=, a valley near Platæa, with a fountain of the same name, where Actæon was torn to pieces by his dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 156. =Gargăris=, a king of the Curetes, who first found the manner of collecting honey. He had a son by his daughter, whom he attempted in vain to destroy. He made him his successor. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 44. =Gargărus= (plural, a, orum), a town and mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous for its fertility. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 103. ――_Macrobius_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30. =Gargettus=, a village of Attica, the birthplace of Epicurus. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 16. =Gargĭlius Martialis=, an historian.――――A celebrated hunter. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 57. =Gargittius=, a dog which kept Geryon’s flocks. He was killed by Hercules. =Garĭtes=, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul. =Garumna=, a river of Gaul, now called _Garonne_, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania. It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the persevering labours of ♦Louis XIV., a communication with the Mediterranean by the canal of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles through hills, and over valleys. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2. ♦ ‘Lewis’ replaced with ‘Louis’ =Gastron=, a general of Lacedæmon, &c. _Polybius_, bk. 2. =Gatheæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34. =Gatheatas=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34. =Gaugramēla=, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 16. =Gaulus= and =Gauleon=, an island in the Mediterranean sea, opposite Libya. It produces no venomous creatures. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Gaurus=, a mountain of Campania, famous for its wines. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 667.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 160.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 99. =Gaus= and =Gaos=, a man who followed the interest of Artaxerxes, from whom he revolted, and by whom he was put to death. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Gaza=, a famous town of Palestine, once well fortified, as being the frontier place on the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after a siege of two months. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Gebenna=, a town and mountain of Gaul. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 435. =Gēdrōsia=, a barren province of Persia near India. _Strabo_, bk. 2. =Gegănii=, a family of Alba, part of which migrated to Rome, under Romulus. One of the daughters, called Gegania, was the first of the vestals created by Numa. _Plutarch_, _Numa_. =Gĕla=, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, about 10 miles from the sea, according to Ptolemy, which received its name from a small river in the neighbourhood, called _Gelas_. It was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 years before the christian era. After it had continued in existence 404 years, Phintias tyrant of Agrigentum carried the inhabitants to _Phintias_, a town in the neighbourhood, which he had founded, and he employed the stones of Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was also called Gela. The inhabitants were called _Gelenses_, _Geloi_, and _Gelani_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 702.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46. =Gelānor=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father, and was deprived of his kingdom by Danaus the Egyptian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16. _See:_ Danaus. =Gellia Cornelia lex=, _de Civitate_, by Lucius Gellius and Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus, A.U.C. 682. It enacted that all those who had been presented with the privilege of citizens of Rome by Pompey should remain in the possession of that liberty. =Gellias=, a native of Agrigentum, famous for his munificence and his hospitality. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8. =Gellius=, a censor, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――A consul who defeated a party of Germans, in the interest of Spartacus. _Plutarch._ =Aulus Gellius=, a Roman grammarian in the age of Marcus Antonius, about 130 A.D. He published a work which he called _Noctes Atticæ_, because he composed it at Athens during the long nights of the winter. It is a collection of incongruous matter, which contains many fragments from the ancient writers, and often serves to explain antique monuments. It was originally composed for the improvement of his children, and abounds with many grammatical remarks. The best editions of Aulus Gellius are that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1706, and that of Conrad, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1762. =Gelo= and =Gelon=, a son of Dinomenes, who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 years before the christian era. He conquered the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his oppression popular by his great equity and moderation. He reigned seven years, and his death was universally lamented at Syracuse. He was called the father of his people, and the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demigod. His brother Hiero succeeded him. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 42. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A man who attempted to poison Pyrrhus.――――A governor of Bœotia.――――A son of Hiero the younger. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A general of Phocis, destroyed with his troops by the Thessalians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 1. =Geloi=, the inhabitants of _Gela_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 701. =Gĕlōnes= and =Gĕlōni=, a people of Scythia, inured from their youth to labour and fatigue. They painted themselves to appear more terrible in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, a son of Hercules. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 15; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 725,――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Claudian_, _Against Rufinus_, bk. 1, li. 315. =Gelos=, a port of Caira. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16. =Gemĭni=, a sign of the zodiac which represents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Leda. =Gemĭnius=, a Roman, who acquainted Marcus Antony with the situation of his affairs at Rome, &c.――――An inveterate enemy of Marius. He seized the person of Marius, and carried him to Minturnæ. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――A friend of Pompey, from whom he received a favourite mistress called Flora. _Plutarch._ =Gemĭnus=, an astronomer and mathematician of Rhodes, B.C. 77. =Gemoniæ=, a place at Rome where the carcases of criminals were thrown. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, chs. 53 & 61.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 74. =Genābum=, a town of Gaul, now _Orleans_, on the Loire. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 440. =Genauni=, a people of Vindelicia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 10. =Gēnēva=, an ancient, populous, and well-fortified city in the country of the Allobroges on the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva. =Genīsus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 45. =Genius=, a spirit or dæmon, which, according to the ancients, presided over the birth and life of every man. _See:_ Dæmon. =Gensĕric=, a famous Vandal prince, who passed from Spain to Africa, where he took Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal kingdom in Africa, and in the course of his military expeditions invaded Italy, and sacked Rome in July, 455. =Gentius=, a king of Illyricum, who imprisoned the Roman ambassadors at the request of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence was highly resented by the Romans, and Gentius was conquered by Anicius, and led in triumph with his family, B.C. 169. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19, &c. =Genua=, now _Genoa_, a celebrated town of Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 32; bk. 28, ch. 46; bk. 30, ch. 1. =Genūcius=, a tribune of the people.――――A consul. =Genŭsus=, now _Semno_, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Adriatic above Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 462. =Genutia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Lucius Genutius the tribune, A.U.C. 411. It ordained that no person should exercise the same magistracy within 10 years, or be invested with two offices in one year. =Georgĭca=, a poem of Virgil in four books. The first treats of ploughing the ground; the second of sowing it; the third speaks of the management of cattle, &c.; and in the fourth, the poet gives an account of bees, and of the manner of keeping them among the Romans. The word is derived from γεα _terra_, and ἐργον _opus_, because it particularly treats or husbandry. The work is dedicated to Mæcenas, the great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. The author was seven years in writing and polishing it, and in that composition he showed how much he excelled all other writers. He imitated Hesiod, who wrote a poem nearly on the same subject, called _Works and Days_. =Georgius Pisida.= _See:_ Pisida. =Gephȳra=, one of the cities of the Seleucidæ in Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Gephȳræi=, a people of Phœnicia, who passed with Cadmus into Bœotia, and from thence into Attica. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 57. =Geræstus=, a port of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45. =Gerānia=, a mountain between Megara and Corinth. =Geranthræ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Geresticus=, a harbour of Teios in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 27. =Gergithum=, a town near Cumæ in Æolia _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30. =Gergōvia=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 9. =Gerion=, an ancient augur. =Germānia=, an extensive country of Europe, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and always proved a watchful enemy against the Romans. Cæsar first entered their country, but he rather checked their fury than conquered them. His example was followed by his imperial successors or their generals, who sometimes entered the country to chastise the insolence of the inhabitants. The ancient Germans were very superstitious, and, in many instances, their religion was the same as that of their neighbours the Gauls; whence some have concluded that these two nations were of the same origin. They paid uncommon respect to their women, who, as they believed, were endowed with something more than human. They built no temples to their gods, and paid great attention to the heroes and warriors whom the country had produced. Their rude institutions gradually gave rise to the laws and manners which still prevail in the countries of Europe, which their arms invaded or conquered. Tacitus, in whose age even letters were unknown among them, observed their customs with nicety, and has delineated them with the genius of an historian and the reflection of a philosopher. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. =Germānĭcus Cæsar=, a son of Drusus and Antonia the niece of Augustus. He was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most important offices of the state. When his grandfather Augustus died, he was employed in a war in Germany, and the affection of the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. He refused the unseasonable honour, and appeased the tumult which his indifference occasioned. He continued his wars in Germany, and defeated the celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded with a triumph at his return to Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the east, and sent him to appease the seditions of the Armenians. But the success of Germanicus in the east was soon looked upon with an envious eye by Tiberius, and his death was meditated. He was secretly poisoned at Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A.D. 19, in the 34th year of his age. The news of his death was received with the greatest grief and the most bitter lamentations, and Tiberius seemed to be the only one who rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had married Agrippina, by whom he had nine children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the name of his illustrious father. Germanicus has been commended not only for his military accomplishments, but also for his learning, humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the midst of war, he devoted some moments to study, and he favoured the world with two Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus in Latin verse. _Suetonius._――――This name was common in the age of the emperors, not only to those who had obtained victories over the Germans, but even to those who had entered the borders of their country at the head of an army. Domitian applied the name of _Germanicus_, which he himself had vainly assumed, to the month of September, in honour of himself. _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 13.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 2, li. 4. =Germanii=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125. =Geronthræ=, a town of Laconia, where a yearly festival, called _Geronthræa_, was observed in honour of Mars. The god had there a temple with a grove, into which no woman was permitted to enter during the time of the solemnity. _Pausanias_, _Laconia_. ♦=Gerrhæ=, a people of Scythia, in whose country the Borysthenes rises. The kings of Scythia were generally buried in their territories. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 71. ♦ ‘Gerhæ’ replaced with ‘Gerrhæ’ =Gersus= and =Gerrhus=, a river of Scythia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 56. =Gēryon= and =Gēryŏnes=, a celebrated monster, born from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, and represented by the poets as having three bodies and three heads. He lived in the island of Gades, where he kept numerous flocks, which were guarded by a two-headed dog, called Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by order of Eurystheus, went to Gades and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and carried away all his flocks and herds to Tirynthus. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 187.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 661; bk. 8, li. 202.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 277.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2. ――_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 28. =Gessătæ=, a people of Gallia Togata. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_. =Gessoriăcum=, a town of Gaul, now _Boulogne_, in Picardy. =Gessos=, a river of Ionia. =Geta=, a man who raised seditions at Rome in Nero’s reign, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 72.――――Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age he was moved with compassion at the fate of some of the partisans of Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered to be executed; and his father, struck with his humanity, retracted his sentence. After his father’s death he reigned at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but Caracalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned; and when this could not be effected, he murdered him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, in the attempt of defending the fatal blows from his body, received a wound in her arm from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, A.D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23rd year of his age, and the Romans had reason to lament the death of so virtuous a prince, whilst they groaned under the cruelties and oppression of Caracalla. =Getæ= (singular, Getes), a people of European Scythia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was banished in their country, describes them as a savage and warlike nation. The word _Geticus_ is frequently used for Thracian. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_; _Tristia_, poem 5, li. 111.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 61; bk. 3, poem 1, li. 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 54; bk. 3, li. 95. =Getulia.= _See:_ Gætulia. =Gĭgantes=, the sons of Cœlus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the blood of the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are represented as men of uncommon stature, and with strength proportioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead of legs. They were of a terrible aspect; their hair hung loose about their shoulders, and their beards were suffered to grow untouched. Pallene and its neighbourhood was the place of their residence. The defeat of the Titans, with whom they are often ignorantly confounded, and to whom they were nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and called all the deities to assist him against a powerful enemy who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning woods for their weapons, and who had already heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight of such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled with the greatest consternation into Egypt, where they assumed the shape of different animals to screen themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, remembered that they were not invincible, provided he called a mortal to his assistance; and by the advice of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules in his cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants were soon put to flight and defeated. Some were crushed to pieces under mountains, or buried in the sea, and others were flayed alive, or beaten to death with clubs. _See:_ Enceladus, Aloides, Porphyrion, Typhon, Otus, Titanes, &c. The existence of giants has been supported by all the writers of antiquity, and received as an undeniable truth. Homer tells us that Tityus, when extended on the ground, covered nine acres; and that Polyphemus ate two of the companions of Ulysses at once, and walked along the shores of Sicily, leaning on a staff which might have served for the mast of a ship. The Grecian heroes, during the Trojan war, and Turnus in Italy, attacked their enemies by throwing stones, which four men of the succeeding ages would have been unable to move. Plutarch also mentions, in support of the gigantic stature, that Sertorius opened the grave of Antæus in Africa, and found a skeleton which measured six cubits in length. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 151.――_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Hyginus_, fable 28, &c.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 10.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 280; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 580. =Gigartum=, a town of Phœnicia. =Gigis=, one of the female attendants of Parysatis, who was privy to the poisoning of Statira. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_. =Gildo=, a governor of Africa in the reign of Arcadius. He died A.D. 398. =Gillo=, an infamous adulterer in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 40. =Gindanes=, a people of Libya, who fed on the leaves of the lotus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 176. =Gindes=, a river of Albania, flowing into the Cyrus.――――Another of Mesopotamia. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141. =Ginge.= _See:_ Gigis. =Gingūnum=, a mountain of Umbria. =Gippius=, a Roman who pretended to sleep, that his wife might indulge her adulterous propensities, &c. =Gisco=, son of Himilcon the Carthaginian general, was banished from his country by the influence of his enemies. He was afterwards recalled, and empowered by the Carthaginians to punish in what manner he pleased those who had occasioned his banishment. He was satisfied to see them prostrate on the ground and to place his foot on their neck, showing that independence and forgiveness are two of the most brilliant virtues of a great mind. He was made a general soon after, in Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 years before the christian era; and by his success and intrepidity he obliged the enemies of his country to sue for peace. =Glădiătōrii ludi=, combats originally exhibited on the grave of deceased persons at Rome. They were first introduced at Rome by the Bruti, upon the death of their father, A.U.C. 488. It was supposed that the ghosts of the dead were rendered propitious by human blood; therefore at funerals, it was usual to murder slaves in cool blood. In succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to kill one another like men, than to slaughter them like brutes, therefore the barbarity was covered by the specious show of pleasure and voluntary combat. Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient slaves were trained up for combat; but when the diversion became more frequent, and was exhibited on the smallest occasion, to procure esteem and popularity, many of the Roman citizens enlisted themselves among the gladiators, and Nero, at one show, exhibited no less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The people were treated with these combats not only by the great and opulent, but the very priests had their _Ludi pontificales_, and _Ludi sacerdotales_. It is supposed that there were no more than three pair of gladiators exhibited by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased with the luxury and power of the city; and the gladiators became so formidable, that Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to take up arms, and the success to defeat the Roman armies, only with a train of his fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of the Romans were sensible of the dangers which threatened the state by keeping such a number of desperate men in arms, and therefore many salutary laws were proposed to limit their number, as well as to settle the time in which the show could be exhibited with safety and convenience. Under the emperors, not only senators and knights, but even women engaged among the gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority of their sex. When there were to be any shows, hand-bills were circulated to give notice to the people, and to mention the place, number, time, and every circumstance requisite to be known. When they were first brought upon the _arena_, they walked round the place with great pomp and solemnity, and after that they were matched in equal pairs with great nicety. They first had a skirmish with wooden files, called _rudes_ or _arma lusoria_. After this the effective weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c., called _arma decretoria_, were given them, and the signal for the engagement was given by the sound of a trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to fight till death, or suffer death in the most excruciating torments, the fight was bloody and obstinate, and when one signified his submission by surrendering his arms, the victor was not permitted to grant him his life without the leave and approbation of the multitude. This was done by clenching the fingers of both hands between each other, and holding the thumbs upright close together, or by bending back their thumbs. The first of these was called _pollicem premere_, and signified the wish of the people to spare the life of the conquered. The other sign, called _pollicem vertere_, signified their disapprobation, and ordered the victor to put his antagonist to death. The victor was generally rewarded with a palm, and other expressive marks of the people’s favour. He was most commonly presented with a _pileus_ and _rudis_. When one of the combatants received a remarkable wound, the people exclaimed _habet_, and expressed their exultation by shouts. The combats of gladiators were sometimes different either in weapons or dress, whence they were generally distinguished into the following orders: The _secutores_ were armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off the net of their antagonists, the _retiarii_. These last endeavoured to throw their net over the head of their antagonist, and in that manner to entangle him, and prevent him from striking. If this did not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. Their dress was a short coat, with a hat tied under the chin with a broad ribbon. They wore a trident in their left hand. The _Thraces_, originally Thracians, were armed with a falchion, and small round shield. The _myrmillones_, called also _Galli_, from their Gallic dress, ♦were much the same as the _secutores_. They were, like them, armed with a sword, and on the top of the head-piece they wore the figure of a fish embossed, called μορμυρος, whence their name. The _Hoplomachi_ were completely armed from head to foot, as their name implies. The _Samnites_, armed after the manner of the Samnites, wore a large shield broad at the top, and growing more narrow at the bottom, more conveniently to defend the upper parts of the body. The _Essedarii_ generally fought from the _essedum_, or chariot used by the ancient Gauls and Britons. The _andabatæ_, ἀναβαται, fought on horseback, with a helmet that covered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence _andabatarum more pugnare_, is to fight blindfolded. The _meridiani_ engaged in the afternoon. The _postulatitii_ were men of great skill and experience, and such as were generally produced by the emperors. The _fiscales_ were maintained out of the emperor’s treasury, _fiscus_. The _dimachæri_ fought with two swords in their hands, whence their name. After these cruel exhibitions had been continued for the amusement of the Roman populace, they were abolished by Constantine the Great, near 600 years after their first institution. They were, however, revived under the reign of Constantius and his two successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel barbarities. ♦ ‘where’ replaced with ‘were’ =Glanis=, a river of Cumæ,――――of Iberia,――――of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454. =Glanum=, a town of Gaul, now _St. Remi_, in Provence. =Glaphy̆re= and =Glaphy̆ra=, a daughter of Archelaus the high priest of Bellona in Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her two sons from Marcus Antony, whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of her husband. This amour of Antony with Glaphyra highly displeased his wife Fulvia, who wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity by receiving from her the same favours which Glaphyra received from Antony.――――Her granddaughter bore the same name. She was a daughter of Archelaus king of Cappadocia, and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by whom she had two sons. After the death of Alexander, she married her brother-in-law Archelaus. =Glaphy̆rus=, an infamous adulterer. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 77. =Glauce=, the wife of Actæus, daughter of Cychræus. _Apollodorus._ ――――A daughter of Cretheus, mother of Telamon.――――One of the Nereides.――――A daughter of Creon, who married Jason. _See:_ Creusa. ――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._ =Glaucia=, a surname of the Servilian family. _Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 3. =Glaucippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._ =Glaucippus=, a Greek who wrote a treatise concerning the sacred rites observed at Athens. =Glaucon=, a writer of dialogues at Athens. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. =Glauconŏme=, one of the Nereides. =Glaucōpis=, a surname of Minerva, from the blueness of her eyes. _Homer._――_Hesiod._ =Glaucus=, a son of Hippolchus the son of Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and had the simplicity to exchange his golden suit of armour with Diomedes for an iron one, whence came the proverb of _Glauci et Diomedis permutatio_, to express a foolish purchase. He behaved with much courage, and was killed by Ajax. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 483.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 96. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――――A fisherman of Anthedon in Bœotia, son of Neptune and Nais, or, according to others, of Polybius the son of Mercury. As he was fishing, he observed that all the fishes which he laid on the grass received fresh vigour as they touched the ground, and immediately escaped from him by leaping into the sea. He attributed the cause of it to the grass, and by tasting it, he found himself suddenly moved with a desire of living in the sea. Upon this he leaped into the water, and was made a sea deity by Oceanus and Tethys, at the request of the gods. After this transformation he became enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was severely punished by Circe. _See:_ Scylla. He is represented like the other sea deities, with a long beard, dishevelled hair, and shaggy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He received the gift of prophecy from Apollo, and according to some accounts he was the interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Argonauts in their expedition, and foretold them that Hercules and the two sons of Leda would one day receive immortal honours. The fable of his metamorphosis has been explained by some authors, who observe that he was an excellent diver, who was devoured by fishes as he was swimming in the sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 199.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Aristotle_, _Constitution of Delos_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22. ――――A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of Bœotia. He prevented his mares from having any commerce with the stallions, in the expectation that they would become swifter in running, upon which Venus inspired the mares with such fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of his father. He was buried at Potnia. _Hyginus_, fable 250.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 367.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――――A son of Minos II. and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. His father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he was, and received for answer, that the soothsayer who best described him an ox, which was of three different colours among his flocks, would best give him intelligence of his son’s situation. Polyidus was found superior to all the other soothsayers, and was commanded by the king to find the young prince. When he had found him, Minos confined him with the dead body, and told him that he never would restore him his liberty if he did not restore his son to life. Polyidus was struck with the king’s severity, but while he stood in astonishment, a serpent suddenly came towards the body and touched it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a second came, who seeing the other without motion or signs of life, disappeared, and soon after returned with a certain herb in his mouth. This herb he laid on the body of the dead serpent, which was immediately restored to life. Polyidus, who had attentively considered what passed, seized the herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince, who was instantly raised to life. Minos received Glaucus with gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, before he taught his son the art of divination and prophecy. He consented with great reluctance, and when he was at last permitted to return to Argolis his native country, he desired his pupil to spit in his mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and from that moment he forgot all the knowledge of divination and healing which he had received from the instructions of Polyidus. Hyginus ascribes the recovery of Glaucus to Æsculapius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Hyginus_, fables 136 & 251, &c.――――A son of Epytus, who succeeded his father on the throne of Messenia, about 10 centuries before the Augustan age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter among the Dorians, and was the first who offered sacrifices to Machaon the son of Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 4.――――An Argonaut, the only one of the crew who was not wounded in a battle against the Tyrrhenians. _Athenæus_, bk. 7, ch. 12.――――A son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343.――――A son of Hippolytus, whose descendants reigned in Ionia.――――An athlete of Eubœa. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A physician of Cleopatra. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A warrior in the age of Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A physician exposed on a cross, because Hephæstion died while under his care. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――An artist of Chios. _Pausanias._――――A Spartan. _Pausanias._――――A grove of Bœotia. _Pausanias._――――A bay of Caria, now the gulf of _Macri_. _Pausanias._――――An historian of Rhegium in Italy.――――A bay and river of Libya,――――of Peloponnesus,――――of Colchis, falling into the Phasis. =Glautias=, a king of Illyricum, who educated Pyrrhus. =Glicon=, a physician of Pansa, accused of having poisoned the wound of his patron, &c. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11. =Glissas=, a town of Bœotia, with a small river in the neighbourhood. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19. =Glycĕra=, a beautiful woman, celebrated by _Horace_, bk. 1, odes 19, 30.――――A courtesan of Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that some attributed to her the invention of them.――――A famous courtesan, whom Harpalus brought from Athens to Babylon. =Gly̆cĕrium=, a harlot of Thespis, who presented her countrymen with the painting of Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her.――――The mistress of Pamphilus in Terence’s Andria. =Gly̆con=, a man remarkable for his strength. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 30.――――A physician who attended Pansa, and was accused of poisoning his patron’s wound. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11. =Glympes=, a town on the borders of the Lacedæmonians and Messenians. _Polybius_, bk. 4. =Gnatia=, a town of Apulia, about 30 miles from Brundusium, badly supplied with water. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5. =Gnidus.= _See:_ Cnidus. =Gnossis= and =Gnossia=, an epithet given to Ariadne, because she lived, or was born, at Gnossus. The crown which she received from Bacchus, and which was made a constellation, is called _Gnossia Stella_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 222. =Gnossus=, a famous city of Crete, the residence of king Minos. The name of _Gnossia tellus_ is often applied to the whole island. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_. =Gobanitio=, a chief of the Averni, uncle to Vercingetorix. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4. =Gobar=, a governor of Mesopotamia, who checked the course of the Euphrates, that it might not run rapidly through Babylon. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26. =Gobares=, a Persian governor, who surrendered to Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Gobryas=, a Persian, one of the seven noblemen who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. _See:_ Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70. =Golgi= (ōrum), a place of Cyprus, sacred to Venus _Golgia_ and to Cupid. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5. =Gomphi=, a town of Thessaly, near the springs of the Peneus, at the foot of mount Pindus. =Gonātas=, one of the Antigoni. =Goniădes=, nymphs in the neighbourhood of the river Cytherus. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Gonippus= and =Panormus=, two youths of Andania, who disturbed the Lacedæmonians when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 27. =Gonni= and =Gonocondylos=, a town of Thessaly at the entrance into Tempe. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. =Gonoessa=, a town of Troas. _Seneca_, _Troades_. =Gonussa=, a town of Sicyon. _Pausanias._ =Gordiæi=, mountains in Armenia, where the Tigris rises, supposed to be the Ararat of scripture. =Gordiānus Marcus Antonius Africanus=, a son of Metius Marcellus, descended from Trajan by his mother’s side. In the greatest affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an example of piety and virtue. He applied himself to the study of poetry, and composed a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus, Antoninus, and Marcus Aurelius. He was such an advocate for good breeding and politeness, that he never sat down in the presence of his father-in-law Annius Severus, who paid him daily visits, before he was promoted to the pretorship. He was some time after elected consul, and went to take the government of Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he had attained his 80th year in the greatest splendour and domestic tranquillity, he was roused from his peaceful occupations by the tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious troops of his province. He long declined to accept the imperial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained his compliance. Maximinus marched against him with the greatest indignation; and Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed; and the father, worn out with age, and grown desperate on account of his misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, before he had been six weeks at the head of the empire, A.D. 236. He was universally lamented by the army and people.――――Marcus Antoninus Africanus, son of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Sammoticus, who left him his library, which consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened understanding, and his peaceful disposition, recommended him to the favour of the emperor Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome, and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alexander Severus. He passed into Africa, in the character of lieutenant to his father, who had obtained that province; and seven years after he was elected emperor, in conjunction with him. He marched against the partisans of Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th of June, A.D. 236, after a reign of about six weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but he has been justly blamed by his biographers on account of his lascivious propensities, which reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of old age, though he was but in his 46th year at the time of his death.――――Marcus Antoninus Pius, grandson to the first Gordian, was but 12 years old when he was honoured with the title of Cæsar. He was proclaimed emperor in the 16th year of his age, and his election was attended with universal marks of approbation. In the 18th year of his age, he married Furia Sabina Tranquilina daughter of Misitheus, a man celebrated for his ♦eloquence and public virtues. Misitheus was entrusted with the most important offices of the state by his son-in-law, and his administration proved how deserving he was of the confidence and affection of his imperial master. He corrected the various abuses which prevailed in the state, and restored the ancient discipline among the soldiers. By his prudence and political sagacity, all the chief towns in the empire were stored with provisions, which could maintain the emperor and a large army during 15 days upon any emergency. Gordian was not less active than his father-in-law; and when Sapor the king of Persia had invaded the Roman provinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet him, and in his way defeated a large body of Goths, in Mœsia. He conquered Sapor, and took many flourishing cities in the east from his adversary. In this success the senate decreed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus as the guardian of the republic. Gordian was assassinated in the east, A.D. 244, by the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the virtuous Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereign power by murdering a warlike and amiable prince. The senate, sensible of his merit, honoured him with a most splendid funeral on the confines of Persia, and ordered that the descendants of the Gordians should ever be free, at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the state. During the reign of Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in which the stars appeared in the middle of the day. ♦ ‘eloqence’ replaced with ‘eloquence’ =Gordium=, a town of Phrygia. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Gordius=, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was raised to the throne. During a sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle, and were told that all their troubles would cease as soon as they chose for their king the first man they met going to the temple of Jupiter, mounted on a chariot. Gordius was the object of their choice, and he immediately consecrated his chariot in the temple of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught tree, was made in such an artful manner that the ends of the cord could not be perceived. From this circumstance a report was soon spread, that the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him that could untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed by Gordium; and as he wished to leave nothing undone which might inspire his soldiers with courage, and make his enemies believe that he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword; and from that circumstance asserted that the oracle was really fulfilled, and that his claims to universal empire were fully justified. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Arrian_, bk. 1. ――――A tyrant of Corinth. _Aristotle_. =Gorgāsus=, a man who received divine honours at Pheræ in Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. =Gorge=, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Althæa daughter of Thestius. She married Andremon, by whom she had Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidæ when they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb was seen at Amphissa in Locris. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38. ――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 542.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Gorgias=, a celebrated sophist and orator, son of Carmantides surnamed _Leontinus_, because born at Leontium in Sicily. He was sent by his countrymen to solicit the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, and was successful in his embassy. He lived to his 108th year, and died B.C. 400. Only two fragments of his compositions are extant. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 22, &c.; _De Senectute_, ch. 15; _Brutus_, ch. 15. ――_Quintilian_, bks. 3 & 12.――――An officer of Antiochus Epiphanes. ――――An Athenian, who wrote an account of all the prostitutes of Athens. _Athenæus._――――A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyntas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1. =Gorgo=, the wife of Leonidas king of Sparta, &c.――――The name of the ship which carried Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa. =Gorgŏnes=, three celebrated sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal except Medusa. According to the mythologists, their hairs were entwined with serpents, their hands were of brass, their wings of the colour of gold, their body was covered with impenetrable scales, and their teeth were as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to stones all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded from the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple Medusa had gratified the passion of Neptune, who was enamoured of the beautiful colour of her locks, which the goddess changed into serpents. Æschylus says that they had only one tooth and one eye between them, of which they had the use each in her turn; and accordingly it was at the time that they were exchanging the eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut off Medusa’s head. According to some authors, Perseus, when he went to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with an instrument like a scythe by Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass by Minerva, besides winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, which rendered all objects clearly visible and open to the view, while the person who wore it remained totally invisible. With weapons like these, Perseus obtained an easy victory; and after his conquest, returned his arms to the different deities whose favours and assistance he had so recently experienced. The head of Medusa remained in his hands; and after he had finished all his laborious expeditions, he gave it to Minerva, who placed it on her ægis, with which she turned into stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that after the conquest of the Gorgons, Perseus took his flight in the air towards Æthiopia; and that the drops of blood which fell to the ground from Medusa’s head were changed into serpents, which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse Pegasus also arose from the blood of Medusa, as well as Chrysaor with his golden sword. The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean towards the west, according to Hesiod. Æschylus makes them inhabit the eastern parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most received opinion, supports that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the lake of Triton, or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus and others explain the fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that they were a warlike race of women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, with the help of a large army, totally destroyed. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield of Heracles_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 4, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 5 & 11.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c. ――_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_, act 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, odes 7 & 12; _Olympian_, poem 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 618, &c.――_Palæphatus_, _on the Daughters of Phorcys_. =Gorgŏnia=, a surname of Pallas, because Perseus, armed with her shield, had conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Neptune. =Gorgŏnius=, a man ridiculed by Horace for his ill smell. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27. =Gorgŏphŏne=, a daughter of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Perieres king of Messenia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leucippus. After the death of Perieres, she married Œbalus, who made her mother of Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the first whom the mythologists mention as having had a second husband. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 3.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Gorgŏphŏnus=, a son of Electryon and Anaxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Gorgŏphŏra=, a surname of Minerva, from her ægis, on which was the head of the Gorgon Medusa. _Cicero._ =Gorgus=, the son of Aristomenes the Messenian. He was married, when young, to a virgin, by his father, who had experienced the greatest kindnesses from her humanity, and had been enabled to conquer seven Cretans who had attempted his life, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 19. ――――A son of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum.――――A man whose knowledge of metals proved very serviceable to Alexander, &c. =Gorgythion=, a son of Priam, killed by Teucer. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8. =Gortuæ=, a people of Eubœa, who fought with the Medes at the battle of Arbela. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Gortyn=, =Gortys=, and =Gortȳna=, an inland town of Crete. It was on the inhabitants of this place that Annibal, to save his money, practised an artifice recorded in _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 214; bk. 7, li. 214.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 773. =Gortȳnia=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28. =Gotthi=, a celebrated nation of Germany, called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, and Guttones. They were warriors by profession, as well as all their savage neighbours. They extended their power over all parts of the world, and chiefly directed their arms against the Roman empire. Their first attempt against Rome was on the provinces of Greece, whence they were driven by Constantine. They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of their most celebrated kings, A.D. 410. From becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Goths gradually became their mercenaries; and as they were powerful and united, they soon dictated to their imperial masters, and introduced disorder, anarchy, and revolutions in the west of Europe. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c. =Gracchus Tiberius Sempronius=, father of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, twice consul, and once censor, was distinguished by his integrity as well as his prudence and superior ability, both in the senate and at the head of the armies. He made war in Gaul, and met with much success in Spain. He married Sempronia, of the family of the Scipios, a woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48. Their children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been educated under the watchful eye of their mother, rendered themselves famous for their eloquence, seditions, and an obstinate attachment to the interests of the populace, which at last proved fatal to them. With a winning eloquence, affected moderation, and uncommon popularity, Tiberius began to renew the Agrarian law, which had already caused such dissensions at Rome. _See:_ Agraria. By the means of violence, his proposition passed into a law, and he was appointed commissioner, with his father-in-law Appius Claudius and his brother Caius, to make an equal division of the lands among the people. The riches of Attalus, which were left to the Roman people by will, were distributed without opposition; and Tiberius enjoyed the triumph of his successful enterprise, when he was assassinated in the midst of his adherents by Publius Nasica, while the populace were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve the office of tribune the following year. The death of Tiberius checked for a while the friends of the people; but Caius, spurred by ambition and furious zeal, attempted to remove every obstacle which stood in his way by force and violence. He supported the cause of the people with more vehemence, but less moderation than Tiberius; and his success served only to awaken his ambition, and animate his resentment against the nobles. With the privileges of a tribune, he soon became the arbiter of the republic, and treated the patricians with contempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin of Caius, and in the tumult he fled to the temple of Diana, where his friends prevented him from committing suicide. This increased the sedition, and he was murdered by order of the consul Opimius, B.C. 121, about 13 years after the unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. Caius has been accused of having stained his hands in the blood of Scipio Africanus the younger, who was found murdered in his bed. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Cicero_, _Catiline_, ch. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 796.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17; bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――Sempronius, a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for his adulteries with Julia the daughter of Augustus. He was assassinated by order of Tiberius, after he had been banished 14 years. Julia also shared his fate. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 53.――――A general of the Sabines, taken by Quinctius Cincinnatus.――――A Roman consul, defeated by Annibal, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_. =Grādīvus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans, perhaps from κραδαινειν, _brandishing a spear_. Though he had a temple without the walls of Rome, and though Numa had established the Salii, yet his favourite residence was supposed to be among the fierce and savage Thracians and Getæ, over whom he particularly presided. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 35.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20; bk. 2, ch. 45. =Græci=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Græcia. =Græcia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean sea, east by the Ægean, and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is generally divided into four large provinces: Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and Peloponnesus. This country has been reckoned superior to every other part of the earth, on account of the salubrity of the air, the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and above all, the fame, learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks have severally been called Achæans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians, Ionians, Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of their cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenæ, Delphi, Trœzene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose history is darkened in its primitive ages with fabulous accounts and traditions, supported that they were the original inhabitants of the country, and born from the earth where they dwelt; and they heard with contempt the probable conjectures which traced their origin among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of Egypt. In the first periods of their history, the Greeks were governed by monarchs; and there were as many kings as there were cities. The monarchical power gradually decreased; the love of liberty established the republican government; and no part of Greece, except Macedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. The expedition of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks respectable among their neighbours; and in the succeeding age, the wars of Thebes and Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and demi-gods to display their valour in the field of battle. The simplicity of the ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the establishment of the Olympic games, in particular, where the noble reward of the conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandizement, and made them ambitious of fame, and not the slaves of riches. The austerity of their laws, and the education of their youth, particularly at Lacedæmon, rendered them brave and active, insensible to bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of danger. The celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopylæ, Salamis, Platæa, and Mycale sufficiently show what superiority the courage of a little army can obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians. After many signal victories over the Persians, they became elated with their success; and when they found no one able to dispute their power abroad, they turned their arms one against the other, and leagued with foreign states to destroy the most flourishing of their cities. The Messenian and Peloponnesian wars are examples of the dreadful calamities which arise from civil discord and long prosperity, and the success with which the gold and the sword of Philip and of his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally proved that when a nation becomes indolent and dissipated at home, it ceases to be respectable in the eyes of the neighbouring states. The annals of Greece, however, abound with singular proofs of heroism and resolution. The bold retreat of the 10,000, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, reminded their countrymen of their superiority over all other nations; and taught Alexander that the conquest of the east might be effected with a handful of Grecian soldiers. While the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted by conquest, and received fresh lustre from the application and industry of their professors. The labours of the learned were received with admiration, and the merit of a composition was determined by the applause or disapprobation of a multitude. Their generals were orators; and eloquence seemed to be so nearly connected with the military profession, that he was despised by his soldiers who could not address them upon any emergency with a spirited and well-delivered oration. The learning as well as the virtues of Socrates procured him a name; and the writings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame than all the conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the occupations and accomplishments of the Greeks. Their language became almost universal, and their country was the receptacle of the youths of the neighbouring states, where they imbibed the principles of liberty and moral virtue. The Greeks planted several colonies, and totally peopled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts of Italy there were also many settlements made; and the country received from its Greek inhabitants the name of _Magna Græcia_. For some time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexander and his successors; and at last, after a spirited though ineffectual struggle in the Achæan league, it fell under the power of Rome, and became one of its ♦dependent provinces, governed by a proconsul. ♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’ =Græcia magna=, a part of Italy where the Greeks planted colonies, whence the name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; some say that it extended on the southern parts of Italy, and others suppose that Magna Græcia comprehended only Campania and Lucania. To these some add Sicily, which was likewise peopled by Greek colonies. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 64.――_Strabo_, &c. =Græcīnus=, a senator put to death by Caligula, because he refused to accuse Sejanus, &c. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 2. =Græcus=, a man from whom some suppose that Greece received its name. _Aristotle._ =Graius=, an inhabitant of Greece. =Grampius mons=, the Grampian mountains in Scotland. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 29. =Granīcus=, a river of Bithynia, famous for the battle fought there between the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22nd of May, B.C. 334, when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin._――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Granius Petronius=, an officer who, being taken by Pompey’s generals, refused the life which was tendered to him; observing that Cæsar’s soldiers received not, but granted, life. He killed himself. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A questor whom Sylla had ordered to be strangled, only one day before he died a natural death. _Plutarch._ ――――A son of the wife of Marius, by a former husband.――――Quintus, a man intimate with Crassus and other illustrious men of Rome, whose vices he lashed with an unsparing hand. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, chs. 43 & 46; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 60. =Gratiæ=, three goddesses. _See:_ Charites. =Grātiānus=, a native of Pannonia, father to the emperor Valentinian I. He was raised to the throne, though only eight years old; and after he had reigned for some time conjointly with his father, he became sole emperor in the 16th year of his age. He soon after took, as his imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern parts of the empire. His courage in the field was as remarkable as his love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered 30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering state by his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan superstition of his subjects proved his ruin; and Maximinus, who undertook the defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was joined by an infinite number of discontented Romans, and met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A.D. 383, in the 24th year of his age.――――A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial purple by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to Honorius. He was assassinated four months after by those very troops to whom he owed his elevation, A.D. 407. =Gratidia=, a woman at Neapolis, called Canidia by Horace, epode 3. =Gration=, a giant killed by Diana. =Gratius Faliscus=, a Latin poet contemporary with Ovid, and mentioned only by him among the more ancient authors. He wrote a poem on coursing, called _Cynegeticon_, much commended for its elegance and perspicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to which it is nearly equal in the number of verses. The latest edition is of Amsterdam, 4to, 1728. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 34. =Gravii=, a people of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 366. =Grăviscæ=, now _Eremo de St. Augustino_, a maritime town of Etruria, which assisted Æneas against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 184.――_Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 29; bk. 41, ch. 16. =Gravius=, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyrrachium, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_. =Gregorius Theodore Thaumaturgus=, a disciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of Neocæsarea, the place of his birth. He died A.D. 266, and it is said he left only 17 idolaters in his diocese, where he had found only 17 christians. Of his works, are extant his congratulatory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other treatises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris, folio, 1622.――――Nazianzen, surnamed the _Divine_, was bishop of Constantinople, which he resigned on its being disputed. His writings rival those of the most celebrated orators of Greece in eloquence, sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more for philosophers than common hearers, but replete with seriousness and devotion. Erasmus said that he was afraid to translate his works, from the apprehension of not transfusing into another language the smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy diction of the whole. He died A.D. 389. The best edition is that of the Benedictines, the first volume of which, in folio, was published at Paris, 1778.――――A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed. His style is represented as allegorical and affected; and he has been accused of mixing philosophy too much with theology. His writings consist of commentaries on scripture, moral discourses, sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints; the best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1615. The bishop died, A.D. 396.――――Another christian writer, whose works were edited by the Benedictines, in 4 vols., folio, Paris, 1705. =Grinnes=, a people among the Batavians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 10. =Grosphus=, a man distinguished as much for his probity as his riches, to whom _Horace_ addressed bk. 2, ode 16. =Grudii=, a people tributary to the Nervii, supposed to have inhabited the country near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 38. =Grumentum=, now _Armento_, an inland town of Lucania on the river Aciris. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 37; bk. 27, ch. 41. =Gryllus=, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 363. His father was offering a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw down the garland which was on his head; but he replaced it when he heard that the enemy’s general had fallen by his hands; and he observed, that his death ought to be celebrated with every demonstration of joy, rather than of lamentation. _Aristotle._ ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11, &c.――――One of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It it said that he refused to be restored to his human shape, and preferred the indolence and inactivity of this squalid animal. =Grynēum= and =Grynīum=, a town near Clazomenæ, where Apollo had a temple with an oracle, on account of which he is called _Grynæus_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, bk. 6, li. 72; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 345. =Grynēus=, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapithæ, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 260. =Gyărus= and =Gyăros=, an island in the Ægean sea, near Delos. The Romans were wont to send their culprits there. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 407. =Gyas=, one of the companions of Æneas, who distinguished himself at the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 118, &c.――――A part of the territories of Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius.――――A Rutulian, son of Melampus, killed by Æneas in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 318. =Gȳgæus=, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 18. =Gȳge=, a maid of Parysatis. =Gyges=, or =Gyes=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, represented as having 50 heads and 100 hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 18.――――A Lydian, to whom Candaules king of the country showed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder Candaules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended the vacant throne, about 718 years before the christian era. He was the first of the Mermnadæ who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, Gyges descended into a chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he opened, and saw within the body the carcase of a man of uncommon size, from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. This ring, when put on his finger, rendered him invisible; and by means of its virtue, he introduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband, and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――♦_Plato_, _Dialogues_, bk. 10, _The Republic_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A man killed by Turnus in his wars with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 762.――――A beautiful boy of Cnidos in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 5, li. 30. ♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’ =Gylippus=, a Lacedæmonian sent, B.C. 414, by his countrymen to assist Syracuse against the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy’s generals, and obliged them to surrender. He accompanied Lysander in his expedition against Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After the fall of Athens, he was entrusted by the conqueror with the money which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the meanness to unsew the bottom of the bags which contained it, and secreted about 300 talents. His theft was discovered; and to avoid the punishment which he deserved, he fled from his country, and by this act of meanness tarnished the glory of his victorious actions. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 199. ――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――An Arcadian in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 272. =Gymnăsia=, a large city near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Gymnăsium=, a place among the Greeks, where all the public exercises were performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited, but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing, which was called by the Greeks πενταθλον, and by the Romans _quinquertia_. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he sometimes was mounted, conducting another by the bridle, and jumping from the one upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal and jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In running afoot the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first was declared victorious. Leaping was a useful exercise; its primary object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and to pass over eminences during a siege, or in the field of battle. In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him who threw it furthest. The quoits were made either with wood, stone, or metal. The wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring their adversary to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets, called also _cestus_. Their blows were dangerous, and often ended in the death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing, the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, γυμνος, _nudus_. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and to render their bodies slippery and more difficult to be grasped. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 17.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 20, ch. 5. =Gymnēsiæ=, two islands near the Iberus in the Mediterranean, called Beleares by the Greeks. _Plutarch_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 2. =Gymnetes=, a people of Æthiopia, who lived almost naked. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8. =Gymniæ=, a town of Colchis. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4. =Gymnosophistæ=, a certain sect of philosophers in India, who, according to some, placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and their _summum malum_ in pain. They lived naked, as their name implies, and for 37 years they exposed themselves in the open air, to the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising till the hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days upon one foot in burning sand without moving, or showing any concern for what surrounded them. Alexander was astonished at the sight of a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and who inured themselves to suffer the greatest tortures without uttering a groan, or expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended to visit them, and his astonishment was increased when he saw one of them ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and unmoved, whilst the flames surrounded him on every side. _See:_ Calanus. The Brachmans were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophistæ. _See:_ Brachmanes. _Strabo_, bk. 15, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 240. ――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Dionysius._ =Gynæceas=, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus and of Midas. =Gynæcothœnas=, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice offered by the women without the assistance of the men, who were not permitted to appear at this religious ceremony. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48. =Gyndes=, now _Zeindeh_, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this river, in which one of his favourite horses was drowned. This so irritated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360 different channels by his army, so that after this division it hardly reached the knee. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 189 & 202. =Gythēum=, a seaport town of Laconia, at the mouth of the Eurotas in Peloponnesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted from their quarrels. The inhabitants were called _Gytheatæ_. _Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 11. H =Habis=, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture, &c. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 4. =Hadrianopŏlis=, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus. =Hadriānus=, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Adrianus.――――Caeso Fabius, a pretor in Africa, who was burnt by the people of Utica for conspiring with the slaves. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 27; bk. 5, ch. 26. =Hadriatĭcum mare.= _See:_ Adriaticum. =Hædui.= _See:_ Ædui. =Hæmon=, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with the beauty of Antigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when he heard that she had been put to death by his father’s orders. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 21.――――A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 685.――――A friend of Æneas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 126. =Hæmŏnia.= _See:_ Æmonia. =Hæmus=, a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly, so high that from its top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this, however, is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from Hæmus son of Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this mountain for aspiring to divine honours. _Strabo_, bk. 7, p. 313. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87. ――――A stage-player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99. =Hages=, a brother of king Porus, who opposed Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, chs. 5 & 14.――――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 191. =Hagno=, a nymph.――――A fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38. =Hagnagora=, a sister of Aristomenes. _Pausanias._ =Halæsus= and =Halēsus=, a son of Agamemnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra. When he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and afterwards assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 724; bk. 10, li. 352.――――A river near Colophon in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Halala=, a village at the foot of mount Taurus. =Halcyŏne.= _See:_ Alcyone. =Halentum=, a town at the north of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 23. =Halesa=, a town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 7; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 32. =Halesius=, a mountain and river near Ætna, where Proserpine was gathering flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. _Columella._ =Halia=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._――――A festival at Rhodes in honour of the sun. =Haliacmon=, a river which separates Thessaly from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 36. ――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 127. =Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, founded by Haliartus the son of Thersander. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysander the Lacedæmonian general, were seen in that town. _Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 44 & 63.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.――――A town of Peloponnesus. =Halicarnassus=, now _Bodroun_, a maritime city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world, was erected. It was the residence of the sovereigns of Caria, and was celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius, Heraclitus, &c. _Maximus Tyrius_, bk. 35.――_Vitruvius_, _On Architecture_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 178. ――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, chs. 10 & 16; bk. 33, ch. 20. =Halicyæ=, a town of Sicily, near Lilybæum, now _Saleme_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 33. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Halieis=, a town of Argolis. =Halimede=, a Nereid. =Halirrhotius=, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe daughter of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear before the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been called from thence Areopagus (ἀρης _Mars_, and παγος _village_), and the murderer was acquitted. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21. =Halithersus=, an old man, who foretold Penelope’s suitors the return of Ulysses, and their own destruction. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1. =Halius=, a son of Alcinous, famous for his skill in dancing. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 120 & 360.――――A Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 767. =Halizōnes=, a people of Paphlagonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Halmus=, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He ♦reigned in Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35. ♦ ‘regined’ replaced with ‘reigned’ =Halmydessus=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Halocrătes=, a son of Hercules and Olympusa. _Apollodorus._ =Halōne=, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Halonnēsus=, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Thermiacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had slaughtered all the males, and they defended themselves against an invasion. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Halōtia=, a festival in Tegea. _Pausanias._ =Halōtus=, a eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the emperor’s food by order of Agrippina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 66. =Halus=, a city of Achaia,――――of Thessaly,――――of Parthia. =Hălyæetus=, a man changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 176. =Halyattes.= _See:_ Alyattes. =Halycus=, now _Platani_, a river at the south of Sicily. =Halys=, now _Kizil-ermark_, a river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name ἀπο του ἁλος from _salt_, because its waters are of a salt and bitter taste, from the nature of the soil over which they flow. It is famous for the defeat of Crœsus king of Lydia, who was mistaken by the ambiguous words of this oracle: Χροισος Ἁλυν διαβας μεγαλην ἀρχην διαλυσει. _If Crœsus passes over the Halys, he shall destroy a great empire._ That empire was his own. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 56. ――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 272.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 157. =Halyzia=, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, where the Athenians obtained a naval victory over the Lacedæmonians. =Hamadryădes=, nymphs who lived in the country, and presided over trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is derived from ἁμα _simul_, and δρυς _quercus_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 647. =Hamæ=, a town of Campania near Cumæ. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 25. =Hamaxia=, a city of Cilicia. =Hamilcar=, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. _See:_ Amilcar. =Hammon=, the Jupiter of the Africans. _See:_ Ammon. =Hannibal.= _See:_ Annibal. =Hanno.= _See:_ Anno. =Harcălo=, a man famous for his knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He touched the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving the smallest injury. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 406. =Harmatelia=, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Harmatris=, a town of Æolia. =Hămillus=, an infamous debauchee. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 224. =Harmodius=, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. _See:_ Aristogiton. The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens, made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton and Harmodius. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 35.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. ――_Seneca_, _de Ira_, bk. 2. =Harmŏnia=, or =Hermionea= [_See:_ Hermione], a daughter of Mars ♦and Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16, &c. ♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’ =Harmŏnĭdes=, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. He built the ships in which Paris carried away Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5. =Harpăgus=, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not putting to death the infant Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 108.――_Justin_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.――――A river near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Harpălice.= _See:_ Harpalyce. =Harpălion=, a son of Pylæmenes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 643. =Harpălus=, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition rendered him dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror was returning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes. When brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, where he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, B.C. 325. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A robber who scorned the gods. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_.――――A celebrated astronomer of Greece, 480 years B.C. =Harpăly̆ce=, the daughter of Harpalycus king of Thrace. Her mother died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain the fatigues of hunting. When her father’s kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly courage. The death of her father, which happened soon after in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society of mankind, and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome by intercepting her with a net. After her death the people of the country disputed their respective right to the possessions which she acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes, by proper oblations on her tomb. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 321. ――_Hyginus_, fables 193 & 252.――――A beautiful virgin, daughter of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after she married Alastor; but the father’s passion became more violent and uncontrollable in his daughter’s absence, and he murdered her husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of her husband, and ashamed of her father’s passion, which was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest, and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed himself. _Hyginus_, fable 253, &c.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_.――――A mistress of Iphiclus son of Thestius. She died through despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. This mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue called Harpalyce. _Athenæus_, bk. 14. =Harpăly̆cus=, one of the companions of Æneas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.――――The father of Harpalyce, king of part of Thrace. =Harpăsa=, a town of Caria. =Harpăsus=, a river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13. =Harpŏcrătes=, a divinity, supposed to be the same as Orus the son of Isis among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his statues at the entrance of their temples. _Catullus_, poem 75. ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Harpocration=, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobæus compiled his eclogues.――――A sophist, called also Ælius.――――Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a Lexicon on 10 orators. ――――Another, surnamed Caius. =Harpylæ=, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, with the body of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws. They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered Æneas during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of the calamities which attended him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 212; bk. 6, li. 289.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 265. =Harudes=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 31. =Haruspex=, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew omens by consulting the entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. He received the name of _Aruspex_, _ab aris aspiciendis_, and that of _Extispex_, _ab extis inspiciendis_. The order of Aruspices was first established at Rome by Romulus, and the first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as they were particularly famous in that branch of divination. They had received all their knowledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was commonly reported, sprung from a clod of earth. _See:_ Tages. They were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble youths, or, according to others, 12, to Etruria, to be instructed in all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Haruspices consisted in observing these four particulars: the beast before it was sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consumed the sacrifice; and the flour, frankincense, &c., which was used. If the beast was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the conductor’s hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on the contrary, if it followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance, and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the Haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened, each part was scrupulously examined. If anything was wanting, if it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If the entrails fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for instance it happened in the two victims which Julius Cæsar offered a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When the flame was quickly kindled, and when it violently consumed the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim with intermediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was changed, or if anything was done with irregularity, it was deemed inauspicious. This custom of consulting the entrails of victims did not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c., and the more enlightened part of mankind well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny. Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his hand the word νεκη, _victory_, in large characters, and holding the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was communicated to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and animated them by observing that the gods signified their approaching victories even by marking it in the body of the sacrificed animals. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_. =Hasdrubal.= _See:_ Asdrubal. =Quintus Haterius=, a patrician and orator at Rome under the first emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 61.――――Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated by the tyrant for his independence. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――――Antoninus, a dissipated senator, whose extravagance was supported by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 34. =Haustanes=, a man who conspired with Bessus against Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5. =Hebdŏle.= _See:_ Ebdome. =Hebe=, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some she was the daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating lettuces. As she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods. She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, because she fell down in an indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymedes the favourite of Jupiter succeeded her as cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot, and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercules was raised to the rank of a god he was reconciled to Juno by marrying her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of youth, she, at the instance of her husband, performed that kind office to Iolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of _Dia_, and at Rome under the name of _Juventas_. She is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed in a variegated garment. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 12. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 400; _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 76. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 2, ch. 7. =Hēbēsus=, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344. =Hebrus=, now _Marissa_, a river of Thrace, which was supposed to roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the Ægean sea. The head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the Ciconian women. It received its name from Hebrus son of Cassandra, a king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned himself there. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 463. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 50.――――A youth of Lipara, beloved by Neobule. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 12.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 149.――――A friend of Æneas son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 696. =Hecăle=, a poor old woman who kindly received Theseus as he was going against the bull of Marathon, &c. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A town of Attica. =Hecalēsia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, which Theseus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon, &c. =Hecamēde=, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor after the plunder of Tenedos by the Greeks. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 623. =Hecătæ fanum=, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in Caria. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Hecatæus=, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ, in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 143. ――――A Macedonian intimate with Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A Macedonian brought to the army against his will by Amyntas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1. =Hecăte=, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the same as Proserpine or Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell, whence her name of _Diva triformis, tergemina, triceps_. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchantments, and was generally represented like a woman with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and sometimes she appeared with three different bodies, and three different faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and honey were generally offered to her, especially in highways and cross-roads, whence she obtained the name of _Trivia_. Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their prosperity. _Ovid_, bk. 7, _Metamorphoses_, li. 94.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 511. =Hecatēsia=, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children. From this circumstance, the statues of the goddess were erected before the doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a public supper was always provided at the expense of the richest people, and set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate the goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the head of the public, &c. =Hecăto=, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pænætius. He wrote on the duties of man, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _De Officiis_, ch. 15. =Hecatomboia=, a festival celebrated in honour of Juno by the Argians and people of Ægina. It receives its name from ἑκατον, and βους, a sacrifice of 100 bulls, which were always offered to the goddess, and the flesh distributed amongst the poorest citizens. There were also public games, first instituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle. =Hecatomphŏnia=, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to Jupiter, when any of them had killed 100 enemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 19. =Hecatompŏlis=, an epithet applied to Crete, from the 100 cities which it once contained. =Hecatompy̆los=, an epithet applied to Thebes in Egypt on account of its 100 gates. _Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 16.――――Also the capital of Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacidæ. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 5. ――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 25. =Hecatonnēsi=, small islands between Lesbos and Asia. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Hector=, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He married Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged by the Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, showed how well qualified he was to discharge that important office. He engaged with the bravest of the Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less than 31 of the most valiant of the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles had driven back the Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great to fly, waited the approach of his enemy near the Scean gates, though his father and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his rashness, and entreated him to retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him, and he fled before him in the plain. The Greek pursued, and Hector was killed, and his body was dragged in cruel triumph by the conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had killed. The body, after it had received the grossest of insults, was ransomed by old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of some days to pay the last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer Pausanias, that they had the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by order of an oracle; which promised them undisturbed felicity if they were in possession of that hero’s remains. The epithet of _Hectoreus_ is applied by the poets to the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 12 & 13.――_Dictys Cretensis._――_Dares Phrygius. _――_Hyginus_, fables 90 & 112.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3 & bk. 9, ch. 18. ――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bks. 1 & 3.――――A son of Parmenio drowned in the Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8; bk. 6, ch. 9. =Hecŭba=, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and the most tender and unfortunate of mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, she dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch which had reduced her husband’s palace and all Troy to ashes. So alarming a dream was explained by the soothsayers, who declared that the son she should bring into the world would prove the ruin of his country. When Paris was born she exposed him on mount Ida to avert the calamities which threatened her family; but her attempts to destroy him were fruitless, and the prediction of the soothsayers was fulfilled. _See:_ Paris. During the Trojan war she saw the greatest part of her children perish by the hands of the enemy, and like a mother she confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations, particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. When Troy was taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses, a man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian Chersonesus, to load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles. During their stay the hero’s ghost appeared to them, and demanded, to ensure the safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba’s daughter. They complied, and Polyxena was torn from her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief was still more increased at the sight of the body of her son Polydorus washed on the shore, who had been recommended by his father to the care and humanity of Polymnestor king of the country. _See:_ Polydorus. She determined to revenge the death of her son, and with the greatest indignation went to the house of his murderer and tore his eyes, and attempted to deprive him of his life. She was hindered from executing her bloody purpose by the arrival of some Thracians, and she fled with the female companions of her captivity. She was pursued, and when she ran after the stones that were thrown at her, she found herself suddenly changed into a bitch, and when she attempted to speak, found that she could only bark. After this metamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, according to Hyginus, and that place was, from that circumstance, called _Cyneum_. Hecuba had a great number of children by Priam, among whom were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous, Polydorus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 761; bk. 13, li. 515.――_Hyginus_, fable 111.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 44.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 271.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Hecŭbæ Sepulchrum=, a promontory of Thrace. =Hedĭla=, a poetess of Samos. =Hedonæum=, a village of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31. =Hedui.= _See:_ Ædui. =Hedymēles=, an admired musician in Domitian’s age. The word signifies _sweet music_. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 381. =Hegelŏchus=, a general of 6000 Athenians sent to Mantinea to stop the progress of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An Egyptian general who flourished B.C. 128. =Hegēmon=, a Thrasian poet in the age of Alcibiades. He wrote a poem called Gigantomachia, besides other works. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Another poet, who wrote a poem on the battle of Leuctra, &c. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 11. =Hegesiănax=, an historian of Alexandria, who wrote an account of the Trojan war. =Hegesias=, a tyrant of Ephesus under the patronage of Alexander. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――A philosopher who so eloquently convinced his auditors of their failings and follies, and persuaded them that there were no dangers after death, that many were guilty of suicide. Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――――An historian.――――A famous orator of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction of Attica by the introduction of Asiatic idioms. _Cicero_, _Orator_, chs. 67, 69; _Brutus_, ch. 83.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Hegesilŏchus=, one of the chief magistrates of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander and his father Philip.――――Another native of Rhodes, 171 years before the christian era. He engaged his countrymen to prepare a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus king of Macedonia. =Hegesinous=, a man who wrote a poem on Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29. =Hegesinus=, a philosopher of Pergamus, of the second academy. He flourished B.C. 193. =Hegesippus=, an historian who wrote some things upon Pallene, &c. =Hegesipy̆le=, a daughter of Olorus king of Thrace, who married Miltiades and became mother of Cimon. _Plutarch._ =Hegesistrătus=, an Ephesian who consulted the oracle to know in what particular place he should fix his residence. He was directed to settle where he found peasants dancing with crowns of olives. This was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c. =Hegetorĭdes=, a Thasian, who, upon seeing his country besieged by the Athenians, and a law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak of peace, went to the market-place with a rope about his neck, and boldly told his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, provided they saved the city from the calamities which the continuation of the war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, the law was abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. _Polyænus._ =Helĕna=, the most beautiful woman of her age, sprung from one of the eggs which Leda the wife of king Tyndarus brought forth after her amour with Jupiter metamorphosed into a swan. _See:_ Leda. According to some authors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda was only her nurse; and to reconcile this variety of opinions, some imagine that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. Her beauty was so universally admired, even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his friend Pirithous, carried her away before she had attained her 10th year, and concealed her at Aphidnæ, under the care of his mother Æthra. Her brothers Castor and Pollux recovered her by force of arms, and she returned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native country. There existed, however, a tradition recorded by Pausanius, that Helen was of nubile years when carried away by Theseus, and that she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was entrusted to the care of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to her virtue did not in the least diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and her hand was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. The most celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of Laertes, Antilochus son of Nestor, Sthenelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of Phileus, Agapenor son of Ancæus, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius son of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasthenes, Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus and Ialmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Polypœtes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of Æsculapius, Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, Eurypilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menœtius, Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus, and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to become his son-in-law. He knew that he could not prefer one without displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity he was at last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be already known in Greece by his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who clearly saw that his pretensions to Helen would not probably meet with success in opposition to so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tyndarus from all his difficulties if he would promise him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to bind, by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that they would approve of the uninfluenced choice which Helen should make of one among them; and engage to unite together to defend her person and character, if ever any attempts were made to ravish her from the arms of her husband. The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes consented, and Helen fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married him. Hermione was the early fruit of this union, which continued for three years with mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came to Lacedæmon on pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was kindly received by Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, B.C. 1198. At his return Menelaus, highly sensible of the injury which he had received, assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn promises. They resolved to make war against the Trojans, but they previously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand the restitution of Helen. The influence of Paris at his father’s court prevented the restoration, and the Greeks returned home without receiving the satisfaction they required. Soon after their return their combined forces assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly known. Some assert that she had willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly supported the cause of the Trojans; while others believe that she always sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as in the last instance, and some have added that she often betrayed the schemes and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause of Greece. When Paris was killed in the ninth year of the war, she voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam’s sons, and when Troy was taken she made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce the Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She returned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave the errors which she had committed. Some, however, say that she obtained her life even with difficulty from her husband, whose resentment she had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some years in Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband, and she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood originated in Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus had been killed in the Trojan war, which had been caused by the debaucheries of Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. While Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in the habits of furies, and sent them with orders to murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and strangled, and her misfortunes were afterwards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo expiated by the temple which the Rhodians raised to Helen Dendritis, or _tied to a tree_. There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus, which says that Paris was driven, as he returned from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt, where Proteus king of the country expelled him from his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion the Greeks besieged the town and took it after 10 years’ siege, and Menelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered Helen at the court of Proteus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had been undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable grounds. Helen was honoured after death as a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple at Therapne, which had the power of giving beauty to all the deformed women that entered it. Helen, according to some, was carried into the island of Leuce after death, where she married Achilles, who had been one of her warmest admirers. The age of Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry among the chronologists. If she was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition against Colchis about 35 years before the Trojan war, according to some, she was no less than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers were only 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. But she is represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the siege of Troy, that though seen at a ♦distance she influenced the counsellors of Priam by the brightness of her charms; therefore we must suppose, with others, that her beauty remained long undiminished, and was extinguished only at her death. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 77. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 112.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, chs. 10, 13, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, & _Odyssey_, bks. 4 & 15.――――A young woman of Sparta, often confounded with the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and carried away the knife of the priest, upon which she was released, and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished. ――――An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the siege of Troy. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A daughter of the emperor Constantine, who married Julian.――――The mother of Constantine. She died in her 80th year, A.D. 328. ♦ ‘distane’ replaced with ‘distance’ =Helĕnia=, a festival in Laconia, in honour of Helen, who received there divine honours. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, and in chariots made of reeds and bulrushes. =Hĕlēnor=, a Lydian prince who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutulians. His mother’s name was Licymnia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 444, &c. =Hĕlĕnus=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in marriage to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country, and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by the advice of Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Trojans, and either the fear of death or gratification of resentment seduced him to disclose to the enemies of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in possession of the Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from his retreat at Lemnos and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, and saved his life by warning him to avoid the dangerous tempest which in reality proved fatal to all those who set sail. This endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache the widow of his brother Hector, by whom he had a son called Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his wife. Helenus was the only one of Priam’s sons who survived the ruin of his country. After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of the Epirus, which he called Chaonia, in memory of his brother Chaon, whom he had inadvertently killed. Helenus received Æneas as he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which attended his fleet. The manner in which he received the gift of prophecy is doubtful. _See:_ Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 76; bk. 7, li. 47.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 295, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, lis. 99 & 723; bk. 15, li. 437.――――A Rutulian killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388. =Helerni Lucus=, a place near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 105. =Heles=, or =Hales=, a river of Lucania near Velia. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 16, ltr. 7; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 20. =Hēliădes=, the daughters of the sun and Clymene. They were three in number, Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven, according to Hyginus: Merope, Helie, Ægle, Lampetie, Phœbe, Ætheria, and Dioxippe. They were so afflicted at the death of their brother Phaeton [_See:_ Phaeton], that they were changed by the gods into poplars, and their tears into precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 340.――_Hyginus_, fable 154.――――The first inhabitants of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud when the world was first created, was warmed by the cherishing beams of the sun, and from thence sprang seven men, which were called Heliades, ἀπο του ἡλιου, from the _sun_. The eldest of these, called Ochimus, married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the island, and his brothers fled from the country for having put to death, through jealousy, one of their number. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Heliastæ=, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500, they were seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance. _Demosthenes_, _Against Timocrates_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Solon_. =Helicāon=, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. He married Laodice the daughter of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night engagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, who remembered the hospitality which he had received from his father Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 123. =Hĕlĭce=, a star near the north pole, generally called Ursa Major. It is supposed to receive its name from the town of Helice, of which Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, was an inhabitant. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 237.――――A town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 92. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.――――A daughter of Silenus king of Ægiale. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 24.――――A daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia. =Hĕlīcon=, now _Zagaro-Vouni_, a mountain of Bœotia, on the borders of Phocis. It was sacred to the muses, who had there a temple. The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this mountain. _Strabo_, bk. 8. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 219.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 28, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 641.――――A river of Macedonia near Dium. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30. =Hĕlīcŏniădes=, a name given to the Muses because they lived upon mount Helicon, which was sacred to them. =Helĭcōnis=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Heliodōrus=, one of the favourites of Seleucus Philopator king of Syria. He attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about 176 years before Christ, by order of his master, &c.――――A Greek mathematician of Larissa.――――A famous sophist, the best editions of whose entertaining romance, called _Æthiopica_, are by Commelin, 8vo, 1596, and Bourdelot, 8vo, Paris, 1619.――――A learned Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace.――――A man who wrote a treatise on tombs.――――A poet.――――A geographer.――――A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 372. =Heliogabālus=, a deity among the Phœnicians.――――Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, a Roman emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of that divinity in Phœnicia. After the death of Macrinus he was invested with the imperial purple, and the senate, however unwilling to submit to a youth only 14 years of age, approved of his election, and bestowed upon him the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother Mœsa and his mother Sœmias his colleagues on the throne; and to bestow more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate of women, over which his mother presided, and prescribed all the modes and fashions which prevailed in the empire. Rome, however, soon displayed a scene of cruelty and debauchery; the imperial palace was full of prostitution, and the most infamous of the populace became the favourites of the prince. He raised his horse to the honours of the consulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the god Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose figure resembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered to deck those of the new divinity. In the midst of his extravagances Heliogabalus married four wives, and not satisfied with following the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman, and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hierocles. In this ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest indignities from his pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, became the most powerful of the favourites, and enriched himself by selling favours and offices to the people. Such licentiousness soon displeased the populace, and Heliogabalus, unable to appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom his rapacity and debaucheries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and excrements of the camp, where he was found in the arms of his mother. His head was severed from his body the 10th of March, A.D. 222, in the 18th year of his age, after a reign of three years, nine months, and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects with the most oppressive taxes; his halls were covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made with the down of hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings of partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes with precious stones, to draw the admiration of the people as he walked along the streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of silk. He often invited the most common of the people to share his banquets, and made them sit down on large bellows full of wind, which, by suddenly emptying themselves, threw the guests on the ground, and left them a prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of his favourites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to see them whirled round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk beneath the water. =Heliŏpŏlis=, now _Matarea_, a famous city of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sacred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped a bull called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis. Apollo had an oracle there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 26.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――There was a small village of the same name without the Delta, near Babylon.――――A town of Syria, now _Balbeck_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 22. =Helisson=, a town and river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29. =Helium=, a name given to the mouth of the Maese in Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15. =Helius=, a celebrated favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by order of Galba, for his cruelties.――――The Greek name of the sun, or Apollo. =Helixus=, a river of Cos. =Hellanĭce=, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1. =Hellanĭcus=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He wrote a history of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account of the founders of the most famous towns in every kingdom, and died B.C. 411, in the 85th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 15, ch. 23.――――A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――An historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of the earth. =Hellanocrătes=, a man of Larissa, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 10. =Hellas=, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the territories of Acarnania, Attica, Ætolia, Doris, Locris, Bœotia, and Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this name from Deucalion, and now forms a part of Livadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved by Marius: the lover killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroyed himself. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 277. =Helle=, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele, sister of Phryxus. She fled from her father’s house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to some accounts she was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had received from Neptune, and in her passage she became giddy, and fell from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring coasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe in Colchus. _See:_ Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 13, &c. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 14.――_Pindar_, bk. 4, _Pythian_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34. =Hellen=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years before the christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to his subjects. He had by his wife Orseis three sons, Æolus, Dorus, and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations known under the name of Æolians, Dorians, and Ionians. These last derive their name from Ion son of Xuthus, and from the difference either of expression or pronunciation in their respective languages, arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Hellēnes=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Hellen. =Hellespontias=, a wind blowing from the north-east. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47. =Hellespontus=, now the _Dardanelles_, a narrow strait between Asia and Europe, near the Propontis, which received its name from Helle, who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. _See:_ Helle. It is about 60 miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from the European, and only half a mile in the narrowest, according to modern investigation; so that people can converse one with the other from the opposite shores. It was celebrated for the love and death of Leander [_See:_ Hero], and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece. The folly of this great prince is well known in beating and fettering the waves of the sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his ships, and rendered all his labours ineffectual. _Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 32.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 34.――_Polybius. _――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 407.――_Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 15; bk. 33, ch. 33.――――The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast bears the same name. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 24; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 12. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30. =Hellopia=, a small country of Eubœa. The people were called _Hellopes_. The whole island bore the same name, according to Strabo, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Hellōtia=, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in honour of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession, with a myrtle garland no less than 20 cubits in circumference, called ἑλλωτις. The other festival was celebrated at Corinth with games and races, where young men entered the lists and generally ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour of Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, ἀπο του ἑλους, _from a certain pond_ of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or ἀπο του ἑλειν τον ἱππον τον Πεγασον, because by her assistance Bellerophon took and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Hellotis, a Corinthian woman, from the following circumstance: When the Dorians and the Heraclidæ invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth; the inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped by flight, except Hellotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in Minerva’s temple, relying for safety upon the sanctity of the place. When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was followed by a dreadful plague; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to the goddess Minerva, and established the festivals which bore the name of one of the unfortunate women. =Helnes=, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1. =Helōris=, a general of the people of Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana, which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his troops were defeated. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Helōrum= and =Helōrus=, now _Muri Ucci_, a town and river of Sicily, whose swollen waters generally inundate the neighbouring country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 698.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11, li. 270.――――A river of Magna Græcia. =Helos=, a place of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 36.――――A town of Laconia, taken and destroyed by the Lacedæmonians under Agis III., of the race of the Heraclidæ, because they refused to pay the tribute which was imposed upon them. The Lacedæmonians carried their resentment so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest and most miserable slavery, and made a law which forbade their masters either to give them their liberty, or to sell them in any other country. To complete their infamy, all the slaves of the state and the prisoners of war were called by the mean appellation of _Helotæ_. Not only the servile offices in which they were employed denoted their misery and slavery, but they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, which exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were instructed in the liberal arts, and their cruel masters often obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free-born citizens of Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They once every year received a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagellation they might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The Spartans even declared war against them; but Plutarch, who, from interested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of the people of Lacedæmon, declares that it was because they had assisted the Messenians in their war against Sparta, after it had been overthrown by a violent earthquake. This earthquake was supposed by all the Greeks to be a punishment from heaven for the cruelties which the Lacedæmonians had exercised against the Helots. In the Peloponnesian war, these miserable slaves behaved with uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the Lacedæmonians, and appeared in the temples and at public shows crowned with garlands, and with every mark of festivity and triumph. This exultation did not continue long, and the sudden disappearance of these 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to the inhumanity of the Lacedæmonians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.――_Pollux_, bk. 3, ch. 8. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_, &c. =Helōtæ= and =Helōtes=, the public slaves of Sparta, &c. _See:_ Helos. =Helvetia=, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan’s reign. =Helvetii=, an ancient nation of Gaul, conquered by Julius Cæsar. Their country is the modern Switzerland. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, chs. 67 & 69. =Helvia=, the mother of Cicero.――――Ricina, a town of Picenum. =Helvidia=, the name of a Roman family. =Helvii=, now _Viviers_, a people of Gaul, along the Rhone. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Helvillum=, a town of Umbria, supposed to be the same as Sullium, now _Sigillo_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Helvīna=, a fountain of Aquinum where Ceres had a temple. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 320. =Helvius Cinna=, proposed a law, which, however, was not passed, to permit Cæsar to marry whatever woman he chose. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, bk. 52.――――A poet. _See:_ Cinna. =Helum=, a river of Scythia. =Helymus= and =Panopes=, two hunters at the court of Acestes in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 73, &c. =Hemathion=, a son of Aurora and Cephalus, or Tithonus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3. =Hemĭthea=, a daughter of Cycnus and Proclea. She was so attached to her brother Tenes, that she refused to abandon him when his father Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They were carried by the wind to Tenedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achilles, captivated by her charms, offered her violence. She was rescued from his embrace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughtered by the offended hero. Hemithea could not have been rescued from the attempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened and swallowed her, after she had fervently entreated the assistance of the gods. _See:_ Tenes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Hemon.= _See:_ Hæmon. =Hemus.= _See:_ Hæmus.――――A Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197. =Henĕti=, a people of Paphlagonia, who are said to have settled in Italy near the Adriatic, where they gave the name of _Venetia_ to their habitation. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Euripides._ =Heniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near Colchis, descended from Amphytus and Telechius, the charioteers (μνιοχοι) of Castor and Pollux, and thence called Lacedæmonii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 21. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 40.――_Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 270; bk. 6, li. 42. =Henna.= _See:_ Enna. =Hephæstia=, the capital town of Lemnos.――――A festival in honour of Vulcan (Ἡφαιστος) at Athens. There was then a race with torches between three young men. Each in his turn ran a race with a lighted torch in his hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of the course before it was extinguished, obtained the prize. They delivered it one to the other after they finished their course, and from that circumstance we see many allusions in ancient authors who compare the vicissitudes of human affairs to this delivering of the torch, particularly in these lines of Lucretius bk. 2: _Inque brevi spatio mutantur sæcla animantum, Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt._ =Hephæstiădes=, a name applied to the Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan. =Hephæstii=, mountains in Lycia which are set on fire by the lightest touch of a burning torch. Their very stones burnt in the middle of water, according to _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 106. =Hephæstio=, a Greek grammarian of Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. There remains of his compositions a treatise entitled _Enchiridion de metris & poemate_, the best edition of which is that of _Pauw_, 4to, Utrecht, 1726. =Hephæstion=, a Macedonian famous for his intimacy with Alexander. He accompanied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so faithful and attached to him, that Alexander often observed that Craterus was the friend of the king, but Hephæstion the friend of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before the christian era, according to some from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander was so inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, that he shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be extinguished, which was never done but at the death of a Persian monarch. The physician who attended Hephæstion in his illness was accused of negligence, and by the king’s order inhumanly put to death, and the games were interrupted. His body was entrusted to the care of Perdiccas, and honoured with the most magnificent funeral at Babylon. He was so like the king in features and stature, that he was often saluted by the name of Alexander. _Curtius._――_Arrian_, bk. 7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 8. =Heptaphōnos=, a portico, which received this name, because the voice was re-echoed seven times in it. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15. =Heptapŏlis=, a country of Egypt, which contained seven cities. =Heptapy̆los=, a surname of Thebes in Bœotia, from its seven gates. =Hera=, the name of Juno among the Greeks.――――A daughter of Neptune and Ceres when transformed into a mare. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A town of Æolia and of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――A town of Sicily, called also _Hybla_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 2, ltr. 1. =Herăclēa=, an ancient town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony there when he pursued Dædalus; and the town, anciently known by the name of _Macara_, was called from him _Minoa_. It was called Heraclea after Hercules, when he obtained a victory over Eryx.――――A town of Macedonia.――――Another in Pontus, celebrated for its naval power and its consequence among the Asiatic states. The inhabitants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at their return. ――――Another in Crete.――――Another in Parthia.――――Another in Bithynia. ――――Another in Phthiotis, near Thermopylæ, called also _Trachinea_, to distinguish it from others.――――Another in Lucania. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 4.――――Another in Syria.――――Another in Chersonesus Taurica.――――Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c.――――There were no less than 40 cities of that name in different parts of the world, all built in honour of Hercules, whence the name is derived.――――A daughter of Hiero tyrant of Sicily, &c. =Heraclēia=, a festival at Athens celebrated every fifth year, in honour of Hercules. The ♦Thespians and Thebans in Bœotia observed a festival of the same name, in which they offered apples to the god. This custom of offering apples arose from this: It was always usual to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the river Asopus prevented the votaries of the god from observing it with the ancient ceremony; and as the word μηλον signifies both an _apple_ and a _sheep_, some youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples to the god, with much sport and festivity. To represent the sheep, they raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two more were placed at the top to represent the horns of the victim. Hercules was delighted at the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were ever continued with the offering of apples. _Pollux_, bk. 8, ch. 9. There was also a festival at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It continued two days; the first was called ὀνοματας, the second ἡρακλεια.――――At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest officiated with a mitre on his head, and in woman’s apparel.――――At Lindus, a solemnity of the same name was also observed, and at the celebration nothing was heard but execrations and profane words, and whosoever accidentally dropped any other words, was accused of having profaned the sacred rites. ♦ ‘Thisbians’ replaced with ‘Thespians’ =Heracleum=, a promontory of Cappadocia.――――A town of Egypt near Canopus, on the western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave its name. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 60.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 17.――――The port town of Gnossus in Crete. =Heracleōtes=, a surname of Dionysius the philosopher.――――A philosopher of Heraclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly believed that pain was not an evil. A severe illness, attended with the most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, and at the same time the philosophy of the Stoics, about 264 years before the christian era. He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect, which placed the _summum bonum_ in pleasure. He wrote some poetry, and chiefly treatises of philosophy. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. =Heraclīdæ=, the descendants of Hercules, greatly celebrated in ancient history. Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus all the rights and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, and permitted him to marry Iole, as soon as he came of age. The posterity of Hercules were not more kindly treated by Eurystheus than their father had been, and they were obliged to retire for protection to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thither; and Ceyx, afraid of his resentment, begged the Heraclidæ to depart from his dominions. From Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus the king of the country, who had accompanied their father in some of his expeditions, received them with great humanity, and assisted them against their common enemy Eurystheus. Eurystheus was killed by the hand of Hyllus himself, and his children perished with him, and all the cities of the Peloponnesus became the undisputed property of the Heraclidæ. Their triumph, however, was short; their numbers were lessened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed them that they had taken possession of the Peloponnesus, before the gods permitted their return. Upon this they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to settle in the territories of the Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient to his father’s commands, married Iole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon after he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and the ambiguity of the answer determined him to make a second attempt. He challenged to single combat Atreus the successor of Eurystheus on the throne of Mycenæ, and it was mutually agreed that the undisturbed possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the Heraclidæ a second time departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodæus the son of Hyllus made a third attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some time after met with the same unfavourable reception, and perished in the field of battle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the more expressive and less ambiguous word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the death of their progenitors, assembled a numerous force, and with a fleet invaded all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was attended with success, and after some ♦decisive battles they became masters of all the peninsula, which they divided among themselves two years after. The recovery of the Peloponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms an interesting epoch in ancient history, which is universally believed to have happened 80 years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years before the christian era. This conquest was totally achieved about 120 years after the first attempt of Hyllus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 1.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 7, ch. 26. ♦ ‘deicsive’ replaced with ‘decisive’ =Herăclīdes=, a philosopher of Heraclea in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusippus and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed that he was carried into heaven the very day of his death, and the more firmly to render it credible, he begged one of his friends to put a serpent in his bed. The serpent disappointed him, and the noise which the number of visitors occasioned, frightened him from the bed before the philosopher had expired. He lived about 335 years before the christian era. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5; _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_.――――An historian of Pontus surnamed _Lembus_, who flourished B.C. 177.――――A man who, after the retreat of Dionysius the younger from Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose hands the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to death by Dion’s order. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion._――――A youth of Syracuse, in the battle in which Nicias was defeated.――――A son of Agathocles.――――A man placed over a garrison at Athens by Demetrius.――――A sophist of Lycia, who opened a school at Smyrna in the age of the emperor Severus.――――A painter of Macedonia in the reign of king Perseus.――――An architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip king of Macedonia. He fled to Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to the Rhodian fleet. _Polyænus._――――A man of Alexandria. =Heraclītus=, a celebrated Greek philosopher of Ephesus, who flourished about 500 years before the christian era. His father’s name was Hyson, or Heracion. Naturally of a melancholy disposition, he passed his time in a solitary and unsocial manner, and received the appellation of the obscure philosopher, and the mourner, from his unconquerable custom of weeping at the follies, frailty, and vicissitudes of human affairs. He employed his time in writing different treatises, and one particularly, in which he supported that there was a fatal necessity, and that the world was created from fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent and omniscient. His opinions about the origin of things were adopted by the Stoics, and Hippocrates entertained the same notions of a supreme power. Heraclitus deserves the appellation of man-hater, for the rusticity with which he answered the polite invitations of Darius king of Persia. To remove himself totally from the society of mankind, he retired to the mountains, where for some time he fed on grass in common with the wild inhabitants of the place. Such a diet was soon productive of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher condescended to revisit the town. The enigmatical manner in which he consulted the physicians made his applications unintelligible, and he was left to depend for cure only upon himself. He fixed his residence on a dunghill, in hopes that the continual warmth which proceeded from it might dissipate the watery accumulation and restore him to the enjoyment of his former health. Such a remedy proved ineffectual, and the philosopher, despairing of a cure by the application of ox-dung, suffered himself to die in the 60th year of his age. Some say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 5.――――A lyric poet.――――A writer of Halicarnassus, intimate with Callimachus. He was remarkable for the elegance of his style.――――A native of Lesbos, who wrote a history of Macedonia.――――A writer of Sicyon, &c. _Plutarch._ =Heraclius=, a river of Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A brother of Constantine, &c.――――A Roman emperor, &c. =Heræa=, a town of Arcadia.――――Festivals at Argos in honour of Juno, who was the patroness of that city. They were also observed by the colonies of the Argives which had been planted at Samos and Ægina. There were always two processions to the temple of the goddess without the city walls. The first was of the men in armour, the second of the women, among whom the priestess, a woman of the first quality, was drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The Argives always reckoned their years from her priesthood, as the Athenians from their archons, and the Romans from their consuls. When they came to the temple of the goddess they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hence the sacrifice is often called ἑκατομβια, and sometimes λεχερνα, from λεχος, _a bed_, because Juno presided over marriages, births, &c. There was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every fifth year, in which 16 matrons wove a garment for the goddess. ――――There were also others instituted by Hippodamia, who had received assistance from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each attended by a maid, presided at the celebration. The contenders were young virgins, who being divided in classes, according to their age, ran races each in their order, beginning with the youngest. The habit of all was exactly the same; their hair was dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to the breast, with coats reaching no lower than the knee. She who obtained the victory was rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted to dedicate her picture to the goddess.――――There was also a solemn day of mourning at Corinth which bore the same name, in commemoration of Medea’s children, who were buried in Juno’s temple. They had been slain by the Corinthians; who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal which accompanied so barbarous a murder, presented Euripides with a large sum of money to write a play, in which Medea is represented as the murderer of her children.――――Another festival of the same name at Pallene, with games in which the victor was rewarded with a garment. =Heræi montes=, a chain of mountains at the north of Sicily. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Heræum=, a temple and grove of Juno, situate between Argos and Mycenæ. ――――A town of Thrace. =Herbessus=, a town of Sicily at the north of ♦Agrigentum, built by a Phœnician or Carthaginian colony. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 265. ♦ ‘Arigentum’ replaced with ‘Agrigentum’ =Herbita=, an inland town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 64; bk. 3, ch. 32. =Herceius=, an epithet given to Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 286. ――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 979. =Herculanea via=, a mound raised between the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also _Herculeum iter_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 118. =Herculāneum=, a town of Campania, swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an earthquake, produced from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, August 24th, A.D. 79, in the reign of Titus. After being buried under the lava for more than 1600 years, these famous cities were discovered in the beginning of the 18th century; Herculaneum in 1713, about 24 feet underground, by labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii 40 years after, about 12 feet below the surface, and from the houses and the streets, which in a great measure remain still perfect, have been drawn busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and utensils, which do not a little contribute to enlarge our notions concerning the ancients, and develop many classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities, so miraculously recovered, are preserved in the museum of Portici, a small town in the neighbourhood, and the engravings, &c., ably taken from them have been munificently presented to the different learned bodies of Europe. _Seneca_, _Quæstiones naturales_, bk. 6, chs. 1 & 26.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 16. =Hercŭles=, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among the gods, and received divine honours. According to the ancients there were many persons of the same name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero six, and some authors extend the number to no less than 43. Of all these the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban, is the most celebrated, and to him, as may easily be imagined, the actions of the others have been ♦attributed. The birth of Hercules was attended with many miraculous and supernatural events; and it is reported that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the bed of Alcmena, was employed for three nights in forming a child whom he intended to be the greatest hero the world ever beheld. _See:_ Alcmena. Hercules was brought up at Tirynthus, or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes, and before he had completed his eighth month, the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruction, sent two snakes to devour him. The child, not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized them in both his hands and squeezed them to death, while his brother Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful shrieks. _See:_ Iphiclus. He was early instructed in the liberal arts, and Castor the son of Tyndarus taught him how to fight, Eurytus how to shoot with a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest of his illustrious contemporaries, soon after became the pupil of the centaur Chiron, and under him he perfected and rendered himself the most valiant and accomplished of the age. In the 18th year of his age he resolved to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Cithæron from a huge lion which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon his supposed father, and which laid waste the adjacent country. He went to the court of Thespius king of Thespis, who shared the general calamity, and he received there a tender treatment, and was entertained during 50 days. The 50 daughters of the king became all mothers by Hercules, during his stay at Thespis, and some say that it was effected in one night. After he had destroyed the lion of mount Cithæron, he delivered his country from the annual tribute of 100 oxen which it paid to Erginus. _See:_ Erginus. Such public services became universally known, and Creon, who then sat on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patriotic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daughter in marriage, and entrusting him with the government of his kingdom. As Hercules by the will of Jupiter was subject to the power of Eurystheus [_See:_ Eurystheus], and obliged to obey him in every respect, Eurystheus, acquainted with his successes and rising power, ordered him to appear at Mycenæ and perform the labours which by priority of birth he was empowered to impose upon him. Hercules refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered him so delirious that he killed his own children by Megara, supposing them to be the offspring of Eurystheus. _See:_ Megara. When he recovered the use of his senses, he was so struck with the misfortunes which had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed himself and retired from the society of men for some time. He afterwards consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must be subservient for 12 years to the will of Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands of Jupiter; and that after he had achieved the most celebrated labours, he should be reckoned in the number of the gods. So plain and expressive an answer determined him to go to Mycenæ, and to bear with fortitude whatever gods or men imposed upon him. Eurystheus, seeing so great a man totally subjected to him, and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve a number of enterprises the most difficult and arduous ever known, generally called the 12 labours of Hercules. The favours of the gods had completely armed him when he undertook his labours. He had received a coat of arms and helmet from Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen buskins, with a celebrated club of brass according to the opinion of some writers, but more generally supposed to be of wood, and cut by the hero himself in the forest of Nemæa. The first labour imposed upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of Nemæa, which ravaged the country near Mycenæ. The hero, unable to destroy him with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him to his den, and after a close and sharp engagement he choked him to death. He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to Mycenæ, and ever after clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Hercules, that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without the walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel, into which he retired whenever Hercules returned. The second labour of Hercules was to destroy the Lernæan hydra, which had seven heads according to Apollodorus, 50 according to Simonides, 100 according to Diodorus. This celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, and soon after he came to a close engagement, and by means of his heavy club he destroyed the heads of his enemy. But this was productive of no advantage, for as soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club, immediately two sprang up, and the labour of Hercules would have remained unfinished had he not commanded his friend Iolus to burn, with a hot iron, the root of the head which he had crushed to pieces. This succeeded [_See:_ Hydra], and Hercules became victorious, opened the belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in the gall to render the wounds which he gave fatal and incurable. He was ordered in his third labour to bring alive and unhurt into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous for its incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented the neighbourhood of Œnoe, and Hercules was employed for a whole year in continually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap, or when tired, or according to others, by slightly wounding it and lessening its swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched the goat from him, and severely reprimanded him for molesting an animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by representing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeased the goddess and obtained the beast. The fourth labour was to bring alive to Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition he destroyed the centaurs [_See:_ ♣Centauri], and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, according to Diodorus, he hid himself in his brazen vessel for some days. In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. _See:_ Augias. For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carnivorous birds which ravaged the country near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. _See:_ Stymphalis. In his seventh labour he brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the island of Crete. In his eighth labour he was employed in obtaining the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurystheus. They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycenæ, where they were devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age of Alexander the Great. For his ninth labour, he was commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. _See:_ Hippolyte. In his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon king of Gades, and brought to Argos his numerous flocks, which fed upon human flesh. _See:_ Geryon. The eleventh labour was to obtain apples from the garden of the Hesperides. _See:_ Hesperides. The twelfth and last, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon earth the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount Tænarus. He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell: and Cerberus also was granted to his prayers, provided he made use of no arms, but only force, to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried him back to hell, after he had brought him before Eurystheus. Besides these arduous labours, which the jealousy of ♥Eurystheus imposed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord, equally great and celebrated. _See:_ Cacus, Antæus, Busiris, Eryx, &c. He accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up to the king of Mycenæ. He assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and it was through him alone that Jupiter obtained a victory. _See:_ Gigantes. He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. _See:_ Laomedon. When Iole, the daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia, of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, he became the prey of a second fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus, the only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his addresses to Iole. _See:_ Iphitus. He was some time after purified of the murder, and his insanity ceased; but the gods persecuted him more, and he was visited by a disorder which obliged him to apply to the oracle of Delphi for relief. The boldness with which the Pythia received him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder Apollo’s temple, and carry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe conflict was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told by the oracle that he must be sold as a slave, and remain three years in the most abject servitude to recover from his disorder. He complied; and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all the country from robbers; and Omphale, who was astonished at the greatness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and married him. Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to others, by Omphale, from whom Crœsus king of Lydia was descended. He became also enamoured of one of Omphale’s female servants, by whom he had Alceus. After he had completed the years of his slavery, he returned to Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the throne of Sparta Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of Dejanira’s suitors, and married her, after he had overcome all his rivals. _See:_ Achelous. He was obliged to leave Calydon, his father-in-law’s kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man with a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this expulsion that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. In his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where the centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pretence of conveying her over the river. Hercules perceived the distress of Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who, as he expired, gave her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the power of recalling a husband from unlawful love. _See:_ Dejanira. Ceyx king of Trachinia received him and his wife with great marks of friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed at Calydon. Hercules was still mindful that he had once been refused the hand of Iole, he therefore made war against her father Eurytus, and killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell into the hands of her father’s murderer, and found that she was loved by Hercules as much as before. She accompanied him to mount Œta, where he was going to raise an altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband’s tender attachment to Iole, sent him a philter, or more probably the tunic which she had received from Nessus, and Hercules, as soon as he had put it on, fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poison of the Lernæan hydra penetrate through his bones. He attempted to pull off the fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains and tortures he inveighed in the most bitter imprecations against the credulous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, he implored the protection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes, and erected a large burning pile on the top of mount Œta. He spread on the pile the skin of the Nemæan lion, and laid himself down upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his club. Philoctetes, or according to others, Pæan or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded with the flames, without betraying any marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter saw him from heaven, and told to the surrounding gods that he would raise to the skies the immortal parts of a hero who had cleared the earth from so many monsters and tyrants. The gods applauded Jupiter’s resolution; the burning pile was suddenly surrounded with a dark smoke, and after the mortal parts of Hercules were consumed, he was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. Some loud claps of thunder accompanied his elevation, and his friends, unable to find either his bones or ashes, showed their gratitude to his memory by raising an altar where the burning pile had stood. Menœtius the son of Actor offered him the sacrifice of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the people of Opus yearly to observe the same religious ceremonies. His worship soon became as universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted him with such inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has received many surnames and epithets, either from the place where his worship was established, or from the labours which he achieved. His temples were numerous and magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies ever entered his temple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was always forbidden to women and pigs. The Phœnicians offered quails on his altars, and as it was supposed that he presided over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that they might receive in their dreams the agreeable presages of their approaching recovery. The white poplar was particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules is generally represented naked, with strong and well-proportioned limbs; he is sometimes covered with the skin of the Nemæan lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which he often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with the leaves of the poplar, and holding the horn of plenty under his arm. At other times he is represented standing with Cupid, who instantly breaks to pieces his arrows and his club, to intimate the passion of love in the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour while he was sitting to spin with her female servants. The children of Hercules are as numerous as the labours and difficulties which he underwent, and indeed they became so powerful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to invade all Peloponnesus. _See:_ Heraclidæ. He was father of Deicoon and Therimachus by Megara, of Ctesippus by Astydamia, of Palemon by Autonoe, of Everes by Parthenope, of Glycisonetes, Gyneus, and Odites by Dejanira, of Thessalus by Chalciope, of Thestalus by Epicaste, of Tlepolemus by Astyoche, of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and Scytha by Echidna, &c. Such are the most striking characteristics of the life of Hercules, who is said to have supported for a while the weight of the heavens upon his shoulders [_See:_ Atlas], and to have separated by the force of his arm the celebrated mountains which were afterwards called the boundaries of his labours. _See:_ Abyla. He is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue and piety, and as his whole life had been employed for the common benefit of mankind, he was deservedly rewarded with immortality. His judicious choice of virtue in preference to pleasure, as described by Xenophon, is well known. _Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_, bks. 3, 5, 9, & 10.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 29, 32, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 236, &c.; _Heroides_, poem 9; _Amores_; _Tristia_, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, &c.――_Theocritus_, poem 24.――_Euripides_, _Hercules furens_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294.――_Lucan_, bks. 3 & 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. ――_Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_.――♠_Plautus_, _Amphitryon_.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_ & _Hercules Œtaeus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6; bk. 11, &c.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 42, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 6, li. 207, &c.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, ode 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 438.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Thebiad_, li. 564.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Lactantius_, _De Falsa Religione_.――_Strabo_, bk. 3, &c. ――_Horace_, _Odes_, _Satires_, &c.――――A son of Alexander the Great. ――――A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c. ♦ ‘atrributed’ replaced with ‘attributed’ ♣ ‘Centaur’ replaced with ‘Centauri’ ♥ ‘Eurytheus’ replaced with ‘Eurystheus’ ♠ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plautus’ =Hercŭleum=, a promontory in the country of the Brutii.――――Fretum, a name given to the strait which forms a communication between the Atlantic and Mediterranean. =Hercŭleus=, one of Agrippina’s murderers. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 8. =Hercŭleus Lacis=, a lake of Sicily. =Hercŭlis Columnæ=, two lofty mountains, situate one on the most southern extremities of Spain, and the other on the opposite part of Africa. They were called by the ancients _Abyla_ and _Calpe_. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and according to ancient tradition they were joined together till they were severed by the arm of the hero, and a communication opened between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Dionysius Periegetes._ ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Monœci Portus, now _Monaco_, a port town of Genoa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 52. ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 405.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 830. ――――Labronis _vel_ Liburni Portus, a seaport town, now _Leghorn_. ――――Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, now _Spartivento_.――――Insulæ, two islands near Sardinia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――Portus, a seaport of the Brutii, on the western coast.――――Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A small island on the coast of Spain, called also _Scombraria_, from the tunny fish (_Scombres_) caught there. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Hercy̆na=, a nymph who accompanied Ceres as she travelled over the world. A river of Bœotia bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39. =Hercy̆nia=, a celebrated forest of Germany, which, according to Cæsar, required nine days’ journey to cross it; and which on some parts was found without any boundaries, though travelled over for 60 days successively. It contained the modern countries of Switzerland, Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Russia. In length of time the trees were rooted up, and when population increased the greatest part of it was made inhabitable. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 24.――_Mela._――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54.――_Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 30. =Herdonia=, a small town of Apulia between the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 568. =Herdonius=, a man put to death by Tarquin, because he had boldly spoken against him in an assembly, &c. =Herea=, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, the bottom of which was watered by the Alpheus. It was built by Hereus the son of Lycaon, and was said to produce a wine possessed of such unusual properties, as to give fecundity to women, and cause madness in men. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 18. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Herennius Senecio=, a Roman historian under Domitian. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 2, &c.――――An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey, &c. _Plutarch._――――A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Antony. He cut off the orator’s head. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――――Caius, a man to whom Cicero dedicates his book _de Rhetoricâ_, a work attributed by some to Cornificius.――――A Samnite general, &c.――――Philo, a Phœnician who wrote a book on Adrian’s reign. He also composed a treatise divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, &c. =Hereus=, a son of Lyacon, who founded a city in Arcadia, called Herea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24. =Herillus=, a philosopher of Chalcedon, disciple to Zeno. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Herĭlus=, a king of Præneste, son of the nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he was killed three times by Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 563. =Hermăchus=, a native of Mitylene, successor and disciple of Epicurus, B.C. 267. =Hermæ=, statues of Mercury in the city of Athens. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltrs. 4 & 8.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_. ――――Two youths who attended those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39. =Hermæa=, a festival in Crete, when the masters waited upon the servants. It was also observed at Athens and Babylon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14. =Hermæum=, a town of Arcadia.――――A promontory at the east of Carthage, the most northern point of all Africa, now cape _Bon_. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. =Hermagŏras Æolĭdes=, a famous rhetorician, who came to Rome in the age of Augustus.――――A philosopher of Amphipolis.――――A famous orator and philosopher. =Hermandica=, a town of the Vaccæi in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5. ――_Polybius_, bk. 3. =Hermandūri=, a people of Germany, called also Hermunduri. =Hermanni=, a people of Germany. =Hermaphrŏdītus=, a son of Venus and Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain, and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of him and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain by force what was denied by prayers, closely embraced him, and entreated the gods to make them two, but one body. Her prayers were heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all who bathed in that fountain might become effeminate. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 347.――_Hyginus_, fable 271. =Hermas=, an ancient father of the church, in or near the age of the apostles. =Hermathēna=, a statue which represented Mercury and Minerva in the same body. This statue was generally placed in schools where eloquence and philosophy were taught, because these two deities presided over the arts and sciences. =Hermēas=, a tyrant of Mysia who revolted from Artaxerxes Ochus, B.C. 350.――――A general of Antiochus, &c. =Hermeias=, a native of Methymna who wrote a history of Sicily. =Hermes=, the name of Mercury among the Greeks. _See:_ Mercurius. ――――A famous gladiator. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 25.――――An Egyptian philosopher. _See:_ Mercurius Trismegistus. =Hermesiănax=, an elegiac poet of Colophon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly honoured with a statue. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――――A native of Cyprus, who wrote a history of Phrygia. _Plutarch._ =Hermias=, a Galatian philosopher in the second century. His _irrisio philosophorum gentilium_ was printed with Justin Martyr’s works, folio, Paris, 1615 & 1636, and with the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo, 1700. =Hermĭnius=, a general of the Hermanni, &c.――――A Roman who defended a bridge with Cocles against the army of Porsenna. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――――A Trojan killed by Catillus in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 642. =Hermiŏne=, a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. The gods, except Juno, honoured her nuptials with their presence, and she received, as a present, a rich veil and a splendid necklace which had been made by Vulcan. She was changed into a serpent with her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields. _See:_ Harmonia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13.――――A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately promised in marriage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but her father, ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her hand to Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose services he had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, carried home Hermione and married her. Hermione, tenderly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. According to others, however, Hermione received the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and even reproached Andromache his concubine with stealing his affections from her. Her jealousy for Andromache, according to some, induced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to destroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes after this murder, and received the kingdom of Sparta as a dowry. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Euripides_, _Andromache_ & _Orestes_.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8.――_Propertius_, bk. 1.――――A town of Argolis, where Ceres had a famous temple. The inhabitants lived by fishing. The descent to hell from their country was considered so short that no money, according to the usual right of burial, was put into the mouth of the dead to be paid to Charon for their passage. The sea on the neighbouring coast was called _Hermionicus sinus_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Ciris_, li. 472.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34. =Hermiŏniæ=, a city near the Riphæan mountains. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_. =Hermiŏnĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis near Hermione. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8. =Hermippus=, a freedman, disciple of Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams.――――A man who accused Aspasia the mistress of Pericles of impiety and prostitution. He was son of Lysis, and distinguished himself as a poet by 40 theatrical pieces and other compositions, some of which are quoted by Athenæus. _Plutarch._――――A peripatetic philosopher of Smyrna, who flourished B.C. 210. =Hermŏcrătes=, a general of Syracuse, against Nicias the Athenian. His lenity towards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treacherous. He was banished from Sicily without even a trial, and he was murdered as he attempted to return back to his country, B.C. 408. ――――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_, &c.――――A sophist celebrated for his rising talents. He died in the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the emperor Severus.――――The father-in-law of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. ――――A Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian states, &c.――――A sophist, preceptor to Pausanias the murderer of Philip. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Hermodōrus=, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato.――――A philosopher of Ephesus, who is said to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in the composition of the 10 tables of laws, which had been collected in Greece. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 36. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 5.――――A native of Salamis, contemporary with Philo the Athenian architect. _Cicero_, _Orator_, bk. 1, ch. 14. ――――A poet who wrote a book called Νομιμα on the laws of different nations. =Hermŏgĕnes=, an architect of Alabanda in Caria, employed in building the temple of Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his profession. ――――A rhetorician in the second century, the best editions of whose _rhetorica_ are that of Sturmius, 3 vols., 12mo, Strasbourg, 1571, and of Laurentius, Geneva, 1614. He died A.D. 161, and it is said that his body was opened, and his heart found hairy and of an extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is reported, he totally lost his memory.――――A lawyer in the age of Diocletian.――――A musician. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 129.――――A sophist of Tarsus, of such brilliant talents, that at the age of 15 he excited the attention and gained the patronage of the emperor Marcus Antoninus. =Hermolāus=, a young Macedonian among the attendants of Alexander. As he was one day hunting with the king he killed a wild boar which was coming towards him. Alexander, who followed close behind him, was so disappointed because the beast had been killed before he could dart at it, that he ordered Hermolaus to be severely whipped. This treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspired to take away the king’s life, with others who were displeased with the cruel treatment he had received. The plot was discovered by one of the conspirators, and Alexander seized them, and asked what had compelled them to conspire to take his life. Hermolaus answered for the rest, and observed that it was unworthy of Alexander to treat his most faithful and attached friends like slaves, and to shed their blood without the least mercy. Alexander ordered him to be put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6. =Hermopŏlis=, two towns of Egypt, now _Ashmunein_ and _Demenhur_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9. =Hermotīmus=, a famous prophet of Clazomenæ. It is said that his soul separated itself from his body and wandered in every part of the earth to explain futurity, after which it returned again and animated his frame. His wife, who was acquainted with the frequent absence of his soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its natural receptacle. Hermotimus received divine honours in a temple at Clazomenæ, into which it was unlawful for women to enter. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51, &c.――_Lucian._ =Hermundūri=, a people of Germany, subdued by Aurelius. They were at the north of the Danube, and were considered by Tacitus as a tribe of the Suevi, but called, together with the Suevi, Hermiones by Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, _extra_. ――_Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 106. =Hermus=, a river of Asia Minor, whose sands, according to the poets, were covered with gold. It flows near Sardes, and receives the waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, after which it falls into the Ægean sea. It is now called _Kedous_ or _Sarabat_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 137.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 210.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 78.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 159.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Hernĭci=, a people of Campania celebrated for their inveterate enmity to the rising power of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 226.――_Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 183. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 684. =Hero=, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestus, greatly enamoured of Leander, a youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so faithful to one another, that Leander in the night escaped from the vigilance of his family, and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero in Sestos directed his course by holding a burning torch on the top of a high tower. After many interviews of mutual affection and tenderness, Leander was drowned in a tempestuous night as he attempted his usual course, and Hero in despair threw herself down from her tower and perished in the sea.――_Musæus Grammaticus_, _Leander & Hero_. ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 17 & 18.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 258. =Herōdes=, surnamed the _Great_ and _Ascalonita_, followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was made king of Judæa by means of Antony, and after the battle of Actium he was continued in his power by his flattery and submission to Augustus. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his death would become a day of mirth and festivity, he ordered the most illustrious of his subjects to be confined and murdered the very moment that he expired, that every eye in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at the death of Herod. He died in the 70th year of his age, after a reign of 40 years. _Josephus._ ――――Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, governor of Galileæ, &c. ――――Agrippa, a Jew intimate with the emperor Caligula, &c.――――This name was common to many of the Jews. _Josephus._――――Atticus. _See:_ Atticus. =Herodiānus=, a Greek historian, who flourished A.D. 247. He was born at Alexander, and he was employed among the officers of the Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history in eight books, from the death of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. His style is peculiarly elegant, but it wants precision, and the work too plainly betrays that the author was not a perfect master of geography. He is accused of being too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus. His book comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts that he has been an eye-witness of whatever he has written. The best editions of his history are that of Politian, 4to, Dovan, 1525, who afterwards published a very valuable Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo, 1708. =Herodicus=, a physician surnamed _Gymnastic_, who flourished B.C. 443. ――――A grammarian surnamed _Crateleus_, B.C. 123. =Hērŏdŏtus=, a celebrated historian of Halicarnassus, whose father’s name was Lyxes, and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Samos when his country laboured under the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He afterwards returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far from gaining the esteem and admiration of the populace, displeased and irritated them, so that Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece from the public resentment. To procure a lasting fame he publicly repeated at the Olympic games the history which he had composed, in his 39th year, B.C. 445. It was received with such universal applause, that the names of the nine Muses were unanimously given to the nine books into which it is divided. This celebrated composition, which has procured its author the title of father of history, is written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among the historians what Homer is among the poets, and Demosthenes among the orators. His style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweetness; and if there is any of the fabulous or incredible, the author candidly informs the reader that it is introduced upon the narration of others. The work is a history of the wars of the Persians against the Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and besides this, it gives an account of the most celebrated nations in the world. Herodotus had written another history of Assyria and Arabia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, generally attributed to him, is supposed by some not to be the production of his pen. Plutarch has accused him of malevolence towards the Greeks, an imputation which can easily be refuted. The two best editions of this great historian are that of Wesseling, folio, Amsterdam, 1763; and that of Glasgow, 9 vols., 12mo, 1761. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, ch. 1; _On Oratory_, ch. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de Herodoti Malignitate_.――――A man who wrote a treatise concerning Epicurus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of Demetrius son of Antigonus. He was six feet and a half in height, and he ate generally 20 pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, at each of his meals. _Athenæus_, bk. 16.――――Another, whose victories are celebrated by Pindar. =Heroes=, a name which was given by the ancients to such as were born from a god, or to such as had signalized themselves by their actions, and seemed to deserve immortality by the services which they had rendered their country. The heroes which Homer describes, such as Ajax, Achilles, &c., were of such prodigious strength, that they could lift up and throw stones which the united force of four or five men of his age could not have moved. The heroes were supposed to be interested in the affairs of mankind after death, and they were invoked with much solemnity. As the altars of the gods were crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the heroes were often honoured with a funeral solemnity, in which their great exploits were enumerated. The origin of heroism might proceed from the opinions of some philosophers, who taught that the souls of great men were often raised to the stars, and introduced among the immortal gods. According to the notions of the stoics, the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and serene climate, situate above the moon. =Herōis=, a festival, celebrated every ninth year by the Delphians, in honour of a heroine. There were in the celebration a great number of mysterious rites, with a representation of something like Semele’s resurrection. =Heron=, two mathematicians, one of whom is called the _ancient_ and the other the _younger_. The former, who lived about 100 years before Christ, was disciple to Ctesibius, and wrote a curious book translated into Latin, under the title of _Spiritualium Liber_; the only edition of which is that of Baldus, _Aug._ _Vind._ 1616. =Heroopŏlis=, a town of Egypt on the Arabic gulf. =Herŏphĭla=, a Sibyl, who, as some suppose, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12. =Herophĭlus=, an impostor in the reign of Julius Cæsar, who pretended to be the grandson of Marius. He was banished from Rome by Cæsar for his seditions, and was afterwards strangled in prison.――――A Greek physician, about 570 years before the christian era. He was one of the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch have greatly commended him. =Herostrătus.= _See:_ Erostratus. =Herpa=, a town of Cappadocia. =Herse=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god disclosed his love to Aglauros, Herse’s sister, in hopes of procuring an easy admission to Herse; but Aglauros, through jealousy, discovered the amour. Mercury was so offended at her behaviour, that he struck her with his caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse became mother of Cephalus by Mercury, and after death she received divine honours at Athens. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 559, &c.――――A wife of Danaus. _Apollodorus._ =Hersephoria=, festivals of Athens in honour of Minerva, or more probably of Herse. =Hersĭlia=, one of the Sabines, carried away by the Romans at the celebration of the Consualia. She was given and married to Romulus, though, according to some, she married Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had Hostus Hostilius. After death she was presented with immortality by Juno, and received divine honours under the name of Ora. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 832. =Hertha= and =Herta=, a goddess among the Germans, supposed to be the same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, when her coming was celebrated with the greatest rejoicings and festivity. _Tacitus_, _Germania_. =Herŭli=, a savage nation in the northern parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman power in its decline. =Hesænus=, a mountain near Pæonia. =Hēsiŏdus=, a celebrated poet, born at Ascra in Bœotia. His father’s name was Dius, and his mother’s Pycimede. He lived in the age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him, according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and others maintain that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer; but Velleius Paterculus and others support that he flourished about 100 years after him. Hesiod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture. This composition is called _The Works and the Days_; and besides the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the reader is pleased to find many moral reflections worthy of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His _Theogony_ is a miscellaneous narration executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection, yet it is the more valuable for the faithful account it gives of the gods of antiquity. His _Shield of Hercules_ is but a fragment of a larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave an account of the most celebrated heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without being master of the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry. Besides these poems he wrote others, now lost. Pausanias says that, in his age, Hesiod’s verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of which the poet was a priest. If we believe _Clement of Alexandria_, bk. 6, _Stromateis_, the poet borrowed much from Musæus. One of Lucian’s dialogues bears the name of _Hesiod_, and in it the poet is introduced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics, has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his _opera_ and _dies_ for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly commends him, and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and moral instructions, that they ordered their children to learn all by heart. Hesiod was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and his body was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were discovered by the poet’s dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B.C. The best editions of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to, Oxford, 1737; that of Loesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1778; and that of Parma, 4to, 1785. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 3, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Paterculus._――_Varro._ ――_Plutarch_, _Septem Sapientium Convivium_, & _De Sollertia Animalium_. =Hēsiŏne=, a daughter of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter of Scamander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster, to whom the Trojans yearly presented a marriageable virgin, to appease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom ♦Laomedon had offended; but Hercules promised to deliver her, provided he received as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules attacked the monster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he killed him with his club. Laomedon, however, refused to reward the hero’s services; and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised horses to his sister’s deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in marriage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war, and he established Priam upon his father’s throne. The removal of Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans; and Priam, remembering with indignation that his sister had been forcibly given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to reclaim the possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon after, to the Trojan war. Lycophron mentions that Hercules threw himself, armed from head to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe only with the loss of his hair, after a confinement of three days. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 638.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 212.――――The wife of Nauplius. ♦ ‘Lamedon’ replaced with ‘Laomedon’ =Hespĕria=, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the Amazons. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――A name common to both Italy and Spain. It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at the setting sun, or in the west. The same name, for similar reasons, was applied to Spain by the Latins. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 634, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 34, li. 4; bk. 1, ode 27, li. 28. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 258.――――A daughter of the Cebrenus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 759. =Hespĕrĭdes=, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus mentions four, Ægle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa; and Diodorus confounds them with the Atlantides, and supposes that they were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials; and the place of their residence, placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus. This celebrated place or garden abounded with fruits of the most delicious kind, and was carefully guarded by a dreadful dragon, which never slept. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of the situation of this celebrated garden, applied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood of the Po for information, and was told that Nereus the god of the sea, if properly managed [_See:_ Nereus], would direct him in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep, and the sea god, unable to escape from his grasp, answered all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his information. When Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded himself and placed the burden of the heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while he went in quest of the apples. At his return Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden by putting something on his head, and when Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience, Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground. According to other accounts, Hercules gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful dragon which kept the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards carried back by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as they could be preserved in no other place. Hercules is sometimes represented gathering the apples, and the dragon which guarded the tree appears bowing down his head, as having received a mortal wound. This monster, as it is supposed, was the offspring of Typhon, and it had 100 heads and as many voices. This number, however, is reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain mythology, observe that the Hesperides were certain persons who had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word μηλον, which signifies an _apple_ and a _sheep_, gave rise to the fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 637, &c.; bk. 9, li. 90.――_Hyginus_, fable 30.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 215, &c. =Hespĕris.= _See:_ Hesperus.――――A town of Cyrenaica, now _Bernic_ or _Bengazi_, where most authors have placed the garden of the Hesperides. =Hesperītis=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Hespĕrus=, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country received the name of _Hesperia_ from him, according to some accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, who married Atlas, and became mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides or Hesperides. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――The name of Hesperus was also applied to the planet Venus, when it appeared after the setting of the sun. It was called _Phosphorus_ or _Lucifer_ when it preceded the sun. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Seneca_, _de Hippolytus_, li. 749; _Medea_, li. 71. =Hestia=, one of the Hesperides. _Apollodorus._ =Hestiæa=, a town of Eubœa. =Hesus=, a deity among the Gauls, the same as the Mars of the Romans. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 445. =Hesychia=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Hesychius=, the author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of the third century, a valuable work which has been learnedly edited by Albert, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1746. =Hetricŭlum=, now _Latarico_, a town in the country of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19. =Hetrūria= and =Etruria=, a celebrated country of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. It originally contained 12 different nations, which had each their respective monarch, called Lucumon. Their names were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Rusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Cæretani. The inhabitants were particularly famous for their superstition, and great confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans, and were conquered only after much effusion of blood. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Heurippa=, a surname of Diana. =Hexapy̆lum=, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoining place of the city, or the wall, bore the same name. _Diodorus_, bks. 11 & 14.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 21; bk. 25, ch. 24; bk. 32, ch. 39. =Hiarbas=, or =Iarbas=, a king of Gætulia. _See:_ Iarbas. =Hiber=, a name applied to a Spaniard, as living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. _See:_ Iberus. =Hibernia= and =Hybernia=, a large island at the west of Britain, now called _Ireland_. Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juverna, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Ivernia. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 160. ――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Orpheus._――_Aristotle._ =Hibrildes=, an Athenian general. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 7. =Hicetāon=, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam and father of Menalippus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.――――The father of Thymœtes, who came to Italy with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 133. =Hicētas=, a philosopher of Syracuse, who believed that the earth moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A tyrant of Syracuse. _See:_ Icetas. =Hiempsal=, a king of Numidia, &c. _See:_ Hyempsal. _Plutarch._ =Hiera=, a woman who married Telephus king of Mysia, and who was said to surpass Helen in beauty.――――The mother of Pandarus and Bitias by Alcanor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 673.――――One of the Lipari islands, called also Theresia, now _Vulcano_. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11. =Hierapŏlis=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates.――――Another of Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now _Bambukkalasi_.――――Another of Crete. =Hiĕrax=, a youth who awoke Argus, to inform him that Mercury was stealing Io. Mercury killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――Antiochus, king of Syria and brother to Seleucus, received the surname of Hierax. _Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 3. ――――An Egyptian philosopher in the third century. =Hierĭchus= (untis), the name of Jericho in the Holy Land, called the city of palm trees, from its abounding in dates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6. =Hiĕro I.=, a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and avarice. He made war against Theron the tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He obtained three different crowns at the Olympic games, two in horse-races, and one at a chariot-race. Pindar has celebrated him as being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part of his reign the conversation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, &c., softened in some measure the roughness of his morals and the severity of his government, and rendered him the patron of learning, genius, and merit. He died, after a reign of 18 years, B.C. 467, leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――The second of that name, king of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He was unanimously elected king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to carry on the war against the Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in besieging Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, but he was beaten by Appius Claudius the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his engagements during the 59 years of his reign, that the Romans never had a more firm or more attached ally. He died in the 94th year of his age, about 225 years B.C. He was universally regretted, and all the Sicilians showed by their lamentations that they had lost a common father and a friend. He liberally patronized the learned, and employed the talents of Archimedes for the good of his country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by Hieronymus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4, 8.――_Justin_, bk. 23, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 16.――――An Athenian, intimate with Nicias the general. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――A Parthian, &c. _Tacitus._ =Hierocæsarea=, a town of Lydia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 3, ch. 62. =Hierocepia=, an island near Paphos in Cyprus. =Hierŏcles=, a persecutor of the christians under Diocletian, who pretended to find inconsistencies in Scripture, and preferred the miracles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius.――――A Platonic philosopher, who taught at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments of which are preserved by Photius; a commentary on the golden verses of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses. He flourished A.D. 485. The best edition is that of Asheton and Warren, 8vo, London, 1742. ――――A general in the interest of Demetrius. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Diocletian.――――An officer. _See:_ Heliogabalus. =Hierodūlum=, a town of Libya. =Hieronĭca lex=, by Hiero tyrant of Sicily, to settle the quantity of corn, the price and time of receiving it, between the farmers of Sicily and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This law, on account of its justice and candour, was continued by the Romans when they became masters of Sicily. =Hierony̆mus=, a tyrant of Sicily, who succeeded his father or grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with so much honour and advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214.――――An historian of Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius Poliorcetes, by whom he was appointed over Bœotia, B.C. 254. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went to the king of Persia.――――A christian writer commonly called St. _Jerome_, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew’s gospel, &c., a Latin version known by the name of _Vulgate_, polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation, sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius, folio, Veronæ, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A.D. 420, in his 91st year. =Hierophĭlus=, a Greek physician. He instructed his daughter Agnodice in the art of midwifery, &c. _See:_ Agnodice. =Hierosoly̆ma=, a celebrated city of Palestine, the capital of Judæa, taken by Pompey, who, on that account, is surnamed _Hierosolymarius_. Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A.D. 70, according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed, for the sport of their insolent victors, to the fury of wild beasts. _Josephus_, _War of the Jews_, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 2, ltr. 2.――_Flaccus_, bk. 28. =Hignatia via=, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 530 miles. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Hilaria=, a daughter of Leucippus and Philodice. As she and her sister Phœbe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister, obtained after death the honours which were generally paid to heroes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 16. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Festivals at Rome in honour of the mother of the gods. =Hilarius=, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, folio, Paris, 1693. Hilary died A.D. 372, in his 80th year. =Hilleviōnes=, a people of Scandinavia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Himella=, now _Aia_, a small river in the country of the Sabines. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714. =Himĕra=, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. _Strabo_, bk. 6. ――――There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now _Fiumi de Termini_, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the same name at its mouth, and also celebrated baths. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 33. The other, now _Fiume Salso_, running in a southern direction, and dividing the island in almost two parts. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 6; bk. 25, ch. 49. ――――The ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Polybius._ =Himilco=, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe. _Festus Avienius._――――A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died with his army by a plague, B.C. 398. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2. =Hippagŏras=, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage. _Athenæus_, bk. 14. =Hippalcimus=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, who was among the Argonauts. =Hippalus=, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India. _Arrian_, _Periplus Ponti Euxini_. =Hipparchia=, a woman in Alexander’s age, who became enamoured of Crates the Cynic philosopher, because she heard him discourse. She married him, though he at first disdained her addresses, and represented his poverty and meanness. She was so attached to him that she was his constant companion, and was not ashamed publicly to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost. _See:_ Crates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Suidas._ =Hipparchus=, a son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the learned men of the age, and distinguished himself by his fondness for literature. The seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band of conspirators, with Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years before Christ. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2. ――――One of Antony’s freedmen.――――The first person who was banished by ostracism at Athens.――――The father of Asclepiades.――――A mathematician and astronomer of Nicæa. He first discovered that the interval between the vernal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, seven days longer than between the autumnal and vernal, occasioned by the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 constellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the northern, and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars. He makes no mention of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain from different situations, which changed its apparent position, he was led to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, or the distance between their real or apparent position, viewed from the centre and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and latitude, and fixed the first degree of longitude at the Canaries. He likewise laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so essential to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a life of labour in the service of science and astronomy, and after publishing several treatises and valuable observations on the appearance of the heavens, he died 125 years before the christian era. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 26, &c.――――An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Hipparīnus=, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Calippus from Syracuse, and seized the sovereign power for 27 years. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. ――――The father of Dion. =Hippărion=, one of Dion’s sons. =Hippăsus=, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Hercules against Eurytus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Metapontum. He supposed that everything was produced from fire. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A centaur killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 352.――――An illegitimate son of Priam. _Hyginus_, fable 90. =Hippeus=, a son of Hercules by Procis, eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Hippi=, four small islands near Erythræ. =Hippia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 82.――――A surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15. =Hippias=, a philosopher of Elis, who maintained that virtue consisted in not being in want of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games, he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 32.――――A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his brother, who had been assassinated, and for this violent measure he was driven from his country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians, B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine the daughter of Callias. _Herodotus_, bk. 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 7. =Hippis=, an historian and poet of Rhegium, in the reign of Xerxes. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 33. =Hippius=, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a horse (ἱππος) from the earth in his contest with Minerva concerning the giving a name to Athens. =Hippo=, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravished by the ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that gave birth to such men. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――A celebrated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 252. ――――_Strabo_, bk. 17, says that there are two of the same name in Africa, one of which, by way of distinction, is called _Regius_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 29, chs. 3 & 32.――――Also a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 30. ――――Of the Brutii. =Hippobotes=, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze. =Hippobotus=, a Greek historian, who composed a treatise on philosophers. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_. =Hippocentauri=, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. _See:_ Centauri. =Hippocoon=, a son of Œbalus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of Lacedæmon. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 314.――――A friend of Æneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral games of Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 492, &c. =Hippocorystes=, a son of Ægyptus,――――of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus._ =Hippocrăte=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Hippŏcrătes=, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently distinguished; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had recovered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients which were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applications. He devoted all his time for the service of his country; and when Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards which his well-directed labours claimed, and while he lived in the greatest popularity, he was carefully employed in observing the symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judicious remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon the human frame increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations, he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and body; and after death he received, with the name of _Great_, the same honours which were paid to Hercules. His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession. According to Galen, his opinion is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus, though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and the present inhabitants of the island show a small house, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions of his works are that of Fæsius, Geneva, folio, 1657; of Linden, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1665; and that of Mackius, 2 vols., folio, Viennæ, 1743. His treatises, especially the _Aphorisms_, have been published separately. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.――――An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch._――――A mathematician.――――An officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A Syracusan defeated by Marcellus.――――The father of Pisistratus.――――A tyrant of Gela. =Hippocratia=, a festival in honour of Neptune, in Arcadia. =Hippocrēne=, a fountain of Bœotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the horse Pegasus, whence the name ἱππου κρηνη, _the horse’s fountain_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 256. =Hippŏdămas=, a son of the Achelous,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus._ =Hippŏdăme= and =Hippodamīa=, a daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, in Elis, who married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of his daughter’s children, according to an oracle, refused to marry her, except to him who could overcome him in a chariot-race. As the beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and accepted her father’s conditions, though death attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their lives, when Pelops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, and ensured himself the victory. In the race, Œnomaus mounted on a broken chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was easily overcome, and was killed in the course; and Pelops married Hippodamia, and avenged the death of Œnomaus, by throwing into the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his treachery the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 7.――_Hyginus_, fables 84 & 253. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 8 & 17.――――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Pirithous king of the Lapithæ. The festivity which prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts of Eurytus to offer her violence. _See:_ Pirithous. She is called Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._――――A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises.――――A daughter of Anchises, who married Alcathous. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 429. =Hippŏdămus=, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any previous knowledge of government. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_. ――――A Pythagorean philosopher.――――An Athenian who gave his house to his country, when he knew such a concession would improve the port of the Piræus.――――An Athenian archon.――――A man famous for his voracious appetite. =Hippŏdĭce=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._ =Hippodrŏmus=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of Marcus Antony. _Philostratus._――――A place where horse-races were exhibited. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 50. =Hippŏla=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25. =Hippŏlŏchus=, a son of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus, who commanded the Lycians during the Trojan war.――――A son of Glaucus also bore the same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 119.――――A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 122. =Hippŏly̆te=, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order of Eurystheus. _See:_ Hercules. She had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 3. ――――The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in exile at her husband’s court. She accused him of incontinence, and of attempts upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because he refused to gratify her desires. She is also called Astyochia. _See:_ Acastus. ――――A daughter of Cretheus. _Apollodorus._ =Hippŏly̆tus=, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, famous for his virtues and his misfortunes. His stepmother Phædra fell in love with him, and when he refused to pollute his father’s bed, she accused him of offering violence to her person before Theseus. Her accusation was readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his father, and as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Trœzene, where he received divine honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored him to life. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 268; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 469. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.――――A son of Ropalus king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A giant killed by Mercury.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2. ――――A christian writer in the third century, whose works have been edited by Fabricius, Hamburg, folio, 1716. =Hippŏmăchus=, a musician, who severely rebuked one of his pupils because he was praised by the multitude, and observed that it was the greatest proof of his ignorance. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Hippŏmĕdon=, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice, who was one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus son of Acastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36. =Hippomedūsa=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._ =Hippŏmĕnes=, an Athenian archon, who exposed his daughter Limone to be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 459.――――A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta [_See:_ Atalanta], with the assistance of Venus. These two fond lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 585, &c.――――The father of Megareus. =Hippomolgi=, a people of Scythia, who, as the name implies, lived upon the milk of horses. Hippocrates has given an account of their manner of living, _De Aere Aquis et Locis_, ♦ch. 18.――_Dionysius Periegetes._ ♦ ‘44’ replaced with ‘18’ =Hĭppon= and =Hippo=, a town of Africa. =Hippōna=, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed in horses’ stables. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 157. =Hippōnax=, a Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the christian era. He cultivated the same satirical poetry as Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus. As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features, exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives and satirical lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 24. =Hipponiates=, a bay in the country of the Brutii. =Hipponīum=, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. _Strabo._ =Hipponous=, the father of Peribœa and Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――The first name of Bellerophon.――――A son of Priam. =Hippopŏdes=, a people of Scythia, who have _horses’ feet_. _Dionysius Periegetes._ =Hippostrătus=, a favourite of Lais. =Hippŏtădes=, the patronymic of Æolus, grandson to Hippotas by Segesta, as also of Amastrus his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 674.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 431. =Hippŏtas=, or =Hippŏtes=, a Trojan prince, changed into a river. _See:_ Crinisus.――――The father of Æolus, who from thence is called Hippotades. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 2.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 18, li. 46; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 224. =Hippothoe=, a daughter of Mestor and Lysidice, carried away to the islands called Echinades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named Taphius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A daughter of Pelias. _Apollodorus._ =Hippŏthoon=, a son of Neptune and Alope daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain, and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, and when grown up, placed on his grandfather’s throne by the friendship of Theseus. _Hyginus_, fable 187.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38. =Hippothoontis=, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its name from Hippothoon. =Hippŏthous=, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 17.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._――――One of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 307. =Hippŏtion=, a prince who assisted the Trojans, and was killed by Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 14. =Hippūris=, one of the Cyclades. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Hippus=, a river falling into the Phasis. =Hipsides=, a Macedonian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7. =Hira=, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12. =Hirpīni=, a people of the Samnites. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 560. =Quinctius Hirpīnus=, a Roman, to whom Horace dedicated his bk. 2, ode 11, and also bk. 1, ltr. 16. =Hirtus=, a debauched fellow, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222. =Hirtia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Aulus Hirtius. It required that none of Pompey’s adherents should be raised to any office or dignity in the state. =Hirtius Aulus=, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both killed in battle B.C. 43. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 10.――――An historian to whom the eighth book of Cæsar’s history of the Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attributed. The style is inferior to that of Cæsar’s Commentaries. The author, who was Cæsar’s friend, and Cicero’s pupil, is supposed to be no other than the consul of that name. =Hisbon=, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 384. =Hispălis=, an ancient town of Spain, now called _Seville_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 32. =Hispānia=, or =Hispāniæ=, called by the poets _Iberia_, _Hesperia_, and _Hesperia Ultima_, a large country of Europe, separated from Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phœnicia, and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into _citerior_ and _ulterior_, which last was afterwards separated into _Bætica_ and _Lusitania_ by Augustus. The Hispania _citerior_ was also called _Tarraconensis_. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome, by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver, which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. _Justin_, bk. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 20. =Hispānus=, a native of Spain. The word _Hispaniensis_ was also used, but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there. _Martial_, bk. 12, preface. =Hispellum=, a town of Umbria. =Hispo=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 50. =Hispulla=, a lascivious woman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 74. =Histaspes=, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 4. =Hister=, a river. _See:_ Ister. =Hister Pacuvius=, a man distinguished as much by his vices as his immense riches. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 58. =Histiæa=, a city of Eubœa, anciently called Talantia. It was near the promontory called Ceneum. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Histiæōtis=, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dispossessed by the Perrhæbeans, who gave to their newly acquired possessions the name of Histiæotis, or Estiæotis, from Estiæa, or Histiæa, a town of Eubœa, which they had then lately destroyed, and whose inhabitants they had carried to Thessaly with them. _Strabo._――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――――A small country of Eubœa, of which Histiæa, or Estiæa, was the capital. =Histiæus=, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited the Greeks to take up arms against Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, &c.――――An historian of Miletus. =Histria.= _See:_ Istria. =Hodius=, a herald in the Trojan war. =Holŏcron=, a mountain of Macedon. =Homeromastix=, a surname given to Zoilus the critic. =Hŏmērus=, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome. According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, who supposes him to be contemporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his nativity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well expressed in these lines: _Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenæ, Orbis de patriâ certat, Homere, tuâ._ He was called _Melesigenes_, because supposed to be born on the borders of the river Meles. There prevailed a report that he had established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life; and, indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present inhabitants of the island, who still glory in showing to travellers the seats where the venerable master and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock, at the distance of about four miles from the modern capital of the island. These difficulties and doubts have not been removed, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others have employed their pen in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, called the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most consummate knowledge of human nature, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater share of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model, and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass, or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age in which he lived, and not to him; and we must observe that the world is indebted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal consequences in the Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, the poet has chosen for his subject the return of Ulysses into his country, with the many misfortunes which attended his voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided into 24 books, the same number as the letters of the Greek alphabet, and though the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority over the Odyssey, yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though divested of its most powerful fire; and Longinus, the most refined of critics, beautifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still preserves its original splendour and majesty, though deprived of its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so universally admired, that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with facility any passage in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it was a sufficient authority to settle disputed boundaries, or to support any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who travelled and examined with the most critical accuracy whatever deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are astonished to see the different scenes which the pen of Homer described about 3000 years ago still existing in the same unvaried form, and the sailor who steers his course along the Ægean, sees all the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus, when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had such veneration for Homer, that they not only raised temples and altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in his honour, and medals were struck, which represented him sitting on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who erected a magnificent temple, within which was placed a statue of the poet, beautifully surrounded with a representation of the seven cities which contended for the honour of his birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in their island; and the Cyprians claimed the same honour, and said that he was born of Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he generally placed his compositions under his pillow, with his sword; and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most valuable caskets of Darius, observing that the most perfect work of human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and precious in the world. It is said that Pisistratus tyrant of Athens was the first who collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in the manner in which they now appear to us; and that it is to the well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their preservation. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer, yet their inquiries and labours have not much contributed to prove the native place, the patronage and connections, of a man whom some have represented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors, a poem upon Amphiaraus’s expedition against Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the Batrachomyomachia, and many hymns to some of the gods. The merit of originality is taken, very improperly perhaps, from Homer, by those who suppose, with Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6 _Stromateis_, that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, according to Suidas [_voce_ Corinnus], he took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet, who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the Greeks besieged that famed city. Agathon, an ancient painter, according to Ælian, represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it was indelicate. Homer was represented as vomiting, and all other poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries published on Homer, that of Eustathius bishop of Thessalonica is by far the most extensive and erudite. The best editions of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be by Barnes, 2 vols., 4to, Cambridge, 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols., folio, 1758; that of Berglerus, 2 vols., 12mo, Amsterdam, 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of the Iliad, 2 vols., 4to, 1729, and that of the Odyssey, 1740; and that of Oxford, 5 vols., 8vo, 1780, containing the scholia, hymns, and an index. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Theocritus_, poem 16. ――_Aristotle_, _Poetics_.―― _Strabo._――_ Dio Chrysostom_, bk. 33, _Orationes_.――_Pausanias_, bks. 2, 9, 10.――_Heliodorus_, bk. 3. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Quintilian_, bks. 1, 8, 10, 12.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, &c.――――One of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis, B.C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies, all lost.――――There were seven other poets, of inferior note, who bore the name of Homer. =Homŏle=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 675. =Homŏlea=, a mountain of Magnesia. =Homolippus=, a son of Hercules and Xanthis. _Apollodorus._ =Homoloides=, one of the seven gates of Thebes. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 252. =Homonadenses=, a people of Cilicia. =Honōrius=, an emperor of the western empire of Rome, who succeeded his father Theodosius the Great, with his brother Arcadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a modest and timid disposition, unfit for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He conquered his enemies by means of his generals, and suffered himself and his people to be governed by ministers who took advantage of their imperial master’s indolence and inactivity. He died of a dropsy in the 39th year of his age, 15th of August, A.D. 423. He left no issue, though he married two wives. Under him and his brother the Roman power was divided into two different empires. The successors of Honorius, who fixed their residence at Rome, were called the emperors of the west, and the successors of Arcadius, who sat on the throne of Constantinople, were distinguished by the name of emperors of the eastern Roman empire. This division of power proved fatal to both empires, and they soon looked upon one another with indifference, contempt, and jealousy. =Honour=, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her first temple was erected by Scipio Africanus, and another was afterwards built by Claudius Marcellus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23. =Hora=, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Hersilia, who married Romulus. She was said to preside over beauty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 851. =Horacitæ=, a people near Illyricum. =Horapollo=, a Greek writer, whose age is unknown. His _Hieroglyphica_, a curious and entertaining book, has been edited by Cornelius de Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1727. =Horæ=, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, according to Hesiod called Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the seasons who presided over the spring, summer, and winter, and were represented by the poets as opening the gates of heaven and of Olympus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 749.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 902. =Horātia=, the sister of Horatii, killed by her brother for mourning the death of the Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 20. =Hŏrātius Cocles.= _See:_ Cocles.――――Quintus Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia. His father was a freedman, and though poor in his circumstances, he liberally educated his son, and sent him to learn philosophy at Athens, after he had received the lessons of the best masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from Athens, and the timidity which he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so effectually discouraged him, that he for ever abandoned the profession of arms, and at his return to Rome he applied himself to cultivate poetry. His rising talents claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius, who recommended him to the care of Mecænas and Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of literature. Under the fostering patronage of the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave himself up to indolence and refined pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, and while he liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected the calls of ambition, and never suffered himself to be carried away by the tide of popularity or public employments. He even refused to become the secretary of Augustus, and the emperor was not offended at his refusal. He lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he were in his own house; and Augustus, while sitting at his meals with Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at his left, often ridiculed the short breath of the former, and the watery eyes of the latter, by observing that he sat between tears and sighs, _Ego sum inter suspiria et lacrymas_. Horace was warm in his friendship, and if ever any ill-judged reflection had caused offence, the poet immediately made every concession which could effect a reconciliation, and not destroy the good purposes of friendly society. Horace died in the 57th year of his age, B.C. 8. His gaiety was suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a court; and his familiar intimacy with Mecænas has induced some to believe that the death of Horace was violent, and that he hastened himself out of the world to accompany his friend. The 17th ode of his second book, which was written during the last illness of Mecænas, is too serious to be considered as a poetical rhapsody or unmeaning effusion, and indeed, the poet survived the patron only three weeks, and ordered his bones to be buried near those of his friend. He left all his possessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, so much commended for its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly censured for the licentious expressions and indelicate thoughts which he too frequently introduces. In his odes he has imitated Pindar and Anacreon; and if he has confessed himself to be inferior to the former, he has shown that he bears the palm over the latter by his more ingenious and refined sentiments, by the ease and melody of his expressions, and by the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much satirical humour, without much poetry, and his style, simple and unadorned, differs little from prosaical composition. In his art of poetry he has shown much taste and judgment, and has rendered in Latin hexameters what Aristotle had, some ages before delivered to his pupils in Greek prose. The poet gives judicious rules and useful precepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate poetry and court the muses. The best editions of Horace will be found to be that of Basil, folio, 1580, illustrated by 80 commentators; that of Baxter’s, edited by Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1752; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1744. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 49.――――Three brave Romans, born at the same birth, who fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ. This celebrated fight was fought between the hostile camps of the people of Alba and Rome, and on their success depended the victory. In the first attack two of the Horatii were killed, and the only surviving brother, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an honourable trophy. By ♦pretending to fly from the field of battle, he easily separated his antagonists, and, in attacking them one by one, he was enabled to conquer them all. As he returned victorious to Rome, his sister reproached him with the murder of one of the Curiatii, to whom she was promised in marriage. He was incensed at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This violence raised the indignation of the people; he was tried and capitally condemned. His eminent services, however, pleaded in his favour; the sentence of death was exchanged for a more moderate, but more ignominious punishment, and he was only compelled to pass under the yoke. A trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on which he suspended the spoils of the conquered Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 24, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――――A Roman consul, who defeated the Sabines.――――A consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During the ceremony he was informed of the death of his son, but he did not forget the sacred character he then bore for the feelings of a parent, and continued the dedication after ordering the body to be buried. _Livy_, bk. 2. ♦ ‘pretenting’ replaced with ‘pretending’ =Horcias=, the general of 3000 Macedonians, who revolted from Antigonus in Cappadocia. _Polyænus_, bk. 4. =Hormisdas=, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign of the Roman emperors. =Horesti=, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of Eskdale, now in Scotland. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 38. =Horratus=, a Macedonian soldier, who fought with another private soldier in the sight of the whole army of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7. =Hortensia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose eloquence she had inherited in the most eminent degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give upon oath an account of their possessions, to defray the expenses of the state, ♦Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her female fellow-sufferers escaped from the avarice of the triumvirate. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3. ♦ ‘Hortensa’ replaced with ‘Hortensia’ =Hortensia lex=, by Quintus Hortensius the dictator, A.U.C. 697. It ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before this law was enacted, had claimed an absolute exemption. =Horta=, a divinity among the Romans, who presided over youth, and patronized all exhortations to virtue and honourable deeds. She is the same as Hersilia. =Horta=, or =Hortinum=, a town of the Sabines, on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 716. =Quintus Hortensius=, a celebrated orator, who began to distinguish himself by his eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age of 19. His friend and successor Cicero speaks with great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and mentions the uncommon extent of his memory. The affected actions of Hortensius at the bar procured him the ridiculous surname of _Dionysia_, a celebrated stage-dancer at the time. He was pretor and consul, and died 50 years before Christ, in his 63rd year. His orations are not extant. Quintilian mentions them as undeserving the great commendations which Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them. Hortensius was very rich, and not less than 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his death. He had written pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost. _Cicero_, _Brutus_; _Letters to Atticus_; _On Oratory_, &c.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――Corbio, a grandson of the orator of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness.――――A rich Roman, who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave his wife to his friend, and took her again after his death. This behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome, and it was observed, that Cato’s wife had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but that she returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A Roman, slain by Antony on his brother’s tomb. _Plutarch._――――A pretor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus. _Plutarch._――――One of Sylla’s lieutenants. _Plutarch._――――A Roman, the first who introduced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at the feast which he gave when he was created augur. =Hortōna=, a town of Italy, on the confines of the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 30. =Horus=, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians.――――A king of Assyria. =Hospitālis=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans as the god of hospitality. =Hostilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 583. By it such as were among the enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their assistance, were guilty of rapine. =Hostilia=, a large town on the Po. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 40. ――_Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 12. =Hostius Hostilius=, a warlike Roman, presented with a crown of boughs by Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A consul.――――A Latin poet in the age of Julius Cæsar, who composed a poem on the wars of Istria. _Macrobius_, satire 6, chs. 3 & 5. =Hunni=, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded the empire of Rome in the fifth century, and settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name of Hungary. =Hyacinthia=, an annual solemnity at Amyclæ, in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during which time the grief of the people was so great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon sweetmeats. They did not even sing pæans in honour of Apollo, or observe any of the solemnities which were usual at other sacrifices. On the second day of the festival there were a number of different exhibitions. Youths, with their garments girt about them, entertained the spectators, by playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic songs, in loud, echoing voices, in honour of Apollo. Others passed across the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorned, and, at the same time, choirs of young men came upon the stage singing their uncouth rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental music, according to the ancient custom. Some virgins were also introduced in chariots of wood, covered at the top and magnificently adorned. Others appeared in race chariots. The city began then to be filled with joy, and immense numbers of victims were offered on the altars of Apollo, and the votaries liberally entertained their friends and slaves. During this latter part of the festivity, all were eager to be present at the games, and the city was almost left without inhabitants. _Athenæus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 219. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 19. =Hyacinthus=, a son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. He returned the former’s love, and Zephyrus, incensed at his coldness and indifference, resolved to punish his rival. As Apollo, who was entrusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was killed with the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the death of Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a flower, which bore his name, and placed his body among the constellations. The Spartans also established yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of their king. _See:_ Hyacinthia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 185, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, &c. =Hyădes=, five daughters of Atlas king of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed by a wild boar, that they pined away and died. They became stars after death, and were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs of the Zodiac. They received the name of Hyades from their brother Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo. To these some have added Thione and Prodice, and they maintained that they were daughters of Hyas and Æthra, one of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients supposed that the rising and setting of the Hyades were always attended with much rain, whence the name (ὑω _pluo_). _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 165.――_Hyginus_, fable 182.――_Euripides_, _Ion_. =Hyăgnis=, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He invented the flute. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_. =Hyăla=, a city at the mouth of the Indus, where the government is the same as at Sparta.――――One of Diana’s attendant nymphs. _Ovid._ =Hyampŏlis=, a city of Phocis, on the Cephisus, founded by the Hyanthes. _Herodotus_, bk. 8. =Hyanthes=, the ancient name of the inhabitants of Bœotia, from king Hyas. Cadmus is sometimes called _Hyanthius_, because he was king of Bœotia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 147. =Hyantis=, an ancient name of Bœotia. =Hyarbita=, a man who endeavoured to imitate Timogenes, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15. =Hyas=, a son of Atlas of Mauritania by Æthra. His extreme fondness for shooting proved fatal to him, and in his attempts to rob a lioness of her whelps, he was killed by the enraged animal. Some say that he died by the bite of a serpent, and others that he was killed by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with such constant lamentations, that Jupiter, in compassion for their sorrow, changed them into stars. _See:_ Hyades. _Hyginus_, fable 192.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 170. =Hybla=, a mountain in Sicily, called afterwards _Megara_, where thyme and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is famous for its honey. There is at the foot of the mountain a town of the same name. There is also another near mount Ætna, close to Catana. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 26.――_Statius_, bk. 14, li. 201.――――A city of Attica bears also the name of Hybla. =Hybrēas=, an orator of Caria, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Hybrianes=, a people near Thrace. =Hyccaron= (plural, a), a town of Sicily, the native place of Lais. =Hyda= and =Hyde=, a town of Lydia, under mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be the same as Sardes. =Hydara=, a town of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Hydarnes=, one of the seven noble Persians who conspired to destroy the usurper Smerdis, &c. _Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 11. =Hydaspes=, a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 211.――――Another in India, now _Behut_ or _Chelum_, the boundaries of Alexander’s conquests in the east. It falls into the Indus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 227.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 22, li. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――――A friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 747. =Hydra=, a celebrated monster, which infested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. It had 100 heads, according to Diodorus; 50, according to Simonides; and nine, according to the more received opinion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one of these heads was cut off, two immediately grew up if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and this he easily effected with the assistance of Iolas, who applied a burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut off. While Hercules was destroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea-crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon despatched; and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, placed the crab among the constellations, where it is now called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of the hydra, and, from that circumstance, all the wounds which he gave proved incurable and mortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 69.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 61.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 276; bk. 7, li. 658. =Hydraotes=, a river of India, crossed by Alexander. =Hydrophŏria=, a festival observed at Athens, called ἀπο του φορειν ὑδωρ, _from carrying water_. It was celebrated in commemoration of those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges. =Hydruntum= and =Hydrus=, a city of Calabria, 50 miles south of Brundusium. As the distance from thence to Greece was only 60 miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pompey’s lieutenant, meditated the building here a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so favourably situated, Hydrus, now called _Otranto_, is but an insignificant town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. ――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21; bk. 16, ltr. 5. ――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 375. =Hydrūsa=, a town of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Hyĕla=, a town of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Hyempsal=, a son of Micipsa, brother to Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the death of his father. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. =Hyettus=, a town of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24. =Hygeia=, or =Hygiea=, the goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius, held in great veneration among the ancients. Her statues represented her with a veil, and the matrons usually consecrated their locks to her. She was also represented on monuments as a young woman holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is the same as Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected her a statue, because in a dream she had told him the means of curing an architect, whose assistance he wanted to build a temple. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 23. =Hygiana=, a town of Peloponnesus. =Caius Julius Hygīnus=, a grammarian, one of the freedmen of Augustus. He was a native of Alexandria; or, according to some, he was a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was appointed librarian to the library of mount Palatine, and he was able to maintain himself by the liberality of Caius Licinius. He wrote a mythological history, which he called fables, and _Poeticon Astronomicon_, besides treatises on the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as were descended from the Trojans, a book on agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of great men, &c., now lost. The best edition of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1681. These compositions have been greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness and their bad Latinity have induced some to suppose that they are spurious. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_. =Hyla= and =Hylas=, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 6.――――A colony of Phocis. =Hylactor=, one of Actæon’s dogs, from his barking (ὐλακτω, _latro_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. =Hylæ=, a small town of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Hylæus=, a name given to some centaurs, one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount Pholoe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294. ――――Another, by Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 267.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 378. ――――Another, killed by Bacchus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 530. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 457.――――A fourth, killed by Atalanta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. =Hylas=, a son of Thiodamas king of Mysia and Menedice, stolen away by Hercules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a supply of fresh water, and Hylas, following the example of his companions, went to the fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was drowned. The poets have embellished this tragical story, by saying that the nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him away; and that Hercules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and at last abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and seek him. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 271.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20.――――A river of Bithynia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32. =Hylax=, a dog mentioned in _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8. =Hylias=, a river of Magna Græcia. =Hyllaicus=, a part of Peloponnesus, near Messenia. =Hyllus=, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father’s death, married Iole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclidæ, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent his head to Alcmena his grandmother. Some time after he attempted to recover the Peloponnesus with the Heraclidæ, and was killed in single combat by Echemus king of Arcadia. _See:_ Heraclidæ, Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279.――――A river of Lydia, flowing into the Hernus. It is called also Phryx. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 180. =Hylonŏme=, the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her husband was murdered by the Lapithæ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 405. =Hylophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia. _Diodorus_, bk. 3. =Hymĕnæus= and =Hymen=, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was son of Bacchus and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo and one of the muses. Hymenæus, according to the more received opinions, was a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He became enamoured of the daughter of one of the richest and noblest of his countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of his mistress removed him from her presence and conversation, he contented himself to follow her wherever she went. In a certain procession, in which all the matrons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymenæus, to accompany his mistress, disguised himself in woman’s clothes, and joined the religious troop. His youth, and the fairness of his features, favoured his disguise. A great part of the procession was seized by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hymenæus, who shared the captivity of his mistress, encouraged his female companions, and assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Immediately after this, Hymenæus repaired to Athens, and promised to restore to liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed to marry one among them who was the object of his passion. The Athenians consented, and Hymenæus experienced so much felicity in his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted festivals in his honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nuptials, as the Latins did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally represented as crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple colour. It was supposed that he always attended at nuptials; for, if not, matrimonial connections were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful calamities; and hence people ran about calling aloud, “Hymen! Hymen!” &c. _Ovid_, _Medeâ_; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 215.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Catullus_, poem 62. =Hymettus=, a mountain of Attica, about 22 miles in circumference, and about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bees and excellent honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a temple; whence he is called _Hymettius_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 228; bk. 14, li. 200.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 3. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 18, li. 3; bk. 2, satire 2, li. 15.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, ch. 34. =Hypæpa=, or =Ipepæ=, now _Berki_, a town of Lydia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmolus and the Caystrus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 152. =Hypæsia=, a country of Peloponnesus. =Hypănis=, a river of European Scythia, now called _Bog_, which falls into the Borysthenes, and with it into the Euxine. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 52, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 285.――――A river of India.――――Another of Pontus. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 39.――――A Trojan who joined himself to Æneas, and was killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy in the night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 428. =Hyparīnus=, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years after his father.――――The father of Dion. =Hypătes=, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 231. =Hypătha=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 25. =Hypatia=, a native of Alexandria celebrated for her beauty, her virtues, and her great erudition. She was assassinated 415 A.D. =Hypēnor=, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 144. =Hyperbatus=, a pretor of the Achæans, B.C. 224. =Hyperbius=, a son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._ =Hy̆perbŏrei=, a nation in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, who were said to live to an incredible age, even to 1000 years, and in the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun was said to rise and set to them but once a year, and therefore, perhaps, they are placed by Virgil under the north pole. The word signifies _people who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas_. Thrace was the residence of Boreas, according to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made offerings they always sent them towards the south, and the people of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who received them. The word Hyperboreans is applied, in general, to all those who inhabit any cold climate. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 3, lis. 169 & 381. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 4, ch. 12. =Hyperea= and =Hyperīa=, a fountain of Thessaly, with a town of the same name. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――――Another in Messenia, in Peloponnesus. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 375. =Hyperesia=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Hypĕrĭdes=, an Athenian orator, disciple to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of Demosthenes. His father’s name was Glaucippus. He distinguished himself by his eloquence and the active part which he took in the management of the Athenian republic. After the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and, that he might not be compelled to betray the secrets of his country, he cut off his tongue. He was put to death by order of Antipater, B.C. 322. Only one of his numerous orations remains, admired for the sweetness and elegance of his style. It is said that Hyperides once defended the courtesan Phryne who was accused of impiety, and that when he saw his eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his client, upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 1, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, &c. =Hypĕrīon=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun, and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for the sun itself. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.――_Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Hypermnestra=, one of the 50 daughters of Danaus, who married Lynceus son of Ægyptus. She disobeyed her father’s bloody commands, who had ordered her to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials, and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. Her father summoned her to appear before a tribunal for her disobedience, but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his death. Some say that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, and that he conquered and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. _See:_ Danaides. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――――A daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._ =Hyperŏchus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of Cuma. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12. =Hyphæus=, a mountain of Campania. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_. =Hypsa=, now _Belici_, a river of Sicily, falling into the Crinisus, and then into the Mediterranean near Selinus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 228. =Hypsea=, a Roman matron, of the family of the Plautii. She was blind, according to Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, who was recommended neither by personal nor mental excellence. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 91. =Hypsēnor=, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5. =Hypseus=, a son of the river Peneus.――――A pleader at the Roman bar before the age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 36. =Hypsicrătēa=, the wife of Mithridates, who accompanied her husband in man’s clothes, when he fled before Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_. =Hypsicrătes=, a Phœnician who wrote a history of his country, in the Phœnician language. This history was saved from the flames of Carthage, when that city was taken by Scipio, and translated into Greek. =Hypsipĭdes=, a Macedonian in Alexander’s army, famous for his friendship for Menedemus, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7. =Hypsĭpy̆le=, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas and Myrine. During her reign, Venus, whose altars had been universally slighted, punished the Lemnian women, and rendered their mouths and breath so extremely offensive to the smell, that their husbands abandoned them, and gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom they had taken in a war against Thrace. This contempt was highly resented by all the women of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously put to death their male relations, Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expedition to Colchis, and remained for some time in the island. During their stay the Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the Lemnian women, who conspired against her life, still mindful that Thoas had been preserved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus king of Nemæa. She was entrusted with the care of Archemorus the son of Lycurgus; and, when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and obliged her to show them a fountain, where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she laid down the child on the grass, and in her absence he was killed by a serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by Adrastus the leader of the Argives. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1. ――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Thebiad_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Hyginus_, fables 15, 74, &c. _See:_ Archemorus. =Hyrcānia=, a large country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry in order of battle. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 367.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 45.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 11.――――A town of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 38. =Hyrcănum mare=, a large sea, called also _Caspian_. _See:_ Caspium mare. =Hyrcānus=, a name common to some of the high priests of Judea. _Josephus._ =Hyria=, a country of Bœotia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town of the same name. It is more probably situate near Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie, a woman who wept so much for the loss of her son, that she was changed into a fountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 372.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――A town of Isauria, on the Calycadnus. =Hyrieus=, or =Hyreus=, a peasant, or, as some say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Neptune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when travelling over Bœotia. Being childless, he asked of the gods to give him a son without his marrying, as he promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he tenderly loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine months. At the expiration of the nine mouths, Hyreus opened the earth, and found a beautiful child in the bull’s hide, whom he called Orion. _See:_ Orion. =Hyrmina=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Hyrneto= and =Hyrnetho=, a daughter of Temenus king of Argos, who married Deyphon son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her father, who greatly enriched her husband. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19. =Hyrnĭthium=, a plain of Argos, near Epidaurus, fertile in olives. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Hyrtăcus=, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, lis. 177 & 406. Hence the patronymic of _Hyrtacides_ is applied to Nisus. It is also applied to Hippocoon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 492. =Hysia=, a town of Bœotia, built by Nycteus, Antiope’s father.――――A village of Argos.――――A city of Arcadia.――――The royal residence of the king of Parthia. =Hyspa=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, ♦bk. 14, li. 228. ♦ ‘24’ replaced with ‘14’ =Hyssus= and =Hyssi=, a port and river of Cappadocia on the Euxine sea. =Hystaspes=, a noble Persian, of the family of the Achæmenides. His father’s name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It is said by Ctesias that he wished to be carried to see the royal monument which his son had built between two mountains. The priests who carried him, as reported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into Persia, and to his researches in India the sciences were greatly indebted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called _Hystaspes_, or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal successors of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 209; bk. 5, ch. 83. ――_Ctesias_, _Fragments_. =Hystieus.= _See:_ Histiæus. I [& J] =Ia=, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &c. =Iacchus=, a surname of Bacchus, _ab_ ἰαχειν, from the _noise_ and _shouts_ which the bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6; _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 166.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――Some suppose him to be a son of Ceres; because in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the word Iacchus was frequently repeated. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Iader=, a river of Dalmatia. =Ialēmus=, a wretched singer, son of the muse Calliope. _Athenæus_, bk. 14. =Ialmĕnus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who went to the Trojan war with his brother Ascalaphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the inhabitants of Orchomenes and Aspledon, in Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 19. =Iāly̆sus=, a town of Rhodes, built by Ialysus, of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――_Ælian_, bk. 12, ch. 5. =Iambe=, a servant-maid of Metanira, wife of Celeus king of Eleusis, who tried to exhilarate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and stories which she made use of, free and satirical verses have been called _Iambics_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5. =Iamblĭcus=, a Greek author who wrote the life of Pythagoras, and the history of his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise against Porphyry’s letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, &c. He was a great favourite with the emperor Julian, and died A.D. 363. =Iamenus=, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 193. =Iamĭdæ=, certain prophets among the Greeks, descended from Iamus, a son of Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from his father, which remained among his posterity. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2. =Janĭcŭlum= and =Janicularius mons=, one of the seven hills at Rome joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel, to protect the place against an invasion. This hill [_See:_ Janus], which was on the opposite shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city by the bridge Sublicius, the first ever built across the river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the other parts of the city, on account of the grossness of the air, though from its top the eye could have a commanding view of the whole city. It is famous for the burial of king Numa and of the poet Italicus. Porsenna king of Etruria pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the resentment of Octavius. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 47.――_Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 246.――_Virgil_, _[Aeneid]_, bk. 8, li. 358. ――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64; bk. 7, ltr. 16. =Ianīra=, one of the Nereides. =Ianthe=, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. _See:_ Iphis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 714, &c. =Ianthea=, one of the Oceanides.――――One of the Nereides. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 47. =Jānus=, the most ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and son of Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy, where he planted a colony and built a small town on the river Tiber, which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of Cœlus and Hecate; and others make him a native of Athens. During his reign, Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where Janus received him with much hospitality, and made him his colleague on the throne. Janus is represented with two faces, because he was acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others, because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising, and shuts it at his setting. Some statues represented Janus with four heads. He sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes without. In religious ceremonies, his name was always invoked the first, because he presides over all gates and avenues, and it is through him only that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From that circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the number of 300 in one hand, and in the other 65, to show that he presides over the year, of which the first month bears his name. Some suppose that he is the same as the world, or Cœlus; and from that circumstance they call him Eanus, _ab eundo_, because of the revolution of the heavens. He was called by different names, such as _Consivius_, _a conserendo_, because he presided over generation; _Quirinus_ or _Martialis_, because he presided over war. He is also called _Patuleius_ and _Clausius_, because the gates of his temples were open during the time of war, and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped among the Romans, where he had many temples, some erected to Janus Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadrifrons were built with four equal sides, with a door and three windows on each side. The four doors were the emblems of the four seasons of the year, and the three windows in each of the sides the three months in each season, and, all together, the 12 months of the year. Janus was generally represented in statues as a young man. After death Janus was ranked among the gods, for his popularity and the civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which was always open in times of war, was shut only three times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B.C., and under Augustus; and during that long period of time, the Romans were continually employed in war. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 65, &c. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 607.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 1.――_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1.――――A street at Rome near the temple of Janus. It was generally frequented by usurers and money-brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops there. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1. =Japetĭdes=, a musician at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 111. =Japĕtus=, a son of Cœlus or Titan by Terra, who married Asia, or, according to others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Menœtius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the father of all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity old men were frequently called Japeti. His sons received the patronymic of _Iapetionides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 631.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 136 & 508.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Iāpis=, an Ætolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 475.――――A Trojan, favourite of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of medicinal herbs. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 391. =Iapy̆dia=, a district of Illyricum, now _Carniola_. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 5.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, li. 109.――_Cicero_, _Cornelius Balbus_, ch. 14. =Iāpy̆gia=, a country on the confines of Italy, situated in the peninsula, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is called by some _Messapia_, _Peucetia_, and _Salentinum_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6. =Iapyx=, a son of Dædalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he called _Iapygia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 458.――――A wind which blows from Apulia, and is favourable to such as sail from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the same as the Caurus of the Greeks. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 4; bk. 3, ode 7, li. 20. =Iarbas=, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of Gætulia, from whom Dido bought land to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the arrival of Æneas prevented his success, and the queen, rather than marry Iarbas, destroyed herself. _See:_ Dido. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 36, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 552. =Iarchas= and =Jarchas=, a celebrated Indian philosopher. His seven rings are famous for their power of restoring old men to the bloom and vigour of youth, according to the tradition of _Philostratus_, _Life of Apollonius of Tyana_. =Iardānus=, a Lydian, father of Omphale the mistress of Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A river of Arcadia.――――Another in Crete. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7. =Iasĭdes=, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person of the name of Jasius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 843.――――Also of Jasus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 392. =Iăsion= and =Iăsius=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia, where he diligently applied himself to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all the gods were present at the celebration of his nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom some have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worship and mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom he exposed as soon as born, saying that he would raise only male children. The child, who was suckled by a she-bear and preserved, rendered herself famous afterwards under the name of Atalanta. Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 973.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 168.――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Iăsis=, a name given to Atalanta daughter of Jasius. =Iasius=, a son of Abas king of Argos.――――A son of Jupiter. _See:_ Iasion. =Jāson=, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede daughter of Phylacus, by Æson the son of Cretheus and Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. Tyro, before her connection with Cretheus the son of Æolus, had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. Æson was king of Iolchis, and at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, and Æson the lawful successor was driven to retirement and obscurity. The education of young Jason was entrusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and he was removed from the presence of the usurper, who had been informed by an oracle that one of the descendants of Æolus would dethrone him. After he had made the most rapid progress in every branch of science, Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went to consult the oracle. He was ordered to go to Iolchos his native country, covered with the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he was stopped by the inundation of the river Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at Iolchos, the singularity of his dress and the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people, and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to beware of a man who should appear at Iolchos with one foot bare and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of his sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented. Jason, accompanied by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the kingdom which he had unjustly usurped. The boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias; he was unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet he feared the resentment of his adversary. As Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pelias, at once to remove his immediate claims to the crown, reminded him that Ætes king of Colchis had severely treated and inhumanly murdered their common relation Phryxus. He observed that such a treatment called aloud for punishment, and that the undertaking would be accompanied with much glory and fame. He further added, that his old age had prevented him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and that if Jason would undertake the expedition, he would resign to him the crown of Iolchos, when he returned victorious from Colchis. Jason readily accepted a proposal which seemed to promise such military fame. His intended expedition was made known in every part of Greece, and the youngest and the bravest of the Greeks assembled to accompany him, and share his toils and glory. They embarked on board a ship called Argo, and after a series of adventures they arrived at Colchis. _See:_ Argonautæ. Ætes promised to restore the golden fleece, which was the cause of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls which breathed flames, and which had feet and horns of brass, and to plough with them a field sacred to Mars. After this he was to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent, from which armed men would arise, whose fury would be converted against him who ploughed the field. He was also to kill a monstrous dragon which watched night and day at the foot of the tree on which the golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned for the fate of the Argonauts; but Juno, who watched with an anxious eye over the safety of Jason, extricated them from all these difficulties. Medea, the king’s daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, enchantments, and incantations was uncommon, she pledged herself to deliver her lover from all his dangers if he promised her eternal fidelity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and to her promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and received from Medea whatever instruments and herbs could protect him against the approaching dangers. He appeared in the field of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and sowed the dragon’s teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field, and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and Jason took from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was the sole object of his voyage. These actions were all performed in the presence of Æetes and his people, who were all equally astonished at the boldness and success of Jason. After this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this Æetes, desirous to revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus to pursue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed his limbs in her father’s way, that she might more easily escape, while he was employed in collecting the mangled body of his son. _See:_ Absyrtus. The return of the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated with universal festivity; but Æson, Jason’s father, was unable to attend on account of the infirmities of old age. This obstruction was removed, and Medea, at the request of her husband, restored Æson to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. _See:_ Æson. Pelias the usurper of the crown of Iolchos wished also to see himself restored to the flower of youth, and his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who wished to avenge her husband’s wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. Their credulity was severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be consumed to the bones, and Pelias was never restored to life. This inhuman action drew the resentment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled to Corinth with her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect union and love during 10 successive years. Jason’s partiality for Glauce the daughter of the king of the country afterwards disturbed their matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced, that Jason might more freely indulge his amorous propensities. This infidelity was severely revenged by Medea [_See:_ Glauce], who destroyed her children in the presence of their father. _See:_ Medea. After this separation from Medea, Jason lived an unsettled and melancholy life. As he was one day reposing himself by the side of the ship which had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he was crushed to death. This tragical event had been predicted to him before by Medea, according to the relation of some authors. Some say that he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he seized the kingdom, and reigned in great security. _Euripides_, _Medea_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fables 2, 3, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Apollonius._――_Flaccus._――_Hyginus_, fable 5, &c.――_Pindar_, bk. 3, _Nemean_.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2, &c. ――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, li. 195, &c. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――――A native of Argos, who wrote a history of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander. He lived in the age of Adrian.――――A tyrant of Thessaly, who made an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of Timotheus.――――Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained the esteem of the kings of Parthia. _Polyænus_, bk. 7. =Jasonĭdæ=, a patronymic of Thoas and Euneus, sons of Jason and Hypsipyle. =Iasus=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A son of Argus, father of Agenor. ――――A son of Argus and Ismena.――――A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia. ――――An island, with a town of the same name, on the coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was called _Iasius sinus_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28. ――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 37, ch. 17. =Iaxartes=, now _Sir_ or _Sihon_, a river of Sogdiana, mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais. It falls into the east of the Caspian sea. _Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.――_Arrian_, bk. 4, ch. 15. =Iazĭges=, a people on the borders of the Palus Mæotis. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 191; _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 9. =Ibēria=, a country of Asia, between Colchis on the west, and Albania on the east, governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them to surrender by setting fire to the woods where they had fled for safety. It is now called Georgia. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, _Antonius_, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 36.――_Florus_, bk. 3.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 166. ――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.――――An ancient name of Spain, derived from the river Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 258.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50. =Ibērus=, a river of Spain, now called _Ebro_, which, after the conclusion of the first Punic war, separated the Roman from the Carthaginian possessions in that country. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 335. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.――――A river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. _Strabo_, bk. 3.――――A fabulous king of Spain. =Ibi=, an Indian nation. =Ibis=, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid had also written a poem which bears the same name, and which, in the same satirical language, seems, according to the opinion of some, to inveigh bitterly against Hyginus the supposed hero of the composition. _Suidas._ =Iby̆cus=, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 540 years before Christ. He was murdered by robbers, and at the moment of death he implored the assistance of some cranes which at that moment flew over his head. Some time after, as the murderers were in the market-place, one of them observed some cranes in the air, and said to his companions, αἰ Ἰβυκου ἐκδικοι παρεισιν, _there are the birds that are conscious of the death of Ibycus_. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus raised suspicions in the people; the assassins were seized and tortured, and they confessed their guilt. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 43.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_.――――The husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 3, ode 15. =Icadius=, a robber killed by a stone, &c. _Cicero_, _De Fato_, ch. 3. =Icăria=, a small island in the Ægean sea, between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and buried by Hercules. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Strabo_, bks. 10 & 14. =Icăris= and =Icariotis=, a name given to Penelope as daughter of Icarius. =Icărium mare=, a part of the Ægean sea near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. _See:_ Icarus. =Icărius=, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intoxicating nature. They were soon deprived of their reason, and the fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After death he was honoured with public festivals, and his daughter was led to discover the place of his burial by means of his faithful dog Mœra. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed into a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Mœra into the star Canis. _Hyginus_, fable 130. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A son of Œbalus of Lacedæmon. He gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached to her, that he wished her husband to settle at Lacedæmon. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope as they were going to embark, that she might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence, and covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple to the goddess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her blushes with her veil. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 16, li. 435. =Icărus=, a son of Dædalus, who, with his father, flew with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high, proved fatal to him; the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into that part of the Ægean sea which was called after his name. _See:_ Dædalus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 178, &c.――――A mountain of Attica. =Iccius=, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him, bk. 1, ode 29, and ridicules him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy and the muses for military employments.――――One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Icĕlos=, one of the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all sorts of animals, whence the name (εἰκελος, _similis_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 640. =Icēni=, a people of Britain who submitted to the Roman power. They inhabited the modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 31.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21. =Icĕtas=, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse after the death of Dion. He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he was conquered, &c., B.C. 340. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_. =Ichnæ=, a town of Macedonia, whence Themis and Nemesis are called Ichnæa. _Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_. =Ichnūsa=, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its likeness to a human foot. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 358.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Ichonūphys=, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt with Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Ichthyophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia, who received this name from their eating fishes. There was also an Indian nation of the same name, who made their houses with the bones of fishes. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 15, ch. 7. =Ichthys=, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Lucius Icilius=, a tribune of the people who made a law, A.U.C. 397, by which mount Aventine was given to the Roman people to build houses upon. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 54.――――A tribune who made a law, A.U.C. 261, that forbade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune while he was speaking in an assembly. _Livy_ bk. 2, ch. 58.――――A tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate enmity against the Roman senate. He took an active part in the management of affairs after the murder of Virginia, &c. =Icius=, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern straits of Dover, from which Cæsar crossed into Britain. =Iconium=, the capital of Lycaonia, now _Koniech_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. =Icos=, a small island near Eubœa. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Ictinus=, a celebrated architect, 430 years B.C. He built a famous temple to Minerva at Athens, &c. =Ictumulōrum vicus=, a place at the foot of the Alps, abounding in gold mines. =Iculisma=, a town of Gaul, now _Angoulesme_, on the Charente. =Ida=, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phrygia, where she gave her name to a mountain of that country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 177.――――The mother of Minos II.――――A celebrated mountain, or more properly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, Æsepus, Granicus, &c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was covered with green woods, and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason the poets say that it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 283.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 3, 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 79.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11.――――A mountain of Crete, the highest in the island, where it was reported that Jupiter was educated by the Corybantes, who, on that account, were called Idæi. _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Idæa=, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on mount Ida. _Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 611. =Idæus=, a surname of Jupiter. An arm-bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 487.――――One of the attendants of Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 500. =Idalis=, the country round mount Ida. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 204. =Idălus=, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot of which is _Idalium_, a town with a grove sacred to Venus, who was called _Idalæa_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 685.――_Catullus_, poems 37 & 62.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13. =Idanthyrsus=, a powerful king of Scythia, who refused to give his daughter in marriage to Darius I. king of Persia. This refusal was the cause of a war between the two nations, and Darius marched against Idanthyrsus, at the head of 700,000 men. He was defeated, and retired to Persia, after an inglorious campaign. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Idarnes=, an officer of Darius, by whose negligence the Macedonians took Miletus. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Idas=, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous for his valour and military glory. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. Marpessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife’s ravisher with bows and arrows, and obliged him to restore her. _See:_ Marpessa. According to Apollodorus, Idas, with his brother Lynceus, associated with Pollux and Castor to carry away some flocks; but when they had obtained a sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. Lynceus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge his brother’s death, immediately killed Castor, and in his turn perished by the hand of Pollux. According to Ovid and Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of Aphareus arose from a more tender cause. Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were going to celebrate their nuptials with Phœbe and Hilaira the two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been invited to partake the common festivity, offered violence to the brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt to recover their wives. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 100, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 700.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.――――A son of Ægyptus.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 575. =Idea=, or =Idæa=, a daughter of Dardanus, who became the second wife of Phineus king of Bithynia, and abused the confidence reposed in her by her husband. _See:_ Phineus.――――The mother of Teucer by Scamander. _Apollodorus._ =Idessa=, a town of Iberia on the confines of Colchis. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Idex=, a small river of Italy, now _Idice_, near Bononia. =Idistavisus=, a plain, now _Hastenbach_, where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near Oldendorp, on the Weser, in Westphalia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 16. =Idmon=, son of Apollo and Asteria, or, as some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild boar in Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent funeral. He had predicted the time and manner of his own death. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Orpheus._――――A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Hercules, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 3.――――A son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife. _See:_ Danaides. =Idŏmĕne=, a daughter of Pheres, who married Amythaon. =Idŏmĕneus=, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete, and accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 90 ships. During this celebrated war he rendered himself famous by his valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return he made a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped from the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever living creature first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan shore. This was no other than his own son, who came to congratulate his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to the god, and the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice rendered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, and migrated in quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and founded a city on the coast of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He died in an extreme old age, after he had had the satisfaction of seeing his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 1217, Idomeneus, during his absence in the Trojan war, entrusted the management of his kingdom to Leucos, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage at his return. Leucos at first governed with moderation; but he was persuaded by Nauplius king of Eubœa to put to death Meda the wife of his master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. After these violent measures, he strengthened himself on the throne of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his return, found it impossible to expel the usurper. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 358.――_Hyginus_, fable 92.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 19. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 122. ――――A son of Priam.――――A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus. He wrote a history of Samothrace, the life of Socrates, &c. =Idŏthea=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos. She was restored to her senses with her sisters, by Melampus. _See:_ Prœtides. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――――A daughter of Proteus, the god who told Menelaus how he could return to his country in safety. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 363.――――One of the nymphs who educated Jupiter. =Idrieus=, the son of Euromus of Caria, brother to Artimisia, who succeeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. ――_Polyænus_, bk. 7. =Idubeda=, a river and mountain of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Idūme= and =Idūmēa=, a country of Syria, famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital, where Cambyses deposited his riches, as he was going to Egypt. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 216.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 600.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 12. =Idya=, one of the Oceanides, who married Æetes king of Colchis, by whom she had Medea, &c. _Hyginus._――_Hesiod._――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3. =Jenisus=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Jera=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18. =Jerĭcho=, a city of Palestine, besieged and taken by the Romans, under Vespasian and Titus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Strabo._ =Jerne=, a name of Ireland. _Strabo_, bk. 1. =Jerŏmus= and =Jerony̆mus=, a Greek of Cardia, who wrote a history of Alexander.――――A native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose compositions some few historical fragments remain. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. =Jerusalem=, the capital of Judæa. _See:_ Hierosolyma. =Jetæ=, a place of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 272. =Igēni=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, &c. =Igilium=, now _Giglio_, an island of the Mediterranean, on the coast of Tuscany. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 34. =Ignatius=, an officer of Crassus in his Parthian expedition.――――A bishop of Antioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, by lions, during a persecution, A.D. 107. His writings were letters to the Ephesians, Romans, &c., and he supported the divinity of Christ, and the propriety of the episcopal order, as superior to priests and deacons. The best edition of his work is that of Oxford, in 8vo, 1708. =Iguvium=, a town of Umbria, on the Via Flaminia, now _Gubio_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 13.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 460. =Ilaīra=, or =Hilaira=, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away with her sister Phœbe, by the sons of Leda, as she was going to be married, &c. =Ilba=, more properly Ilva, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the continent. _See:_ Ilua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 173. =Ilecaones= and =Ilecaonenses=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 21. =Ilerda=, now _Lerida_, a town of Spain, the capital of the Ilergetes, on an eminence on the right bank of the river Sicoris in Catalonia. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 23; bk. 22, ch. 21.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 13. =Ilergetes.= _See:_ Ilerda. =Ilia=, or =Rhea=, a daughter of Numitor king of Alba, consecrated by her uncle Amulius to the service of Vesta, which required perpetual chastity, that she might not become a mother to dispossess him of his crown. He was, however, disappointed; violence was offered to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the usurper from his throne, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor, its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius for violating the laws of Vesta; and because her tomb was near the Tiber, some supposed that she married the god of that river. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 277.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 598.――――A wife of Sylla. =Iliăci ludi=, games instituted by Augustus, in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are supposed to be the same as the _Trojani ludi_ and the _Actia_; and Virgil says they were celebrated by Æneas, and not because they were instituted at the time when he wrote his poem, but because he wished to compliment Augustus by making the founder of Lavinium solemnize games on the very spot which was, many centuries after, to be immortalized by the trophies of his patron. During these games were exhibited horse-races, and gymnastic exercises. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 280. =Iliăcus=, an epithet applied to such as belong to Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 101. =Iliădes=, a surname given to Romulus, as son of Ilia. _Ovid._――――A name given to the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 484. =Ilias=, a celebrated poem composed by Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which befel the Greeks, from the refusal of that hero to appear in the field of battle. It finished at the death of Hector, whom Achilles had sacrificed to the shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. _See:_ Homerus.――――A surname of Minerva, from a temple which she had at Daulis in Phocis. =Ilienses=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19; bk. 41, chs. 6 & 12. =Ilion=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27. _See:_ Ilium. =Ilĭone=, the eldest daughter of Priam, who married Polymnestor king of Thrace. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 657. =Iliŏneus=, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 525.――――A son of Artabanus, made prisoner by Parmenio, near Damascus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13. ――――One of Niobe’s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6. =Ilipa=, a town of Bætica. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 1. =Ilissus=, a small river of Attica, falling into the sea near the Piræus. There was a temple on its banks sacred to the muses. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 52. =Ilĭthyīa=, a goddess, called also Juno Lucina. Some suppose her to be the same as Diana. She presided over the travails of women; and in her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small piece of money as an offering. This custom was first established by Servius Tullius, who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact number of the Roman people. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 450.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, ode 19.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Horace_, _Carmen Sæculare_. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 283. =Ilium=, or =Ilion=, a citadel of Troy, built by Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it received its name. It is generally taken for Troy itself; and some have supposed that the town was called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. _See:_ Troja. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 43; bk. 37, chs. 9 & 37.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 505. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 8. =Illiberis=, a town of Gaul, through which Hannibal passed as he marched into Italy. =Illice=, now _Elche_, a town of Spain, with a harbour and bay, _Sinus et Portus Illicitanus_, now _Alicant_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Illipŭla=, two towns of Spain, one of which is called Major, and the other Minor. =Illiturgis=, =Iliturgus=, or =Ilirgia=, a city of Spain, near the modern Andujar, on the river Bætis, destroyed by Scipio, for having revolted to the Carthaginians. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 49; bk. 24, ch. 41; bk. 26, ch. 17. =Ilorcis=, now _Lorca_, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Illy̆rĭcum=, =Illy̆ris=, and =Illy̆ria=, a country bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, whose boundaries have been different at different times. It became a Roman province, after Gentius its king had been conquered by the pretor Anicius; and it now forms part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. _Strabo_, bks. 2 & 7. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.――_Florus_, bks. 1, 2, &c. =Illy̆rīcus sinus=, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of Illyricum. =Illy̆rius=, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, from whom Illyricum received its name. _Apollodorus._ =Ilua=, now _Elba_, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, between Italy and Corsica, celebrated for its iron mines. The people are called _Iluates_. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 39.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 173.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 34, ch. 14. =Iluro=, now _Oleron_, a town of Gascony in France. =Ilus=, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis, who married Capys, and Laomedon the father of Priam. He built, or rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy, from his father Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a celebrated statue of Minerva, and promised that as long as it remained in Troy, so long would the town remain impregnable. When the temple of Minerva was in flames, Ilus rushed into the middle of the fire to save the Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the goddess; though he recovered it some time after. _Homer_, _Iliad_. ――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 33; bk. 6, li. 419.――――A name of Ascanius, while he was at Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 272.――――A friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 400. =Ilyrgis=, a town of Hispania Bætica, now _Ilora_. _Polybius._ =Imanuentius=, a king of part of Britain, killed by Cassivelaunus, &c. ――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5. =Imaus=, a large mountain of Scythia, which is part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, which is generally called _Intra Imaum_, and _Extra Imaum_. It extends, according to some, as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 1. =Imbărus=, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia. =Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123. =Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Glaucus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343. =Imbrăsus=, or =Parthenius=, a river of Samos. Juno, who was worshipped on its banks, received the surname of _Imbrasia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――The father of Pirus, the leader of the Thracians during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 10 & 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 520. =Imbreus=, one of the Centaurs, killed by Dryas at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310. =Imbrex Caius Licinius=, a poet. _See:_ Licinius. =Imbrius=, a Trojan, killed by Teucer son of Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Priam’s daughter. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13. =Imbrivium=, a place of Samnium. =Imbros=, now _Embro_, an island of the Ægean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samothrace, with a small river and town of the same name. Imbros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards subjected to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings of Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman province. The divinities particularly worshipped there were Ceres and Mercury. _Thucydides_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 18. =Inăchi=, a name given to the Greeks, particularly the Argives, from king Inachus. =Inachia=, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus.――――A festival in Crete in honour of Inachus; or, according to others, of Ino’s misfortunes.――――A courtesan in the age of _Horace_, Epode 12. =Inăchĭdæ=, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos. =Inăchĭles=, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 704.――――Also of Perseus, descended from Inachus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 11. =Inăchis=, a patronymic of Io, as daughter of Inachus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 454. =Inăchium=, a town of Peloponnesus. =Inăchus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father of Io, and also of Phoroneus and Ægialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and was succeeded by Phoroneus, B.C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of Argos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 151.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――A river of Argos.――――Another in Epirus. =Inamămes=, a river in the east of Asia, as far as which Semiramis extended her empire. _Polyænus._ =Inarĭme=, an island near Campania, with a mountain under which Jupiter confined the giant Typhœus. It is now called _Ischia_, and is remarkable for its fertility and population. There was formerly a volcano in the middle of the island. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 716. =Inărus=, a town of Egypt, in whose neighbourhood the town of Naucratis was built by the Milesians.――――A tyrant of Egypt, who died B.C. 456. =Incitātus=, a horse of the emperor Caligula, made high priest. =Indathyrsus=. _See:_ Idanthyrsus. =India=, the most celebrated and opulent of all the countries of Asia, bounded on one side by the Indus, from which it derives its name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia, &c., along the maritime coasts. It has always been reckoned famous for the riches it contains; and so persuaded were the ancients of its wealth, that they supposed that its very sands were gold. It contained 9000 different nations, and 5000 remarkable cities, according to geographers. Bacchus was the first who conquered it. In more recent ages, part of it was tributary to the power of Persia. Alexander invaded it; but his conquest was checked by the valour of Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the Macedonian warrior was unwilling or afraid to engage another. Semiramis also extended her empire far in India. The Romans knew little of the country, yet their power was so universally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage by their ambassadors to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. India is divided into several provinces. There is an India _extra Gangem_, an India _intra Gangem_, and an India _propria_; but these divisions are not particularly noticed by the ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus, gave the name of Indians to the Æthiopian nations. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 12, ch. 7. =Indibĭlis=, a princess of Spain betrothed to Albutius. =Indĭgĕtes=, a name given to those deities who were worshipped only in some particular places, or who were become gods from men, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from _Inde et geniti_, born at the same place where they received their worship. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 498.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 608. =Indĭgĕti=, a people of Spain. =Indus=, now _Sinde_, a large river of Asia, from which the adjacent country has received the name of India. It falls into the Indian ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it was larger than the Nile; and Pliny says that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before it falls into the sea. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 52. ――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 720.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 14. =Indutiomarus=, a Gaul, conquered by Cæsar, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Inferum mare=, the Tuscan sea. =Ino=, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta and Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable hatred against the children of Nephele, because they were to ascend the throne in preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed of Ino’s machinations, and they escaped to Colchis on a golden ram. _See:_ Phryxus. Juno, jealous of Ino’s prosperity, resolved to disturb her peace; and more particularly because she was of the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisiphone was sent, by order of the goddess, to the house of Athamas; and she filled the whole palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband, and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a sea god, known by the name of Palæmon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5. ――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13, &c.――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 12, 14, & 15. =Inōa=, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Ino at Megara, where she was first worshipped, under the name of Leucothoe.――――Another in Laconia, in honour of the same. It was usual at the celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were presages of prosperity; but if they swam on the surface of the waters, they were inauspicious and very unlucky. =Inous=, a patronymic given to the god Palæmon, as son of Ino. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 823. =Inōpus=, a river of Delos, which the inhabitants suppose to be the Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks that Apollo and Diana were born. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 105.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Insŭbres=, the inhabitants of Insubria, a country near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic origin. They were conquered by the Romans, and their country became a province, where the modern towns of Milan and Pavia were built. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 23.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Intaphernes=, one of the seven Persian noblemen who conspired against Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disappointed for not obtaining the crown, that he fomented seditions against Darius, who had been raised to the throne after the death of the usurper. When the king had ordered him and all his family to be put to death, his wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excited the compassion of Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to redeem from death any one of her relations whom she pleased. She obtained her brother; and when the king expressed his astonishment, because she preferred him to her husband and children, she replied that she could procure another husband, and children likewise; out that she could never have another brother, as her father and mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 3. =Intemelium=, a town at the west of Liguria, on the sea-shore. _Cicero_, ♦_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 8, ch. 14. ♦ ‘Div.’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends’ =Interamna=, an ancient city of Umbria, the birthplace of the historian Tacitus, and of the emperor of the same name. It is situate between two branches of the Nar (_interamnes_), whence its name. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 64.――――A colony on the confines of Samnium, on the Liris. =Intercatia=, a town of Spain. =Interrex=, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was intrusted with the care of the government after the death of a king, till the election of another. This office was exercised by the senators alone, and none continued in power longer than five days, or, according to Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in Roman history, is after the death of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king. There was sometimes an interrex during the consular government; but this happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates, or when the election of any of the acting officers was disputed. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 15. =Inui castrum.= _See:_ Castrum Inui. It received its name from Inuus, a divinity supposed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and worshipped in this city. =Inȳcus=, a city of Sicily. _Herodotus_. =Io=, daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the object of his affections, and surprised him in the company of Io, though he had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer; and the goddess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from her husband the animal whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for the situation of Io, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore her to liberty. _See:_ Argus. Io, freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now persecuted by Juno; who sent one of the furies, or rather a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno’s insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore her to her ancient form; and when the god had changed her from a heifer into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married Telegonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and she treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that after death she received divine honours, and was worshipped under the name of Isis. According to Herodotus, Io was carried away by Phœnician merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose that Io never came to Egypt. She is sometimes called _Phoronis_, from her brother Phoroneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 748.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Moschus._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 789.――_Hyginus_, fable 145. =Iobates= and =Jobates=, a king of Lycia, father of Stenobœa, the wife of Prœtus king of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage. _See:_ Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 57. =Iobes=, a son of Hercules by a daughter of Thespius. He died in his youth. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Jocasta=, a daughter of Menœceus, who married Laius king of Thebes, by whom she had Œdipus. She afterwards married her son Œdipus, without knowing who he was, and had by him Eteocles, Polynices, &c. _See:_ Laius, Œdipus. When she discovered that she had married her own son, and had been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in despair. She is called _Epicasta_ by some mythologists. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 42.――_Seneca_ & _Sophocles_, _Œdipus_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 66, &c.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11. =Iolaia=, a festival at Thebes, the same as that called Heracleia. It was instituted in honour of Hercules and his friend Iolas, who assisted him in conquering the hydra. It continued during several days, on the first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. The next day horse-races and athletic exercises were exhibited. The following day was set apart for wrestling; the victors were crowned with garlands of myrtle, generally used at funeral solemnities. They were sometimes rewarded with tripods of brass. The place where the exercises were exhibited was called Iolaion, where there were to be seen the monument of Amphitryon, and the cenotaph of Iolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These monuments were strewed with garlands and flowers on the day of the festival. =Iŏlas=, or =Iolāus=, a son of Iphiclus king of Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in conquering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron the place where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the growth of others. _See:_ Hydra. He was restored to his youth and vigour by Hebe, at the request of his friend Hercules. Some time afterwards, Iolas assisted the Heraclidæ against Eurystheus, and killed the tyrant with his own hand. According to Plutarch, Iolas had a monument in Bœotia and Phocis, where lovers used to go and bind themselves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, considering the place as sacred to love and friendship. According to Diodorus and Pausanias, Iolas died and was buried in Sardinia, where he had gone to make a settlement at the head of the sons of Hercules by the 50 daughters of Thespius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 399. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――――A compiler of a Phœnician history.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 640. ――――A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. _Plutarch._ =Iolchos=, a town of Magnesia, above Demetrias, where Jason was born. It was founded by Cretheus son of Æolus and Enaretta. Mela mentions it as at some distance from the sea, though all the other ancient geographers place it on the sea-shore. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 192. =Iŏle=, a daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia. Her father promised her in marriage to Hercules, but he refused to perform his engagements, and Iole was carried away by force. _See:_ Eurytus. It was to extinguish the love of Hercules for Iole that Dejanira sent him the poisoned tunic, which caused his death. _See:_ Hercules and Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, Iole married his son Hyllus by Dejanira. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279. =Ion=, a son of Xuthus and Creusa daughter of Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daughter of Selinus king of Ægiale. He succeeded on the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, which he called Helice, on account of his wife. His subjects from him received the name of Ionians, and the country that of Ionia. _See:_ Iones and Ionia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 94; bk. 8, ch. 44.――――A tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, when represented at Athens, met with universal applause. He is mentioned and greatly commended by Aristophanes and Athenæus, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 10, &c.――――A native of Ephesus, introduced in Plato’s dialogues as reasoning with Socrates. =Iōne=, one of the Nereides. =Iōnes=, a name originally given to the subjects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice. In the age of Ion the Athenians made a war against the people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleusinians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and the Athenians, sensible of his services, invited him to come and settle among them; and the more strongly to show their affection, they assumed the name of Ionians. Some suppose that, after this victory, Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. When the Achæans were driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan war, they came to settle among the Ionians, who were then masters of Ægialus. They were soon dispossessed of their territories by the Achæans, and went to Attica, where they met with a cordial reception. Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor was about 60 years after the return of the Heraclidæ, B.C. 1044, and 80 years after the departure of the Æolians; and they therefore finally settled themselves, after a wandering life of about 30 years. =Iōnia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Æolia, on the west by the Ægean and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by colonies from Greece, and particularly Attica, by the Ionians, or subjects of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, which formed a celebrated confederacy, often mentioned by the ancients. These 12 states were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocæa, Erythræ, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which they called _Pan Ionium_, from the concourse of people that flocked there from every part of Ionia. After they had enjoyed for some time their freedom and independence, they were made tributary to the power of Lydia by Crœsus. The Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery of the Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot their duty and relation to their mother country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. They were delivered from the Persian yoke by Alexander, and restored to their original independence. They were reduced by the Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always celebrated for the salubrity of the climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and the genius of its inhabitants. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 6 & 28. ――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――An ancient name given to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was for some time the residence of the Ionians. =Iōnium mare=, a part of the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, lying between Sicily and Greece. That part of the Ægean sea which lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is called the _sea of Ionia_, and not the _Ionian sea_. According to some authors, the Ionian sea receives its name from Io, who swam across there, after she had been metamorphosed into a heifer. _Strabo_, bk. 7, &c. ――_Dionysius Periegetes._ =Iōpas=, a king of Africa, among the suitors of Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, and philosopher, and he exhibited his superior abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave to Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 744. =Iōpe= and =Joppa=, now _Jafa_, a famous town of Phœnicia, more ancient than the deluge, according to some traditions. It was about 40 miles from the capital of Judæa, and was remarkable for a seaport much frequented, though very dangerous on account of the great rocks that lie before it. _Strabo_, bk. 16, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 28, li. 51.――――A daughter of Iphicles, who married Theseus. _Plutarch._ =Iŏphon=, a son of Sophocles, who accused his father of imprudence in the management of his affairs, &c. _Lucian_, _de Macrobii_.――――A poet of Gnossus, in Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34. =Jordānes=, a river of Judæa, illustrious in sacred history. It rises near mount Libanus, and after running through the lake Samachonitis, and that of Tiberias, it falls, after a course of 150 miles, into the Dead sea. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Jornandes=, an historian who wrote a book on the Goths. He died A.D. 552. =Ios=, now _Nio_, an island in the Myrtoan sea, at the south of Naxos, celebrated, as some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of his mother. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Josēphus Flavius=, a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who signalized his military abilities in supporting a siege of 47 days against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Judæa. When the city surrendered, there were not found less than 40,000 Jews slain, and the number of captives amounted to 1200. Josephus saved his life by flying into a cave, where 40 of his countrymen had also taken refuge. He dissuaded them from committing suicide, and when they had all drawn lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately remained the last, and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained the conqueror’s esteem, by foretelling that he would become one day the master of the Roman empire. Josephus was present at the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sacred books which it contained from the conqueror’s hands. He came to Rome with Titus, where he was honoured with the name and privileges of a Roman citizen. Here he made himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote the history of the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and afterwards translated it into Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that he authenticated it by placing his signature upon it, and preserving it in one of the public libraries. He finished another work, which he divided into 20 books, containing the history of the Jewish antiquities, in some places subversive of the authority and miracles mentioned in the scriptures. He also wrote two books to defend the Jews against Apion their greatest enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c. Josephus has been admired for his lively and animated style, the bold propriety of his expressions, the exactness of his descriptions, and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has been called the Livy of the Greeks. Though in some cases inimical to the christians, yet he has commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. Jerome calls him a christian writer. Josephus died A.D. 93, in the 56th year of his age. The best editions of his works are Hudson’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1720, and Havercamp’s, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1726. _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, &c. =Joviānus Flavius Claudius=, a native of Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first refused to be invested with the imperial purple, because his subjects followed the religious principles of the late emperor; but they removed his groundless apprehensions, and when they assured him that they were warm for christianity, he accepted the crown. He made a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian was marching with a victorious army. Jovian died seven months and 20 days after his ascension, and was found in his bed suffocated by the vapour of charcoal, which had been lighted in the room, A.D. 364. Some attribute his death to intemperance, and say that he was the son of a baker. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch. _Marcellinus._ =Iphianassa=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. _See:_ Prœtides. ――――The wife of Endymion. =Iphĭclus=, or =Iphicles=, a son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, born at the same birth with Hercules. As these two children were together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two large serpents to destroy him. At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the house; but Hercules, though not a year old, boldly seized them, one in each hand, and squeezed them to death. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Theocritus._――――A king of Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of Phylacus and Clymene. He had bulls famous for their bigness, and the monster which kept them. Melampus, at the request of his brother [_See:_ Melampus], attempted to steal them away, but he was caught in the act, and imprisoned. Iphicles soon received some advantages from the prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not only restored him to liberty, but also presented him with the oxen. Iphicles, who was childless, learned from the soothsayer how to become a father. He had married Automedusa, and afterwards a daughter of Creon king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce and Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 13. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――――A son of Thestius king of Pleuron. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Iphicrătes=, a celebrated general of Athens, who, though son of a shoemaker, rose from the lowest station to the highest offices in the state. He made war against the Thracians, obtained some victories over the Spartans, and assisted the Persian king against Egypt. He changed the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered them more alert and expeditious in using their weapons. He married a daughter of Cotys king of Thrace, by whom he had a son called Mnesteus, and died 380 B.C. When he was once reproached for the meanness of his origin, he observed that he would be the first of his family, but that his detractor would be the last of his own. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.――――A sculptor of Athens.――――An Athenian sent to Darius III. king of Persia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Iphĭdămus=, a son of Antenor and Theano, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11. =Iphĭdĕmīa=, a Thessalian woman, ravished by the Naxians, &c. =Iphĭgēnĭa=, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds at Aulis, they were informed by one of the soothsayers, that to appease the gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon’s daughter, to Diana. _See:_ Agamemnon. The father, who had provoked the goddess by killing her favourite stag, heard this with the greatest horror and indignation, and rather than to shed the blood of his daughter, he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for her on pretence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis: here she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice; she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and as he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleet set sail from Aulis. Iphigenia’s innocence had raised the compassion of the goddess on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she carried her to Taurica, where she entrusted her with the care of her temple. In this sacred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the command of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came into that country. Many had already been offered as victims on the bloody altar, when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled friendship [_See:_ Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphigenia that one of the strangers whom she was going to sacrifice was her brother; and, upon this, she conspired with the two friends to fly from the barbarous country, and carry away the statue of the goddess. They successfully effected their enterprise, and murdered Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifices. According to some authors, the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter of Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by ♦Theseus. Homer does not speak of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the description of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia brought away, was afterwards placed in the grove of Aricia in Italy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, ch. 116. ――_Aeschylus._――_Euripides._ ♦ ‘Thesus’ replaced with ‘Theseus’ =Iphĭmĕdīa=, a daughter of Tropias, who married the giant Alœus. She fled from her husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, by Neptune, her father’s father. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 124. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Iphimedon=, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians and Heraclidæ. _Apollodorus._ =Iphĭmĕdūsa=, one of the daughters of Danaus, who married Euchenor. _See:_ Danaides. =Iphinoe=, one of the principal women of Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all the males of the island after their return from a Thracian expedition. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 163.――――One of the daughters of Prœtus. She died of a disease while under the care of Melampus. _See:_ Prœtides. =Iphinous=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid._ =Iphis=, son of Alector, succeeded his father on the throne of Argos. He advised Polynices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar of Harmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Flaccus_, bks. 1, 3, & 7.――――A beautiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became enamoured of Anaxarete, and the coldness and contempt he met with rendered him so desperate that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw him carried to his grave without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 703.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._――――A mistress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy her child, if it proved a daughter, because his poverty could not afford to maintain a useless charge. The severe orders of her husband alarmed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had not Isis commanded her in a dream to spare the life of her child. Telethusa brought forth a daughter, which was given to a nurse, and passed for a boy under the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the deceit, and when Iphis was come to the years of puberty, her father resolved to give her in marriage to Ianthe, the beautiful daughter of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was appointed, but Telethusa and her daughter were equally anxious to put off the marriage; and, when all was unavailing, they implored the assistance of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The goddess was moved; she changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nuptials were consummated with the greatest rejoicings. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 666, &c. =Iphition=, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryntheus and Nais, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 382. =Iphĭtus=, a son of Eurytus king of Œchalia. When his father had promised his daughter Iole to him who could overcome him or his sons in drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge, and came off victorious. Eurytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, and that Iole might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with Hercules, whose good favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to give Iole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost animals; but when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls of Tirynthus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 21.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, and fled with Æneas to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 340, &c.――――A king of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-established the olympic games 338 years after their institution by Hercules, or about 884 years before the christian era. This epoch is famous in chronological history, as everything previous to it seems involved in fabulous obscurity. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 4. =Iphthime=, a sister of Penelope, who married Eumelus. She appeared, by the power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to comfort her in the absence of her son Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 795. =Ipsea=, the mother of Medea. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 232. =Ipsus=, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought there, about 301 years before the christian era, between Antigonus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. The former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, with 75 elephants. The latter’s forces consisted of above 64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were defeated. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_. =Ira=, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon promised to Achilles, if he would resume his arms to fight against the Trojans. This place is famous in history, as having supported a siege of 11 years against the Lacedæmonians. Its capture, B.C. 671, put an end to the second Messenian war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, lis. 150 & 292.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. =Irenæus=, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. He wrote on different subjects; but, as what remains is in Latin, some suppose that he composed in that language, and not in the Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek are, however, preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He suffered martyrdom, A.D. 202. The best edition of his works is that of Grabe, Oxford, folio, 1702. =Irēne=, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. ――――One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the moderns Horæ. Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daughters of Jupiter and Themis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Iresus=, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once defeated there by the inhabitants of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 158, &c. =Iris=, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her office was to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body of those that were expiring. She is the same as the rainbow, and, from that circumstance, she is represented with wings, with all the variegated and beautiful colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting behind Juno ready to execute her commands. She is likewise described as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the world. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 266.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 271 _et seq._; bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 10, li. 585.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 694.――――A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 121.――――A river of Pontus. =Irus=, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope’s suitors. When Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar’s dress, Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged him out of the house. From his poverty originates the proverb, _Iro pauperior_. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 1 & 35.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 42.――――A mountain of India. =Is=, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with bitumen. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179.――――A small town on the river of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179. =Isădas=, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city, stripped himself naked, and with a spear and sword engaged the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown for his valour. _Plutarch._ =Isæa=, one of the Nereides. =Isæus=, an orator of Chalcis, in Eubœa, who came to Athens, and became there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demosthenes. Some suppose that he reformed the dissipation and imprudence of his early years by frugality and temperance. Demosthenes imitated him in preference to Isocrates, because he studied force and energy of expression rather than floridness of style. Ten of his 64 orations are extant. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 74.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――_Demosthenes._ ――――Another Greek orator, who came to Rome, A.D. 17. He is greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke extempore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great correctness. =Isamus=, a river of India. =Isander=, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the war which his father made against the Solymi. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6. =Isāpis=, a river of Umbria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406. =Isar= and =Isara=, the _Isore_, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rises at the east of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone near Valence. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 399. ――――Another called the Oyse, which falls into the Seine below Paris. =Isar= and =Isæus=, a river of Vindelicia. _Strabo_, bk. 4. =Isarchus=, an Athenian archon, B.C. 424. =Isaura= (a, or orum), the chief town of Isauria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. =Isauria=, a country of Asia Minor, near mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold and warlike. The Roman emperors, particularly Probus and Gallus, made war against them and conquered them. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Strabo._――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 2. =Isaurĭcus=, a surname of Publius Servilius, from his conquests over the Isaurians. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 594.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21. =Isaurus=, a river of Umbria, falling into the Adriatic.――――Another in Magna Græcia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406. =Ischenia=, an annual festival at Olympia, in honour of Ischenus the grandson of Mercury and Hiera, who, in a time of famine, devoted himself for his country, and was honoured with a monument near Olympia. =Ischolaus=, a brave and prudent general of Sparta, &c. _Polyænus._ =Ischomăchus=, a noble athlete of Crotona, about the consulship of Marcus Valerius and Publius Posthumius. =Ischopŏlis=, a town of Pontus. =Iscia.= _See:_ Œnotrides. =Isdegerdes=, a king of Persia, appointed by the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theodosius II. He died in his 31st year, A.D. 408. =Isia=, certain festivals observed in honour of Isis, which continued nine days. It was usual to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, as the goddess was supposed to be the first who taught mankind the use of corn. These festivals were adopted by the Romans, among whom they soon degenerated into licentiousness. They were abolished by a decree of the senate, A.U.C. 696. They were introduced again, about 200 years after, by Commodus. =Isiacōrum portus=, a harbour on the shore of the Euxine, near Dacia. =Isidōrus=, a native of Charax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical treatises, besides a description of Parthia.――――A disciple of Chrysostom, called _Pelusiota_, from his living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 remain written in Greek, with conciseness and elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1638.――――A christian Greek writer, who flourished in the seventh century. He is surnamed _Hispalensis_. His works have been edited, folio, de Breul, Paris, 1601. =Isis=, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people with mildness and equity, for which reason she received divine honours after death. According to some traditions mentioned by Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by him even before she had left her mother’s womb. These two ancient deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature, and all the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans, &c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion of Typhon the brother of Osiris proved fatal to this sovereign. _See:_ Osiris and Typhon. The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had diligently applied themselves in cultivating the earth. _See:_ Apis. As Isis was supposed to be the moon, and Osiris the sun, she was represented as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered. The word _Isis_, according to some, signifies _ancient_, and, on that account, the inscriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words: _I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has hitherto taken off my veil_. The worship of Isis was universal in Egypt; the priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their head was closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and clothed themselves in linen garments. They never ate onions, they abstained from salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra the beautiful queen of Egypt was wont to dress herself like this goddess, and affected to be called a second Isis. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 59. ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 831. =Ismărus= (Ismăra, plural), a rugged mountain of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its wines are excellent. The word _Ismarius_ is indiscriminately used for Thracian. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 37; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 351.――――A Theban, son of Astacus. ――――A son of Eumolpus. _Apollodorus._――――A Lydian who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and fought with great vigour against the Rutuli. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 139. =Ismēne=, a daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving burial to her brother Polynices against the tyrant’s positive orders, declared herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being equally punished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly opposed by Antigone, who wished not to see her sister involved in her calamities. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A daughter of the river Asopus, who married the hundred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Jasus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Ismēnias=, a celebrated musician of Thebes. When he was taken prisoner by the Scythians, Atheas the king of the country observed that he liked the music of Ismenias better than the braying of an ass. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――――A Theban, bribed by Timocrates of Rhodes, that he might use his influence to prevent the Athenians and some other Grecian states from assisting Lacedæmon, against which Xerxes was engaged in war. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A Theban general, sent to Persia with an embassy by his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king’s presence without prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid doing an action which would have proved disgraceful to his country. When he was introduced he dropped his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground was mistaken for the most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satisfactory audience of the monarch.――――A river of Bœotia, falling into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was called _Ismenius_. A youth was yearly chosen by the Bœotians to be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once appointed. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_ bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Ismenĭdes=, an epithet applied to the Theban women, as being near the Ismenus, a river of Bœotia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 31. =Ismenius=, a surname of Apollo at Thebes, where he had a temple on the borders of the Ismenus. =Ismēnus=, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave his name to the Ladon, a river of Bœotia, near Thebes, falling into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10. ――――A son of Asopus and Metope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6. =Isŏcrătes=, a celebrated orator, son of Theodorus, a rich musical instrument maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Georgias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities were never displayed in public, and Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable timidity from speaking in the popular assemblies. He opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number, character, and fame of his pupils, and by the immense riches which he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly corresponded with him; and to his familiarity with that monarch the Athenians were indebted for some of the few peaceful years which they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, displeased Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronæa had such an effect upon his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace of his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking any aliment, in the 99th year of his age, about 338 years before Christ. Isocrates has always been much admired for the sweetness and graceful simplicity of his style, for the harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of his language. The remains of his orations extant inspire the world with the highest veneration for his abilities as a moralist, an orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, however, is lessened by those who accuse him of plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his panegyric. He was so studious of correctness, that his lines are sometimes poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly displeased him, and, in spite of all the undeserved unpopularity of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death. About 31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was honoured after death with a brazen serpent by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and Aphareus his adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are that of Battie, 2 vols., 8vo, Cambridge, 1729, and that of Auger, 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1782. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_, &c. ――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 20; _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 126; _Brutus_, ch. 15; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Quintilian_, bk. 2, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――One of the officers of the Peloponnesian fleet, &c. _Thucydides._――――One of the disciples of Isocrates.――――A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c. =Issa=, now _Lissa_, an island in the Adriatic sea, on the coast of Dalmatia.――――A town of Illyricum. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 26, ch. 25. =Isse=, a daughter of Macareus the son of Lycaon. She was beloved by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence, changed himself into the form of a shepherd, to whom she was attached. This metamorphosis of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachne. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 124. =Issus=, now _Aisse_, a town of Cilicia, on the confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great and the Persians under Darius their king, in October, B.C. 333, in consequence of which it was called _Nicopolis_. In this battle the Persians lost, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former and 10, 000 of the latter were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he further adds, was no more than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the Persians slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; and those of Alexander to 32 foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A.D. 194. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 9.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Arrian._――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 20; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ltr. 10. =Ister= and =Istrus=, an historian, disciple to Callimachus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A large river of Europe, falling into the Euxine sea, called also the _Danube_. _See:_ Danubius.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._ =Isthmia=, sacred games among the Greeks, which received their names from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed. They were celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who was changed into a sea deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with him in her arms. The body of Melicerta, according to some traditions, when cast upon the sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in memory of which the Isthmian games were instituted, B.C. 1326. They were interrupted after they had been celebrated with great regularity during some years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly called his father. These games were observed every third, or rather fifth, year, and held so sacred and inviolable that even a public calamity could not prevent the celebration. When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, they were observed with the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were entrusted with the superintendence, which had been before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and the victor received a crown of dry and withered parsley. The years were reckoned by the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among the Romans from the consular government. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2, chs. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Isthmius=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Isthmus=, a small neck of land which joins one country to another, and prevents the sea from making them separate, such as that of Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of eminence, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across and make a communication between the two seas, but in vain. It is now called _Hexamili_. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 101. =Istiæotis=, a country of Greece, near Ossa. _See:_ Histiæotis. =Istria=, a province at the west of Illyricum, at the top of the Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants were originally pirates, and lived on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after the foundation of that city. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Livy_, bk. 10, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 2. =Istropŏlis=, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian colony. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Isus= and =Antĭphus=, sons of Priam, the latter by Hecuba, and the former by a concubine. They were seized by Achilles, as they fed their father’s flocks on mount Ida; but they were redeemed by Priam, and fought against the Greeks. They were both killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――――A city of Bœotia. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Itălia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, and by the Alpine mountains. It has been compared, and with some similitude, to a man’s leg. It has borne, at different periods, the different names of Saturnia, Œnotria, Hesperia, Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received the name of Italy either from Italus, a king of the country, or from Italos, a Greek word which signifies _an ox_, an animal very common in that part of Europe. The boundaries of Italy appear to have been formed by nature itself, which seems to have been particularly careful in supplying this country with whatever may contribute not only to the support, but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It has been called the garden of Europe; and the panegyric which Pliny bestows upon it seems not in any degree exaggerated. The ancient inhabitants called themselves _Aborigines_, offspring of the soil, and the country was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pelasgi and the Arcadians made settlements there, and the whole country was divided into as many different governments as there were towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman power [_See:_ Roma] changed the face of Italy, and united all its states in support of one common cause. Italy has been the mother of arts as well as of arms, and the immortal monuments which remain of the eloquence and poetical abilities of its inhabitants are universally known. It was divided into 11 small provinces or regions by Augustus, though sometimes known under the three greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy properly so called, and Magna Græcia. The sea above was called _Superum_, and that at the south _Inferum_. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 4, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_, _Alcibiades_, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Florus_, bk. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 397, &c. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8. =Italĭca=, a town of Italy, called also Corfinium.――――A town of Spain, now _Sevilla la Vieja_, built by Scipio for the accommodation of his wounded soldiers. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 16, ch. 13.――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_. =Italĭcus=, a poet. _See:_ Silius Italicus. =Itălus=, a son of Telegonus. _Hyginus_, fable 127.――――An Arcadian prince, who came to Italy, where he established a kingdom, called after him. It is supposed that he received divine honours after death, as Æneas calls upon him among the deities to whom he paid his adoration when he entered Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 178. ――――A prince, whose daughter Roma by his wife Leucaria is said to have married Æneas or Ascanius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――A king of the Cherusci, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 16. =Itargris=, a river of Germany. =Itea=, a daughter of Danaus. _Hyginus_, fable 170. =Itemales=, an old man who exposed Œdipus on mount Cithæron, &c. _Hyginus_, fable 65. =Ithăca=, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being part of the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures about 25 miles in circumference, and is now known by the name of _Isola del Compare_, or _Thiachi_. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 139; _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 186; bk. 4, li. 601; bk. 9, li. 20.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Ithacesiæ=, three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii. ――――Baiæ was called also _Ithacesiæ_, because built by Bajus the pilot of Ulysses. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 113. =Ithobălus=, a king of Tyre, who died B.C. 595. _Josephus._ =Ithōme=, a town of Phthiotis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――Another of Messenia, which surrendered, after 10 years’ siege, to Lacedæmon, 724 years before the christian era. Jupiter was call _Ithomates_, from a temple which he had there, where games were also celebrated, and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 32.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 179.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Ithomaia=, a festival in which musicians contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave her name to a city, and the latter to a river. =Ithyphallus=, an obscene name of Priapus. _Columella_, bk. 10. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Itius Portus=, a town of Gaul, now Wetsand, or Boulogne, in Picardy. Cæsar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21; bk. 5, chs. 2 & 5. =Itōnia=, a surname of Minerva, from a place in Bœotia, where she was worshipped. =Itōnus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion, who first invented the manner of polishing metals. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 402. =Ituna=, a river of Britain, now Eden, in Cumberland. =Itūræa=, a country of Palestine, whose inhabitants were very skilful in drawing the bow. _Lucan_, bk. 7, lis. 230 & 514.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 448.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. =Itūrum=, a town of Umbria. =Ity̆lus=, a son of Zetheus and Ædon, killed by his mother. _See:_ Ædon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 462. =Ityræi=, a people of Palestine. _See:_ Ituræa. =Itys=, a son of Tereus king of Thrace by Procne, daughter of Pandion king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into an owl. _See:_ Philomela. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 620; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 29.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――――A Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574. =Juba=, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who succeeded his father Hiempsal, and favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius Cæsar. He defeated Curio, whom Cæsar had sent to Africa, and after the battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, who had shared his good fortune and his adversity. His kingdom became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first governor. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_. ――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 35.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 41.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c. ――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 54.――――The second of that name was the son of Juba I. He was led among the captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Cæsar. His captivity was the source of the greatest honours, and his application to study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the courteousness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all the territories which his father once possessed. His popularity was so great, that the Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making him one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the Æthiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients, but of which only a few fragments remain. He also wrote on the history of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Besides these he composed some treatises upon the drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c., now lost. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 26. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 25 & 32.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, &c. =Judacilius=, a native of Asculum celebrated for his patriotism, in the age of Pompey, &c. =Judæa=, a famous country of Assyria, bounded by Arabia, Egypt, Phœnicia, the Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants, whose history is best collected from the Holy Scriptures, were chiefly governed after their Babylonish captivity by the high priests, who raised themselves to the rank of princes, B.C. 153, and continued in the enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 36.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 593. =Jugālis=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_. =Jugantes=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 32. =Jugarius=, a street in Rome, below the Capitol. =Jugurtha=, the illegitimate son of Manastabal the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa king of Numidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his father’s kingdom, educated his nephew with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of troops to the assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of his children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed himself brave and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipsa appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two sons, but the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, and obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans listened to the well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugurtha’s gold prevailed among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his distress, perished by the snares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and success soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he was delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a war of five years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B.C. 106. The name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen of Sallust. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_ & _Sulla_.――_Eutropius_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Julia lex=, _prima de provinciis_, by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691. It confirmed the freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the Roman magistrates should act there as judges, and that the towns and villages through which the Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed should maintain them during their stay; that the governors, at the expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the public treasury; that the provincial governors should not accept of a golden crown unless they were honoured with a triumph by the senate; that no supreme commander should go out of his province, enter any dominions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the previous approbation and command of the Roman senate and people. ――――Another, _de sumptibus_, in the age of Augustus. It limited the expense of provisions on the _dies profesti_, or days appointed for the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on common calendar festivals to 300; and on all extraordinary occasions, such as marriages, births, &c., to 1000.――――Another, _de provinciis_, by Julius Cæsar Dictator. It ordained that no pretorian province should be held more than one year, and a consular province more than two years.――――Another, called also _Campana agraria_, by the same, A.U.C. 691. It required that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented according to the estimation of the state, should be divided among the plebeians, and that all the members of the senate should bind themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law. ――――Another, _de civitate_, by Lucius Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 664. It rewarded with the name and privileges of citizens of Rome all such as, during the civil wars, had remained the constant friends of the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new tribes.――――Another, _de judicibus_, by Julius Cæsar. It confirmed the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring the judges to be chosen from the richest people in every _century_, allowing the senators and knights in the number, and excluding the _tribuni ærarii_.――――Another, _de ambitu_, by Augustus. It restrained the illicit measures used at elections, and restored to the _comitia_ their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by the ambition and bribery of Julius Cæsar.――――Another, by Augustus, _de adulterio & pudicitiâ_. It punished adultery with death. It was afterwards confirmed and enforced by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 30, alludes to it.――――Another, called also _Papia_, or _Papia Poppæa_, which was the same as the following, only enlarged by the consuls Papius and Poppæus, A.U.C. 762.――――Another, _de maritandis ordinibus_, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in matrimony, of a particular description. It inflicted punishment on celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of senators excepted, to intermarry with the _libertini_, or children of those that had been _liberti_, or servants manumitted. Horace alludes to it when he speaks of _lex marita_.――――Another, _de majestate_, by Julius Cæsar. It punished with _aquæ & ignis interdictio_ all such as were found guilty of the _crimen majestatis_, or treason against the state. =Julia=, a daughter of Julius Cæsar, by Cornelia, famous for her personal charms and for her virtues. She married Cornelius Cæpio, whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the father and of the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child-bed, B.C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced a civil war. _Plutarch._――――The mother of Marcus Antony, whose humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law Julius Cæsar from the cruel prosecutions of her son.――――An aunt of Julius Cæsar, who married Caius Marius. Her funeral oration was publicly pronounced by her nephew.――――The only daughter of the emperor Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to Marcellus; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was married to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Augustus, informed of her lustful propensities and infamy, banished her from his sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of Campania. She was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of Tiberius, who had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. _Plutarch._――――A daughter of the emperor Titus, who prostituted herself to her brother Domitian.――――A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who married Lepidas, and was banished for her licentiousness.――――A daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos, A.D. 17. She married a senator called Marcus Vinucius, at the age of 16, and enjoyed the most unbounded favours in the court of her brother Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She was banished by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled her; but she was soon after banished by the powerful intrigues of Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She was no stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler companions of her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose, was banished to Corsica for having seduced her.――――A celebrated woman, born in Phœnicia. She is also called Domna. She applied herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c., and rendered herself conspicuous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms. She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus, who, 20 years after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest severity those vices which were enormous in the empress. She is even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to blot out, by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery and extravagance had rendered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive of tranquillity and cordial union between his two sons and successors. Geta at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted to screen her favourite son from his brother’s dagger. According to some, Julia committed incest with her son Caracalla, and publicly married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to the empire in preference to her, after the death of Caracalla.――――A town of Gallia Togata. =Juliacum=, a town of Germany, now _Juliers_. =Juliānus=, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine the Great, born at Constantinople. The massacre which attended the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines of the christian religion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate, and to despise the gratification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference and submission, but Julian showed his dislike for christianity by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of paganism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when he went to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he applied himself to the study of magic and astrology. He was some time after appointed over Gaul, with the title of Cæsar, by Constans, and there he showed himself worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and the numerous victories which he obtained over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Germany. His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Constans, to whom Julian was become suspected, ordered him to send him part of his forces to go into the east, the army immediately mutinied, and promised immortal fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to accept of the title of independent emperor and of Augustus; and the death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him sole master of the Roman empire, A.D. 261. Julian then disclosed his religious sentiments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines of christianity, and offered solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This change of religious opinion was attributed to the austerity with which he received the precepts of christianity, or, according to others, to the literary conversation and persuasive eloquence of some of the Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance, therefore, Julian has been called _Apostate_. After he had made his public entry at Constantinople, he determined to continue the Persian war, and check those barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the indolence of the Roman emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness into the enemy’s country. His march was that of a conqueror; he met with no opposition from a weak and indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria had been left desolate by the Persians, and Julian, without corn or provisions, was obliged to retire. As he could not convey his fleet again over the streams of the Tigris, he took the resolution of marching up the source of the river, and imitating the bold return of the 10,000 Greeks. As he advanced through the country he defeated the officers of Sapor the king of Persia; but an engagement proved fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired the following night, the 27th of June, A.D. 363 in the 32nd year of his age. His last moments were spent in a conversation with a philosopher about the immortality of the soul, and he breathed his last without expressing the least sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian’s character has been admired by some and censured by others, but the malevolence of his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he demands our warmest commendations; but we must blame his idolatry, and despise his bigoted principles. He was moderate in his successes, merciful to his enemies, and amiable in his character. He abolished the luxuries which reigned in the court of Constantinople, and dismissed with contempt the numerous officers who waited upon Constantius, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was frugal in his meals and slept little, reposing himself on a skin spread on the ground. He awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the night in reading or writing, and issued early from his tent to pay his daily visit to the guards around the camp. He was not fond of public amusements, but rather dedicated his time to study and solitude. When he passed through Antioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants of the place, offended at his religious sentiments, ridiculed his person and lampooned him in satirical verses. The emperor made use of the same arms for his defence, and rather than destroy his enemies by the sword, he condescended to expose them to derision, and unveil their follies and debaucheries in a humerous work, which he called Misopogon, or _beard-hater_. He imitated the virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation for his virtue by visiting some female captives that had fallen into his hands. In his matrimonial connections, Julian rather consulted policy than inclination, and his marriage with the sister of Constantius arose from his unwillingness to offend his benefactor, rather than to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and afterwards his body was conveyed to Constantinople. He distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by his military character. Besides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also wrote two letters to the Athenians; and, besides, there are now extant 64 of his letters on various subjects. His Cæsars is the most famous of all his compositions, being a satire upon all the Roman emperors from Julius Cæsar to Constantine. It is written in the form of a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks the venerable character of Marcus Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as a pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive language of his relation Constantine. It has been observed of Julian that, like Cæsar, he could employ at the same time his hand to write, his ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. The best edition of his works is that of Spanheim, folio, Leipsic, 1696; and of the Cæsars, that of Heusinger, 8vo, Gothæ, 1741. _Julian._ ――_Socrates._――_Eutropius._――_Ammianus Marcellinus._――_Libanius_, &c.――――A son of Constantine.――――A maternal uncle of the emperor Julian.――――A Roman emperor. _See:_ Didius.――――A Roman, who proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian, &c.――――A governor of Africa.――――A counsellor of the emperor Adrian. ――――A general in Dacia, in Domitian’s reign. =Julii=, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon rose to the greatest honours of the state. Julius Cæsar and Augustus were of this family; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that they were lineally descended from Æneas the founder of Lavinium. =Jūliomăgus=, a city of Gaul, now _Angers_, in Anjou. =Juliopŏlis=, a town of Bithynia, supposed by some to be the same as Tarsus of Cilicia. =Jūlis=, a town of the island of Cos, which gave birth to Simonides, &c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in height, as the monuments of its ancient splendour. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Jūlius Cæsar.= _See:_ Cæsar.――――Agricola, a governor of Britain, A.C. 80, who first discovered that Britain was an island by sailing round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an account of his life. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.――――Obsequens, a Latin writer who flourished A.D. 214. The best edition of his book _de prodigiis_ is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1720.――――Sextus, a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 13. ――――Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――Solinus, a writer. _See:_ Solinus.――――Titianus, a writer in the age of Diocletian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was made preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history of all the provinces of the Roman empire, greatly commended by the ancients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the _ape of his age_.――――Africanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220. ――――Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at the accession of the sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son nearly shared his fate.――――Pollux, a grammarian of Naupactus, in Egypt. _See:_ Pollux.――――Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punishment inflicted on him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure.――――Proculus, a Roman, who solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus had disappeared, that he had seen him above a human shape, and that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god. Julius was believed. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid._――――Florus. _See:_ Florus.――――Lucius Cæsar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the triumvir the father of Cæsar the dictator. He died as he was putting on his shoes.――――Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. _See:_ Maximinus. =Iūlus=, the name of Ascanius the son of Æneas. _See:_ Ascanius. ――――A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the kingdom of Alba, Æneas Sylvius the son of Æneas and Lavinia was preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 271.――――A son of Antony the triumvir and Fulvi. _See:_ Antonius Julius. =Jūnia lex=, _Sacrata_, by Lucius Junius Brutus the first tribune of the people, A.U.C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune should be held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might be made from the consuls to the tribunes; and that no senator should be able to exercise the office of a tribune.――――Another, A.U.C. 627, which excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of Roman citizens. =Junia=, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died 64 years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi. ――――Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her brother Silanus. She was descended from Augustus. She was banished by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Junius Blæsus=, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 35.――――Lupus, a senator who accused Vitellius of aspiring to the sovereignty, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――――Decimus Silanus, a Roman who committed adultery with Julia the granddaughter of Augustus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 24.――――Brutus. _See:_ Brutus. =Jūno=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c. She was born at Argos, or, according to others, in Samos, and was entrusted to the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed that she had been brought up by the three daughters of the river Asterion; and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained that she had been educated under the care of Temenus the son of Pelasgus. Juno was devoured by Saturn, according to some mythologists; and according to Apollodorus she was again restored to the world by means of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him throw up the stone which his wife had given him to swallow instead of Jupiter. _See:_ Saturnus. Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his sister; and the more powerfully to gain her confidence he changed himself into a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made the air unusually chill and cold. Under this form he went to the goddess, all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her bosom. When Jupiter had gained these advantages, he resumed his original form, and obtained the gratification of his desires, after he had made a solemn promise of marriage to his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest solemnity: the gods, all mankind, and all the brute creation, attended. Chelone, a young woman, was the only one who refused to come, and who derided the ceremony. For this impiety Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and condemned her to perpetual silence; from which circumstance the tortoise has always been used as a symbol of silence among the ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the queen of all the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness, however, was frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of her husband, and she showed herself jealous and inexorable in the highest degree. Her severity to the mistresses and illegitimate children of her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules and his descendants with the most inveterate fury; and her resentment against Paris, who had given the golden apple to Venus in preference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan war and of all the miseries which happened to the unfortunate house of Priam. Her severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c., are also well known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. According to Hesiod she was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithyia, or Lucina; and besides these, she brought forth Vulcan, without having any commerce with the other sex, but only by smelling a certain plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva from his brain. According to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought forth in this manner, and this was after eating some lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last provoked Juno to such a degree, that she retired to Eubœa, and resolved for ever to forsake his bed. Jupiter produced a reconciliation, after he had applied to Cithæron for advice, and after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and artifice. _See:_ Dædala. This reconciliation, however cordial ♦it might appear, was soon dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He even punished the cruelties which she had exercised upon his son Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was punished for assisting his mother in this degrading situation, and he was kicked down from heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall. This punishment rather irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge it, and she engaged some of the gods to conspire against Jupiter and to imprison him, but Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some attribute their exile to different causes. The worship of Juno was universal, and even more than that of Jupiter, according to some authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the greatest solemnity. She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars a ewe lamb and a sow the first day of every month. No cows were ever immolated to her, because she assumed the nature of that animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants. Among the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the peacock, often called _Junonia avis_ [_See:_ Argus], were sacred to her. The dittany, the poppy, and the lily were her favourite flowers. The latter flower was originally of the colour of the crocus; but, when Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of her milk fell down upon earth, and changed the colour of the lilies from purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in that part of the heavens which, from its whiteness, still retains the name of the milky way, _lactea via_. As Juno’s power was extended over all the gods, she often made use of the goddess Minerva as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were numerous, the most famous of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome, no woman of debauched character was permitted to enter her temple, or even to touch it. The surnames of Juno are various; they are derived either from the function or things over which she presided, or from the places where her worship was established. She was the queen of the heavens; she protected cleanliness, and presided over marriage and child-birth, and particularly patronized the most faithful and virtuous of the sex, and severely punished incontinence and lewdness in matrons. She was the goddess of all power and empire, and she was also the patroness of riches. She is represented sitting on a throne with a diadem on her head and a golden sceptre in her right hand. Some peacocks generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched on her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes carried through the air in a rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when they entered upon office, were always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. She was generally represented as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman matrons always imitated this manner of dressing themselves, and deemed it indecent in any married woman to leave any part of her body but her face uncovered. She has received the surnames of Olympia, Sarnia, Lacedæmonia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithæroneia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos, Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis, Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, 3. ――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Argon._――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. ――_Livy_, bks. 23, 24, 27, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 13.――_Athenæus_, bk. 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 34. ♦ ‘in’ replaced with ‘it’ =Junonālia= and =Junonia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Juno, the same as the Heræa of the Greeks. _See:_ Heræa. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37. =Junōnes=, a name of the protecting genii of the women among the Romans. They generally swore by them, as the men by their genii. There were altars often erected to their honour. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Seneca_, ltr. 110. =Junōnia=, two islands, supposed to be among the Fortunate Islands. ――――A name which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000 Romans to rebuild it. =Junonigĕna=, a surname of Vulcan, as son of Juno. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 173. =Junōnis promontorium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus.――――Laciniæ templum, a temple of Juno in Italy, between Crotona and the Lacinian promontory. =Jūpĭter=, the most powerful of all the gods of the ancients. According to Varro, there were no less than 300 persons of that name; Diodorus mentions two; and Cicero three, two of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To that of Crete, who passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions of the rest have been attributed. According to the opinion of the mythologists, Jupiter was saved from destruction by his mother, and entrusted to the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who had received the kingdom of the world from his brother Titan, on condition of not raising male children, devoured all his sons as soon as born; but Ops, offended at her husband’s cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the supposition that it was a male child. Jupiter was educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete, and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthæa, or upon honey, according to others. He received the name of _Jupiter_, _quasi juvans pater_. His cries were drowned by the noise of cymbals and drums, which the Corybantes beat at the express command of Ops. _See:_ Corybantes. As soon as he was a year old, Jupiter found him sufficiently strong to make war against the Titans, who had imprisoned his father because he had brought up male children. The Titans were conquered, and Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his son. Saturn, however, soon after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against his life, and was, for this treachery, driven from his kingdom, and obliged to fly for safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole master of the empire of the world, divided it with his brothers. He reserved for himself the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal regions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of his reign was soon interrupted by the rebellion of the giants, who were sons of the earth, and who wished to revenge the death of their relations the Titans. They were so powerful that they hurled rocks, and heaped up mountains upon mountains, to scale heaven, so that all the gods, to avoid their fury, fled to Egypt, where they escaped from the danger by assuming the form of different animals. Jupiter, however, animated them, and by the assistance of Hercules, he totally overpowered the gigantic race, which had proved such tremendous enemies. _See:_ Gigantes. Jupiter, now freed from every apprehension, gave himself up to the pursuit of pleasures. He married Metis, Themis, Eurynome, Ceres, Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. _See:_ Juno. He became a Proteus to gratify his passions. He introduced himself to Danae in a shower of gold; he corrupted Antiope in the form of a satyr, and Leda in the form of a swan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and he enjoyed the company of Ægina in the form of a flame of fire. He assumed the habit of Diana to corrupt Callisto, and became Amphitryon to gain the affections of Alcmena. His children were also numerous as well as his mistresses. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3, he was father of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos by Themis; of Venus by Dione; of the Graces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome the daughter of Oceanus; of Proserpine by Styx; of the nine muses by Mnemosyne, &c. _See:_ Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, &c. The worship of Jupiter was universal; he was the Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His surnames were numerous, many of which he received from the place or function over which he presided. He was severally called Jupiter Feretrius, Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Latialis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, Anxurus, Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. The worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the other gods in solemnity. His altars were not, like those of Saturn and Diana, stained with the blood of human victims, but he was delighted with the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and white bulls. The oak was sacred to him because he first taught mankind to live upon acorns. He is generally represented as sitting upon a golden or ivory throne, holding in one hand thunderbolts just ready to be hurled, and in the other, a sceptre of cypress. His looks express majesty, his beard flows long and neglected, and the eagle stands with expanded wings at his feet. He is sometimes represented with the upper parts of his body naked, and those below the waist carefully covered, as if to show that he is visible to the gods above, but that he is concealed from the sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had several oracles, the most celebrated of which were at Dodona, and Ammon, in Libya. As Jupiter was the king and father of gods and men, his power was extended over the deities, and everything was subservient to his will, except the Fates. From him mankind received their blessings and their miseries, and they looked upon him as acquainted with everything past, present, and future. He was represented at Olympia with a crown like olive branches; his mantle was variegated with different flowers, particularly by the lily, and the eagle perched on the top of the sceptre which he held in his hand. The Cretans represented Jupiter without ears, to signify that the sovereign master of the world ought not to give a partial ear to any particular person, but be equally candid and propitious to all. At Lacedæmon he appeared with four heads, that he might seem to hear with greater readiness the different prayers and solicitations which were daily poured to him from every part of the earth. It is said that Minerva came all armed from his brains when he ordered Vulcan to open his head. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 4, 5, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 5, &c.; _Odyssey_, bks. 1, 4, &c.; _Hymn 23 to Zeus_.――_Orpheus._ ――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Zeus_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, bks. 1, 3, 5.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_; _Shield of Heracles_; _Works and Days_.――_Lycophron_, _Cassandra_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 1, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 1, &c. =Jura=, a high ridge of mountains separating the Helvetii from the Sequani, or Switzerland from Burgundy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Justīnus Marcus Junianus=, a Latin historian in the age of Antoninus, who epitomized the history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome, according to some traditions, was the cause that the comprehensive work of Trogus was lost. It comprehends the history of the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, Macedonia, and Roman empires, &c., in a neat and elegant style. It is replete with many judicious reflections and animated harangues, but the author is often too credulous, and sometimes examines events too minutely, while others are related only in a few words too often obscure. The indecency of many of his expressions is deservedly censured. The best editions of Justin are that of Abraham Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo, Oxford, 1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1770.――――Martyr, a Greek father, formerly a Platonic philosopher, born at Palestine. He died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the christians, besides his dialogue with a Jew; two treatises, &c., in a plain, unadorned style. The best editions of Justin Martyr are that of Paris, folio, 1636; that of his apologies, 2 vols., 8vo, 1700 & 1703; and Jebb’s dialogue with Trypho, published in London, 1722.――――An emperor of the east, who reigned nine years, and died A.D. 526.――――Another, who died A.D. 564, after a reign of 38 years.――――Another, who died 577 A.D., after a reign of 13 years. =Juturna=, a sister of Turnus king of the Rutuli. She heard with contempt the addresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she was not unfavourable to his passion, so that the god rewarded her love with immortality. She was afterwards changed into a fountain of the same name near the Numicus, falling into the Tiber. The waters of that fountain were used in sacrifices, and particularly in those of Vesta. They had the power to heal diseases. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 708; bk. 2, li. 585.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 139.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, ch. 36. =Juvenālis Decius Junius=, a poet born at Aquinum in Italy. He came early to Rome, and passed some time in declaiming; after which he applied himself to write satires, 16 of which are extant. He spoke with virulence against the partiality of Nero for the pantomime Paris, and though all his satire and declamation were pointed against this ruling favourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in security during the reign of Nero. After the death of Nero, the effects of the resentment of Paris were severely felt, and the satirist was sent by Domitian as governor on the frontiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 80th year of his age, and he suffered much from the trouble which attended his office, or rather his exile. He returned, however, to Rome, after the death of Paris, and died in the reign of Trajan, A.D. 128. His writings are fiery and animated, and they abound with humour. He is particularly severe upon the vice and dissipation of the age he lived in; but the gross and indecent manner in which he exposed to ridicule the follies of mankind, rather encourages than disarms the debauched and licentious. He wrote with acrimony against all his adversaries, and whatever displeased or offended him was exposed to his severest censure. It is to be acknowledged that Juvenal is far more correct than his contemporaries, a circumstance which some have attributed to his judgment and experience, which were uncommonly mature, as his satires were the productions of old age. He may be called, and with reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. After him poetry decayed, and nothing more claims our attention as a perfect poetical composition. The best editions are those of Casaubon, 4to, Leiden, 1695, with Persius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo, 1746, and of Grævius, _cum notis variorum_, 8vo, Leiden, 1684. =Juventas=, or =Juventus=, a goddess at Rome who presided over youth and vigour. She is the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and represented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in variegated garments. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54; bk. 21, ch. 62; bk. 36, ch. 36.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, ltr. 9, li. 12. =Juverna=, or =Hibernia=, an island at the west of Britain, now called _Ireland_. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 160. =Ixibatæ=, a people of Pontus. =Ixīon=, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or, according to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and promised his father-in-law a valuable present for the choice he had made of him to be his daughter’s husband. His unwillingness, however, to fulfil his promises obliged Deioneus to have recourse to violence to obtain it, and he stole away some of his horses. Ixion concealed his resentment under the mask of friendship; he invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom, and when Deioneus was come, according to the appointment, he threw him into a pit, which he had previously filled with wood and burning coals. This premeditated treachery so irritated the neighbouring princes, that all of them refused to perform the usual ceremony, by which a man was then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned and despised by all mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon him, and he carried him to heaven, and introduced him at the table of the gods. Such a favour, which ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion, served only to inflame his lust; he became enamoured of Juno, and attempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the passion of Ixion, though according to others she informed Jupiter of the attempts which had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion had appointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare and from his embrace with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, or, according to others, Centaurus. _See:_ Centauri. Jupiter, displeased with the insolence of Ixion, banished him from heaven; but when he heard that he had seduced Juno, the god struck him with his thunder, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell which continually whirls round. The wheel was perpetually in motion, therefore the punishment of Ixion was eternal. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 62. ――_Pindar_, bk. 2, _Pythian_, poem 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 484; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 601.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, lis. 210 & 338.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Lactantius [Placidus]_ on [Statius’] _Thebaid_, bk. 2.――――One of the Heraclidæ, who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son of Alethes. =Ixīŏnĭdes=, the patronymic of Pirithous son of Ixion. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 38. L =Laander=, a youth, brother to Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene &c. ――_Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Laarchus=, the guardian of Battus of Cyrene. He usurped the sovereign power for some time, and endeavoured to marry the mother of Battus, the better to establish his tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly invitation, and caused him to be assassinated, and restored the power to Battus. _Polyænus._ =Labaris=, a king of Egypt after Sesostris. =Labda=, a daughter of Amphion, one of the Bacchiadæ, born lame. She married Ection, by whom she had a son whom she called Cypselus because she saved his life in a coffer. _See:_ Cypselus. This coffer was preserved at Olympia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5. =Labdacĭdes=, a name given to Œdipus, as descended from Labdacus. =Labdăcus=, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes. His father and mother died during his childhood, and he was left to the care of Nycteus, who at his death left his kingdom in the hands of Lycus, with orders to restore it to Labdacus as soon as of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. According to Statius his father’s name was Phœnix. His descendants were called _Labdacides_. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 451.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 5. =Labdalon=, a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 13. =Labeālis=, a lake in Dalmatia, now _Scutari_, of which the neighbouring inhabitants were called Labeates. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31; bk. 45, ch. 26. =Lăbeo Antistius=, a celebrated lawyer in the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, and whose offers of the consulship he refused. His works are lost. He was wont to enjoy the company and conversation of the learned for six months, and the rest of the year was spent in writing and composing. His father, of the same name, was one of Cæsar’s murderers. He killed himself at the battle of Philippi. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82, has unjustly taxed him with insanity because, no doubt, he inveighed against his patrons. _Appian_, _The Civil Wars_, bk. 4.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 45. ――――A tribune of the people at Rome, who condemned the censor Metellus to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, because he had expelled him from the senate. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the interference of another of the tribunes.――――Quintus Fabius, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 571, who obtained a naval victory over the fleet of the Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing his comedies, according to some.――――Actius, an obscure poet who recommended himself to the favour of Nero by an incorrect translation of Homer into Latin. The work is lost, and only this curious line is preserved by an old scholiast, _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 4, _Crudum manducus Priamum, Priamique Pisinnos_. =Lăbĕrius J. Decimus=, a Roman knight famous for his poetical talents in writing pantomimes. Julius Cæsar compelled him to act one of his characters on the stage. The poet consented with great reluctance, but he showed his resentment during the acting of the piece by throwing severe aspersions upon Julius Cæsar, by warning the audience against his tyranny, and by drawing upon him the eyes of the whole theatre. Cæsar, however, restored him to the rank of knight which he had lost by appearing on the stage; but to his mortification, when he went to take his seat among the knights, no one offered to make room for him, and even his friend Cicero said, _Recepissem te nisi angustè sederem_. Laberius was offended at the affectation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected upon his unsettled and pusillanimous behaviour during the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, by the reply of _Mirum si angustè sedes, qui soles duabas sellis sedere_. Laberius died 10 months after the murder of Julius Cæsar. Some fragments remain of his poetry. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10. ――_Seneca_, _de Controversiæ_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 39.――――Quintus Durus, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s legions, killed in Britain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Labīcum=, now _Colonna_, a town of Italy, called also _Lavicum_, between Gabii and Tusculum, which became a Roman colony about four centuries B.C. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 796.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39; bk. 4, ch. 47. =Lăbiēnus=, an officer of Cæsar in the wars of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was killed at the battle of Munda. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 346.――――A Roman who followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and became general of the Parthians against Rome. He was conquered by the officers of Augustus. _Strabo_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 48.――――Titus, an historian and orator at Rome in the age of Augustus, who admired his own compositions with all the pride of superior genius and incomparable excellence. The senate ordered his papers to be burnt on account of their seditious contents; and Labienus, unable to survive the loss of his writings, destroyed himself. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 16. ――_Seneca._ =Labinētus=, or =Labynētus=, a king of Babylon, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74. =Labotas=, a river near Antioch in Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A son of Echestratus, who made war against Argos, &c. =Labradeus=, a surname of Jupiter in Caria. The word is derived from _labrys_ which in the language of the country signifies a hatchet, which Jupiter’s statue held in its hand. _Plutarch._ =Labron=, a part of Italy on the Mediterranean, supposed to be Leghorn. _Cicero_ bk. 2, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, ltr. 6. =Lăby̆rinthus=, a building whose numerous passages and perplexing windings render the escape from it difficult, and almost impracticable. There were four very famous among the ancients; one near the city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, another in Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That of Egypt was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who saw it, declares that the beauty and art of the building were almost beyond belief. It was built by 12 kings, who at one time reigned in Egypt, and it was intended for the place of their burial, and to commemorate the actions of their reign. It was divided into 12 halls, or, according to Pliny, into 16, or, as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls were vaulted, according to the relation of Herodotus. They had each six doors, opening to the north, and the same number to the south, all surrounded by one wall. The edifice contained 3000 chambers, 1500 in the upper part, and the same number below. The chambers above were seen by Herodotus, and astonished him beyond conception, but he was not permitted to see those below, where were buried the holy crocodiles and the monarchs whose munificence had raised the edifice. The roofs and walls were encrusted with marble, and adorned with sculptured figures. The halls were surrounded with stately and polished pillars of white stone, and, according to some authors, the opening of the doors was artfully attended with a terrible noise like peals of thunder. The labyrinth of Crete was built by Dædalus, in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the most famous of all in classical history. It was the place of confinement for Dædalus himself, and the prison of the Minotaur. According to Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the others in grandeur and magnificence. It was supported by 40 columns of uncommon height and thickness, and equally admirable for their beauty and splendour. Modern travellers are still astonished at the noble and magnificent ruins which appear of the Egyptian labyrinth, at the south of the lake Mœris, about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 148.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 588. =Lăcæna=, an epithet applied to a female native of Laconia, and, among others, to Helen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 511. =Lăcĕdæemon=, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta the daughter of Atlas, who married Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he had Amyclas and Eurydice the wife of Acrisius. He was the first who introduced the worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who first built them a temple. From Lacedæmon and his wife, the capital of Laconia was called Lacedæmon and Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――_Hyginus_, fable 155.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A noble city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia called also _Sparta_, and now known by the name of _Misitra_. It has been severally known by the name of _Lelegia_, from the Leleges the first inhabitants of the country, or from Lelex one of their kings; and _Œbalia_, from Œbalus the sixth king from Eurotas. It was also called _Hecatompolis_ from the 100 cities which the whole province once contained. Lelex is supposed to have been the first king. His descendants, 13 in number, reigned successively after him, till the reign of the sons of Orestes, when the Heraclidæ recovered the Peloponnesus, about 80 years after the Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the descendants of the Heraclidæ, enjoyed the crown together, and after them it was decreed that the two families should always sit on the throne together. _See:_ Eurysthenes. These two brothers began to reign B.C. 1102. Their successors in the family of Procles were called _Proclidæ_, and afterwards _Eurypontidæ_, and those of Eurysthenes, _Eurysthenidæ_, and afterwards _Agidæ_. The successors of Procles on the throne began to reign in the following order: Sous 1060 B.C., after his father had reigned 42 years; Eurypon, 1028; Prytanis, 1021; Eunomus, 986; Polydectes, 907; Lycurgus, 898; Charilaus, 873; Nicander, 809; Theopompus, 770; Zeuxidamus, 723; Anaxidamus, 690; Archidamus, 651; Agasicles, 605; Ariston, 564; Demaratus, 526; Leotychides, 491; Archidamus, 469; Agis, 427; Agesilaus, 397; Archidamus, 361; Agis II., 338; Eudamidas, 330; Archidamus, 295; Eudamidas II., 268; Agis, 244; Archidamus, 230; Euclidus, 225; Lycurgus, 219. The successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059; Echestratus, 1058; Labotas, 1023; Doryssus, 986; Agesilaus, 957; Archelaus, 913; Teleclus, 853; Alcamenes, 813; Polydorus, 776; Eurycrates, 724; Anaxander, 687; Eurycrates II., 644; Leon, 607; Anaxandrides, 563; Cleomenes, 530; Leonidas, 491; Plistarchus, under guardianship of Pausanius, 480; Plistoanax, 466; Pausanius, 408; Agesipolis, 397; Cleombrotus, 380; Agesipolis II., 371; Cleomenes II., 370; Aretus or Areus, 309; Acrotatus, 265; Areus II., 264; Leonidas, 257; Cleombrotus, 243; Leonidas restored, 241; Cleomenes, 235; Agesipolis, 219. Under the two last kings, Lycurgus and Agesipolis, the monarchical power was abolished, though Machanidas the tyrant made himself absolute, B.C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In the year 191 B.C. Lacedæmon joined the Achæan league, and about three years after the walls were demolished by order of Philopœmen. The territories of Laconia shared the fate of the Achæn confederacy, and the whole was conquered by Mummius, 147 B.C., and converted into a Roman province. The inhabitants of Lacedæmon have rendered themselves illustrious for their courage and intrepidity, for their love of honour and liberty, and for their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from their youth to labour, and their laws commanded them to make war their profession. They never applied themselves to any trade, but their only employment was arms, and they left everything else to the care of their slaves. _See:_ Helotæ. They hardened their body by stripes and other manly exercises, and accustomed themselves to undergo hardships, and even to die, without fear or regret. From their valour in the field, and their moderation and temperance at home, they were courted and revered by all the neighbouring princes, and their assistance was severally implored to protect the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They were forbidden by the laws of their country [_See:_ Lycurgus] to visit foreign states, lest their morals should be corrupted by an intercourse with effeminate nations. The austere manner in which their children were educated, rendered them undaunted in the field of battle, and from this circumstance, Leonidas, with a small band, was enabled to resist the millions of the army of Xerxes at Thermopylæ. The women were as courageous as the men, and many a mother has celebrated with festivals the death of her son who had fallen in battle, or has coolly put him to death, if, by a shameful flight or loss of his arms, he brought disgrace upon his country. As to domestic manners, the Lacedæmonians as widely differed from their neighbours as in political concerns, and their noblest women were not ashamed to appear on the stage hired for money. In the affairs of Greece, the interest of the Lacedæmonians was often powerful, and obtained the superiority for 500 years. Their jealousy of the power and greatness of the Athenians is well known. The authority of their monarchs was checked by the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the power of imprisoning the kings themselves if guilty of misdemeanours. _See:_ Ephori. The Lacedæmonians are remarkable for the honour and reverence which they paid to old age. The names of _Lacedæmon_ and _Sparta_ are promiscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, and often confounded together. The latter was applied to the metropolis, and the former was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, or rather of the country contiguous to the walls of the city. This propriety of distinction was originally observed, but in process of time it was totally lost, and both appellatives were soon synonymous, and indiscriminately applied to the city and country. _See:_ Sparta, Laconia. The place where the city stood is now called _Paleo Chori_ (_the old town_), and the new one erected on its ruins at some distance on the west is called _Misatra_. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 33; bk. 45, ch. 28.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3.――_Justin_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Diodorus._――_Mela_, bk. 2. There were some festivals celebrated at Lacedæmon, the names of which are not known. It was customary for the women to drag all the old bachelors round the altars, and beat them with their fists, that the shame and ignominy to which they were exposed might induce them to marry, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 13. =Lăcĕdæmŏnii= and =Lăcĕdæmŏnes=, the inhabitants of Lacedæmon. _See:_ Lacedæmon. =Lăcĕdæmŏnius=, a son of Cimon by Clitoria. He received this name from his father’s regard for the Lacedæmonians. _Plutarch._ =Lăcerta=, a soothsayer in Domitian’s age, who acquired immense riches by his art. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 114. =Lacetania=, a district at the north of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 23. =Lachăres=, a man who seized the supreme power at Athens when the city was in discord, and was banished B.C. 296. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He deceived his keepers, and escaped, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 3.――――A son of Mithridates king of Bosphorus. He was received into alliance by Lucullus.――――A robber condemned by Marcus Antony.――――An Egyptian, buried in the labyrinth near Arsinoe. =Laches=, an Athenian general in the age of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――An Athenian sent with Carias at the head of a fleet in the first expedition undertaken against Sicily in the Peloponnesian war. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――An artist who finished the Colossus of Rhodes. =Lăchĕsis=, one of the Parcæ, whose name is derived from λαχειν, _to measure out by lot_. She presided over futurity, and was represented as spinning the thread of life, or, according to others, holding the spindle. She generally appeared covered with a garment variegated with stars, and holding spindles in her hand. _See:_ Parcæ. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 249.――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 54. =Lacidas=, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, who flourished B.C. 241. His father’s name was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, whom he succeeded in the government of the second academy. He was greatly esteemed by king Attalus, who gave him a garden where he spent his hours in study. He taught his disciples to suspend their judgment, and never speak decisively. He disgraced himself by the magnificent funeral with which he honoured a favourite goose. He died through excess of drinking. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4. =Lacīdes=, a village near Athens, which derived its name from Lacius, an Athenian hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and likewise Ceres and Proserpine a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 37. =Lăcīnia=, a surname of Juno from her temple at Lacinium in Italy, which the Crotonians held in great veneration, and where there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. _See:_ Zeuxis. On an altar near the door were ashes which the wind could not blow away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble piece from this sacred place, to finish a temple that he was building at Rome to Fortuna Equestris; and it is said that, for this sacrilege, he afterwards led a miserable life, and died in the greatest agonies. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, lis. 12 & 702.――_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 3. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Lacīnienses=, a people of Liburnia. =Lacīnium=, a promontory of Magna Græcia, now cape _Colonna_, the southern boundary of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had a temple held in great veneration. It received its name from Lacinius, a famous robber killed there by Hercules. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 3; bk. 27, ch. 5; bk. 30, ch. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 522. =Lacmon=, a part of mount Pindus where the Inachus flows. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 93. =Laco=, a favourite of Galba, mean and cowardly in his character. He was put to death.――――An inhabitant of Laconia or Lacedæmon. =Lacobriga=, a city of Spain, where ♦Sertorius was besieged by Metellus. ♦ ‘Sertorious’ replaced with ‘Sertorius’ =Lacōnia=, =Lacōnĭca=, and =Lacedæmon=, a country in the southern parts of Peloponnesus, having Argos and Arcadia on the north, Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on the south, and the bay of Argos at the east. Its extent from north to south was about 50 miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas. The capital is called Sparta, or Lacedæmon. The inhabitants never went on an expedition or engaged an enemy but at the full moon. _See:_ Lacedæmon. The brevity with which they always expressed themselves is now become proverbial, and by the epithet of _Laconic_ we understand whatever is concise and not loaded with unnecessary words. The word _Laconicum_ is applied to some hot baths used among the ancients, and first invented at Lacedæmon. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Lacrătes=, a Theban, general of a detachment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance of the Egyptians. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Lacrĭnes=, a Lacedæmonian ambassador to Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 152. =Lactantius=, a celebrated christian writer, whose principal works are _de irâ divinâ_, _de Dei operibus_, and his _divine institutions_, in seven books, in which he proves the truth of the christian religion, refutes objections, and attacks the illusions and absurdities of paganism. The expressive purity, elegance, and energy of his style have gained him the name of the christian Cicero. He died A.D. 325.――――The best editions of his works are that of Sparke, 8vo, Oxford, 1684; that of Bimeman, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1739; and that of Du Fresnoy, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1748. =Lacter=, a promontory of the island of Cos. =Lacydes=, a philosopher. _See:_ Lacidas. =Lacȳdus=, an effeminate king of Argos. =Ladas=, a celebrated courier of Alexander, born at Sicyon. He was honoured with a brazen statue, and obtained a crown of Olympia. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 10.――_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 97. =Lade=, an island of the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, where was a naval battle between the Persians and Ionians. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. =Lades=, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343. =Ladocea=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias._ =Ladon=, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, happened near its banks. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.―― _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 659.――――An Arcadian who followed Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 413.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 216. =Lælaps=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――――The dog of Cephalus, given him by Procis. _See:_ Lelaps, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7. =Lælia=, a vestal virgin. =Læliānus=, a general, proclaimed emperor in Gaul by his soldiers, A.D. 268, after the death of Gallienus. His triumph was short; he was conquered and put to death after a few months’ reign by another general called _Posthumus_, who aspired to the imperial purple as well as himself. =Caius Lælius=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 614, surnamed _Sapiens_, so intimate with Africanus the younger, that Cicero represents him in his treatise _De Amicitiâ_, as explaining the real nature of friendship, with its attendant pleasures. He made war with success against Viriathus. It is said that he assisted Terence in the composition of his comedies. His modesty, humanity, and the manner in which he patronized letters, are as celebrated as his greatness of mind and integrity in the character of a statesman. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――――Another consul, who accompanied Scipio Africanus the elder in his campaigns in Spain and Africa.――――Archelaus, a famous grammarian. _Suetonius._ =Læna= and =Leæna=, the mistress of Harmodius and Aristogiton. Being tortured because she refused to discover the conspirators, she bit off her tongue, totally to frustrate the violent efforts of her executioners.――――A man who was acquainted with the conspiracy formed against Cæsar. =Lænas=, a surname of the Popilii at Rome. =Læneus=, a river of Crete, where Jupiter brought the ravished Europa. _Strabo._ =Læpa Magna=, a town of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Laertes=, a king of Ithaca, son of Arcesius and Chalcomedusa, who married Anticlea the daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea was pregnant by Sisyphus when she married Laertes, and eight months after her union with the king of Ithaca, she brought forth a son called Ulysses. _See:_ Anticlea. Ulysses was treated with paternal care by Laertes, though not really his son, and Laertes ceded to him his crown and retired into the country where he spent his time in gardening. He was found in this mean employment by his son at his return from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and Ulysses, at the sight of his father, whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, long hesitated whether he should suddenly introduce himself as his son, or whether he should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the paternal feelings of Laertes, who had believed that his son was no more. This last measure was preferred, and when Laertes had burst into tears at the mention which was made of his son, Ulysses threw himself on his neck, exclaiming, “O father, I am he for whom you weep.” This welcome declaration was followed by a recital of all the hardships which Ulysses had suffered, and immediately after the father and son repaired to the palace of Penelope the wife of Ulysses, whence all the suitors who daily importuned the princess were forcibly removed. Laertes was one of the Argonauts, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11 & 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 32; _Heroides_, poem 1, li. 98.――――A city of Cilicia, which gave birth to Diogenes, surnamed _Laërtius_ from the place of his birth. =Laërtius Diogenes=, a writer born at Laertes. _See:_ Diogenes. =Læstry̆gŏnes=, the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same as the people of Leontium, and to have been neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on human flesh, and when Ulysses came on their coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his companions. _See:_ Antiphates. They were of a gigantic stature, according to Homer, who, however, does not mention their country, but only speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colony of them, as some suppose, passed over into Italy, with Lamus at their head, where they built the town of Formiæ, whence the epithet of _Læstrygonia_ is often used for that of _Formiana_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 233, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 4; _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10.――_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, lis. 662 & 818.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 81.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 276. =Læta=, the wife of the emperor Gratian, celebrated for her humanity and generous sentiments. =Lætoria lex=, ordered that proper persons should be appointed to provide for the security and the possession of such as were insane, or squandered away their estates. It made it a high crime to abuse the weakness of persons under such circumstances. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3. =Lætus=, a Roman whom Commodus condemned to be put to death. This violence raised Lætus against Commodus; he conspired against him, and raised Pertinax to the throne.――――A general of the emperor Severus, put to death for his treachery to the emperor; or, according to others, on account of his popularity. =Lævi=, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia Transpadana. =Lævīnus=, a Roman consul sent against Pyrrhus, A.U.C. 474. He informed the monarch that the Romans would not accept him as an arbitrator in the war with Tarentum, and feared him not as an enemy. He was defeated by Pyrrhus.――――Publius Valerius, a man despised at Rome, because he was distinguished by no good quality. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 12. =Lagaria=, a town of Lucania. =Lagia=, a name of the island Delos. _See:_ Delos. =Lagĭdes.= _See:_ Lagus. =Laginia=, a town of Caria. =Lagus=, a Macedonian of mean extraction. He received in marriage Arsinoe the daughter of Meleager, who was then pregnant by king Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace of his wife, he exposed the child in the woods. An eagle preserved the life of the infant, fed him with her prey, and sheltered him with her wings against the inclemency of the air. This uncommon preservation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his life had been so miraculously preserved, his days would be spent in grandeur and affluence. This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the death of Alexander. According to other accounts Arsinoe was nearly related to Philip king of Macedonia, and her marriage with Lagus was not considered as dishonourable, because he was opulent and powerful. The first of the Ptolemies is called _Lagus_, to distinguish him from his successors of the same name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian kings of Egypt, wished it to be believed that he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he preferred the name of _Lagides_ to all other appellations. It is even said that he established a military order in Alexandria, which was called Lageion. The surname of Lagides was transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyptian throne till the reign of Cleopatra, Antony’s mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdote which serves to show how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy was believed in his age. A pedantic grammarian, says the historian, once displaying his great knowledge of antiquity in the presence of Ptolemy, the king suddenly interrupted him with the question of, “Pray tell me, sir, who was the father of Peleus?” “Tell me,” replied the grammarian, without hesitation, “tell me, if you can, O king! who the father of Lagus was.” This reflection on the meanness of the monarch’s birth did not in the least irritate his resentment, though the courtiers all glowed with indignation. Ptolemy praised the humour of the grammarian, and showed his moderation and the mildness of his temper by taking him under his patronage. _Pausanias_, _Attica_.――_Justin_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _De Cohibenda Ira_.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 684. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 196.――――A Rutulian, killed by Pallas son of Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 381. =Lagūsa=, an island in the Pamphylian sea.――――Another near Crete. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Lagȳra=, a city of Taurica Chersonesus. =Laiădes=, a patronymic of Œdipus son of Laius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 18. =Laias=, a king of Arcadia, who succeeded his father Cypselus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A king of Elis, &c. =Lais=, a celebrated courtesan, daughter of Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away from her native country into Greece, when Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily. She first began to sell her favours at Corinth, for 10,000 drachmas, and the immense number of princes, noblemen, philosophers, orators, and plebeians who courted her embraces, show how much commendation is owed to her personal charms. The expenses which attended her pleasures gave rise to the proverb of _Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum_. Even Demosthenes himself visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but when he was informed by the courtesans that admittance to her bed was to be bought at the enormous sum of about 300_l._ English money, the orator departed, and observed that he would not buy repentance at so dear a price. The charms which had attracted Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the philosopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited his house herself; but there she had no reason to boast of the licentiousness or easy submission of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic was one of her warmest admirers, and though filthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained her heart and enjoyed her most unbounded favours. The sculptor Mycon also solicited the favours of Lais, but he met with coldness; he, however, attributed the cause of his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, and dyed it of a brown colour, but to no purpose. “Fool that thou art,” said the courtesan, “to ask what I refused yesterday to thy father.” Lais ridiculed the austerity of philosophers, and laughed at the weakness of those who pretend to have gained a superiority over their passions, by observing that the sages and philosophers of the age were not above the rest of mankind, for she found them at her door as often as the rest of the Athenians. The success which her debaucheries met at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into Thessaly, and more particularly to enjoy the company of a favourite youth called Hippostratus. She was, however, disappointed: the women of the place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive of her corrupting the fidelity of their husbands, assassinated her in the temple of Venus, about 340 years before the christian era. Some suppose that there were two persons of this name, a mother and her daughter. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 26.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 5.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Lāius=, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather Nycteus had left to the care of his brother Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was driven from his kingdom by Amphion and Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for the indignities which Antiope had suffered. He was afterwards restored, and married Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle informed him that he should perish by the hand of his son, and in consequence of this dreadful intelligence he resolved never to approach his wife. A day spent in debauch and intoxication made him violate his vow, and Jocasta brought forth a son. The child as soon as born was given to a servant, with orders to put him to death. The servant was moved with compassion, and only exposed him on mount Cithæron, where his life was preserved by a shepherd. The child, called Œdipus, was educated in the court of Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting with his father in a narrow road proved his ruin. Œdipus ordered his father to make way for him without knowing who he was. Laius refused, and was instantly murdered by his irritated son. His armour-bearer or charioteer shared his fate. _See:_ Œdipus. _Sophocles_, _Œdipus_. ――_Hyginus_, fables 9 & 66.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 5 & 26.――_Plutarch_, _de Curiositate_. =Lalăge=, one of Horace’s favourite mistresses. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 22, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 7.――――A woman censured for her cruelty. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 66. =Lalassis=, a river of Isauria. =Lamăchus=, a son of Xenophanes, sent into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B.C. 414, before Syracuse, where he had displayed much courage and intrepidity. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he had invited all the inhabitants to a sumptuous feast. =Lamalmon=, a large mountain of Æthiopia. =Lambrāni=, a people of Italy near the Lambrus. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_. =Lambrus=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po. =Lămia=, a town of Thessaly at the bottom of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius, famous for a siege which it supported after Alexander’s death. _See:_ Lamiacum. _Diodorus_, bk. 16, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――A river of Greece opposite mount Œta.――――A daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile, an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.――――A famous courtesan, mistress to Demetrius Poliorcetes. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 9. =Lamia= and =Auxesia=, two deities of Crete, whose worship was the same as at Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two statues of an olive tree given them by the Athenians, provided they came to offer a sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c. =Lamiăcum bellum=, happened after the death of Alexander, when the Greeks, and particularly the Athenians, incited by their orators, resolved to free Greece from the garrisons of the Macedonians. Leosthenes was appointed commander of a numerous force, and marched against Antipater, who then presided over Macedonia. Antipater entered Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was beaten by the superior force of the Athenians and of their Greek confederates. Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, B.C. 323, where he resolved, with all the courage and sagacity of a careful general, to maintain a siege with about the 8000 or 9000 men that had escaped from the field of battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city by storm, began to make a regular siege. His operations were delayed by the frequent sallies of Antipater; and Leosthenes being killed by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his escape out of Lamia, and soon after, with the assistance of the army of Craterus brought from Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cranon, and though only 500 of their men were slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipater at last with difficulty consented, provided they raised taxes in the usual manner, received a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses of the war, and lastly, delivered into his hands Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two orators, whose prevailing eloquence had excited their countrymen against him. These disadvantageous terms were accepted by the Athenians, yet Demosthenes had time to escape and poison himself. Hyperides was carried before Antipater, who ordered his tongue to be cut off, and afterwards put him to death. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 11, &c. =Lămiæ=, small islands in the Ægean, opposite Troas. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――A celebrated family at Rome, descended from Lamus. ――――Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face and breast of a woman, and the rest of their body like that of a serpent. They allured strangers to come to them, that they might devour them; and though they were not endowed with the faculty of speech, yet their hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some believed them to be witches, or rather evil spirits, who, under the form of a beautiful woman, enticed young children and devoured them. According to some, the fable of the Lamiæ is derived from the amours of Jupiter with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, whom the jealousy of Juno rendered deformed, and whose children she destroyed; upon which Lamia became insane, and so desperate that she ate up all the children that came in her way. They are also called Lemures. _See:_ Lemures. _Philostratus_, _Life of Apollonius_.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 340.――_Plutarch_, _de Curiositate_.――_Dion._ =Lămias Ælius=, a governor of Syria under Tiberius. He was honoured with a public funeral by the senate; and as having been a respectable and useful citizen, Horace has dedicated his ode 26, bk. 1, to his praises, as also bk. 3, ode 17.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――――Another during the reign of Domitian, put to death, &c. =Lamīrus=, a son of Hercules by Iole. =Lampĕdo=, a woman of Lacedæmon, who was daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. Agrippina the mother of Claudius could boast the same honours. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 22 & 37.――_Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.――_Plato_, bk. 1, _Alcibiades_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 41. =Lampĕtia=, a daughter of Apollo and Neæra. She, with her sister Phaetusa, guarded her father’s flocks in Sicily when Ulysses arrived on the coasts of that island. These flocks were 14 in number, seven herds of oxen, and seven flocks of sheep, consisting each of 50. They fed by night as well as by day, and it was deemed unlawful and sacrilegious to touch them. The companions of Ulysses, impelled by hunger, paid no regard to their sanctity, or to the threats and entreaties of their chief; but they carried away and killed some of the oxen. The watchful keepers complained to their father, and Jupiter, at the request of Apollo, punished the offence of the Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to walk, and the flesh, which was roasting by the fire, began to bellow, and nothing was heard but dreadful noises and loud lowings. The companions of Ulysses embarked on board their ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter followed them. A storm arose, and they all perished except Ulysses, who saved himself on the broken piece of a mast. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, ch. 119.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 12.――――According to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 349, Lampetia is one of the Heliades, who was changed into a poplar tree at the death of her brother Phaeton. =Lampeto= and =Lampedo=, a queen of the Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daughter of Mars. She gained many conquests in Asia, where she founded several cities. She was surprised afterwards by a band of barbarians, and destroyed with her female attendants. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Lampeus= and =Lampia=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Statius_, bk. 8. =Lampon=, =Lampos=, or =Lampus=, one of the horses of Diomedes,――――of Hector,――――of Aurora. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8; _Odyssey_, bk. 23. ――――A son of Laomedon, father of Dolops.――――A soothsayer of Athens in the age of Socrates. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_. =Lampōnia= and =Lampōnium=, a city of Troas. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 26.――――An island on the coast of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Lamponius=, an Athenian general, sent by his countrymen to attempt the conquest of Sicily. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Lampridius Ælius=, a Latin historian in the fourth century, who wrote the lives of some of the Roman emperors. His style is inelegant, and his arrangements injudicious. His life of Commodus, Heliogabalus, Alexander Severus, &c., is still extant, and to be found in the works of the _Historiæ Augustæ Scriptores_. =Lamprus=, a celebrated musician, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_. =Lampsăcus= and =Lampsăcum=, now _Lamsaki_, a town of Asia Minor on the borders of the Propontis, at the north of Abydos. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, of which he was reckoned by some the founder. His temple there was the asylum of lewdness and debauchery, and exhibited scenes of the most unnatural lust, and hence the epithet _Lampsacius_ is usual to express immodesty and wantonness. Alexander resolved to destroy the city on account of the vices of its inhabitants, and more probably for its firm adherence to the interest of Persia. It was, however, saved from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. _See:_ Anaximenes. It was formerly called Pityusa, and received the name of Lampsacus, from Lampsace, a daughter of Mandron, a king of Phrygia, who gave information to some Phoceans who dwelt there, that the rest of the inhabitants had conspired against their life. This timely information saved them from destruction. The city afterwards bore the name of their preserver. The wine of Lampsacus was famous and therefore a tribute of wine was granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain the table of Themistocles. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 117.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, poem 9, li. 26; _Fasti_, bk. 8, li. 345.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 38; bk. 35, ch. 42. ――_Martial_, bk. 11, poems 17, 52. =Lamptera=, a town of Phocæa in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 31. =Lamptĕria=, a festival at Pellene, in Achaia, in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed Lampter, from λαμπειν, _to shine_, because, during this solemnity, which was observed in the night, the worshippers went to the temple of Bacchus, with lighted torches in their hands. It was also customary to place vessels full of wine in several parts of every street in the city. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 21. =Lampus=, a son of Ægyptus.――――A man of Elis.――――A son of Prolaus. =Lămus=, a king of the Læstrygones, who is supposed by some to have founded Formiæ in Italy. The family of the Lamiæ at Rome was, according to the opinion of some, descended from him. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17.――――A son of Hercules and Omphale, who succeeded his mother on the throne of Lydia. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 54. ――――A Latin chief killed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 334. ――――A river of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.――――A Spartan general hired by Nectanebus king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A city of Cilicia.――――A town near Formiæ built by the Læstrygones. =Lămy̆rus=, _buffoon_, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.――――One of the auxiliaries of Turnus, killed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 334. =Lanassa=, a daughter of Cleodæus, who married Pyrrhus the son of Achilles by whom she had eight children. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_. ――_Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Agathocles, who married Pyrrhus, whom she soon after forsook for Demetrius. _Plutarch._ =Lancēa=, a fountain, &c. _Pausanias._ =Lancia=, a town of Lusitania. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Landi=, a people of Germany conquered by Cæsar. =Langia=, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the bay of Corinth. =Langobardi=, a warlike nation of Germany, along the Sprhe, called improperly Lombards by some. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 45; _Germania_, ch. 40. =Langrobriga=, a town of Lusitania. =Lanŭvium=, a town of Latium, about 16 miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno had there a celebrated temple, which was frequented by the inhabitants of Italy, and particularly by the Romans, whose consuls on first entering upon office offered sacrifices to the goddess. The statue of the goddess was covered with a goat’s skin, and armed with a buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were turned upwards in the form of a cone. _Cicero_, _For Lucius Murena_; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 29; _For Milo_, ch. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 364. =Laobōtas=, or =Lābotas=, a Spartan king, of the family of the Agidæ, who succeeded his father Echestratus, B.C. 1023. During his reign war was declared against Argos, by Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years, and was succeeded by Doryssus his son. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Lāŏcoon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys. As being priest of Apollo, he was commissioned by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Neptune to render him propitious. During the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued from the sea, and attacked Laocoon’s two sons, who stood next to the altar. The father immediately attempted to defend his sons, but the serpents, falling upon him, squeezed him in their complicated wreaths, so that he died in the greatest agonies. This punishment was inflicted upon him for his temerity in dissuading the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal wooden horse which the Greeks had consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety in hurling a javelin against the sides of the horse as it entered within the walls. Hyginus attributes this to his marriage against the consent of Apollo, or, according to others, for his polluting the temple by his commerce with his wife Antiope before the statue of the god. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 41 & 201.――_Hyginus_, fable 135. =Laodămas=, a son of Alcinous king of the Phæacians, who offered to wrestle with Ulysses, while at his father’s court. Ulysses, mindful of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused the challenge of Laodamas. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7, li. 170.――――A son of Eteocles king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 15. =Lāŏdămīa=, a daughter of Acastus and Astydamia, who married Protesilaus, the son of Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The departure of her husband for the Trojan war was the source of grief to her, but when she heard that he had fallen by the hand of Hector, her sorrow was increased. To keep alive the memory of her husband whom she had tenderly loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be made and regularly placed in her bed. This was seen by one of her servants, who informed Iphiclus that his daughter’s bed was daily defiled by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, and when he found that the intelligence was false, he ordered the wooden image to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daughter’s grief. He did not succeed. Laodamia threw herself into the flames with the image and perished. This circumstance has given occasion to fabulous traditions related by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus was restored to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, and that when he was obliged to return to the infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to accompany him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 447.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 13.――_Hyginus_, fable 104.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19.――――A daughter of Bellerophon, by Achemone the daughter of king Iobates. She had a son by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedicated herself to the service of Diana, and hunted with her; but her haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she perished by the arrows of the goddess. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 12 & 16.――――A daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus. She was assassinated in the temple of Diana, where she had fled for safety during a sedition. Her murderer, called Milo, soon after turned his dagger against his own breast and killed himself. _Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 3. =Lāŏdĭce=, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, who became enamoured of Acamas son of Theseus, when he came with Diomedes from the Greeks to Troy with an embassy to demand the restoration of Helen. She obtained an interview and the gratification of her desires at the house of Philebia, the wife of a governor of a small town of Troas, which the Greek ambassador had visited. She had a son by Acamas, whom she called Munitus. She afterwards married Helicaon, son of Antenor and Telephus king of Mysia. Some call her Astyoche. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, Laodice threw herself down from the top of a tower and was killed, when Troy was sacked by the Greeks. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 13, ch. 26.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3 & 6.――――One of the Oceanides.――――A daughter of Cinyras, by whom Elatus had some children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Agamemnon, called also Electra. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A sister of Mithridates, who married Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and afterwards her own brother Mithridates. During the secret absence of Mithridates, she prostituted herself to her servants, in hopes that her husband was dead; but when she saw her expectations frustrated, she attempted to poison Mithridates, for which she was put to death.――――A queen of Cappadocia, put to death by her subjects for poisoning five of her children.――――A sister and wife of Antiochus II. She put to death Berenice, whom her husband had married. _See:_ Antiochus II. She was murdered by order of Ptolemy Evergetes, B.C. 246.――――A daughter of Demetrius, shamefully put to death by Ammonius, the tyrannical minister of the vicious Alexander Bala king of Syria.――――A daughter of Seleucus.――――The mother of Seleucus. Nine months before she brought forth she dreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into her bed, and had presented her with a precious stone, on which was engraved the figure of an anchor, commanding her to deliver it to her son as soon as born. This dream appeared the more wonderful, when in the morning she discovered in her bed a ring answering the same description. Not only the son that she brought forth, called Seleucus, but also all his successors of the house of the Seleucidæ, had the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. _Justin._ _Appian_, _Syrian Wars_ mentions this anchor, though in a different manner. =Lāŏdĭcēa=, now _Ladik_, a city of Asia, on the borders of Caria, Phrygia, and Lydia, celebrated for its commerce, and the fine soft and black wool of its sheep. It was originally called _Diospolis_, and afterwards _Rhoas_; and received the name of Laodicea, in honour of Laodice the wife of Antiochus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15, _For Flaccus_.――――Another in Media, destroyed by an earthquake in the age of Nero.――――Another in Syria, called by way of distinction Laodicea _Cabiosa_, or _ad Libanum_.――――Another on the borders of Cœlosyria. _Strabo._ =Lāŏdĭcēne=, a province of Syria, which receives its name from Laodicea, its capital. =Laodŏchus=, a son of Antenor, whose form Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to break the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks and Trojans. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.――――An attendant of Antilochus. ――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Apollo and Phthia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Laogōnus=, a son of Bias, brother to Dardanus, killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 461.――――A priest of Jupiter, killed by Merion in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 604. =Laogŏras=, a king of the Dryopes, who accustomed his subjects to become robbers. He plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and was killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Laogŏre=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme daughter of Pygmalion. She died in Egypt. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Lāŏmĕdon=, son of Ilus king of Troy, married Strymon, called by some Placia, or Leucippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards known by the name of Priam, and Hesione. He built the walls of Troy, and was assisted by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter had banished from heaven, and condemned to be subservient to the will of Laomedon for one year. When the walls were finished, Laomedon refused to reward the labours of the gods, and soon after his territories were laid waste by the god of the sea, and his subjects were visited by a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacrifices were offered to the offended divinities, but the calamities of the Trojans increased; and nothing could appease the gods, according to the words of the oracle, but annually to expose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. Whenever the monster appeared, the marriageable maidens were assembled, and the lot decided which of them was doomed to death for the good of her country. When this calamity had continued for five or six years, the lot fell upon Hesione, Laomedon’s daughter. The king was unwilling to part with a daughter whom he loved with uncommon tenderness, but his refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath of the gods. In the midst of his fears and hesitations, Hercules came and offered to deliver the Trojans from this public calamity, if Laomedon promised to reward him with a number of fine horses. The king consented, but when the monster was destroyed, he refused to fulfil his engagements, and Hercules was obliged to besiege Troy and take it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, one of the conqueror’s attendants, and Podarces was ransomed by the Trojans, and placed upon his father’s throne. According to Hyginus, the wrath of Neptune and Apollo was kindled against Laomedon, because he refused to offer on their altars, as a sacrifice, all the first-born of his cattle, according to a vow which he had made. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2 & 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 20.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 89.――――A demagogue of Messina in Sicily.――――A satrap of Phœnicia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.――――An Athenian, &c. _Plutarch._――――An Orchomenian. _Plutarch._ =Laŏmĕdonteus=, an epithet applied to the Trojans from their king Laomedon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 542; bk. 7, li. 105; bk. 8, li. 18. =Laŏmĕdontiădæ=, a patronymic given to the Trojans from Laomedon their king. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 248. =Laonŏme=, the wife of Polyphemus, one of the Argonauts. =Laonŏmēne=, a daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons, Teles and Menippides, and two daughters, Lysidice and Stendedice. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Laŏthoe=, a daughter of Altes, a king of the Leleges, who married Priam and became mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 85.――――One of the daughters of Thespius, mother of Antidus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Laous=, a river of Lacedæmon. =Lapăthus=, a city of Cyprus. =Laphria=, a surname of Diana at Patræ in Achaia, where she had a temple with a statue of gold and ivory, which represented her in the habit of a huntress. The statue was made by Menechmus and Soidas, two artists of celebrity. This name was given the goddess from Laphrius the son of Delphus, who consecrated the statue to her. There was a festival of the goddess there, called also Laphria, of which _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18, gives an account. =Laphystium=, a mountain in Bœotia, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called _Laphystius_. It was here that Athamas prepared to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom Jupiter saved by sending them a golden ram; whence the surname, and the homage paid to the god. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34. =Lapideus=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans. =Lăpĭthæ=, a people of Thessaly. _See:_ Lapithus. =Lapĭtho=, a city of Cyprus. =Lăpĭthus=, a son of Apollo by Stilbe. He was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsinome daughter of Euronymus, by whom he had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of _Lapithæ_ was given to the numerous children of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the inhabitants of the country, of which they had obtained the sovereignty. The chief of the Lapithæ assembled to celebrate the nuptials of Pirithous, one of their number, and among them were Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mopsus, Phalerus, Exadius, Prolochus, Titaresius, &c. The Centaurs were also invited to partake the common festivity, and the amusements would have been harmless and innocent, had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs offered violence to Hippodamia the wife of Pirithous. The Lapithæ resented the injury, and the Centaurs supported their companions, upon which the quarrel became universal, and ended in blows and slaughter. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and they at last were obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapithæ showed himself brave and intrepid in supporting the cause of his friends, and Nestor also was not less active in the protection of chastity and innocence. This quarrel arose from the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous forgot or neglected to invite among the other gods at the celebration of his nuptials, and therefore the divinity punished the insult by sowing dissension among the festive assembly. _See:_ Centauri. Hesiod has described the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithæ, as also Ovid in a more copious manner. The invention of bits and bridles for horses is attributed to the Lapithæ. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 115; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 601; bk. 7, li. 305. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 530; bk. 14, li. 670. ――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pindar_, bk. 2, _Pythian_.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 304. =Lapithæum=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20. =Lara=, or =Laranda=, one of the Naiads, daughter of the river Almon in Latium, famous for her beauty and her loquacity, which her parents long endeavoured to correct, but in vain. She revealed to Juno the amours of her husband Jupiter with Juturna, for which the god cut off her tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct her to the infernal regions. The messenger of the gods fell in love with her by the way, and gratified his passion. Lara became mother of two children, to whom the Romans have paid divine honours, according to the opinion of some, under the name of Lares. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 599. =Larentia= and =Laurentia=, a courtesan in the first ages of Rome. _See:_ Acca. =Lăres=, gods of inferior power at Rome, who presided over houses and families. They were two in number, sons of Mercury by Lara. _See:_ Lara. In process of time their power was extended not only over houses, but also over the country and the sea, and we find Lares _Urbani_ to preside over the cities, _Familiares_ over houses, _Rustici_ over the country, _Compitales_ over cross-roads, _Marini_ over the sea, _Viales_ over the roads, _Patellarii_, &c. According to the opinion of some, the worship of the gods Lares, who are supposed to be the same as the manes, arises from the ancient custom among the Romans and other nations of burying their dead in their houses, and from their belief that their spirits continually hovered over their houses, for the protection of the inhabitants. The statues of the Lares resembling monkeys, and covered with the skin of a dog, were placed in a niche behind the doors of the houses, or around the hearths. At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a dog barking, to intimate their care and vigilance. Incense was burnt on their altars, and a sow was also offered on particular days. Their festivals were observed at Rome in the month of May, when their statues were crowned with garlands of flowers, and offerings of fruit presented. The word Lares seems to be derived from the Etruscan word _Lars_, which signifies conductor, or leader. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 129.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 8.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 23.――_Plautus_, _Aulularia_ & _Cistellaria_. =Largra=, a well-known prostitute in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 25. =Largus=, a Latin poet, who wrote a poem on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he built the town of Padua. He composed with ease and elegance. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 17. =Larīdes=, a son of Daucus or Daunus, who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and had his hand cut off with one blow by Pallas the son of Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 391. =Lārīna=, a virgin of Italy, who accompanied Camilla in her war against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 655. =Larīnum=, or =Lārīna=, now _Larino_, a town of the Frentani on the Tifernus, before it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were called _Larinates_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 565.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, chs. 63, 64; _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 12; bk. 7, ltr. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 18; bk. 27, ch. 40.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 23. =Larissa=, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave her name to some cities in Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――――A city between Palestine and Egypt, where Pompey was murdered and buried, according to some accounts.――――A large city on the banks of the Tigris. It had a small pyramid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt.――――A city of Asia Minor, on the southern confines of Troas. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――Another in Æolia, 70 stadia from Cyme. It is surnamed _Phriconis_ by Strabo, by way of distinction. _Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 640.――――Another near Ephesus. ――――Another on the borders of the Peneus in Thessaly, also called _Cremaste_ from its situation (_Pensilis_), the most famous of all the cities of that name. It was here that Acrisius was inadvertently killed by his grandson Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous temple, on account of which he is called _Larissæus_. The same epithet is also applied to Achilles, who reigned there. It is still extant, and bears the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 542. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 197.――_Lucan_, bk. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 46; bk. 42, ch. 56.――――A citadel of Argos, built by Danaus. =Larissæus.= _See:_ Larissa. =Larissus=, a river of Peloponnesus flowing between Elis and Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43. =Larius=, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul, through which the Addua runs in its way into the Po, above Cremona. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 159. =Larnos=, a small desolate island on the coast of Thrace. =Laronia=, a shameless courtesan in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 86. =Lars Tolumnius=, a king of the Veientes, conquered by the Romans, and put to death, A.U.C. 329. _Livy_, bk. 4, chs. 17 & 19. =Titus Lartius Flavius=, a consul who appeased a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, and was the first dictator ever chosen at Rome, B.C. 498. He made Spurius Cassius his master of horse. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone withstood the fury of Porsenna’s army at the head of a bridge, while the communication was cutting down behind them. His companions were Cocles and Herminius. _See:_ Cocles. _Livy_, bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2. ――――The name of Lartius has been common to many Romans. =Lartolætani=, a people of Spain. =Larvæ=, a name given to the wicked spirits and apparitions which, according to the notions of the Romans, issued from their graves in the night and came to terrify the world. As the word _larva_ signifies a _mask_, whose horrid and uncouth appearance often serves to frighten children, that name has been given to the ghosts or spectres which superstition believes to hover around the graves of the dead. Some call them Lemures. _Servius_, _Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil_, bk. 5, li. 64; bk. 6, li. 152. =Larymna=, a town of Bœotia, where Bacchus had a temple and a statue. ――――Another in Caria. _Strabo_, bks. 9 & 16.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 2, ch. 3. =Larysium=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22. =Lassia=, an ancient name of Andros. =Lassus=, or =Lasus=, a dithyrambic poet, born at Hermione, in Peloponnesus, about 500 years before Christ, and reckoned among the wise men of Greece by some. He is particularly known by the answer he gave to a man who asked him what could best render life pleasant and comfortable? “Experience.” He was acquainted with music. Some fragments of his poetry are to be found in Athenæus. He wrote an ode upon the Centaurs, and a hymn to Ceres, without inserting the letter S in the composition. _Athenæus_, bk. 10. =Lasthĕnes=, a governor of Olynthus, corrupted by Philip king of Macedonia.――――A Cretan demagogue, conquered by Metellus the Roman general.――――A cruel minister at the court of the Seleucidæ, kings of Syria. =Lasthĕnīa=, a woman who disguised herself to come and hear Plato’s lectures. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Latăgus=, a king of Pontus, who assisted Æetes against the Argonauts, and was killed by Darapes. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 584.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 697. =Laterānus Plautus=, a Roman consul elect, A.D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso against the emperor Nero proved fatal to him. He was led to execution, where he refused to confess the associates of the conspiracy, and did not even frown at the executioner who was as guilty as himself; but when a first blow could not sever his head from his body, he looked at the executioner, and shaking his head, he returned it to the hatchet with the greatest composure, and it was cut off. There exists now a celebrated palace at Rome, which derives its name from its ancient possessors the Laterani. =Latĕrium=, the villa of Quintus Cicero at Arpinum, near the Liris. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10, ltr. 1; bk. 4, ltr. 7; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 15. =Latiālis=, a surname of Jupiter, who was worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals, which were first instituted by Tarquin the Proud, lasted 15 days. _Livy_, bk. 21. _See:_ Feriæ Latinæ. =Latīni=, the inhabitants of Latium. _See:_ Latium. =Latīnus Latiaris=, a celebrated informer, &c. _Tacitus._ =Latīnus=, a son of Faunus by Marica, king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from him were called Latini. He married Amata, by whom he had a son and a daughter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia, was secretly promised in marriage by her mother to Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most powerful admirers. The gods opposed this union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia must become the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of Æneas in Italy seemed favourable to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering his daughter to the foreign prince, and making him his friend and ally, seemed to have fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Turnus, however, disapproved of the conduct of Latinus; he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and prepared to support his cause by arms. Æneas took up arms in his own defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. After mutual losses it was agreed that the quarrel should be decided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised his daughter to the conqueror. Æneas obtained the victory and married Lavinia. Latinus soon after died, and was succeeded by his son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 2, &c. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――――A son of Sylvius Æneas, surnamed also Sylvius. He was the fifth king of the Latins, and succeeded his father. He was father to Alba his successor. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A son of Ulysses and Circe also bore this name. =Lătium=, a country of Italy near the river Tiber. It was originally very circumscribed, extending only from the Tiber to Circeii, but afterwards it comprehended the territories of the Volsci, Æqui, Hernici, Ausones, Umbri, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants were called _Aborigines_, and received the name of Latini, from Latinus their king. According to others the word is derived from _lateo_, _to conceal_, because Saturn concealed himself there when flying the resentment of his son Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital of the country in the reign of Latinus, Lavinium under Æneas, and Alba under Ascanius. _See:_ Alba. The Latins, though originally known only among their neighbours, soon rose in consequence when Romulus had founded the city of Rome in their country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 38; bk. 8, li. 322.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Annals_, ch. 5. =Latius=, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. _Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 392. =Latmus=, a mountain of Caria near Miletus. It is famous for the residence of Endymion, whom Diana regularly visited in the night, whence he is often called _Latmius Heros_. _See:_ Endymion. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 299; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 83.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Cicero_, bk. 1, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 28. =Latobius=, the god of health among the Corinthians. =Latobrigri=, a people of Belgic Gaul. =Latōis=, a name of Diana, as being the daughter of Latona.――――A country house near Ephesus. =Latomiæ=. _See:_ ♦Lautumiæ. ♦ ‘Latumiæ’ replaced with ‘Lautumiæ’ =Latōna=, a daughter of Cœus the Titan and Phœbe, or, according to Homer, of Saturn. She was admired for her beauty, and celebrated for the favours which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, always jealous of her husband’s amours, made Latona the object of her vengeance, and sent the serpent Python to disturb her peace and persecute her. Latona wandered from place to place in the time of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for fear of Python. She was driven from heaven, and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to give her a place where she might find rest and bring forth. Neptune, moved with compassion, struck with his trident, and made immovable the island of Delos, which before wandered in the Ægean, and appeared sometimes above, and sometimes below, the surface of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail by Jupiter, came to Delos, where she resumed her original shape, and gave birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an olive. Her repose was of short duration. Juno discovered the place of her retreat, and obliged her to fly from Delos. She wandered over the greatest part of the world, and in Caria, where her fatigue compelled her to stop, she was insulted and ridiculed by peasants of whom she asked for water, while they were weeding a marsh. Their refusal and insolence provoked her, and she intreated Jupiter to punish their barbarity. They were all changed into frogs. She was exposed to repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted herself greater than the mother of Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the piety of her neighbours had offered to Latona. _See:_ Niobe. Her beauty proved fatal to the giant Tityus, whom Apollo and Diana put to death. _See:_ Tityus. At last Latona, though persecuted and exposed to the resentment of Juno, became a powerful deity, and saw her children receive divine honours. Her worship was generally established where her children received adoration, particularly at Argos, Delos, &c., where she had temples. She had an oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the true, decisive answers which it gave. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 155.――_Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21; _Hymns to Aphrodite & Artemis_. ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 160.――_Hyginus_, fable 140. =Latopŏlis=, a city of Egypt. _Strabo._ =Latous=, a name ♦given to Apollo, as son of Latona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 9. ♦ ‘give’ replaced with ‘given’ =Latreus=, one of the Centaurs, who, after killing Halesus, was himself slain by Cæneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 463. =Laudămia=, a daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, and Olympias daughter of Pyrrhus, killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged populace. _Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 3.――――The wife of Protesilaus. _See:_ Laodamia. =Laudice.= _See:_ Laodice. =Laverna=, the goddess of thieves and dishonest persons at Rome. She did not only preside over robbers, called from her _Laverniones_, but she protected such as deceived others, or performed their secret machinations in obscurity and silence. Her worship was very popular, and the Romans raised her an altar near one of the gates of the city, which from that circumstance was called the gate of Laverna. She was generally represented by a head without a body. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 16, li. 60.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――――A place mentioned by _Plutarch_, &c. =Lavernium=, a temple of Laverna, near Formiæ. _Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8. =Laufella=, a wanton woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 319. =Laviana=, a province of Armenia Minor. =Lăvīnia=, a daughter of king Latinus and Amata. She was betrothed to her relation king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered her father to marry her to a foreign prince, she was given to Æneas after the death of Turnus. _See:_ Latinus. At her husband’s death she was left pregnant, and being fearful of the tyranny of Ascanius her son-in-law, she fled into the woods, where she brought forth a son called Æneas Sylvius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 507.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Lavīnium=, or =Lavīnum=, a town of Italy, built by Æneas, and called by that name in honour of Lavinia, the founder’s wife. It was the capital of Latium during the reign of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 262.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 2. =Laura=, a place near Alexandria in Egypt. =Laureacum=, a town at the confluence of the Ens and the Danube, now _Lorch_. =Laurentālia=, certain festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Laurentia, on the last day of April and the 23rd of December. They were, in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 57. =Laurentes agri=, the country in the neighbourhood of Laurentum. _Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 41. =Laurentia.= _See:_ Acca. =Laurentīni=, the inhabitants of Latium. They received this name from the great number of laurels which grew in the country. King Latinus found one of uncommon largeness and beauty, when he was going to build a temple to Apollo, and the tree was consecrated to the god, and preserved with the most religious ceremonies. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 59. =Laurentius=, belonging to Laurentum or Latium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 709. =Laurentum=, now _Paterno_, the capital of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of Latinus. It is on the sea coast, east of the Tiber. _See:_ Laurentini. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 171. =Laurion=, a place of Attica, where were gold mines, from which the Athenians drew considerable revenues, and with which they built their fleets by the advice of Themistocles. These mines failed before the age of Strabo. _Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Lauron=, a town of Spain, where Pompey’s son was conquered by Cæsar’s army. =Laus=, now _Laino_, a town on the river of the same name, which forms the southern boundary of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Laus Pompeia=, a town of Italy, founded by a colony sent thither by Pompey. =Lausus=, a son of Numitor and brother of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle Amulius, who usurped his father’s throne. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 54.――――A son of Mezentius king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by Æneas in the war which his father and Turnus made against the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 649; bk. 10, li. 426, &c. =Lautium=, a city of Latium. =Lautumiæ=, or =Latomiæ=, a prison at Syracuse, cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius, and now converted into a subterraneous garden filled with numerous shrubs, flourishing in luxuriant variety. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27; bk. 32, ch. 26. =Leades=, a son of Astacus, who killed Eteoclus. _Apollodorus._ =Lēæi=, a nation of Pæonia, near Macedonia. =Leæna=, an Athenian harlot. _See:_ Læna. =Leander=, a youth of Abydos, famous for his amours with Hero. _See:_ Hero.――――A Milesian who wrote an historical commentary upon his country. =Leandre=, a daughter of Amyclas, who married Arcas. _Apollodorus._ =Leandrias=, a Lacedæmonian refugee of Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority over Greece when conquered by the Thebans at Leuctra. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Leanira=, a daughter of Amyclas. _See:_ Leandre. =Learchus=, a son of Athamas and Ino, crushed to death against a wall by his father, in a fit of madness. _See:_ Athamas. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 490. =Lebădēa=, now _Lioadias_, a town of Bœotia, near mount Helicon. It received this name from the mother of Aspledon, and became famous for the oracle and cave of Trophonius. No moles could live there, according to Pliny. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 36. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 59. =Lebĕdus=, or =Lebĕdos=, a town of Ionia, at the north of Colophon, where festivals were yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, and where Trophonius had a cave and a temple. Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried part of the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been founded by an Athenian colony, under one of the sons of Codrus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 11, li. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 142. ――_Cicero_, bk. 1, _Divination_, ch. 33. =Lebēna=, a commercial town of Crete, with a temple sacred to Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26. =Lĕbinthos= and =Lebynthos=, an island in the Ægean sea, near Patmos. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 222. =Lechæum=, now _Pelago_, a port of Corinth in the bay of Corinth. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 381.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 23. =Lectum=, a promontory, now cape _Baba_, separating Troas from Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 37. =Lecythus=, a town of Eubœa. =Leda=, a daughter of king Thespius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus king of Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god, struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive her. He persuaded Venus to change herself into an eagle, while he assumed the form of a swan, and, after this metamorphosis, Jupiter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, fled through the air into the arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the trembling swan from the assaults of his superior enemy. The caresses with which the naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupiter to avail himself of his situation, and nine months after this adventure, the wife of Tyndarus brought forth two eggs, of one of which sprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were deemed the offspring of Jupiter, and the others claimed Tyndarus for their father. Some mythologists attributed this amour to Nemesis, and not to Leda; and they further mention, that Leda was entrusted with the education of the children which sprang from the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. _See:_ Helena. To reconcile this diversity of opinions, others maintain that Leda received the name of Nemesis after death. Homer and Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis of Jupiter into a swan, whence some have imagined that the fable was unknown to these two ancient poets, and probably invented since their age. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 109.――_Hesiod_, bk. 17, li. 55.――_Hyginus_, fable 77. ――_Isocrates_, _Helen_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Euripides_, _Helen_.――――A famous dancer in the age of _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 63. =Ledæa=, an epithet given to Hermione, &c., as related to Leda. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 328. =Ledus=, now _Lez_, a river of Gaul, near the modern Montpelier. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Lĕgio=, a corps of soldiers in the Roman armies, whose numbers have been different at different times. The legion under Romulus consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and was soon after augmented to 4000, after the admission of the Sabines into the city. When Annibal was in Italy it consisted of 5000 soldiers, and afterwards it decreased to 4000, or 4500. Marius made it consist of 6200, besides 700 horse. This was the period of its greatness in numbers. Livy speaks of 10, and even 18, legions kept at Rome. During the consular government it was usual to levy and fit up four legions, which were divided between the two consuls. This number was, however, often increased, as time and occasion required. Augustus maintained a standing army of 23 or 25 legions, and this number was seldom diminished. In the reign of Tiberius there were 27 legions, and the peace establishment of Adrian maintained no less than 30 of these formidable brigades. They were distributed over the Roman empire, and their stations were settled and permanent. The peace of Britain was protected by three legions; 16 were stationed on the banks of the Rhine and Danube, viz. two in Lower, and three in Upper Germany; one in Noricum, one in Rhætia, three in Mœsia, four in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. Eight were stationed on the Euphrates, six of which remained in Syria, and two in Cappadocia; while the remote provinces of Egypt, Africa, and Spain were guarded each by a single legion. Besides these the tranquillity of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, under the titles of city cohorts and of pretorian guards, watched over the safety of the monarch and of the capital. The legions were distinguished by different appellations, and generally borrowed their name from the order in which they were first raised, as _prima_, _secunda_, _tertia_, _quarta_, &c. Besides this distinction, another more expressive was generally added, as from the name of the emperor who embodied them, as _Augusta_, _Claudiana_, _Galbiana_, _Flavia_, _Ulpia_, _Trajana_, _Antoniana_, &c.; from the provinces or quarters where they were stationed, as _Britannica_, _Cyreniaca_, _Gallica_, &c.; from the provinces which had been subdued by their valour, as _Parthica_, _Scythica_, _Arabica_, _Africana_, &c.; from the names of the deities whom their generals particularly worshipped, as _Minervia_, _Apollinaris_, &c.; or from more trifling accidents, as _Martia_, _Fulminatrix_, _Rapax_, _Adjutrix_, &c. Each legion was divided into 10 _cohorts_, each cohort into three _manipuli_, and every manipulus into two centuries or _ordines_. The chief commander of the legion was called _legatus_, lieutenant. The standards borne by the legions were various. In the first ages of Rome a wolf was the standard, in honour of Romulus; after that a hog, because that animal was generally sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, and therefore it indicated that war is undertaken for the obtaining of peace. A minotaur was sometimes the standard, to intimate the secrecy with which the general was to act, in commemoration of the labyrinth. Sometimes a horse or boar was used, till the age of Marius, who changed all these for the eagle, being a representation of that bird in silver, holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. The Roman eagle ever after remained in use, though Trajan made use of the dragon. =Leitus=, or =Letus=, a commander of the Bœotians at the siege of Troy. He was saved from the victorious hand of Hector and from death by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2, 6 & 17.――――One of the Argonauts, son of Alector. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 9. =Lelaps=, a dog that never failed to seize and conquer whatever animal he was ordered to pursue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and Procris reconciled herself to her husband by presenting him with that valuable present. According to some, Procris had received it from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous wounds of which she had cured him. _Hyginus_, fable 128.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 771. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 211. =Lĕlĕges= (_a_ λεγω, _to gather_), a wandering people, composed of different unconnected nations. They were originally inhabitants of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with Altes their king. Achilles plundered their country, and obliged them to retire to the neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, where they fixed their habitation. The inhabitants of Laconia and Megara bore this name for some time, from Lelex, one of their kings. _Strabo_, bks. 7 & 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 85.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 30. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 725.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Lelegeis=, a name applied to Miletus, because once possessed by the Leleges. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Lelex=, an Egyptian, who came with a colony to Megara, where he reigned about 200 years before the Trojan war. His subjects were called from him _Leleges_, and the place _Lelegeia mœnia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A Greek, who was the first king of Laconia in Peloponnesus. His subjects were also called _Leleges_, and the country where he reigned _Lelegia_. _Pausanias._ =Lemanis=, a place in Britain, where Cæsar is supposed to have first landed, and therefore placed by some at Lime in Kent. =Lemannus=, a lake in the country of the Allobroges, through which the Rhone flows by Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva or Lausanne. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 396.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Lemnos=, an island in the Ægean sea between Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It was sacred to Vulcan, called _Lemnius pater_, who fell there when kicked down from heaven by Jupiter. _See:_ Vulcanus. It was celebrated for two horrible massacres; that of the Lemnian women murdering their husbands [_See:_ ♦Hypsipyle], and that of the Lemnians, or Pelasgi, in killing all the children they had had by some Athenian women, whom they had carried away to become their wives. These two acts of cruelty have given rise to the proverb of _Lemnian actions_, which is applied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds. The first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pelasgi, or rather the Thracians, who were murdered by their wives. After them came the children of the Lemnian widows by the Argonauts, whose descendants were at last expelled by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the christian era. Lemnos is about 112 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, who says that it is often shadowed by mount Athos, though at the distance of 87 miles. It has been called ♦_Hypsipyle_, from queen ♦Hypsipyle. It is famous for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called _terra Lemnia_ or _terra sigillata_, from the seal or impression which it can bear. As the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets have taken occasion to fix the forges of Vulcan in that island, and to consecrate the whole country to his divinity. Lemnos is also celebrated for a labyrinth, which, according to some traditions, surpassed those of Crete and Egypt. Some remains of it were still visible in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, now called _Stalimene_, was reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades, and the Carians, who then inhabited it, were obliged to emigrate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 454.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 593.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 7. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 140.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 78.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 672.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Thebiad_, li. 274. ♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency =Lemovices=, a people of Gaul, now _Limousin_ and _Limoges_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7; ch. 4. =Lemovii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_. =Lĕmŭres=, the manes of the dead. The ancients supposed that the souls after death wandered all over the world, and disturbed the peace of its inhabitants. The good spirits were called _Lares familiares_, and the evil ones were known by the name of _Larvæ_, or _Lemures_. They terrified the good, and continually haunted the wicked and impious; and the Romans had the superstition to celebrate festivals in their honour, called _Lemuria_, or ♦_Lemuralia_, in the month of May. They were first instituted by Romulus to appease the manes of his brother Remus, from whom they were called _Remuria_, and, by corruption, _Lemuria_. These solemnities continued three nights, during which the temples of the gods were shut and marriages prohibited. It was usual for the people to throw black beans on the graves of the deceased, or to burn them, as the smell was supposed to be insupportable to them. They also muttered magical words, and, by beating kettles and drums, they believed that the ghosts would depart and no longer come to terrify their relations upon earth. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 421, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 209.――_Persius_, bk. 5, li. 185. ♦ ‘Lemurialia’ replaced with ‘Lemuralia’ =Lĕmūria= and =Lĕmŭrālia=. _See:_ Lemures. =Lenæus=, a surname of Bacchus, from ληνος, _a wine-press_. There was a festival called _Lenæa_, celebrated in his honour, in which the ceremonies observed at the other festivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There were, besides, poetical contentions, &c. _Pausanias._ ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 4; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 207. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 14.――――A learned grammarian, ordered by Pompey to translate into Latin some of the physical manuscripts of Mithridates king of Pontus. =Lentŭlus=, a celebrated family at Rome, which produced many great men in the commonwealth. The most illustrious were Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, a consul, A.U.C. 427, who dispersed some robbers who infested Umbria.――――Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained up some gladiators at Capua, which escaped from his school.――――Cornelius Lentulus, surnamed _Sura_. He joined in Catiline’s conspiracy, and assisted in corrupting the Allobroges. He was convicted in full senate by Cicero, and put in prison and afterwards executed.――――A consul who triumphed over the Samnites.――――Cnæus Lentulus, surnamed _Gætulicus_, was made consul A.D. 26, and was some time after put to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his great popularity. He wrote a history mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poetry. ――――Lucius Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, put to death in Africa. ――――Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a pretor, defeated by the rebellious slaves in Sicily.――――Lentulus Spinther, a senator, kindly used by Julius Cæsar, &c.――――A tribune at the battle of Cannæ.――――Publius Lentulus, a friend of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero (_On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48) as a great and consummate statesman.――――Besides these, there are a few others, whose name is only mentioned in history, and whose life was not marked by any uncommon event. The consulship was in the family of the Lentuli in the years of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518, 553, 555, 598, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――_Livy._――_Florus._――_Pliny._ ――_Plutarch._――_Eutropius._ =Leo=, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 350 years before the christian era. His philosophical and political talents endeared him to his countrymen, and he was always sent upon every important occasion as ambassador to Athens, or to the court of Philip king of Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted with the abilities of Leo, was sensible that his views and claims to Byzantium would never succeed while it was protected by the vigilance of such a patriotic citizen. To remove him he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A letter was forged, in which Leo made solemn promises of betraying his country to the king of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner known than the people ran enraged to the house of Leo, and the philosopher, to avoid their fury, and without attempting his justification, strangled himself. He had written some treatises upon physic, and also the history of his country, and the wars of Philip in seven books, which have been lost. _Plutarch._――――A Corinthian at Syracuse, &c.――――A king of Sparta.――――A son of Eurycrates. _Athenæus_, bk. 12. ――_Philostratus._――――An emperor of the east, surnamed the _Thracian_. He reigned 17 years, and died A.D. 474, being succeeded by Leo II. for 10 months, and afterwards by Zeno. =Leocorion=, a monument and temple erected by the Athenians to Pasithea, Theope, and Eubele, daughters of Leos, who immolated themselves when an oracle had ordered that, to stop the raging pestilence, some of the blood of the citizens must be shed. _Ælian_, bk. 12, ch. 28. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19. =Leocrătes=, an Athenian general, who flourished B.C. 460, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 11. =Leodămas=, a son of Eteocles, one of the seven Theban chiefs who defended the city against the Argives. He killed Ægialeus, and was himself killed by Alcmæon.――――A son of Hector and Andromache. _Dictys Cretensis._ =Leodŏcus=, one of the Argonauts. _Flaccus._ =Leogŏras=, an Athenian debauchee, who maintained the courtesan Myrrhina. =Leon=, a king of Sparta. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――――A town of Sicily, near Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 25. =Leona=, a courtesan, called also Læna. _See:_ Læna. =Leonătus=, one of Alexander’s generals. His father’s name was Eunus. He distinguished himself in Alexander’s conquest of Asia, and once saved the king’s life in a dangerous battle. After the death of Alexander, at the general division of the provinces, he received for his portion that part of Phrygia which borders on the Hellespont. He was empowered by Perdiccas to assist Eumenes in making himself master of the province of Cappadocia, which had been allotted to him. Like the rest of the generals of Alexander, he was ambitious of power and dominion. He aspired to the sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly communicated to Eumenes the different plans he meant to pursue to execute his designs. He passed from Asia into Europe to assist Antipater against the Athenians, and was killed in a battle which was fought soon after his arrival. Historians have mentioned, as an instance of the luxury of Leonatus, that he employed a number of camels to procure some earth from Egypt to wrestle upon, as, in his opinion, it seemed better calculated for that purpose. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 8.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――――A Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy against the Romans. =Leonĭdas=, a celebrated king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Eurysthenidæ, sent by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes king of Persia, who had invaded Greece with about five millions of souls. He was offered the kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he would not oppose his views; but Leonidas heard the proposal with indignation, and observed, that he preferred death for his country, to an unjust though extensive dominion over it. Before the engagement Leonidas exhorted his soldiers, and told them all to dine heartily, as they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The battle was fought at Thermopylæ, and the 300 Spartans who alone had refused to abandon the scene of action, withstood the enemy with such vigour, that they were obliged to retire wearied and conquered during three successive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had the perfidy to conduct a detachment of Persians by a secret path up the mountains, whence they suddenly fell upon the rear of the Spartans, and crushed them to pieces. Only one escaped of the 300; he returned home, where he was treated with insult and reproaches, for flying ingloriously from a battle in which his brave companions, with their royal leader, had perished. This celebrated battle, which happened 480 years before the christian era, taught the Greeks to despise the number of the Persians, and to rely upon their own strength, and intrepidity. Temples were raised to the fallen hero, and festivals, called _Leonidea_, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in which free-born youths contended. Leonidas, as he departed for the battle from Lacedæmon, gave no other injunction to his wife but, after his death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, to raise from her children deserving of the name and greatness of her first husband. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 120, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.――_Justin_, bk. 2.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_ & _Cleomenes_. ――――A king of Sparta after Areus II., ♦257 years before Christ. He was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus his son-in-law, and afterwards re-established.――――A preceptor to Alexander the Great. ――――A friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, by Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented the death of Parmenio, and who formed a separate cohort. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――――A learned man of Rhodes, greatly commended by Strabo, &c. ♦ omitted word ‘years’ added =Leontium= and =Leontīni=, a town of Sicily, about five miles distant from the sea-shore. It was built by a colony from Chalcis in Eubæa, and was, according to some accounts, once the habitation of the Lætrygones, for which reason the neighbouring fields are often called _Læstrygonii campi_. The country was extremely fruitful, whence Cicero calls it the grand magazine of Sicily. The wine which it produced was the best of the island. The people of Leontium implored the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, B.C. 427. _Thucydides_, bk. 6.――_Polybius_, bk. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 467.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 126.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5. =Leontium=, a celebrated courtesan of Athens, who studied philosophy under Epicurus, and became one of his most renowned pupils. She prostituted herself to the philosopher’s scholars, and even to Epicurus himself, if we believe the reports which were raised by some of his enemies. _See:_ Epicurus. Metrodorus shared her favours in the most unbounded manner, and by him she had a son, to whom Epicurus was so partial, that he recommended him to his executors on his dying bed. Leontium not only professed herself a warm admirer and follower of the doctrines of Epicurus, but she even wrote a book in support of them against Theophrastus. This book was valuable, if we believe the testimony and criticism of Cicero, who praised the purity and elegance of its style, and the truly Attic turn of the expressions. Leontium had also a daughter called Danae, who married Sophron. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 33. =Leontocephălus=, a strongly fortified city of Phrygia. _Plutarch._ =Leonton=, or =Leontopŏlis=, a town of Egypt where lions were worshipped. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 12, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10. =Leontychides.= _See:_ Leotychides. =Leos=, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his three daughters for the good of Athens. _See:_ Leocorion. =Leosthĕnes=, an Athenian general, who, after Alexander’s death, drove Antipater to Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town of Lamia. The success which for a while attended his arms was soon changed by a fatal blow, which he received from a stone thrown by the besieged, B.C. 323. The death of Leosthenes was followed by the total defeat of the Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his body was pronounced at Athens by Hyperides, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had been lately banished for taking a bribe from Harpalus. _See:_ Lamiacum. _Diodorus_, bks. 17 & 18.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――Another general of Athens, condemned on account of the bad success which attended his arms against Peparethos. =Leotychĭdes=, a king of Sparta, son of Menares, of the family of the Proclidæ. He was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by his courage and valour, he put an end to the Persian war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said that he cheered the spirits of his fellow-soldiers at Mycale, who were anxious for their countrymen in Greece, by raising a report that a battle had been fought at Platæa, in which the barbarians had been defeated. This succeeded, and though the information was premature, yet a battle was fought at Platæa, in which the Greeks obtained the victory the same day that the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale. Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he perished, B.C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by his grandson Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son of Agis king of Sparta by Timæa. The legitimacy of his birth was disputed by some, and it was generally believed that he was the son of Alcibiades. He was prevented from ascending the throne of Sparta by Lysander, though Agis had declared him upon his death-bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was appointed in his place. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.――_Plutarch._――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Lephyrium=, a city of Cilicia. =Lepĭda=, a noble woman, accused of attempts to poison her husband, from whom she had been separated for 20 years. She was condemned under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――――A woman who married Scipio.――――Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, great niece to Augustus, and aunt to the emperor Nero. She is described by Tacitus as a common prostitute, infamous in her manners, violent in her temper, and yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put to death by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero’s mother. _Tacitus._――――A wife of Galba the emperor.――――A wife of Cassius, &c. =Lepĭdus Marcus Æmĭlius=, a Roman, celebrated as being one of the triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. He was of an illustrious family, and, like the rest of his contemporaries, he was remarkable for his ambition, to which were added a narrowness of mind, and a great deficiency of military abilities. He was sent against Cæsar’s murderers, and some time after, he leagued with Marcus Antony, who had gained the heart of his soldiers by artifice, and that of their commander by his address. When his influence and power among the soldiers had made him one of the triumvirs, he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues, by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the triumvirate. He received Africa as his portion in the division of the empire; but his indolence soon rendered him despicable in the eyes of his soldiers and of his colleagues; and Augustus, who was well acquainted with the unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his camp and obliged him to resign the power to which he was entitled as being a triumvir. After this degrading event, he sunk into obscurity, and retired, by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, a small town on the coast of Latium, where he ended his days in peace, B.C. 13, and where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. _Appian._――_Plutarch_, _Life of Augustus_.――_Florus_, bk. 4, chs. 6 & 7.――――A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian of young Ptolemy Epiphanes, whom his father had left to the care of the Roman people. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 67.――_Justin_, bk. 30, ch. 3.――――A son of Julia the granddaughter of Augustus. He was intended by Caius as his successor in the Roman empire. He committed adultery with Agrippina when young. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 59.――――An orator mentioned by _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A censor, A.U.C. 734. =Lepīnus=, a mountain of Italy. _Columella_, bk. 10. =Lepontii=, a people at the source of the Rhine. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20. =Lepreos=, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a town in Elis, which he called after his own name. He laid a wager that he would eat as much as Hercules; upon which he killed an ox and ate it up. He afterwards challenged Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5. =Leprium=, or =Lepreos=, a town of Elis. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Leptĭnes=, a general of Demetrius, who ordered Cnæus Octavius, one of the Roman ambassadors, to be put to death.――――A son of Hermocrates of Syracuse, brother to Dionysius. He was sent by his brother against the Carthaginians, and experienced so much success, that he sunk 50 of their ships. He was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banished by Dionysius. He always continued a faithful friend to the interests of his brother, though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny and oppression. He was killed in a battle with the Carthaginians. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A famous orator at Athens, who endeavoured to set the people free from oppressive taxes. He was opposed by Demosthenes.――――A tyrant of Appollonia in Sicily, who surrendered to Timoleon. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Leptis=, the name of two cities of Africa, one of which, called _Major_, now _Lebida_, was near the Syrtes, and had been built by a Tyrian or Sidonian colony. The other, called _Minor_, now _Lemta_, was about 18 Roman miles from Adrumentum. It paid every day a talent to the republic of Carthage, by way of tribute. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 251.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 19.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 77. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 3, li. 256.――_Cæsar_. _Civil Wars_, bk. 2, ch. 38.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Against Verres_, ch. 59. =Leria=, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Caria, about 18 miles in circumference, peopled by a Milesian colony. Its inhabitants were very dishonest. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 125. =Lerĭna=, or =Planasia=, a small island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the east of the Rhone. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Lerna=, a country of Argolis, celebrated for a grove and a lake, where, according to the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of their murdered husbands. It was there also that Hercules killed the famous hydra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 803; bk. 12, li. 517.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 597.――_Lucretius_, bk. 5.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 638. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――There was a festival, called _Lernæa_, celebrated there in honour of Bacchus, Proserpine, and Ceres. The Argives used to carry fire to this solemnity from a temple upon mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. _Pausanias._ =Lero=, a small island on the coast of Gaul, called also Lerina. =Leros.= _See:_ Leria. =Lesbos=, a large island in the Ægean sea, now known by the name of _Metelin_, 168 miles in circumference. It has been severally called _Ægira_, _Lasia_, _Æthiope_, and _Pelasgia_, from the Pelasgi, by whom it was first peopled, _Macaria_, from Macareus who settled in it, and _Lesbos_, from the son-in-law and successor of Macareus, who bore the same name. The chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and Mitylene. Lesbos was originally governed by kings, but they were afterwards subjected to the neighbouring powers. The wine which it produced was greatly esteemed by the ancients, and still is in the same repute among the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated among the ancients for their skill in music, and their women for their beauty; but the general character of the people was so debauched and dissipated, that the epithet of _Lesbian_ was often used to signify debauchery and extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious persons, such as Arion, Terpander, &c. The best verses were by way of eminence often called _Lesboum carmen_, from Alcæus and Sappho, who distinguished themselves for their poetical compositions, and were also natives of the place. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 90.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 11. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 160. =Lesbus=, or =Lesbos=, a son of Lapithas, grandson of Æolus, who married Methymna daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in-law, and gave his name to the island over which he reigned. =Lesches=, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flourished B.C. 600. Some suppose him to be the author of the little Iliad, of which only few verses remain, quoted by _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25. =Lestrȳgŏnes.= _See:_ Læstrygones. =Letānum=, a town of Propontis, built by the Athenians. =Lethæus=, a river of Lydia, flowing by Magnesia into the Mæander. _Strabo_, bk. 10, &c.――――Another of Macedonia,――――of Crete. =Lēthe=, one of the rivers of hell, whose waters the souls of the dead drank after they had been confined for a certain space of time in Tartarus. It had the power of making them forget whatever they had done, seen, or heard before, as the name implies, ληθη, _oblivion_. ――――Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which runs under the ground, and some time after rises again, whence the origin of the fable of the Lethean streams of oblivion.――――There is also a river of that name in Spain.――――Another in Bœotia, whose waters were drunk by those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 355. ――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 47.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 545; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 714.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 235; bk. 10, li. 555.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 7, li. 27. =Letus=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18. =Levāna=, a goddess of Rome, who presided over the action of the person who took up from the ground a newly born child, after it had been placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father, and so religiously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of a child could be disputed without it. =Leuca=, a town of the Salentines, near a cape of the same name in Italy. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 376.――――A town of Ionia,――――of Crete, ――――of Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 6, &c. =Leucas=, or =Leucadia=, an island of the Ionian sea, now called _St. Maura_, near the coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory called _Leucate_, _Leucas_, or _Leucates_, where desponding lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap to free herself from the violent passion which she entertained for Phaon. The word is derived from λευκος, _white_, on account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the promontory, whence he is often called _Leucadius_. The island was formerly joined to the continent by a narrow isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through after the Peloponnesian war. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 171.――_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 302.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 274; bk. 8, li. 677.――――A town of Phœnicia. =Leucasion=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25. =Leucaspis=, a Lycian, one of the companions of Æneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 334. =Leucate.= _See:_ Leucas. =Leuce=, a small island in the Euxine sea, of a triangular form, between the mouths of the Danube and the Borysthenes. According to the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed there as in the Elysian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the repose to which their benevolence to mankind, and their exploits during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circumstance it has often been called the island of the blessed, &c. According to some accounts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place with the manes of Ajax, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ammianus_, bk. 22.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 2, li. 773.――――One of the Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom. =Leuci=, a people of Gaul, between the Moselle and the Maese. Their capital is now called _Toul_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 40. ――――Mountains on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance like _white_ clouds, whence the name. =Leucippe=, one of the Oceanides. =Leucippĭdes=, the daughters of Leucippus. _See:_ Leucippus. =Leucippus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, about 428 years before Christ, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who invented the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum, which was afterwards more fully explained by Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have been adopted by the moderns, with advantage. _Diogenes Laërtius_ has written his life.――――A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who married Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and Phœbe, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 701.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 17 & 26.――――A son of Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon. He became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, and when he was unable to restrain his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify it. He acquainted his mother with it, and threatened to murder himself if she attempted to oppose his views or remove the object of his affection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly loved, cherished his passion, and by her consent her daughter yielded herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after the father resolved to give his daughter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The future husband was informed that the daughter of Xanthus secretly entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daughter, and when Leucippus had introduced himself to her bed, the father, in his eagerness to discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise in the room. The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape she received a mortal wound from her father, who took her to be the lover. Leucippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with the atrociousness of his crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, where he died in the greatest misery and remorse. _Hermesianax referenced by Parthenius_, ch. 5.――――A son of Œnomaus, who became enamoured of Daphne, and to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a female dress, and attended his mistress as a companion. He gained the affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, but his artifice at last proved fatal through the influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants were bathing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he perished by the darts of the females. _Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.――――A son of Hercules by Marse, one of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Leucŏla=, a part of Cyprus. =Leucon=, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in great intimacy with the Athenians. He was a firm patron of the useful arts, and greatly encouraged commerce. _Strabo._――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 14.――――A son of Athamas and Themisto. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.――――A king of Pontus killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 3.――――A town of Africa near Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 160. =Leucōne=, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44. =Leucōnes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._ =Leuconoe=, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe to whom Horace addressed his bk. 1, ode 11, seems to be a fictitious name. =Leucopĕtra=, a place on the isthmus of Corinth, where the Achæans were defeated by the consul Mummius.――――A promontory six miles east from Rhegium in Italy, where the Apennines terminate and sink into the sea. =Leucŏphrys=, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near the Mæander. The goddess was represented under the figure of a woman with many breasts, and crowned with victory.――――An ancient name of Tenedos. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bks. 13 & 14. =Leucopŏlis=, a town of Caria. =Leucos=, a river of Macedonia near Pydna.――――A man, &c. _See:_ Idomeneus. =Leucosia=, a small island in the Tyrrhene sea. It received its name from one of the companions of Æneas, who was drowned there, or from one of the Sirens, who was thrown there by the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708. =Leucosy̆rii=, a people of Asia Minor, called afterwards Cappadocians. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――The same name is given to the inhabitants of Cilicia, where it borders on Cappadocia. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14, ch. 1. =Leucŏthoe=, or =Leucothea=, the wife of Athamas, changed into a sea deity. _See:_ Ino. She was called Matuta by the Romans, who raised her a temple, where all the people, particularly women, offered vows to their brother’s children. They did not entreat the deity to protect their own children, because Ino had been unfortunate in hers. No female slaves were permitted to enter the temple; or if their curiosity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away with the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other people’s children, Ovid alludes in these lines, _Fasti_, bk. 6: _Non tamen hanc pro stirpe suâ pia mater adorat, Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens._ ――――A daughter of king Orchamus by Eurynome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he assumed the shape and features of her mother. Their happiness was complete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jealous of his amours with Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The lover, unable to save her from death, sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which, penetrating as far as the body, changed it into a beautiful tree, which bears frankincense. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 196.――――An island in the Tyrrhene sea, near Capreæ.――――A fountain of Samos.――――A town of Egypt,――――of Arabia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A part of Asia which produces frankincense. =Leuctra=, a village of Bœotia, between Platæa and Thespia, famous for the victory which Epaminondas the Theban general obtained over the superior force of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B.C. 371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed with their king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From that time the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had obtained for nearly 500 years. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_ & _Agesilaus_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.――_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 6.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 18; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 46; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Leuctrum=, a town of Laconia. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Leucus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, killed before Troy by Antiphus son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 491. =Leucyanias=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21. =Levinus.= _See:_ Lævinus. =Leutychĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian, made king of Sparta on the expulsion of Demaratus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 65, &c. _See:_ Leotychides. =Lexovii=, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Libānius=, a celebrated sophist of Antioch in the age of the emperor Julian. He was educated at Athens, and opened a school at Antioch, which produced some of the best and most learned of the literary characters of the age. Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant, and he contemptuously refused the offers of the emperor Julian, who wished to purchase his friendship and intimacy by raising him to offices of the highest splendour and affluence in the empire. When Julian had imprisoned the senators of Antioch for their impertinence, Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a visit to the emperor, in which he astonished him by the boldness and independence of his expressions, and the firmness and resolution of his mind. Some of his orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are extant; they discover much affectation and obscurity of style, and we cannot perhaps much regret the loss of writings which afforded nothing but a display of pedantry, and quotations from Homer. Julian submitted his writings to the judgment of Libanius with the greatest confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or approved, and showed that he was more attached to the person than the fortune and greatness of his prince. The time of his death is unknown. The best edition of Libanius seems to be that of Paris, folio, 1606, with a second volume published by Morell, 1627. His epistles have been edited by Wolf, folio, 1738. =Libănus=, a high mountain of Syria, famous for its cedars. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Libentīna=, a surname of Venus, who had a temple at Rome, where the young women used to dedicate the toys and childish amusements of their youth, when arrived at nubile years. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6. =Līber=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies _free_. He received this name from his delivering some cities of Bœotia from slavery, or, according to others, because wine, of which he was the patron, delivered mankind from their cares, and made them speak with freedom and unconcern. The word is often used for wine itself. _Seneca_, _de Tranquilitate Animi_. =Libĕra=, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 48.――――A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had married her. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 513. =Libĕrālia=, festivals yearly celebrated in honour of Bacchus, the 17th of March. Slaves were then permitted to speak with freedom, and everything bore the appearance of independence. They were much the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. _Varro._ =Libertas=, a goddess of Rome who had a temple on mount Aventine, raised by Tiberius Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pollio with many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a gallery in which were deposited the public acts of the state. She was represented as a woman in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand and a cap in the other, both signs of independence, as the former was used by the magistrates in the manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty, and impatient when confined. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 16; bk. 25, ch. 7. ――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 72.――_Plutarch_, _Gracchus_. ――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 44. =Lībēthra=, a fountain of Magnesia in Thessaly, or of Bœotia, according to some, sacred to the muses, who from thence are called _Libethrides_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 9 & 10. =Lībethrĭdes=, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Libethra, or from mount Libethrus in Thrace. =Libici=, =Libecii=, or =Libri=, a people of Gaul who passed into Italy, A.U.C. 364. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 21, ch. 38.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Polybius_, bk. 2. =Libĭtīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over funerals. According to some, she is the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius first raised her a temple at Rome, where everything necessary for funerals was exposed to sale, and where the registers of the dead were usually kept. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 19.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_. =Libo=, a friend of Pompey, who watched over the fleet, &c. _Plutarch._ ――――A Roman citizen, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――――A friend of the first triumvirate, who killed himself and was condemned after death. =Libon=, a Greek architect who built the famous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He flourished about 450 years before the christian era. =Libophœnīces=, the inhabitants of the country near Carthage. =Liburna=, a town of Dalmatia. =Liburnia=, now _Croatia_, a country of Illyricum, between Istria and Dalmatia, whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There were at Rome a number of men whom the magistrates employed as public heralds, who were called _Liburni_, probably from being originally of Liburnian extraction. Some ships of a light construction but with strong beaks were also called _Liburnian_. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 11, li. 44.――_Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 75.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 33.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 30; Epode 1, li. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 534.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2, ch. 17. =Liburnĭdes=, an island on the coast of Liburnia, in the Adriatic. _Strabo_, bk. 5. =Liburnum mare=, the sea which borders on the coasts of Liburnia. =Liburnus=, a mountain of Campania. =Lĭbya=, a daughter of Epaphus and ♦Cassiope, who became mother of Agenor and Belus by Neptune. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――――A name given to Africa, one of the three grand divisions of the ancient globe. Libya, properly speaking, is only a part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the west by that part called by the moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. The ancients, according to some traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others, sailed round Africa, by steering westward from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, after a perilous navigation of three years. From the word Libya, are derived the epithets of _Libys_, _Libyssa_, _Libysis_, _Libystis_, _Libycus_, _Libysticus_, _Libystinus_, _Libystæus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 106; bk. 5, li. 37.――_Lucan_, bk. 4.――_Sallust_, &c. ♦ ‘Cassiopea’ replaced with ‘Cassiope’ for consistency =Liby̆cum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Cyrene. _Strabo_, bk. 2. =Libycus= and =Libystis=. _See:_ Libya. =Libys=, a sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. =Libyssa=, a river of Bithynia, with a town of the same name, where was the tomb of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny. =Licates=, a people of Vindelicia. =Licha=, a city near Lycia. =Lichades=, small islands near Cæneum, a promontory of Eubœa, called from Lichas. _See:_ Lichas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, lis. 155, 218.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Lichas=, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He was thrown by his master into the sea with great violence, and changed into a rock in the Eubœan sea, by the compassion of the gods. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 211. =Liches=, an Arcadian who found the bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. _Herodotus._ =Licĭnia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mutius, consuls, A.U.C. 659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities. ――――Another, by Caius Licinius Crassus the tribune, A.U.C. 608. It transferred the right of choosing priests from the college to the people. It was proposed, but did not pass.――――Another, by Caius Licinius Stolo the tribune. It forbade any person to possess 500 acres of land, or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of small.――――Another, by Publius Licinius Varus, A.U.C. 545, to settle the day for the celebration of the _Ludi Apollinares_, which was before uncertain.――――Another, by Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, B.C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, and further required that no more than 30 _asses_ should be spent at any table on the Calends, nones, or nundinæ, and only three pounds of fresh and one of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of the fruits of the earth were forbidden.――――Another, _de sodalitiis_, by Marcus Licinius the consul, 692. It imposed a severe penalty on party clubs, or societies assembled or frequented for election purposes, as coming under the definition of _ambitus_, and of offering violence in some degree to the freedom and independence of the people.――――Another, called also _Æbutia_, by Licinius and Æbutius the tribunes. It enacted, that when any law was proffered with respect to any office or power, the person who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his friends and relations, should be declared incapable of being invested with the said office or power. =Licĭnia=, the wife of Caius Gracchus, who attempted to dissuade her husband from his seditious measures by a pathetic speech. She was deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius.――――A vestal virgin accused of incontinence, but acquitted, A.U.C. 636.――――Another vestal, put to death for her lasciviousness under Trajan.――――The wife of Mæcenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to Proculeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 13. =Caius Licĭnius=, a tribune of the people, celebrated for the consequence of his family, for his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, and was the first of that body who was raised to the office of a master of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed _Stolo_, or _useless sprout_, on account of the law which he had enacted during his tribuneship. _See:_ Licinia lex, by Stolo. He afterwards made a law which permitted the plebeians to share the consular dignity with the patricians, A.U.C. 388. He reaped the benefit of this law, and was one of the first plebeian consuls. This law was proposed and passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at the instigation of his ambitious wife, who was jealous of her sister, who had married a patrician, and who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being the wife of a consul. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 34.――_Plutarch._――――Caius Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He distinguished himself by his eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, which some of the ancients have compared to Catullus. His orations are greatly commended by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote annals quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 30th year of his age. _Quintilian._――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 81.――――Macer, a Roman accused by Cicero when pretor. He derided the power of his accuser, but when he saw himself condemned he grew so desperate that he killed himself. _Plutarch._――――Publius Crassus, a Roman sent against Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his losses and obtained a complete victory, &c.――――A consul sent against Annibal.――――Another, who defeated the robbers that infested the Alps.――――A high priest.――――Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age of Africanus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius and Terence. His Nævia and Neæra are quoted by ancient authors, but of all his poetry only two verses are preserved. _Aulus Gellius._――――A consul, &c.――――Lucullus. _See:_ Lucullus.――――Crassus. _See:_ Crassus. ――――Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the history and geography of the eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign of Vespasian.――――Publius Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 200 years before Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his compositions are extant. He wrote an ode, which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine virgins during the Macedonian war. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 12.――――Varro Muræna, a brother of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with Fannius Cæpio, and suffered for his crime. Horace addressed his bk. 2, ode 10 to him, and recommended equanimity in every situation. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――――Caius Flavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman emperor. His father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself a common soldier in the Roman armies. His valour recommended him to the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him the inferior and subordinate offices of the army, and had lately been invested with the imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius loved him for his friendly services, particularly during the Persian war, and he showed his regard for his merit by taking him as a colleague in the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pannonia and Rhœtia. Constantine, who was also one of the emperors, courted the favour of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him his sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313. The continual successes of Licinius, particularly against Maximinus, increased his pride, and rendered him jealous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The persecutions of the christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed, soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties of peace were made between the contending powers, but the restless ambition of Licinius soon broke them; and after many engagements a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again attended Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the imperial purple. The tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and active enemy had fallen into his hands therefore he ordered him to be strangled at Thessalonica, A.D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity of his education. His son by Constantia bore also the same name. He was honoured with the title of Cæsar when scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his father’s ruin, and put to death by order of Constantine. =Licīnus=, a barber and freedman of Augustus, raised by his master to the rank and dignity of a senator, merely because he hated Pompey’s family. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 301. =Licymnius=, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always supported by a slave. Triptolemus son of Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortunately killed Licymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem 7. =Lide=, a mountain of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105. =Quintus Ligarius=, a Roman proconsul of Africa, after Confidius. In the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned when Cæsar had conquered his enemies. Cæsar, however, and his adherents were determined upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cicero, by an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, and he was pardoned. He became afterwards one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Cicero_, _For Ligarius_.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_. =Ligea=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4. =Liger=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 576. =Liger=, or =Ligĕris=, now _La Loire_, a large river of Gaul, falling into the Atlantic ocean near Nantes. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, chs. 55 & 75. =Ligŏras=, an officer of Antiochus king of Syria, who took the town of Sardis by stratagem, &c. =Ligŭres=, the inhabitants of Liguria. _See:_ Liguria. =Ligŭria=, a country on the west of Italy, bounded on the east by the river Macra, on the south by part of the Mediterranean called the _Ligustic sea_, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the Po. The commercial town of Genoa was anciently and is now the capital of the country. The origin of the inhabitants is not known, though in their character they are represented as vain, unpolished, and addicted to falsehood. According to some they were descended from the ancient Gauls and Germans, or, as others support, they were of Greek origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus. Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and its chief harbour now bears the name of _Leghorn_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 442.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 4, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15. ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 22, ch. 33; bk. 39, ch. 6, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 8. =Ligurīnus=, a poet. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 50.――――A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 33. =Ligus=, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the pursuit of Otho’s soldiers, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 13. =Ligustĭcæ Alpes=, a part of the Alps which borders on Liguria, sometimes called _Maritimi_. =Ligusticum mare=, the north part of the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47. =Ligyes=, a people of Asia who inhabited the country between Caucasus and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Ligyrgum=, a mountain of Arcadia. =Lilæa=, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 348. =Lĭly̆bæum=, now _Boco_, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same name near the Ægates, now _Marsalla_. The town was strong and very considerable, and it maintained long sieges against the Carthaginians, Romans, &c., particularly one of 10 years against Rome in the first Punic war. It had a port large and capacious, which the Romans, in the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and fill up with stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city but the ruins of temples and aqueducts. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 706.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5. ――_Cæsar_, _African War_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 22. =Limæa=, a river of Lusitania. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Limenia=, a town of Cyprus. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Limnæ=, a fortified place on the borders of Laconia and Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus. =Limnæum=, a temple of Diana at Limnæ, from which the goddess was called Limnæa, and worshipped under that appellation at Sparta and in Achaia. The Spartans wished to seize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but the emperor interfered, and gave it to its lawful possessors the Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 7, ch. 20.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 43. =Limnatidia=, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed _Limnatis_, from Limnæ, a school of exercise at Trœzene, where she was worshipped, or from λιμναι, _ponds_, because she presided over fishermen. =Limniăce=, the daughter of the Ganges, mother of Atys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 48. =Limnonia=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18. =Limon=, a place of Campania between Neapolis and Puteoli. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1. =Limonum=, a town of Gaul, afterwards Pictavi, _Poictiers_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 26. =Limyra=, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the Limyrus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.――_Velleius_, bk. 2, ch. 102. =Lincasii=, a people of Gaul Narbonensis. =Lindum=, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln. =Lindus=, a city on the south-east part of Rhodes, built by Cercaphus son of Sol and Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple to Minerva, and one of its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and Laches, who were employed in making and finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153.――――A grandson of Apollo. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3. =Lingrŏnes=, now _Langres_, a people of Gallia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by Julius Cæsar. They passed into Italy, where they made some settlements near the Alps at the head of the Adriatic. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 55.――_Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 57, li. 9; bk. 14, ltr. 159.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 398.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 26. =Linterna palus=, a lake of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 278. =Linternum=, a town of Campania at the mouth of the river Clanis, where Scipio Africanus died and was buried. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 654; bk. 7, li. 278.――_Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 713. =Linus.= This name is common to different persons whose history is confused, and who are often taken one for the other. One was son of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Neptune. Another was son of Apollo by Psammathe, daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. Martial mentions him in his ltr. 78, bk. 9. The third, son of Ismenius, and born at Thebes in Bœotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit of anger struck him on the head with his lyre and killed him. He was son of Mercury and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his philosophical compositions, in which he asserted that the world had been created in an instant. He was killed by Apollo for presuming to compare himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pausanius mention that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in holding the lyre was fatal to him. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15; bk. 9, ch. 20.――――A fountain in Arcadia, whose waters were said to prevent abortion. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2. =Liodes=, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, 22, &c. =Lipăra=, the largest of the Æolian islands, on the coast of Sicily, now called the _Lipari_. It had a city of the same name, which, according to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor Æolus, according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal powers. According to Diodorus, Æolus reigned at Lipara before Liparus. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 28.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 57.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 8, li. 417. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A town of Etruria. =Lipăris=, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were like oil. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Liphlum=, a town of the Æqui, taken by the Romans. =Lipodorus=, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c. =Liquentia=, now _Livenza_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Lircæus=, a fountain near Nemæa. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711. =Liriŏpe=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 311.――――A fountain of Bœotia on the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, according to some accounts. =Liris=, now _Garigliano_, a river of Campania, which it separates from Latium. It falls into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 424.――――A warrior killed by Camilla, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 670. =Lisinias=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 14. =Lissa=, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage, as conducted by Iris at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with that fatal rage which ended in his death. =Lisson=, a river of Sicily. =Lissus=, now _Alesso_, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of Illyricum. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 719.――――A river of Thrace, falling into the Ægean sea, between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109. =Lista=, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabitants are called Listini. =Litabrum=, now _Buitrago_, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 14; bk. 35, ch. 22. =Litana=, a wood in Gallia Togata. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 24. =Litavĭcus=, one of the Ædui, who assisted Cæsar with 10,000 men. _Cæsar_, _Gallic Wars_, bk. 7, ch. 37. =Liternum=, a town of Campania. =Lithobŏlia=, a festival celebrated at Trœzene in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the solemnity, λιθοβολια, _lapidation_. =Lithrus=, a town of Armenia Minor. _Strabo._ =Lithubium=, a town of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29. =Lityersas=, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He was at last killed by Hercules. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 10. =Līvia Drusilla=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucius Drusus Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her husband to the cause of Antony was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia, and with the approbation of the augurs, he celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the complying emperor; and, that she might make the succession of her son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly involving in one common ruin the heirs and nearest relations of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked, when she is charged with having murdered her own husband to hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement of her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year of her age, A.D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral, and expressly commanded that no honours, either private or public, should be paid to her memory. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3. ――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_ and _Tiberias_.――_Dio Cassius._――――Another. _See:_ Drusilla.――――Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 25.――――Another, called also Ocellina. She was Galba’s stepmother, and committed adultery with him. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 3. =Līvia lex=, _de sociis_, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. Marcus Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found murdered in his house before it passed.――――Another by Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, A.U.C. 662, which required that the judicial power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and senators. =Livineius=, a friend of Pompey, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 11, &c. =Livilla=, a daughter of Drusus.――――A sister of Caligula, &c. _See:_ Julia. =Līvius Andronīcus=, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Rome about 240 years before the christian era. He was the first who turned the personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a part in his dramatic compositions and engaged the attention of his audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of Marcus Livius Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not even recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved in the _Corpus Poetarum_.――――Marcus Salinator, a Roman consul, sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished the campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the Roman armies. _Livy._――――Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious views of Caius Gracchus. _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_.――――An uncle of Cato of Utica. _Plutarch. _――――Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words with the name of _Patavinity_, yet the expressions, or rather the orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of a credulous age. His candour has also been called in question, and he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war, which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years. For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These are the books that remain of Livy’s history, and the loss which the celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some measure been compensated by the labours of Johann Freinshemius, who with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy. The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors, and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch, 7 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1731; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols., 12mo, Edinburgh, 1751.――――A governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust to Annibal, &c.――――A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii Manes.――――A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hellespont. =Lixus=, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antæus had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 258.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._ =Lobon=, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Lŏceus=, a man who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Locha=, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio’s soldiers. =Lochias=, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria. =Locri=, a town of Magna Græcia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before the christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called _Locri_ or _Locrenses_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 399――_Strabo. _――_Pliny._――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 6; bk. 23, ch. 30.――――A town of Locris in ♦Greece. ♦ ‘Greeee’ replaced with ‘Greece’ =Locris=, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name of _Ozolæ_, _Epicnemidii_, and _Opuntii_. The country of the Ozolæ, called also _Epizephyrii_ from their westerly situation, was at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward. On the west it was separated from Ætolia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozolæ, and had the bay of Malia at the east, and Œta on the north. They received their name from the situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their name from their chief city called Opus, were situated on the borders of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Eubœa. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.――_Ptolemy._――_Mela._――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 26; bk. 28, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, _Achaia_ & _Phocis_. =Locusta=, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy Nero himself, for which she was executed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 66, &c.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33. =Locutius.= _See:_ Aius. =Lollia Paulīna=, a beautiful woman, daughter of Marcus Lollius, who married Caius Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 1, &c. =Lolliānus Spurius=, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c.――――A consul, &c. =Marcus Lollius=, a companion and tutor of Caius Cæsar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3. =Londīnum=, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between the age of Julius Cæsar and Nero. It has been severally called _Londinium_, _Lundinum_, &c. Ammianus calls it _vetustum oppidum_. It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town, in the age of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 33.――_Ammianus._ =Longārēnus=, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla’s daughter. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 67. =Longimănus=, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer than the other. The Greeks called him _Macrochir_. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_. =Longīnus Dionysius Cassius=, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273. At the moment of death he showed himself great and resolute, and with a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end. Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical remarks on ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxford, 1778.――――Cassius, a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of Julius Cæsar. He was made governor of Spain by Cæsar, &c.――――A governor of Judæa. ――――A proconsul.――――A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a picture of Cassius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 6. =Longobardi=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_. =Longŭla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 39; bk. 9, ch. 39. =Longuntĭca=, a maritime city of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 20. =Longus=, a Roman consul, &c.――――A Greek author who wrote a novel called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778. =Lordi=, a people of Illyricum. =Lory̆ma=, a town of Doris. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 17. =Lotis=, or =Lotos=, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called _Lotus_, consecrated to Venus and Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 348. =Lotŏphăgi=, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited their country, at his return from the Trojan war. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 177.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 13, ch. 17. =Lōus=, or =Aous=, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia. =Lua=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified by lustrations, whence the name (_à luendo_). She is supposed to be the same as Ops or Rhea. =Luca=, now _Lucca_, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 41, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 13. =Lucăgus=, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 575. =Lūcāni=, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the Brutii. =Lūcānia=, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii. The country was famous for its grapes. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17; bk. 9, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 178. =Quintus Lucanius=, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5. =Lūcānus Marcus Annæus=, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero. This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his imperial patron; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor. The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath, and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which, in his Pharsalia, bk. 3, lis. 639‒642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty. This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character of Lucan, is not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his _Pharsalia_ remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions, however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings. The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, Leiden, 1728; of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1767. _Quintilian_, bk. 10.――_Suetonius._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, &c.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 20.――――Ocellus, or Ucellus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe, which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judæus. This work was first translated into Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a fragment of which has been preserved by Stobæus, of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononiæ, 1646, in 4to. =Lŭcăria=, or =Lŭcĕria=, festivals at Rome, celebrated in a large grove between the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid themselves when besieged by the Gauls. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 77. =Lucius Lucceius=, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was afterwards pardoned by Julius Cæsar. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 5, ltr. 12, &c. =Lucceius Albīnus=, a governor of Mauritania after Galba’s death, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 58. =Lucentum= (or ia), a town of Spain, now _Alicant_. =Lŭcĕres=, a body of horse, composed of Roman knights, first established by Romulus and Tatius. It received its name either from _Lucumo_, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans against the Sabines, or from _lucus_, a grove where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a place of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homicides, &c., that he might people his city. The Luceres were some of these men, and they were incorporated with the legions. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 31. =Lucĕria=, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. _Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 2 & 12; bk. 10, ch. 35.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 15, li. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 473. =Lucerius=, a surname of Jupiter, as the father of light. =Lucetius=, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 570. =Luciānus=, a celebrated writer of Samosata. His father was poor in his circumstances, and Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles, who was a sculptor. This employment highly displeased him; he made no proficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his livelihood by better means. A dream in which Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to promise fame and immortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he began to write. The artifices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he began to study philosophy and eloquence. He visited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly Athens, became successively acquainted with the depth of his learning and the power of his eloquence. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was sensible of his merit, and appointed him registrar to the Roman governor of Egypt. He died A.D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of the moderns have asserted that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The works of Lucian, which are numerous, and written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of dialogues, in which he introduces different characters with much dramatic propriety. His style is easy, simple, elegant, and animated, and he has stored his compositions with many lively sentiments, and much of the true Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his manner of exposing to ridicule, not only the religion of his country, but also that of every nation, have deservedly drawn upon him the censure of every age, and branded him with the appellation of atheist and blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of Bœotia, as also that of the philosopher Demonax. Some have also attributed to him, with great impropriety, the life of Apollonius Thyaneus. The best editions of Lucian are that of Grævius, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1743. =Lūcĭfer=, the name of the planet Venus, or morning star. It is called _Lucifer_, when appearing in the morning before the sun; but when it follows it, and appears some time after its setting, it is called _Hesperus_. According to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Jupiter and Aurora.――――A christian writer, whose work was edited by the Coleti, folio, Venice, 1778. =Lucifĕri fanum=, a town of Spain. =Caius Lūcīlius=, a Roman knight born at Aurunca, illustrious not only for the respectability of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the uprightness and the innocence of his own immaculate character. He lived in the greatest intimacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and even attended him in his war against Numantia. He is looked upon as the founder of satire, and as the first great satirical writer among the Romans. He was superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome; and though he wrote with great roughness and inelegance, but with much facility, he gained many admirers, whose praises have been often lavished with too liberal a hand. Horace compares him to a river which rolls upon its waters precious sand, accompanied with mire and dirt. Of the 30 satires which he wrote, nothing but a few verses remain. He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 103. His fragments have been collected and published with notes by Franciscus Dousa, 4to, Leiden, 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo, Patavium, 1735. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2. ――_Horace._――――Lucilius, a famous Roman, who fled with Brutus after the battle of Philippi. They were soon after overtaken by a party of horse, and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely wounded by the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was Brutus. He was taken and carried to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his life. _Plutarch._――――A tribune who attempted in vain to elect Pompey to the dictatorship.――――A centurion, &c.――――A governor of Asia under Tiberius.――――A friend of Tiberius. =Lucilla=, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age of 16 her father sent her to Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who was then employed in a war with the Parthians and ♦Armenians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but when she saw Verus plunge himself into debauchery and dissipation, she followed his example and prostituted herself. At her return to Rome she saw the incestuous commerce of her husband with her mother, &c., and at last poisoned him. She afterwards married an old but virtuous senator, by order of her father, and was not ashamed soon to gratify the criminal sensualities of her brother Commodus. The coldness and indifference with which Commodus treated her afterwards determined her on revenge, and she with many illustrious senators conspired against his life A.D. 185. The plot was discovered, Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to death by her brother, in the 38th year of her age. ♦ ‘Arminians’ replaced with ‘Armenians’ =Lūcīna=, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to others, of Latona. As her mother brought her into the world without pain, she became the goddess whom women in labour invoked, and she presided over the birth of children. She receives this name either from _lucus_, or from _lux_, as Ovid explains it: _Gratia Lucinæ, dedit hæc tibi nomina lucus; Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes._ Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and Juno, because these two goddesses were also sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the labours of women. She is called Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Rome, raised A.U.C. 396. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 449.――_Horace_, _Carmen Sæculare_. =Lucius=, a Roman soldier killed at the siege of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a man who jumped down from one of the walls. _Josephus._ ――――A brother of Marcus Antony. _See:_ Lucius Antonius.――――A Roman general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c.――――A relation of Julius Cæsar. A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyrians.――――A consul, &c.――――A writer, called by some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, music, geometry, &c., at Athens, and warmly embraced the tenets of the Platonists. He cultivated magic, and some miracles are attributed to his knowledge of enchantments. He wrote in Greek and Latin with great ease and simplicity; his style, however, is sometimes affected, though his eloquence was greatly celebrated in his age. Some fragments of his compositions are still extant. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.――――A brother of Vitellius, &c.――――A son of Agrippa, adopted by Augustus.――――A man put to death for his incontinence, &c.――――The word Lucius is a prænomen common to many Romans, of whom an account is given under their family names. =Lūcrētia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius and wife of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to her, and the praises which a number of young nobles at Ardea, among whom were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic virtues of their wives at home, were productive of a revolution in the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was universally agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity of their respective assertions. Collatinus had the pleasure to see his expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives of the other Romans were involved in the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her female servants, and easing their labour by sharing it herself. The beauty and innocence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus the son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her virtues and industry. He cherished his flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, and came to the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception. He showed himself unworthy of such a treatment, and in the dead of night he introduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his intreaties what her fear of shame granted to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher when he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves, and put him in her bed, that this apparent adultery might seem to have met with the punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning, sent for her husband and her father, and, after she had revealed to them the indignities she had suffered from the son of Tarquin, and entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The body of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and the violence and barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that that moment they expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present at the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and the republican or consular government was established at Rome A.U.C. 244. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 741.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Plutarch._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 1, ch. 19. ――――The wife of Numa. _Plutarch._ =Lŭcrētĭlis=, now _Libretti_, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, hanging over a pleasant valley, near which the house and farm of Horace were situated. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 1.――_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 11. =Titius Lŭcrētius Carus=, a celebrated Roman poet and philosopher, who was early sent to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Phædrus. The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, which then prevailed at Athens, were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and when united with the infinite of Anaximander and the atoms of Democritus, they were explained and elucidated in a poem, in six books, which is called _De rerum naturâ_. In this poem the masterly genius and unaffected elegance of the poet are everywhere conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are justly censured, who gives no existence of power to a supreme Being, but is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. This composition, which has little claim to be called an heroic poem, was written and finished while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, occasioned by a philter, which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia had administered. It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his death, revised and corrected his poems, which had been partly written in the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, whose poem shows that he wrote Latin better than any other man ever did, would have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in the polished age of Augustus. The best editions of his works are that of Creech, 8vo, Oxford, 1695; that of Havercamp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1725; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1759. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Quintus, a Roman who killed himself because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed with a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 18. He is also called Vespillo.――――Spurius Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia wife of Collatinus, was made consul after the death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 58.――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――――An interrex at Rome.――――A consul.――――Osella, a Roman, put to death by Sylla because he had applied for the consulship without his permission. _Plutarch._ =Lucrīnum=, a town of Apulia. =Lūcrīnus=, a small lake of Campania, opposite Puteoli. Some believe that it was made by Hercules when he passed through Italy with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded with excellent oysters, and was united by Augustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea, near a harbour called _Julius Portus_. The Lucrine lake disappeared on the 30th of September, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised on the spot a mountain four miles in circumference, and about 1000 feet high, with a crater in the middle. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Strabo_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 11, li. 10.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 161.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 15. =Caius Luctātius Catŭlus=, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. _See:_ Cimbricum bellum. He was eloquent as well as valiant, and his history of his consulship, which he wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his literary talents. That history is lost. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――Caius Catulus, a Roman consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. _See:_ Catulus. =Lucullea=, a festival established by the Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_. =Luculli horti=, gardens of Lucullus, situate near Neapolis, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1.――――Villa, a country seat near mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 50. =Lucullus Lucius Licinius=, a Roman celebrated for his fondness of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115 years before the christian era, and soon distinguished himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and philosophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where his valour and cool intrepidity recommended him to public notice. His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence of Sylla, and from this connection he derived honour, and during his questorship in Asia and pretorship in Africa, he rendered himself more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was raised to the consulship A.U.C. 680, and entrusted with the care of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over the forces of Mithridates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by the conquest of the Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as those by land, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos. Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired with precipitation towards Armenia to the court of king Tigranes his father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the Euphrates with great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of his son-in-law. According to the exaggerated account of Plutarch, no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 horse of the Armenians lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of whom only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking of Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia was the consequence of this immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of the royal treasures. This continual success, however, was attended with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he had with Lucullus began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared his fortune and his glories were suffered to accompany him. He was received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and his victories. In this ended the days of his glory; he retired to the enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and no longer interested himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquillity of Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to literary conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned. Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect for his merit by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the Campus Martius; but their offers were rejected, and he was privately buried, by his brother, on his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus has been admired for his many accomplishments, but he has been censured for his severity and extravagance. The expenses of his meals were immoderate; his halls were distinguished by the different names of the gods; and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they were astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared upon the word of Lucullus, who had merely said to his servant that he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was fond of artificial variety; subterraneous caves and passages were dug under the hills on the coast of Campania, and the sea water was conveyed round the house and pleasure grounds, where the fishes flocked in such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds worth were sold at his death. In his public character Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of Armenia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for some time to write a concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexameters. Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all the inhabitants of the east by his justice and moderation, and who might have disputed the empire of the world with a Cæsar or Pompey, had not, at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn him from the reach of ambition. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 4; _Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo._――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_, &c.――_Orosius_, bk. 6, &c.――――A consul who went to Spain, &c.――――A Roman put to death by Domitian.――――A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla. ――――A pretor of Macedonia. =Lŭcŭmo=, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Lucus=, a king of ancient Gaul.――――A town of Gaul at the foot of the Alps. =Lugdunensis Gallia=, a part of Gaul, which received its name from Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called Celtica. _See:_ Gallia. =Lugdūnum=, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of the Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was governor of the province. This town, now called _Lyons_, is the second city of France in point of population. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as it falls into the ocean. It is now called _Leyden_, and is famous for its university.――――Convenarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees, now _St. Bertrand_ in Gascony. =Lūna= (_the moon_), was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians and enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable power over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses, according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; and on that account it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to ease her labours, and to render the power of magic less effectual. The Arcadians believed that they were older than the moon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 263, &c.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 21.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 69.――――A maritime town of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced, and called also _Lunensis portus_. It contained a fine, capacious harbour, and abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were naturally given to augury, and the observation of uncommon phenomena. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 586.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 481. =Lupa= (_a she-wolf_), was held in great veneration at Rome, because Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises from the surname of Lupa, _prostitute_, which was given to the wife of the shepherd Fastulus, to whose care and humanity these children owed their preservation. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 415.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Lupercal=, a place at the foot of mount Aventine sacred to Pan, where festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343. =Lupercālia=, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February, in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats and a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the foreheads of two illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk. After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those whom they met. Women in particular were fond of receiving the lashes, as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and eased the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets of Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented naked, and a goat was sacrificed because that deity was supposed to have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful guardian of the sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others, and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, observes that they were introduced into Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed from the Greek name of Pan, _Lycæus_, from λυκος, _a wolf_; not only because these ceremonies were like the Lycæan festivals observed in Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected the sheep from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests who officiated at the Lupercalia were called _Luperci_. Augustus forbade any person above the age of 14 to appear naked or to run about the streets during the Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having disgraced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, and armed with a whip, about the streets. It was during the celebration of these festivals that Antony offered a crown to Julius Cæsar, which the indignation of the populace obliged him to refuse. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 427.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Luperci=, a number of priests at Rome, who assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose service they were dedicated. This order of priests was the most ancient and respectable of all the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into two separate colleges, called _Fabiani_ and _Quintiliani_, from Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. The former was instituted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To these two sacerdotal bodies Julius Cæsar added a third, called from himself the _Julii_, and this action contributed not a little to render his cause unpopular, and to betray his ambitious and aspiring views. _See:_ Lupercalia. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 45. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 663. =Lupercus=, a grammarian in the reign of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some grammatical pieces, which some have preferred to Herodian’s compositions. =Lupias=, or =Lupia=, now _Lippe_, a town of Germany, with a small river of the same name falling into the Rhine. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, &c. =Lupus=, a general of the emperor Severus.――――A governor of Britain. ――――A questor in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――――A comic writer of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 26.――――Publius Rutilius, a Roman, who, contrary to the omens, marched against the Marsi, and was killed with his army. He has been taxed with impiety, and was severely censured in the Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 68. =Lusitania=, a part of ancient Spain, whose extent and situation have not been accurately defined by the ancients. According to the more correct descriptions it extended from the Tagus to the sea of Cantabria, and comprehended the modern kingdom of Portugal. The inhabitants were warlike, and were conquered by the Roman army under Dolabella, B.C. 99, with great difficulty. They generally lived upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their manners. It was usual among them to expose their sick in the high-roads, that their diseases might be cured by the directions and advice of travellers. They were very moderate in their meals, and never ate but of one dish. Their clothes were commonly black, and they generally warmed themselves by means of stones heated in the fire. _Strabo_, bk. 3. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 43; bk. 27, ch. 20. =Lusius=, a river of Arcadia. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Pausanias_, _Arcadia_, ch. 28. =Lusones=, a people of Spain, near the Iberus. =Lustricus Brutianus=, a Roman poet. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 23. =Lutātius Catŭlus=, a Roman who shut the temple of Janus after peace had been made with Carthage. _See:_ Luctatius. =Luterius=, a general of the Gauls, defeated by Cæsar, &c. =Lūtetia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the confluence of the rivers Sequana and Matrona, which received its name, as some suppose, from the quantity of clay, _lutum_, which is in its neighbourhood. Julius Cæsar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some authors call it _Julii Civitas_. Julian the apostate resided there some time. It is now called _Paris_, the capital of France. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Ammianus_, bk. 20. =Caius Lutorius Priscus=, a Roman knight, put to death by order of Tiberius, because he had written a poem in which he had bewailed the death of Germanicus, who then laboured under a severe illness. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 49, &c. =Lyæus=, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived from λυειν, _solvere_, because wine, over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind, and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. _Horace_, epode 9. ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 675. =Lybas=, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c. =Lybya=, or =Lybissa=, a small village of Bithynia, where Annibal was buried. =Lycăbas=, an Etrurian who had been banished from his country for murder. He was one of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and who were changed into dolphins. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 624.――――One of the Lapithæ who ran away from the battle which was fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 302. =Lycabētus=, a mountain of Attica, near Athens. _Statius._ =Lycæa=, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan the god of shepherds. They are the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans.――――A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo Lycæus, who delivered the Argives from wolves, &c. =Lycæum=, a celebrated place near the banks of the Ilissus in Attica. It was in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught philosophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils in walking, they were called Peripatetics, ἀ περιπατεω, _ambulo_. The philosopher continued his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the false accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis. =Lycæus=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, where a temple was built in honour of the god by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus. It was also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called _Lycæa_, were celebrated there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 16; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 698. =Ly̆cambes=, the father of Neobule. He promised his daughter in marriage to the poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his engagement when she had been courted by a man whose opulence had more influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus; he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and his daughter, and rendered them both so desperate by the satire of his composition, that they hanged themselves. _Horace_, epode 6, li. 13.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 52.――_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_, bk. 3. =Ly̆cāon=, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Melibœa. He built a town called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycæus, in honour of Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto, and 50 sons. He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. He lived about 1820 years before the christian era. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 176.――_Catullus_, poem 76. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 2, &c.――――Another king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter, because he offered human victims on the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind, as they relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter visited the earth to punish their wickedness and impiety. He came to Arcadia, where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a wolf. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 198, &c. These two monarchs are often confounded together, though it appears that they were two different characters, and that not less than an age elapsed between their reigns.――――A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was taken by Achilles and carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed by Achilles in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, &c.――――The father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.――――A Gnossian artist, who made the sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 304. =Ly̆cāŏnia=, a country of Asia, between Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium was the capital. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 54; bk. 38, ch. 39.――――Arcadia bore also that name, from Lycaon, one of its kings. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――An island in the Tiber. =Ly̆cas=, a priest of Apollo in the interest of Turnus. He was killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 315.――――Another officer of Turnus. _Æneid_, bk. 10, ch. 561. =Ly̆caste=, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Priam by a concubine. She married Polydamas the son of Antenor. ――――A famous courtesan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of her great beauty. She had a son called Eryx, by Butes son of Amycus. =Lycastum=, a town of Cappadocia. =Lycastus=, a son of Minos I. He was father of Minos II., by Ida the daughter of Corybas. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Minos and Philonome daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3 & 4. =Lyce=, one of the Amazons, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 374. =Lyces=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 33. =Lycēum.= _See:_ Lycæum. =Lychnīdus=, now _Achridna_, a city with a lake of the same name, in Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 32; bk. 44, ch. 15. =Ly̆cia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on the north. It was anciently called _Milyas_ and _Tremile_, from the Milyæ or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The country received the name of Lycia, from Lycus the son of Pandion, who established himself there. The inhabitants have been greatly commended by all the ancients, not only for their sobriety and justice, but their great dexterity in the management of the bow. They were conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. They became part of the Macedonian empire when Alexander came into the east, and afterwards were ceded to the house of the Seleucidæ. The country was reduced into a Roman province by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the epithet _hiberna_ is applied to the country, because the god was said to pass the winter in his temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, lis. 143 & 446; bk. 7, li. 816.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 686.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 16; bk. 38, ch. 39. =Lycĭdas=, a centaur, killed by the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310.――――A shepherd’s name. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.――――A beautiful youth, the admiration of Rome in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 4, li. 19. =Lycimna=, a town of Peloponnesus. =Lycimnia=, a slave, mother of Helenor by a Lydian prince. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 446. =Lyciscus=, an Athenian archon.――――A Messenian of the family of the Æpytidæ. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed for the good of their country, he fled with them to Sparta, and Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children and soon after succeeded to the throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A youth of whom Horace was enamoured. =Ly̆cius=, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.――――A son of Lycaon.――――An epithet given to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave oracles, particularly at Patara, where the appellation of _Lyciæ sortes_ was given to his answers, and even to the will of the fates. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 346.――――A surname of Danaus. =Ly̆cŏmēdes=, a king of Scyros, an island in the Ægean sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman’s clothes, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered himself infamous for his treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17; bk. 7, ch. 4. ――――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――An Arcadian, who, with 500 chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans and 500 Argives, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A seditious person at Tegea.――――A Mantinean general, &c.――――An Athenian, the first who took one of the enemy’s ships at the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch._ =Lycon=, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died in the 74th year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras. ――――A poet.――――A writer of epigrams.――――A player, greatly esteemed by Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion.――――A peripatetic philosopher. =Lycōne=, a city of Thrace.――――A mountain of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 24. =Ly̆cōphron=, a son of Periander king of Corinth. The murder of his mother Melissa by his father had such an effect upon him, that he resolved never to speak to a man who had been so wantonly cruel against his relations. This resolution was strengthened by the advice of Procles his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son whose disobedience and obstinacy had rendered him odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any claim to the crown of Corinth. But when the infirmities of Periander obliged him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra, only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he remained master of Corinth. This exchange, however, was prevented. The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander, murdered Lycophron before he left that island. _Herodotus_, bk. 3. ――_Aristotle._――――A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander tyrant of Pheræ. He assisted his sister in murdering her husband, and he afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Philip of Macedonia. _Plutarch._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A general of Corinth, killed by Nicias. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――A native of Cythera, son of Mastor. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax the son of Telamon, after the accidental murder of one of his citizens. He was killed, &c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 450.――――A famous Greek poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis, in Eubœa. He was one of the poets who flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and who, from their number, obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the wound of an arrow. He wrote tragedies, the titles of 20 of which have been preserved. The only remaining composition of this poet is called _Cassandra_ or _Alexandra_. It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity has procured the epithet of _Tenebrosus_ to its author. It is a mixture of prophetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophron are that of Basil, 1546, folio, enriched with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo, apud Commelin. 1596; and that of Potter, folio, Oxford, 1702. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 533.――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3. =Lycopŏlis=, now _Siut_, a town of Egypt. It received this name on account of the immense number of wolves, λυκοι, which repelled an army of Æthiopians, who had invaded Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17. =Lycopus=, an Ætolian who assisted the Cyreneans against Ptolemy. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Lycorea=, a town of Phocis at the top of Parnassus, where the people of Delphi took refuge during Deucalion’s deluge, directed by the howlings of wolves. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_, ch. 6. =Lycoreus=, the supposed founder of Lycorea, on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo and Corycia. _Hyginus_, fable 161. =Ly̆cōrias=, one of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 339. =Ly̆cōris=, a freedwoman of the senator Volumnius, also called _Cytheris_, and _Volumnia_, from her master. She is celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly enamoured of her, and his friend Virgil, in his 10th eclogue, comforts him for the loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed Marcus Antony’s camp, and was become the Aspasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, however, prevailed over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate courtesan lost the favours of Antony and of all the world at the same time. Lycoris was originally a comedian. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 537. =Lycormas=, a river of Ætolia, whose sands were of a golden colour. It was afterwards called _Evenus_, from king Evenus, who threw himself into it. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 245. =Lycortas=, the father of Polybius, who flourished B.C. 184. He was chosen general of the Achæan league, and he revenged the death of Philopœmen, &c. _Plutarch._ =Lycosūra=, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lycæus in Arcadia. =Lyctus=, a town of Crete, the country of Idomeneus, whence he is often called _Lyctius_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 401. =Lycurgrĭdes=, annual days of solemnity, appointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta.――――A patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 503. =Lycurgus=, a king of Nemæa, in Peloponnesus. He was raised from the dead by Æsculapius. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 5, li. 638.――――A giant killed by Osiris in Thrace. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――A king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been represented as cruel and impious, on account of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. He, according to the opinion of the mythologists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom, and abolished his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished by the gods. He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and he cut off his own legs, mistaking them for vine boughs. He was put to death in the greatest torments by his subjects, who had been informed by the oracle that they should not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more. This fable is explained by observing that the aversion of Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the filthiness and disgrace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely ordered all the vines of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and debauchery which are produced by too free a use of wine. _Hyginus_, fable 132. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 130.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 14.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 19.――――A son of Hercules and Praxithea daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A son of Pheres the son of Cretheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――An orator of Athens, surnamed _Ibis_, in the age of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and impartiality when at the head of the government. He was one of the 30 orators whom the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alexander. Some of his orations are extant. He died about 330 years before Christ. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A king of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Neæra the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, called also Eurynome, by whom he had Amphidamas, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eunomus and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan throne; but when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Charilaus his nephew was arrived to years of maturity. He had previously refused to marry his brother’s widow, who wished to strengthen him on his throne by destroying her own son Charilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful possession of the crown. The integrity with which he acted, when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, united with the disappointment and the resentment of the queen, raised him many enemies, and he at last yielded to their satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He travelled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt without suffering himself to be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury which prevailed there. The confusion which followed his departure from Sparta now had made his presence totally necessary, and he returned home at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen. The disorders which reigned at Sparta induced him to reform the government; and the more effectually to execute his undertaking, he had recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was received by the priestess of the god with every mark of honour, his intentions were warmly approved by the divinity, and he was called the friend of gods, and himself rather god than man. After such a reception from the most celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious in promoting a revolution which had received the sanction of heaven. This happened 884 years before the christian era. Lycurgus first established a senate, which was composed of 28 senators, whose authority preserved the tranquillity of the state, and maintained a due and just equilibrium between the kings and the people, by watching over the intrusions of the former, and checking the seditious convulsions of the latter. All distinctions were destroyed, and by making an equal and impartial division of the land among the members of the commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, and the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin brought no temptations to the dishonest, and left every individual in the possession of his effects without any fears of robbery or violence. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater claims to indulgence or luxury than another. The intercourse of Sparta with other nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to travel. The youths were entrusted to the public master as soon as they had attained their seventh year, and their education was left to the wisdom of the laws. They were taught early to think, to answer in a short and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They were instructed and encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if ever the theft was discovered they were subjected to a severe punishment. Lycurgus was happy and successful in establishing and enforcing these laws, and by his prudence and administration the face of affairs in Lacedæmon was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their magnanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or, according to others, to Crete, and before his departure he bound all the citizens of Lacedæmon by a solemn oath, that neither they nor their posterity would alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he had established before his return. He soon after put himself to death, and he ordered his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest, if they were carried to Sparta, the citizens would call themselves freed from the oath which they had taken, and empowered to make a revolution. The wisdom and the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus have been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, where for 700 years they remained in full force, but the legislator has been censured as cruel and impolitic. He has shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers to destroy such of their children whose feebleness or deformity in their youth seemed to promise incapability of action in maturer years, and to become a burden to the state. His regulations about marriage must necessarily be censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be expected from the union of a man with a person whom he perhaps never knew before, and whom he was compelled to choose in a dark room, where all the marriageable women in the state assembled on stated occasions. The peculiar dress which was appointed for the females might be termed improper; and the law must for ever be called injudicious, which ordered them to appear naked on certain days of festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly promiscuously, with boys of equal age with themselves. These things indeed contributed as much to corrupt the morals of the Lacedæmonians, as the other regulations seemed to be calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauchery. Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the celebrated legislator of Athens, and it has been judiciously observed, that the former gave his citizens morals conformable to the laws which he had established, and that the latter had given the Athenians laws which coincided with their customs and manners. The office of Lycurgus demanded resolution, and he showed himself inexorable and severe. In Solon artifice was requisite, and he showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The moderation of Lycurgus is greatly commended, particularly when we recollect that he treated with the greatest humanity and confidence Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son called Antiorus, who left no issue. The Lacedæmonians showed their respect for their great legislator, by yearly celebrating a festival in his honour, called Lycurgidæ or Lycurgides. The introduction of money into Sparta in the reign of Agis the son of Archidamus was one of the principal causes which corrupted the innocence of the Lacedæmonians, and rendered them the prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws of Lycurgus were abrogated by Philopœmen, B.C. 188, but only for a little time, as they were soon after re-established by the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Lives_. ――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 8, 10, 15, &c. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Lycus=, a king of Bœotia, successor to his brother Nycteus, who left no male issue. He was entrusted with the government only during the minority of Labdacus, the son of the daughter of Nycteus. He was further enjoined to make war against Epopeus, who had carried away by force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was successful in this expedition. Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and married her, though she was his niece. This new connection highly displeased his first wife Dirce, and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling queen and tortured in the most cruel manner. Antiope at last escaped, and entreated her sons Zethus and Amphion to avenge her wrongs. The children, incensed on account of the cruelties which their mother had suffered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A king of Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers came upon his coast. When Diomedes, at his return from the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked there, the tyrant seized him and confined him. He, however, escaped by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant’s daughter, who was enamoured of him, and who hung herself when she saw herself deserted.――――A son of Neptune by Celæno, made king of a part of Mysia by Hercules. He offered violence to Megara the wife of Hercules, for which he was killed by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a kind reception to the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fables 18, 31, 32, 137.――――A son of Ægyptus,――――of Mars,――――of Lycaon king of Arcadia,――――of Pandion king of Athens.――――The father of Arcesilaus. ――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 97 & 159.――――An officer of Alexander in the interest of Lysimachus. He made himself master of Ephesus by the treachery of Andron, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――One of the Centaurs.――――A son of Priam.――――A river of Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, and rises again at the distance of about four stadia, and at last falls into the Mæander. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 273.――――A river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mæotis.――――Another in Paphlagonia, near Heraclea. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 1, li. 47.――――Another in Assyria.――――Another in Armenia, falling into the Euxine near the Phasis. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 367.――――One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 545.――――A youth beloved by Alcæus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 32.――――A town of Crete. =Lyde=, the wife of the poet Antimachus, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 5.――――A woman in Domitian’s reign, who pretended that she could remove barrenness by medicines. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 141. =Lȳdia=, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, whose boundaries were different at different times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major, Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its more flourishing times it contained the whole country which lies between the Halys and the Ægean sea. It was anciently called _Mæonia_, and received the name of Lydia from Lydus, one of its kings. It was governed by monarchs who, after the fabulous ages, reigned for 249 years in the following order: Ardysus began to reign 797 B.C.; Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candaules, 735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus II., 680; Sadyattes, 631; Alyattes II., 619; and Crœsus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, B.C. 548, when the kingdom became a province of the Persian empire. There were three different races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadæ, Heraclidæ, and Mermnadæ. The history of the first is obscure and fabulous; the Heraclidæ began to reign about the Trojan war, and the crown remained in their family for about 505 years, and was always transmitted from father to son. Candaules was the last of the Heraclidæ; and Gyges the first, and Crœsus the last, of the Mermnadæ. The Lydians were great warriors in the reign of the Mermnadæ. They invented the art of coining gold and silver, and were the first who exhibited public sports, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 90; bk. 7, ch. 74. ――_Strabo_, bks. 2, 5, & 13.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――――A mistress of Horace, &c., bk. 1, ode 8. =Lydias=, a river of Macedonia. =Lȳdius=, an epithet applied to the Tiber, because it passed near Etruria, whose inhabitants were originally a Lydian colony. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 781; bk. 8, li. 479. =Lydus=, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of Mæonia, which from him received the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the settlement which he made on the coast of the Mediterranean. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 74.――――A eunuch, &c. =Lygdamis=, or =Lygdamus=, a man who made himself absolute at Naxos. _Polyænus._――――A general of the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Minor, and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyes king of Lydia. _Callimachus._ ――――An athlete of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the celebrated queen of Halicarnassus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99.――――A servant of the poet Propertius, or of his mistress Cynthia. =Lygii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42. =Lygodesma=, a surname of Diana at Sparta, because her statue was brought by Orestes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Lygus.= _See:_ Ligus. =Lymīre=, a town of Lycia. _Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12. =Lymax=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41. =Lyncīdes=, a man at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_ bk. 4, fable 12. =Lyncestæ=, a noble family of Macedonia, connected with the royal family. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 2, &c. =Lyncestes=, a son of Amyntas, in the army of Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, &c.――――Alexander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who conspired against Alexander and was put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 7. =Lyncestius=, a river of Macedonia, whose waters were of an intoxicating quality. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 17, li. 329. =Lyncēus=, son of Aphareus, was among the hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that, as it is reported, he could see through the earth, and distinguish objects at the distance of above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his brother Idas, and they were both killed by Castor and Pollux, when they were going to celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of Leucippus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Hyginus_, fable.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 303.――_Apollodorus_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.――――A son of Ægyptus, who married Hypermnestra the daughter of Danaus. His life was spared by the love and humanity of his wife. _See:_ Danaides. He made war against his father-in-law, dethroned him, and seized his crown. Some say that Lynceus was reconciled to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after his death, and reigned 41 years. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16, 19, 25.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 768. =Lyncus=, =Lyncæus=, or =Lynx=, a cruel king of Scythia, or, according to others, of Sicily. He received, with feigned hospitality, Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach mankind agriculture; and as he was jealous of his commission, he resolved to murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going to give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into a lynx, an animal which is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 657. =Lyncus=, a town of Macedonia, of which the inhabitants were called Lyncestæ. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 4, ch. 10. =Lyndus=, a town of Sicily. =Lyrcæ=, a people of Scythia, who live upon hunting. =Lyrcæus=, a mountain of Arcadia. _See:_ Lycæus.――――A fountain. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711. =Lyrcea=, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly called Lyncea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35. =Lyrcus=, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. _Parthenius._ =Lyrnessus=, a city of Cilicia, the native country of Briseis, called from thence _Lyrnesseis_. It was taken and plundered by Achilles and the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, and the booty divided among the conquerors. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 197.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 108; _Heroides_, poem 3, li. 5; _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 15. =Lysander=, a celebrated general of Sparta, in the last years of the Peloponnesian war. He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, and gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 ships, at Ægospotamos, and destroyed it all, except three ships, with which the enemy’s general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, which happened 405 years before the christian era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and with them their empire and influence among the neighbouring states. Lysander well knew how to take advantage of his victory, and the following year Athens, worn out by a long war of 27 years, and discouraged by its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the enemy, and consented to destroy the Piræus, to deliver up all its ships, except 12, to recall all those who had been banished, and, in short, to be submissive in every degree to the power of Lacedæmon. Besides these humiliating conditions, the government of Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by Lysander. This glorious success, and the honour of having put an end to the Peloponnesian war, increased the pride of Lysander. He had already begun to pave his way to universal power by establishing aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambition he used prudence and artifice; and as he could not easily abolish a form of government which ages and popularity had confirmed, he had recourse to the assistance of the gods. His attempts, however, to corrupt the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved ineffectual, and he was even accused of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. The sudden declaration of war against the Thebans saved him from the accusations of his adversaries, and he was sent, together with Pausanias, against the enemy. The plans of his military operations were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly meditated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he was killed in a bloody battle, which ended in the defeat of his troops, 394 years before Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague Pausanias, and honoured with a magnificent funeral. Lysander has been commended for his bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest censure, and his cruelty and his duplicity have greatly stained his character. He was arrogant and vain in his public as well as private conduct, and he received and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flatterers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of all his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely poor, and his daughters were rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta, to whom they had been betrothed during the life of their father. This behaviour of the lovers was severely punished by the Lacedæmonians, who protected from injury the children of a man whom they hated for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The father of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites or Aristocrates, was descended from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of the Heraclidæ. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13.――――A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Telamon before Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 491.――――One of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. _Plutarch._――――A grandson of the great Lysander. _Pausanias._ =Lysandra=, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Agathocles the son of Lysimachus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Seleucus for protection. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c. =Lysaniax=, a man made king of Ituræa by Antony, &c. =Lyse=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Lysiădes=, an Athenian, son of Phædrus the philosopher, &c. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 5.――――An Athenian archon.――――A tyrant of Megalopolis, who died B.C. 226. _Plutarch._ =Lysianassa=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Ly̆sias=, a celebrated orator, son of Cephalus, a native of Syracuse. His father left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias was born and carefully educated. In his 15th year he accompanied the colony which the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a long residence there he returned home in his 47th year. He distinguished himself by his eloquence, and by the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 according to Plutarch, though the number may with more probability be reduced to 230. Of these 34 are extant, the best editions of which are that of Taylor, 8vo, Cambridge. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1783. He died in the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_; _On Oratory_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, &c.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2.――――An Athenian general, &c.――――A town of Phrygia. _Strabo._ ――――Another of Syria, now _Berziech_, near Emesa.――――A tyrant of Tarsus, B.C. 267. =Lysĭcles=, an Athenian sent with Chares into Bœotia, to stop the conquests of Philip of Macedonia. He was conquered at Chæronæa, and sentenced to death for his ill conduct there. =Lysĭdĭce=, a daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia, who married Mastor the son of Perseus and Andromeda. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Lysimăche=, a daughter of Abas the son of Melampus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Lysimăchia=, now _Hexamili_, a city on the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A town of Ætolia, built by Lysimachus. _Strabo_, bks. 7 & 10.――――Another in Æolia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Lysimăchus=, a son of Agathocles, who was among the generals of Alexander. After the death of that monarch, he made himself master of part of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysimachia. He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius, and fought with them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He afterwards seized Macedonia, after expelling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C. 286; but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the murder of his son Agathocles so offended his subjects, that the most opulent and powerful revolted from him and abandoned the kingdom. He pursued them to Asia, and declared war against Seleucus, who had given them a kind reception. He was killed in a bloody battle, 281 years before Christ, in the 80th year of his age, and his body was found in the heaps of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which had carefully watched near it. It is said that the love and respect of Lysimachus for his learned master Callisthenes proved nearly fatal to him. He, as Justin mentions, was thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by order of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poison, to save his life from ignominy and insult; and when the furious animal darted upon him, he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly thrust it into the lion’s mouth, and by twisting his tongue killed an adversary ready to devour him. This act of courage in his self-defence recommended him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever after esteemed by the monarch. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 3, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――An Acarnanian, preceptor to Alexander the Great. He used to call himself Phœnix, his pupil Achilles, and Philip Peleus. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 3.――――An historian of Alexandria.――――A son of Aristides, rewarded by the Athenians on account of the virtue of his father. ――――A chief priest among the Jews, about 204 years before Christ, &c. _Josephus._――――A physician greatly attached to the notions of Hippocrates.――――A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, &c. =Lysimelia=, a marsh of Sicily near Syracuse. =Lysinoe=, now _Aglasson_, a city of Asia, near Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15. =Lysippe=, a daughter of Prœtus. _See:_ Prœtides.――――A daughter of Thespius. =Lysippus=, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He was originally a whitesmith, and afterwards applied himself to painting, till his talents and inclination taught him that he was born to excel in sculpture. He flourished about 325 years before the christian era, in the age of Alexander the Great. The monarch was so partial to the artist, that he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to make his statue. Lysippus excelled in expressing the hair, and he was the first who made the head of his statues less large, and the body smaller than usual, that they might appear taller. This was observed by one of his friends, and the artist gave for answer, that his predecessors had represented men in their natural form, but that he represented them such as they appeared. Lysippus made no less than 600 statues, the most admired of which were those of Alexander; one of Apollo of Tarentum 40 cubits high; one of a man coming out of a bath, with which Agrippa adorned his baths; one of Socrates; and those of the 25 horsemen who were drowned in the Granicus. These were so valued, that in the age of Augustus, they were bought for their weight in gold. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 164; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 148.――_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 7.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 11. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 240.――――A comic poet, some of whose plays are mentioned by Athenæus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――――A general of the Achæan league. =Lysis=, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor to Epaminondas. He flourished about 388 years before the christian era. He is supposed by some to be the author of the golden verses which are attributed to Pythagoras. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_, ch. 2. =Lysistrătus=, an Athenian parasite.――――A brother of Lysippus. He was the first artist who ever made a statue with wax. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8; bk. 35, ch. 12. =Lysithous=, a son of Priam. _Apollodorus._ =Lyso=, a friend of Cicero, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 19, =Lystra=, a town of Lycaonia. =Lytæa=, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put to death by the Athenians. _Apollodorus._ =Lyzanias=, a king of Chalcis, &c. M =Macæ=, a people of Arabia Felix. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8. They are placed in Africa near the larger Syrtis by _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 175. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 275; bk. 5, li. 194. =Macar=, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, the first Greek who led a colony to Lesbos. His four sons took possession of the four neighbouring islands, Chios, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes, which were called the seats of the Macares, or the blessed (μακαρ, _beatus_). _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5. ――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Măcăreus=, an ancient historian.――――A son of Æolus, who debauched his sister Canace, and had a son by her. The father being informed of the incest, ordered the child to be exposed, and sent a sword to his daughter, and commanded her to destroy herself. Macareus fled to Delphi, where he became priest of Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_; _Heroides_, poem 11; _Ibis_, li. 562.――――One of the companions of Ulysses, left at Caieta in Italy, where Æneas found him. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 159.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Măcăria=, a daughter of Hercules and Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus made war against the Heraclidæ, whom the Athenians supported, and the oracle declared, that the descendants of Hercules should obtain the victory if any one of them devoted him self to death. This was cheerfully accepted by Macaria, who refused to endanger the life of the children of Hercules by suffering the victim to be drawn by lot, and the Athenians obtained a victory. Great honours were paid to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain of Marathon was called by her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――An ancient name of Cyprus. =Macăris=, an ancient name of Crete. =Macednus=, a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._ =Măcēdo=, a son of Osiris, who had a share in the divine honours which were paid to his father. He was represented clothed in a wolf’s skin, for which reason the Egyptians held that animal in great veneration. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――――A man who gave his name to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the same as the son or general of Osiris, whilst others consider him as the grandson of Deucalion by the mother’s side. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Măcēdŏnia=, a celebrated country, situated between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. Its boundaries have been different at different periods. Philip increased it by the conquest of Thessaly and of part of Thrace, and according to Pliny it contained no less than 150 different nations. The kingdom of Macedonia, first founded B.C. 814, by Caranus, a descendant of Hercules, and a native of Argos, continued in existence 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus remained in possession of the crown until the death of Alexander the Great, and began to reign in the following order: Caranus, after a reign of 28 years, was succeeded by Cœnus, who ascended the throne 786 B.C.; Thurimas, 774; Perdiccas, 729; Argæus, 678; Philip, 640; Æropas, 602; Alcetas or Alectas, 576; Amyntas, 547; Alexander, 497; Perdiccas, 454; Archelaus, 413; Amyntas, 399; Pausanias, 398; Amyntas II., 397; Argæus the tyrant, 390; Amyntas restored, 390; Alexander II., 371; Ptolemy Alorites, 370; Perdiccas III., 366; Philip son of Amyntas, 360; Alexander the Great, 336; Philip Aridæus, 323; Cassander, 316; Antipater and Alexander, 298; Demetrius king of Asia, 294; Pyrrhus, 287; Lysimachus, 286; Ptolemy Ceraunus, 280; Meleager, two months; Antipater the Etesian, 45 days; Antigonus Gonatas, 277; Demetrius, 243; Antigonus Doson, 232; Philip, 221; Perseus, 179; conquered by the Romans 168 B.C. at Pydna. Macedonia has been severally called Æmonia, Mygdonia, Pæonia, Edonia, Æmathia, &c. The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally warlike, and though in the infancy of their empire they were little known beyond the borders of their country, yet they signalized themselves greatly in the reign of Philip, and added the kingdom of Asia to their European dominions by the valour of Alexander. The Macedonian phalanx, or body of soldiers, was always held in the highest repute, and it resisted and subdued the repeated attacks of the bravest and most courageous enemies. _Livy_, bk. 44.――_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 7, ch. 1, &c. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10, &c.――_Curtius_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7. =Macedonĭcum bellum=, was undertaken by the Romans against Philip king of Macedonia, some few months after the second Punic war, B.C. 200. The cause of this war originated in the hostilities which Philip had exercised against the Achæans, the friends and allies of Rome. The consul Flaminius had the care of the war, and he conquered Philip on the confines of Epires, and afterwards in Thessaly. The Macedonian fleets were also defeated; Eubœa was taken; and Philip, after continual losses, sued for peace, which was granted him in the fourth year of the war. The ambition and cruelty of Perseus, the son and successor of Philip, soon irritated the Romans. Another war was undertaken, in which the Romans suffered two defeats. This, however, did not discourage them; Paulus Æmilius was chosen consul in the 60th year of his age, and entrusted with the care of the war. He came to a general engagement near the city of Pydna. The victory sided with the Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian soldiers were left on the field of battle. This decisive blow put an end to the war, which had already continued for three years, 168 years before the christian era. Perseus and his sons Philip and Alexander were taken prisoners, and carried to Rome to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. About 15 years after, new seditions were raised in Macedonia, and the false pretensions of Andriscus, who called himself the son of Perseus, obliged the Romans to send an army to quell the commotions. Andriscus at first obtained many considerable advantages over the Roman forces, till at last he was conquered and delivered to the consul Metellus, who carried him to Rome. After these commotions, which are sometimes called the third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally reduced into a Roman province, and governed by a regular proconsul, about 148 years before the christian era. =Macedonĭcus=, a surname given to Metellus, from his conquests in Macedonia. It was also given to such as had obtained any victory in that province. =Macella=, a town of Sicily, taken by the consul Duillius. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 21. =Macer Æmylius=, a Latin poet of Verona, intimate with Tibullus and Ovid, and commended for his genius, his learning, and the elegance of his poetry. He wrote some poems upon serpents, plants, and birds, mentioned by Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the ruins of Troy, to serve as a supplement to Homer’s Iliad. His compositions are now lost. He died B.C. 16. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 44; _ex Ponto_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Lucius Claudius, a propretor of Africa in the reign of Nero. He assumed the title of emperor, and was put to death by order of Galba. =Machæra=, a river of Africa.――――A common crier at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 9. =Machanĭdas=, a man who made himself absolute at Sparta. He was killed by Philopœmen, after being defeated at Mantinea, B.C. 208. Nabis succeeded him. _Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 28, chs. 5 & 7. =Măchāon=, a celebrated physician, son of Æsculapius and brother to Podalirus. He went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants of Trica, Ithome, and Œchalia. According to some he was king of Messenia. As physician to the Greeks, he healed the wounds which they received during the Trojan war, and was one of those concealed in the wooden horse. Some suppose that he was killed before Troy by Eurypylus the son of Telephus. He received divine honours after death, and had a temple in Messenia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_ _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, ltr. 4.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 6, li. 409.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 263 & 426. =Macra=, a river flowing from the Apennines, and dividing Liguria from Etruria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 426.――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 32.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Macri campi=, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul, near the river Gabellus. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18; bk. 45, ch. 12.――――A plain near Mutina bears the same name. _Columella_, bk. 7, ch. 2. =Macriānus Titus Fulvius Julius=, an Egyptian of obscure birth, who, from a private soldier, rose to the highest command in the army, and proclaimed himself emperor when Valerian had been made prisoner by the Persians, A.D. 260. His liberality supported his usurpation; his two sons Macrianus and Quietus were invested with the imperial purple, and the enemies of Rome were severely defeated, either by the emperors or their generals. When he had supported his dignity for a year in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus marched towards Rome, to crush Gallienus, who had been proclaimed emperor. He was defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put to death with his son, at his own expressive request, A.D. 262. =Macrīnus Marcus Opilius Severus=, a native of Africa, who rose from the most ignominious condition to the rank of prefect of the pretorian guards, and at last of emperor, after the death of Caracalla, whom he inhumanly ♦sacrificed to his ambition, A.D. 217. The beginning of his reign was popular; the abolition of the taxes, and an affable and complaisant behaviour, endeared him to his subjects. These promising appearances did not long continue, and the timidity which Macrinus betrayed in buying the peace of the Persians by a large sum of money, soon rendered him odious; and while he affected to imitate the virtuous Aurelius without possessing the good qualities of his heart, he became contemptible and insignificant. This affectation irritated the minds of the populace, and when severe punishments had been inflicted on some of the disorderly soldiers the whole army mutinied; and their tumult was increased by their consciousness of their power and numbers, which Macrinus had the imprudence to betray, by keeping almost all the military force of Rome encamped together in the plains of Syria. Heliogabalus was proclaimed emperor, and Macrinus attempted to save his life by flight. He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and his head was cut off and sent to his successor, June 7th, A.D. 218. Macrinus reigned about two months and three days. His son, called Diadumenianus, shared his father’s fate.――――A friend of the poet Persius, to whom his second satire is inscribed. ♦ ‘sacrified’ replaced with ‘sacrificed’ =Macro=, a favourite of the emperor Tiberius, celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy, and cruelty. He destroyed Sejanus, and raised himself upon the ruins of that unfortunate favourite. He was accessary to the murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good opinion of Caligula, by prostituting to him his own wife called Ennia. He soon after became unpopular, and was obliged by Caligula to kill himself together with his wife, A.D. 38. =Macrŏbii=, a people of Æthiopia, celebrated for their justice and the innocence of their manners. They generally lived to their 120th year, some say 1000 years; and indeed from that longevity they have obtained their name (μακρος βιος, _long life_), to distinguish them more particularly from the other inhabitants of Æthiopia. After so long a period spent in virtuous actions, and freed from the ♦indulgences of vice, and from maladies, they dropped into the grave as to sleep, without pain and without terror. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_, li. 1105.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3. ♦ ‘induligencies’ replaced with ‘indulgences’ =Macrobius=, a Latin writer, who died A.D. 415. Some suppose that he was chamberlain to the emperor Theodosius II.; but this appears groundless, when we observe that Macrobius was a follower of paganism, and that none were admitted to the confidence of the emperor, or to the enjoyment of high stations, except such as were of the christian religion. Macrobius has rendered himself famous for a composition called _Saturnalia_, a miscellaneous collection of antiquities and criticism, supposed to have been the result of a conversation of some of the learned Romans during the celebration of the Saturnalia. This was written for the use of his son, and the bad latinity which the author has often introduced, proves that he was not born in a part of the Roman empire where the Latin tongue was spoken, as he himself candidly confesses. The Saturnalia are useful for the learned reflections which they contain, and particularly for some curious observations on the two greatest epic poets of antiquity. Besides this, Macrobius wrote a commentary on Cicero’s _Somnium Scipionis_, which was likewise composed for the improvement of the author’s son, and dedicated to him. The best editions are that of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1777. =Macrŏchir=, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, the same as _Longimanus_. This surname arises from his having one _hand longer_ than the other. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_. =Macrōnes=, a nation of Pontus, on the confines of Colchis and Armenia. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.――_Herodotus._ =Mactorium=, a town of Sicily at the south, near Gela. =Măcŭlōnus=, a rich and penurious Roman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 40. =Madaura=, a town on the borders of Numidia and Gætulia, of which the inhabitants were called _Madaurenses_. It was the native place of Apuleius. _Apuleius_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11. =Madestes=, a town of Thrace. =Madetes=, a general of Darius, who bravely defended a place against Alexander. The conqueror resolved to put him to death, though 30 orators pleaded for his life. Sisygambis prevailed over the almost inexorable Alexander, and Madetes was pardoned. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Maduatēni=, a people of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 40. =Madyes=, a Scythian prince who pursued the Cimmerians in Asia, and conquered Cyaxares, B.C. 623. He held for some time the supreme power of Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 103. =Mæander=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys.――――A celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising near Celænæ, and flowing through Caria and Ionia into the Ægean sea between Miletus and Priene, after it has been increased by the waters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Eudon, Lethæus, &c. It is celebrated among the poets for its windings, which amount to no less than 600, and from which all obliquities have received the name of _Mæanders_. It forms in its course, according to the observations of some travellers, the Greek letters ε, ζ, ξ, ς, and ω, and from its windings Dædalus had the first idea of his famous labyrinth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 145, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 254.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 208; bk. 6, li. 471.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 22.――_Strabo_, bk. 12, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17. =Mæandria=, a city of Epirus. =Mæatæ=, a people at the south of Scotland. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 76, ch. 12. =Mæcenas.= _See:_ Mecænas. =Mædi=, a people of _Mædica_, a district of Thrace, near Rhodope. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 40, ch. 21. =Mælius=, a Roman, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, for aspiring to tyranny at Rome in the early ages of the republic. =Mæmacteria=, sacrifices offered to Jupiter at Athens in the winter month Mæmacterion. The god surnamed _Mæmactes_ was intreated to send mild and temperate weather, as he presided over the seasons, and was the god of the air. =Mænădes=, a name of the Bacchantes, or priestesses of Bacchus. The word is derived from μαινομαι, _to be furious_, because in the celebration of their festivals, their gestures and actions were those of mad women. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 458. =Mænăla=, a town of Spain. =Mænălus= (plural, Mænala), a mountain of Arcadia sacred to the god Pan, and greatly frequented by shepherds. It received its name from Mænalus, a son of Lycaon. It was covered with pine trees, whose echo and shade have been greatly celebrated by all the ancient poets. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 216.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 17; _Eclogues_ poem 8, li. 24.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A town of Arcadia.――――A son of Lycaon.――――The father of Atalanta. =Mænius=, a Roman consul.――――A dictator accused and honourably acquitted, &c.――――A spendthrift at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 26. =Mænon=, a tyrant of Sicily, B.C. 285. =Mænus=, a river of Germany, now called _the Mayne_, falling into the Rhine at Mayence. =Mæŏnia=, a country of Asia Minor, the same as Lydia. It is to be observed, that only part of Lydia was known by the name of Mæonia, that is, the neighbourhood of mount Tmolus, and the country watered by the Pactolus. The rest on the sea coast was called Lydia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――――The Etrurians, as being descended from a Lydian colony, are often called _Mæonidæ_ (_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759), and even the lake Thrasymenus in their country is called _Mæonius lacus_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 35. =Mæŏnĭdes=, a name given to the Muses, because Homer, their greatest and worthiest favourite, was supposed to be a native of Mæonia. =Mæŏnĭdes=, a surname of Homer, because, according to the opinion of some writers, he was born in Mæon. _Ovid._――――The surname is also applied to Bacchus, as he was worshipped in Mæonia. =Mæŏnis=, an epithet applied to Omphale, as queen of Lydia or Mæonia. _Ovid._――――The epithet is also applied to Arachne, as a native of Lydia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6. =Mæōtæ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. =Mæōtis Palus=, a large lake, or part of the sea between Europe and Asia, at the north of the Euxine, to which it communicates by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, now called the _sea of Azof_ or _Zaback_. It was worshipped as a deity by the Massagetæ. It extends about 390 miles from south-west to north-east, and is about 600 miles in circumference. The Amazons are called _Mæotides_, as living in the neighbourhood. _Strabo._――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_, ♦_Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 12; _epistles of Sabinus_, ltr. 2, li. 9. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 739. ♦ ‘Fasti’ replaced with ‘Tristia’ =Mæsia sylva=, a wood in Etruria, near the mouth of the Tiber. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33. =Mævia=, an immodest woman. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 22. =Mævius=, a poet of inferior note in the Augustan age, who made himself known by his illiberal attacks on the character of the first writers of his time, as well as by his affected compositions. His name would have sunk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed him in his third eclogue, and Horace in his 10th epode. =Magas=, a king of Cyrene, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 257. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. =Magella=, a town of Sicily about the middle of the island. =Magetæ=, a people of Africa. =Magi=, a religious sect among the eastern nations of the world, and particularly in Persia. They had great influence in the political as well as religious affairs of the state, and a monarch seldom ascended the throne without their previous approbation. Zoroaster was founder of their sect. They paid particular homage to fire, which they deemed a deity, as pure in itself, and the purifier of all things. In their religious tenets they had two principles, one good, the source of everything good; and the other evil, from whence sprang all manner of ills. Their professional skill in the mathematics and philosophy rendered everything familiar to them, and from their knowledge of the phenomena of the heavens, the word Magi was applied to all learned men; and in process of time, the Magi, from their experience and profession, were confounded with the magicians who impose upon the superstitious and credulous. Hence the word _Magi_ and _Magicians_ became synonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, one of the Magi, usurped the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses, and the fraud was not discovered till the seven noble Persians conspired against the usurper, and elected Darius king. From this circumstance there was a certain day on which none of the Magi were permitted to appear in public, as the populace had the privilege of murdering whomsoever of them they met. _Strabo._――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 62, &c. =Magius=, a lieutenant of Piso, &c.――――A man in the interest of Pompey, grandfather to the historian Velleius Paterculus, &c. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 115. =Magna Græcia=, a part of Italy. _See:_ Græcia Magna. =Magna Mater=, a name given to Cybele. =Magnentius=, an ambitious Roman, who distinguished himself by his cruelty and perfidy. He conspired against the life of Constans, and murdered him in his bed. This cruelty was highly resented by Constantius; and the assassin, unable to escape from the fury of his antagonist, murdered his own mother and the rest of his relations, and afterwards killed himself by falling upon a sword, which he had thrust against a wall. He was the first of the followers of christianity who ever murdered his lawful sovereign, A.D. 353. =Magnes=, a young man who found himself detained by the iron nails which were under his shoes as he walked over a stone mine. This was no other than the magnet, which received its name from the person who had been first sensible of its powers. Some say that Magnes was a slave of Medea, whom that enchantress changed into a magnet. _Orphic Lithica_, bk. 10, li. 7.――――A son of Æolus and Anaretta, who married Nais, by whom he had Pierus, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A poet and musician of Smyrna, in the age of Gyges king of Lydia. =Magnēsia=, a town of Asia Minor on the Mæander, about 15 miles from Ephesus, now called _Guzelhizar_. It is celebrated for the death of Themistocles, and for a battle which was fought there 187 years before the christian era, between the Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. The forces of Antiochus amounted to 70,000 men, according to Appian, or 70,000 foot and 12,000 horse, according to Livy, which have been exaggerated by ♦Florus to 300,000 men; the Roman army consisted of about 28,000 or 30,000 men, 2000 of which were employed in guarding the camp. The Syrians lost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse, and the Romans only 300 killed, with 25 horse. It was founded by a colony from Magnesia in Thessaly, and was commonly called _Magnesia ad Mæandrum_, to distinguish it from another called _Magnesia ad Sipylum_ in Lydia, at the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius.――――A country on the eastern parts of Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was sometimes called _Æmonia_ and _Magnes Campus_. The capital was also called Magnesia.――――A promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 37. ――_Florus_, bk. 2.――_Appian._ ♦ ‘Florius’ replaced with ‘Florus’ =Mago=, a Carthaginian general sent against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a victory, and granted peace to the conquered. In a battle which soon after followed this treaty of peace, Mago was killed. His son, of the same name, succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian army, but he disgraced himself by flying at the approach of Timoleon, who had come to assist the Syracusans. He was accused in the Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by suicide the execution of the sentence justly pronounced against him. His body was hung on a gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy.――――A brother of Annibal the Great. He was present at the battle of Cannæ, and was deputed by his brother to carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated victory which had been obtained over the Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was unexpected, and more powerfully to astonish his countrymen on account of the victory of Cannæ, he emptied in the senate-house the three bushels of golden rings which had been taken from the Roman knights slain in battle. He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he defeated the two Scipios, and was himself, in another engagement, totally ruined. He retired to the Baleares, which he conquered; and one of the cities there still bears his name, and is called Portus Magonis, _Port Mahon_. After this he landed in Italy with an army, and took possession of part of Insubria. He was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, and died of a mortal wound 203 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 30, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_, ch. 8, gives a very different account of his death, and says he either perished in a shipwreck, or was murdered by his servants. Perhaps Annibal had two brothers of that name.――――A Carthaginian, more known by the excellence of his writings than by his military exploits. He wrote 28 volumes upon husbandry; these were preserved by Scipio, at the taking of Carthage, and presented to the Roman senate. They were translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin by order of the Roman senate, though Cato had already written so copiously upon the subject; and the Romans, as it has been observed, consulted the writings of Mago with greater earnestness than the books of the Sybilline verses. _Columella._――――A Carthaginian sent by his countrymen to assist the Romans against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, with a fleet of 120 sail. This offer was politely refused by the Roman senate. This Mago was father of Asdrubal and Hamilcar. _Valerius Maximus._ =Magon=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._ =Māgrontiăcum=, or =Magontea=, a large city of Germany, now called _Mentz_. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, bks. 15 & 23. =Magus=, an officer of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 522. =Maherbal=, a Carthaginian who was at the siege of Saguntum, and who commanded the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Cannæ. He advised the conqueror immediately to march to Rome, but Annibal required time to consider on so bold a measure; upon which Maherbal observed, that Annibal knew how to conquer, but not how to make a proper use of victory. =Maīa=, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one of the Pleiades, the most luminous of the seven sisters. _See:_ Pleiades. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 301.――――A surname of Cybele. =Majestas=, a goddess among the Romans, daughter of Honour and Reverence. _Ovid_, bk. 5; _Fasti_, li. 25. =Majoriānus Julius Valerius=, an emperor of the western Roman empire, raised to the imperial throne A.D. 457. He signalized himself by his private as well as public virtues. He was massacred, after a reign of 37 years, by one of his generals, who envied in his master the character of an active, virtuous, and humane emperor. =Majorca=, the greatest of the islands called Baleares, on the coast of Spain, in the Mediterranean. _Strabo._ =Mala Fortuna=, the goddess of evil fortune, was worshipped among the Romans. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3. =Malēa=, a promontory of Lesbos.――――Another in Peloponnesus, at the south of Laconia. The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that the dangers which attended a voyage round it gave rise to the proverb of _Cum ad Maleam deflexeris, obliviscere quæ sunt domi_. _Strabo_, bks. 8 & 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 58.――_Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 193.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 44.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16, li. 24; poem 11, li. 20. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 23. =Maleventum=, the ancient name of Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 27. =Malho=, or =Matho=, a general of an army of Carthaginian mercenaries, 258 B.C. =Malia=, a city of Phthiotis, near mount Œta and Thermopylæ. There were in its neighbourhood some hot mineral waters which the poet Catullus has mentioned. From Malia a gulf or small bay in the neighbourhood, at the western extremities of the island of Eubœa, has received the name of the gulf of Malia, _Maliacum Fretum_, or _Maliacus Sinus_. Some call it the gulf of Lamia, from its vicinity to Lamia. It is often taken for the _Sinus Pelasgicus_ of the ancients. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._ =Malii=, a people of Mesopotamia. =Malis=, a servant-maid of Omphale, beloved by Hercules. =Mallea=, or =Mallia aqua=. _See:_ Malia. =Malleŏlus=, a man who murdered his mother, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 1, ch. 13. =Mallius=, a Roman consul defeated by the Gauls, &c. =Mallophŏra= (_lanam ferens_), a surname under which Ceres had a temple at Megara, because she had taught the inhabitants the utility of wool, and the means of tending sheep to advantage. This temple is represented as so old in the age of Pausanias, that it was falling to decay. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44. =Mallos=, a town of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 227. =Malthīnus=, a name under which Horace has lashed some of his friends or enemies. Bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27. =Mamaus=, a river of Peloponnesus. =Mamercus=, a tyrant of Catana, who surrendered to Timoleon. His attempts to speak in a public assembly at Syracuse were received with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed his head against a wall, and endeavoured to destroy himself. The blows were not fatal, and Mamercus was soon after put to death as a robber, B.C. 340. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――――A dictator at Rome, B.C. 437.――――A consul with Decimus Brutus. =Mamerthes=, a Corinthian who killed his brother’s son in hopes of reigning, upon which he was torn to pieces by his brother. _Ovid_, _Ibis_. =Mamertīna=, a town of Campania, famous for its wines.――――A name of Messana in Sicily. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 117.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. =Mamertīni=, a mercenary band of soldiers which passed from Campania into Sicily, at the request of Agathocles. When they were in the service of Agathocles, they claimed the privilege of voting at the election of magistrates at Syracuse, and had recourse to arms to support their unlawful demands. The sedition was appeased by the authority of some leading men, and the Campanians were ordered to leave Sicily. In their way to the coast they were received with great kindness by the people of Messana, and soon returned perfidy for hospitality. They conspired against the inhabitants, murdered all the males in the city, and married their wives and daughters, and rendered themselves masters of the place. After this violence they assumed the name of Mamertini, and called their city _Mamertina_, from a provincial word, which in their language signified _martial_ or _warlike_. The Mamertines were afterwards defeated by Hiero, and totally disabled from repairing their ruined affairs. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_, &c. =Mamilia lex=, _de limitibus_, by the tribune Mamilius. It ordained that in the boundaries of the lands five or six feet of land should be left uncultivated, which no person could convert into private property. It also appointed commissioners to see it carried into execution. =Mamilii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from the Aborigines. They first lived at Tusculum, from whence they came to Rome. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 29. =Mamilius Octavius=, a son-in-law of Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon bravery at the battle of Regillæ. He is also called Manilius. _See:_ Manilius. =Mammea=, the mother of the emperor Severus, who died A.D. 235. =Mamŭrius Veturius=, a worker in brass in Numa’s reign. He was ordered by the monarch to make a number of ancylia or shields, like that one which had fallen from heaven, that it might be difficult to distinguish the true one from the others. He was very successful in his undertaking, and he asked for no other reward, but that his name might be frequently mentioned in the hymns which were sung by the Salii in the feast of the Ancylia. This request was granted. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 392.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6. =Mamurra=, a Roman knight born at Formiæ. He followed the fortune of Julius Cæsar in Gaul, where he greatly enriched himself. He built a magnificent palace on mount Cœlius, and was the first who incrusted his walls with marble. Catullus has attacked him in his epigrams. Formiæ is sometimes called _Mamurrarum urbs_. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6. =Manastăbal=, son of Masinissa, who was father to the celebrated Jugurtha. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. =Caius Mancīnus=, a Roman general, who, though at the head of an army of 30,000 men, was defeated by 4000 Numantians, B.C. 138. He was dragged from the senate, &c. _Cicero_, _Orator_, bk. 1, ch. 40. =Mandāne=, a daughter of king Astyages, married by her father to Cambyses, an ignoble person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed that his daughter’s urine had drowned all his city, which had been interpreted in an unfavourable manner by the soothsayers, who assured him that his daughter’s son would dethrone him. The marriage of Mandane with Cambyses would, in the monarch’s opinion, prevent the effects of the dream, and the children of this connection would, like their father, be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of Astyages were frustrated. He was dethroned by his grandson. _See:_ Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 107. =Mandānes=, an Indian prince and philosopher, whom Alexander invited by his ambassador, on pain of death, to come to his banquet, as being the son of Jupiter. The philosopher ridiculed the threats and promises of Alexander, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 15. =Mandēla=, a village in the country of the Sabines, near Horace’s country seat. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 105. =Mandonius=, a prince of Spain, who for some time favoured the cause of the Romans. When he heard that Scipio the Roman commander was ill, he raised commotions in the provinces, for which he was severely reprimanded and punished. _Livy_, bk. 29. =Mandrŏcles=, a general of Artaxerxes, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_. =Mandron=, a king of the Bebryces, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Mandubii=, a people of Gaul (now _Burgundy_), in Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 78. =Mandubratius=, a young Briton who came over to Cæsar in Gaul. His father Immanuentius was king in Britain, and had been put to death by order of Cassivelaunus. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 20. =Manduria=, a city of Calabria near Tarentum, whose inhabitants were famous for eating dog’s flesh. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 15. =Manes=, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who reigned in Mæonia. He was father of Cotys, by Callirrhoe the daughter of Oceanus. =Mānes=, a name generally applied by the ancients to the souls when separated from the body. They were reckoned among the infernal deities, and generally supposed to preside over the burying places and the monuments of the dead. They were worshipped with great solemnity, particularly by the Romans. The augurs always invoked them when they proceeded to exercise their sacerdotal offices. Virgil introduces his hero as sacrificing to the infernal deities, and to the Manes, a victim whose blood was received in a ditch. The word _manes_ is supposed to be derived from Mania, who was by some reckoned the mother of those tremendous deities. Others derive it from _manare, quod per omnia ætherea terrenaque manabant_, because they filled the air, particularly in the night, and were intent to molest and disturb the peace of mankind. Some say that _manes_ comes from _manis_, an old Latin word which signified _good_ or _propitious_. The word _manes_ is differently used by ancient authors; sometimes it is taken for the infernal regions, and sometimes it is applied to the deities of Pluto’s kingdom, whence the epitaphs of the Romans were always superscribed with D. M., _Dîs Manibus_, to remind the sacrilegious and profane not to molest the monuments of the dead, which were guarded with such sanctity. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19. ――_Virgil_, bk. 4, _Georgics_, li. 469; _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 28.――――A river of Locris. =Manētho=, a celebrated priest of Heliopolis in Egypt, surnamed the Mendesian, B.C. 261. He wrote in Greek a history of Egypt, which has been often quoted and commended by the ancients, particularly by Josephus. It was chiefly collected from the writings of Mercury, and from the journals and annals which are preserved in the Egyptian temples. This history has been greatly corrupted by the Greeks. The author supported that all the gods of the Egyptians had been mere mortals, and had all lived upon earth. This history, which is now lost, had been epitomized, and some fragments of it are still extant. There is extant a Greek poem ascribed to Manetho, in which the power of the stars, which preside over the birth and fate of mankind, is explained. The Apotelesmata of this author were edited in 4to, by Gronovious, Leiden, 1698. =Mania=, a goddess, supposed to be the mother of the Lares and Manes. ――――A female servant of queen Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy.――――A mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes, called also Demo, and Mania, from her folly. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_. =Manilia lex=, by Manilius the tribune, A.U.C. 678. It required that all the forces of Lucullus and his province, together with Bithynia, which was then under the command of Glabrio, should be delivered to Pompey, and that this general should, without any delay, declare war against Mithridates, and still retain the command of the Roman fleet, and the empire of the Mediterranean, as before.――――Another, which permitted all those whose fathers had not been invested with public offices, to be employed in the management of affairs.――――A woman famous for her debaucheries. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 242. =Mānīlius=, a Roman who married the daughter of Tarquin. He lived at Tusculum, and received his father-in-law in his house, when banished from Rome, &c. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――Caius, a celebrated mathematician and poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise on astronomy, of which five books are extant, treating of the fixed stars. The style is not elegant. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose that he flourished in the Augustan age. No author, however, in the age of Augustus has made mention of Manilius. The best editions of Manilius are those of Bentley, 4to, London, 1739, and Stoeberus, 8vo, Strasbourg, 1767.――――Titus, a learned historian in the age of Sylla and Marius. He is greatly commended by Cicero, _pro Roscio_.――――Marcus, another mentioned by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48, as supporting the character of a great lawyer, and of an eloquent and powerful orator. =Manĭmi=, a people in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43. =Manlia lex=, by the tribune Publius Manlius, A.U.C. 557. It revived the office of _treviri epulones_, first instituted by Numa. The _epulones_ were priests, who prepared banquets for Jupiter and the gods at public festivals, &c. =Manlius Torquātus=, a celebrated Roman, whose youth was distinguished by a lively and cheerful disposition. These promising talents were, however, impeded by a difficulty of speaking; and the father, unwilling to expose his son’s rusticity at Rome, detained him in the country. The behaviour of the father was publicly censured, and Marius Pomponius the tribune cited him to answer for his unfatherly behaviour to his son. Young Manlius was informed of this, and with a dagger in his hand he entered the house of the tribune, and made him solemnly promise that he would drop the accusation. This action of Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon after he was chosen military tribune. In a war against the Gauls, he accepted the challenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic stature and ponderous arms had rendered him terrible and almost invincible in the eyes of the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, and Manlius stripped him of his arms, and from the collar (_torquis_) which he took from the enemy’s neck, he was ever after surnamed _Torquatus_. Manlius was the first Roman who was raised to the dictatorship without having been previously consul. The severity of Torquatus to his son has been deservedly censured. This father had the courage and heart to put to death his son, because he had engaged one of the enemy, and obtained an honourable victory, without his previous permission. This uncommon rigour displeased many of the Romans; and though Torquatus was honoured with a triumph, and commended by the senate for his services, yet the Roman youth showed their disapprobation of the consul’s severity, by refusing him at his return the homage which every other conqueror received. Some time after the censorship was offered to him, but he refused it, observing that the people could not bear his severity, nor he the vices of the people. From the rigour of Torquatus, all edicts and actions of severity and justice have been called _Manliana edicta_. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――Marcus, a celebrated Roman, whose valour was displayed in the field of battle, even at the early age of 16. When Rome was taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a body of his countrymen fled into the Capitol, which he defended when it was suddenly surprised in the night by the enemy. This action gained him the surname of _Capitolinus_, and the geese, which by their clamour had awakened him to arm himself in his own defence, were ever after held sacred among the Romans. A law which Manlius proposed to abolish the taxes on the common people, raised the senators against him. The dictator Cornelius Cossus seized him as a rebel, but the people put on mourning, and delivered from prison their common father. This did not in the least check his ambition; he continued to raise factions, and even secretly to attempt to make himself absolute, till at last the tribunes of the people themselves became his accusers. He was tried in the Campius Martius; but when the distant view of the Capitol which Manlius had saved seemed to influence the people in his favour, the court of justice was removed, and Manlius was condemned. He was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, A.U.C. 371, and to render his ignominy still greater, none of his family were afterwards permitted to bear the surname of _Marcus_, and the place where his house had stood was deemed unworthy to be inhabited. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31; bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 13 & 26.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 825. ――――Imperiosus, father of Manlius Torquatus. He was made dictator. He was accused of detaining his son at home. _See:_ Manlius Torquatus. ――――Volsco, a Roman consul who received an army of Scipio in Asia, and made war against the Gallo-grecians, whom he conquered. He was honoured with a triumph at his return, though it was at first strongly opposed. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 12, &c.――――Caius, or Aulus, a senator sent to Athens to collect the best and wisest laws of Solon, A.U.C. 300. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 54; bk. 3, ch. 31.――――Another, called also Cincinnatus. He made war against the Etrurians and Veientes with great success, and he died of a wound which he had received in a battle.――――Another, who in his pretorship reduced Sardinia. He was afterwards made dictator.――――Another, who was defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily.――――A pretor in Gaul, who fought against the Boii, with very little success.――――Another, called Attilius, who defeated a Carthaginian fleet, &c.――――Another, who conspired with Catiline against the Roman republic.――――Another, in whose consulship the temple of Janus was shut.――――Another, who was banished under Tiberius for his adultery.――――A Roman appointed judge between his son Silanus and the province of Macedonia. When all the parties had been heard, the father said, “It is evident that my son has suffered himself to be bribed, therefore I deem him unworthy of the republic and of my house, and I order him to depart from my presence.” Silanus was so struck at the rigour of his father, that he hanged himself. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――A learned man in the age of Cicero. =Mannus=, the son of Thiasto, both famous divinities among the Germans. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 2. =Julius Mansuētus=, a friend of Vitellius, who entered the Roman armies, and left his son, then very young, at home. The son was promoted by Galba, and soon after met a detachment of the partisans of Vitellius in which his father was. A battle was fought, and Mansuetus was wounded by the hand of his son, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 25. =Mantinea=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. It was taken by Aratus and Antigonus, and, on account of the latter, it was afterwards called _Antigonia_. The emperor Adrian built there a temple in honour of his favourite Alcinous. It is famous for the battle which was fought there between Epaminondas at the head of the Thebans, and the combined forces of Lacedæmon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia, about 363 years before Christ. The Theban general was killed in the engagement, and from that time Thebes lost its power and consequence among the Grecian states. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Mantineus=, the father of Ocalea, who married Abas the son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 9. =Mantinōrum oppidum=, a town of Corsica, now supposed to be _Bastia_. =Mantius=, a son of Melampus. =Manto=, a daughter of the prophet Tiresias, endowed with the gift of prophecy. She was made prisoner by the Argives when the city of Thebes fell into their hands, and as she was the worthiest part of the booty, the conquerors sent her to Apollo the god of Delphi, as the most valuable present they could make. Manto, often called Daphne, remained for some time at Delphi, where she officiated as priestess, and where she gave oracles. From Delphi she came to Claros in Ionia, where she established an oracle of Apollo. Here she married Rhadius the sovereign of the country, by whom she had a son called Mopsus. Manto afterwards visited Italy, where she married Tiberinus the king of Alba, or, as the poets mention, the god of the river Tiber. From this marriage sprang Ocnus, who built a town in the neighbourhood, which, in honour of his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, according to a certain tradition, was so struck at the misfortunes which afflicted Thebes, her native country, that she gave way to her sorrow, and was turned into a fountain. Some suppose her to be the same who conducted Æneas into hell, and who sold the Sibylline books to Tarquin the Proud. She received divine honours after death. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 199; bk. 10, li. 199.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 157.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bks. 14 & 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 10 & 33; bk. 7, ch. 3. =Mantua=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, founded about 300 years before Rome, by Bianor or Ocnus the son of Manto. It was the ancient capital of Etruria. When Cremona, which had followed the interest of Brutus, was given to the soldiers of Octavius, Mantua also, which was in the neighbourhood, shared the common calamity, though it had favoured the party of Augustus, and many of the inhabitants were tyrannically deprived of their possessions. Virgil, who was among them, and a native of the town, and from thence often called _Mantuanus_, applied for redress to Augustus, and obtained it by means of his poetical talents. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 1, &c.; _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 12; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 180.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 15. =Maracanda=, a town of Sogdiana. =Mărătha=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28. =Mărăthon=, a village of Attica, 10 miles from Athens, celebrated for the victory which the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Platæans, under the command of Miltiades, gained over the Persian army, consisting of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, or, according to Valerius Maximus, of 300,000, or, as Justin says, of 600,000, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes, on the 28th of Sept. 490, B.C. In this battle, according to Herodotus, the Athenians lost only 192 men, and the Persians 6300. Justin has raised the loss of the Persians in this expedition and in the battle to 200,000 men. To commemorate this immortal victory of their countrymen, the Greeks raised small columns, with the names inscribed on the tombs of the fallen heroes. It was also in the plains of Marathon that Theseus overcame a celebrated bull, which ravaged the neighbouring country. Erigone is called _Marathonia virgo_, as being born at Marathon. _Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 74.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades._ ――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_――――A king of Attica, son of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small village there. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A king of Sicyon. =Marăthos=, a town of Phœnicia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12. =Marcella=, a daughter of Octavia the sister of Augustus by Marcellus. She married Agrippa. =Marcellīnus Ammiānus=, a celebrated historian who carried arms under Constantius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote a history of Rome from the reign of Domitian, where Suetonius stops, to the emperor Valens. His style is neither elegant nor laboured, but it is greatly valuable for its veracity, and in many of the actions he mentions, the author was nearly concerned. This history was composed at Rome, where Ammianus retired from the noise and troubles of the camp, and does not betray that severity against the christians which other writers have manifested, though the author was warm in favour of paganism, the religion which for a while was seated on the throne. It was divided into 31 books, of which only the 18 last remain, beginning at the death of Magnentius. Ammianus has been liberal in his encomiums upon Julian, whose favours he enjoyed and who so eminently patronised his religion. The negligence with which some facts are sometimes mentioned, has induced many to believe that the history of Ammianus has suffered much from the ravages of time, and that it has descended to us mutilated and imperfect. The best editions of Ammianus are those of Gronovius, folio, and 4to, Leiden, 1693, and of Ernesti, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1773.――――An officer under Julian. =Marcellus Marcus Claudius=, a famous Roman general, who, after the first Punic war, had the management of an expedition against the Gauls, where he obtained the _Spolia opima_, by killing with his own hand Viridomarus the king of the enemy. Such success rendered him popular, and soon after he was entrusted to oppose Annibal in Italy. He was the first Roman who obtained some advantage over this celebrated Carthaginian, and showed his countrymen that Annibal was not invincible. The troubles which were raised in Sicily by the Carthaginians at the death of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, and Marcellus, in his third consulship, was sent with a powerful force against Syracuse. He attacked it by sea and land, but his operations proved ineffectual, and the invention and industry of a philosopher [_See:_ Archimedes] were able to baffle all the efforts, and to destroy all the great and stupendous machines and military engines of the Romans during three successive years. The perseverance of Marcellus at last obtained the victory. The inattention of the inhabitants during their nocturnal celebration of the festivals of Diana, favoured his operations; he forcibly entered the town, and made himself master of it. The conqueror enriched the capital of Italy with the spoils of Syracuse, and when he was accused of rapaciousness, for stripping the conquered city of all its paintings and ornaments, he confessed that he had done it to adorn the public buildings of Rome, and to introduce a taste for the fine arts and elegance of the Greeks among his countrymen. After the conquest of Syracuse, Marcellus was called upon by his country to oppose a second time Annibal. In this campaign he behaved with greater vigour than before; the greatest part of the towns of the Samnites, which had revolted, were recovered by force of arms, and 3000 of the soldiers of Annibal made prisoners. Some time after an engagement with the Carthaginian general proved unfavourable; Marcellus had the disadvantage; but on the morrow a more successful skirmish vindicated his military character, and the honour of the Roman soldiers. Marcellus, however, was not sufficiently vigilant against the snares of his adversary. He imprudently separated himself from his camp, and was killed in an ambuscade in the 60th year of his age, in his fifth consulship, A.U.C. 546. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes were conveyed in a silver urn to his son. Marcellus claims our commendation for his private as well as public virtues; and the humanity of the general will ever be remembered who, at the surrender of Syracuse, wept at the thought that many were going to be exposed to the avarice and rapaciousness of an incensed soldiery, which the policy of Rome and the laws of war rendered inevitable. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 855.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 38.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_, &c.――――One of his descendants, who bore the same name, signalized himself in the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, by his firm attachment to the latter. He was banished by Cæsar, but afterwards recalled at the request of the senate. Cicero undertook his defence in an oration which is still extant.――――The grandson of Pompey’s friend rendered himself popular by his universal benevolence and affability. He was son of Marcellus, by Octavia the sister of Augustus. He married Julia, that emperor’s daughter, and was publicly intended as his successor. The suddenness of his death, at the early age of 18, was the cause of much lamentation at Rome, particularly in the family of Augustus, and Virgil procured himself great favours by celebrating the virtues of this amiable prince. _See:_ Octavia. Marcellus was buried at the public expense. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 883.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Seneca_, _de Consolatione ad Marciam_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 93.――――The son of the great Marcellus who took Syracuse, was caught in the ambuscade which proved fatal to his father, but he forced his way from the enemy and escaped. He received the ashes of his father from the conqueror. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――――A man who conspired against Vespasian.――――The husband of Octavia the sister of Augustus.――――A conqueror of Britain.――――An officer under the emperor Julian.――――A man put to death by Galba.――――A man who gave Cicero information of Catiline’s conspiracy.――――A colleague of Cato in the questorship.――――A native of Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic poem on physic, divided into 42 books. He lived in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.――――A Roman drowned in a storm, &c. =Marcia lex=, by Marcius Censorinus. It forbade any man to be invested with the office of censor more than once. =Marcia=, the wife of Regulus. When she heard that her husband had been put to death at Carthage in the most excruciating manner, she retorted the punishment, and shut up some Carthaginian prisoners in a barrel, which she had previously filled with sharp nails. The senate was obliged to stop the wantonness of her cruelty. _Diodorus_, bk. 24. ――――A favourite of the emperor Commodus, whom he poisoned.――――A vestal virgin, punished for her incontinence.――――A daughter of Philip, who married Cato the censor. Her husband gave her to his friend Hortensius for the sake of procreating children, and after his death he took her again to his own house.――――An ancient name of the island of Rhodes.――――A daughter of Cato of Utica.――――A stream of water. _See:_ Martia aqua. =Marciāna=, a sister of the emperor Trajan, who, on account of her public and private virtues and her amiable disposition, was declared Augusta and empress by her brother. She died A.D. 113. =Marcianopŏlis=, the capital of Lower Mœsia in Greece. It receives its name in honour of the empress Marciana. =Marciānus=, a native of Thrace, born of an obscure family. After he had for some time served in the army as a common soldier, he was made private secretary to one of the officers of Theodosius. His winning address and uncommon talents raised him to higher stations; and on the death of Theodosius II., A.D. 450, he was invested with the imperial purple in the east. The subjects of the Roman empire had reason to be satisfied with their choice. Marcianus showed himself active and resolute, and when Attila, the barbarous king of the Huns, asked of the emperor the annual tribute, which the indolence and cowardice of his predecessors had regularly paid, the successor of Theodosius firmly said that he kept his gold for his friends, but that iron was the metal which he had prepared for his enemies. In the midst of universal popularity Marcianus died, after a reign of six years, in the 69th year of his age, as he was making warlike preparations against the barbarians that had invaded Africa. His death was lamented, and indeed his merit was great, since his reign has been distinguished by the appellation of the golden age. Marcianus married Pulcheria, the sister of his predecessor. It is said, that in the years of his obscurity he found a man who had been murdered, and that he had the humanity to give him a private burial, for which circumstance he was accused of the homicide and imprisoned. He was condemned to lose his life, and the sentence would have been executed, had not the real murderer been discovered, and convinced the world of the innocence of Marcianus.――――Capella, a writer. _See:_ Capella. =Marcus Marcius Sabīnus=, was the progenitor of the Marcian family at Rome. He came to Rome with Numa, and it was he who advised Numa to accept of the crown which the Romans offered to him. He attempted to make himself king of Rome, in opposition to Tullus Hostilius, and when his efforts proved unsuccessful he killed himself. His son, who married a daughter of Numa, was made high priest by his father-in-law. He was father of Ancus Marcius. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A Roman who accused Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt of misdemeanour in the Roman senate.――――A Roman consul, defeated by the Samnites. He was more successful against the Carthaginians, and obtained a victory, &c. ――――Another consul, who obtained a victory over the Etrurians. ――――Another, who defeated the Hernici.――――A Roman who fought against Asdrubal.――――A man whom Catiline hired to assassinate Cicero. =Marcius Saltus=, a place in Liguria, &c. =Marcomanni=, a people of Germany, who originally dwelt on the banks of the Rhine and the Danube. They proved powerful enemies to the Roman emperors. Augustus granted them peace, but they were afterwards subdued by Antoninus and Trajan, &c. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 109. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, chs. 46 & 62; _Germania_, ch. 42. =Marcus=, a prænomen common to many of the Romans. _See:_ Æmilius, Lepidus, &c.――――A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, &c.――――Caryensis, a general of the Achæan league, 255 B.C. =Mardi=, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. They were very poor, and generally lived upon the flesh of wild beasts. Their country, in later times, became the residence of the famous assassins destroyed by Hulakou the grandson of Zingis Khan. _Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16. =Mardia=, a place of Thrace, famous for a battle between Constantine and Licinius, A.D. 315. =Mardonius=, a general of Xerxes, who, after the defeat of his master at Thermopylæ and Salamis, was left in Greece with an army of 300,000 chosen men, to subdue the country, and reduce it under the power of Persia. His operations were rendered useless by the courage and vigilance of the Greeks; and in a battle at Platæa, Mardonius was defeated and left among the slain, B.C. 479. He had been commander of the armies of Darius in Europe, and it was chiefly by his advice that Xerxes invaded Greece. He was son-in-law of Darius. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c. =Mardus=, a river of Media, falling into the Caspian sea. =Mare Mortuum=, called also, from the _bitumen_ which it throws up, the lake _Asphaltites_, is situate in Judæa, and is near 100 miles long and 25 broad. Its waters are ♦saltier than those of the sea, but the vapours exhaled from them are not so pestilential as have been generally represented. It is supposed that the 13 cities, of which Sodom and Gomorrah, as mentioned in the Scriptures, were the capital, were destroyed by a volcano, and on the site a lake formed. Volcanic appearances now mark the face of the country, and earthquakes are frequent. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Josephus_, _Jewish War_, bk. 4, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 16, p. 764.――_Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 3. ♦ ‘salter’ replaced with ‘saltier’ =Măreōtis=, now _Siwah_, a lake in Egypt near Alexandria. Its neighbourhood is famous for wine, though some make the _Mareoticum vinum_ grow in Epirus, or in a certain part of Libya, called also Mareotis, near Egypt. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 91.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 38, li. 14.――_Lucan_, bks. 3 & 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. =Marginia= and =Margiania=, a town and country near the river Oxus, at the east of Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. The vines are so uncommonly large that two men can scarcely grasp the trunk of one of them. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5. =Margītes=, a man against whom, as some suppose, Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his superficial knowledge, and to expose his affectation. When Demosthenes wished to prove Alexander an inveterate enemy to Athens, he called him another Margites. =Margus=, a river of Mœsia falling into the Danube, with a town of the same name, now _Kastolatz_. =Mariăba=, a city in Arabia, near the Red sea. =Maria lex=, by Caius Marius the tribune, A.U.C. 634. It ordered the planks called _pontes_, on which the people stood up to give their votes in the _comitia_, to be narrower, that no other might stand there to hinder the proceedings of the assembly by appeal, or other disturbances.――――Another, called also _Porcia_, by Lucius Marius and Porcius, tribunes, A.U.C. 691. It fined a certain sum of money such commanders as gave a false account to the Roman senate of the number of the slain in a battle. It obliged them to swear to the truth of their return when they entered the city, according to the best computation. =Mariamna=, a Jewish woman, who married Herodes, &c. =Mariānæ fossæ=, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, which received its name from the _dyke_ (_fossa_) which Marius opened from thence to the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. =Mariandynum=, a place near Bithynia, where the poets feign that Hercules dragged Cerberus out of hell. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 19; bk. 2, ch. 7. =Mariānus=, a surname given to Jupiter from a temple built to his honour by Marius. It was in this temple that the Roman senate assembled to recall Cicero, a circumstance communicated to him in a dream. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Marīca=, a nymph of the river Liris, near Minturnæ. She married king Faunus, by whom she had king Latinus, and she was afterwards called Fauna and Fatua, and honoured as a goddess. A city of Campania bore her name. Some suppose her to be the same as Circe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.――――A wood on the borders of Campania bore also the name of _Marica_, as being sacred to the nymph. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17, li. 7. =Marīcus=, a Gaul thrown to lions, in the reign of Vitellius, who refused to devour him, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 61. =Marīna=, a daughter of Arcadius, &c. =Marīnis=, a friend of Tiberius, put to death, &c. =Marion=, a king of Tyre in the age of Alexander the Great. =Marissa=, an opulent town of Judæa. =Marīta lex.= _See:_ Julia de Maritandis. =Maris=, a river of Scythia.――――A son of Armisodares, who assisted Priam against the Greeks, and was killed by Antilochus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 317. =Marisus=, a river of Dacia. =Caiaus Marius=, a celebrated Roman, who, from a peasant, became one of the most powerful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld during her consular government. He was born at Arpinum, of obscure and illiterate parents. His father bore the same name as himself, and his mother was called Fulcinia. He forsook the meaner occupations of the country for the camp, and signalized himself under Scipio at the siege of Numantia. The Roman general saw the courage and intrepidity of young Marius, and foretold the era of his future greatness. By his seditions and intrigues at Rome, while he exercised the inferior offices of the state, he rendered himself known; and his marriage with Julia, who was of the family of the Cæsars, contributed in some measure to raise him to consequence. He passed into Africa as lieutenant to the consul Metellus against Jugurtha, and after he had there ingratiated himself with the soldiers, and raised enemies to his friend and benefactor, he returned to Rome, and canvassed for the consulship. The extravagant promises he made to the people, and his malevolent insinuations about the conduct of Metellus, proved successful. He was elected, and appointed to finish the war against Jugurtha. He showed himself capable in every degree to succeed Metellus. Jugurtha was defeated and afterwards betrayed into the hands of the Romans by the perfidy of Bocchus. No sooner was Jugurtha conquered, than new honours and fresh trophies awaited Marius. The provinces at Rome were suddenly invaded by an army of 300,000 barbarians, and Marius was the only man whose activity and boldness could resist so powerful an enemy. He was elected consul, and sent against the Teutones. The war was prolonged, and Marius was a third and fourth time invested with the consulship. At last two engagements were fought, and not less than 200,000 of the barbarian forces of the Ambrones and Teutones were slain in the field of battle, and 90,000 made prisoners. The following year was also marked by a total overthrow of the Cimbri, another horde of barbarians, in which 140,000 were slaughtered by the Romans, and 60,000 taken prisoners. After such honourable victories, Marius, with his colleague Catulus, entered Rome in triumph, and for his eminent services, he deserved the appellation of the third founder of Rome. He was elected consul a sixth time; and, as his intrepidity had delivered his country from its foreign enemies, he sought employment at home, and his restless ambition began to raise seditions and to oppose the power of Sylla. This was the cause and the foundation of a civil war. Sylla refused to deliver up the command of the forces with which he was empowered to prosecute the Mithridatic war, and he resolved to oppose the authors of a demand which he considered as arbitrary and improper. He advanced to Rome, and Marius was obliged to save his life by flight. The unfavourable winds prevented him from seeking a safer retreat in Africa, and he was left on the coasts of Campania, where the emissaries of his enemy soon discovered him in a marsh, where he had plunged himself in the mud, and left only his mouth above the surface for respiration. He was violently dragged to the neighbouring town of Minturnæ, and the magistrates, all devoted to the interest of Sylla, passed sentence of immediate death on their magnanimous prisoner. A Gaul was commanded to cut off his head in the dungeon, but the stern countenance of Marius disarmed the courage of the executioner, and, when he heard the exclamation of _Tune, homo, audes occidere Caium Marium_, the dagger dropped from his hand. Such an uncommon adventure awakened the compassion of the inhabitants of Minturnæ. They released Marius from prison, and favoured his escape to Africa, where he joined his son Marius, who had been arming the princes of the country in his cause. Marius landed near the walls of Carthage, and he received no small consolation at the sight of the venerable ruins of a once powerful city, which, like himself, had been exposed to calamity, and felt the cruel vicissitude of fortune. This place of his retreat was soon known, and the governor of Africa, to conciliate the favours of Sylla, compelled Marius to fly to a neighbouring island. He soon after learned that Cinna had embraced his cause at Rome, when the Roman senate had stripped him of his consular dignity and bestowed it upon one of his enemies. This intelligence animated Marius; he set sail to assist his friend, only at the head of 1000 men. His army, however, gradually increased, and he entered Rome like a conqueror. His enemies were inhumanly sacrificed to his fury. Rome was filled with blood, and he who had once been called the father of his country, marched through the streets of the city, attended by a number of assassins, who immediately slaughtered all those whose salutations were not answered by their leader. Such were the signals for bloodshed. When Marius and Cinna had sufficiently gratified their resentment, they made themselves consuls, but Marius, already worn out with old age and infirmities, died 16 days after he had been honoured with the consular dignity for the seventh time, B.C. 86. His end was probably hastened by the uncommon quantities of wine which he drank when labouring under a dangerous disease, to remove, by intoxication, the stings of a guilty conscience. Such was the end of Marius, who rendered himself conspicuous by his victories, and by his cruelty. As he was brought up in the midst of poverty and among peasants, it will not appear wonderful that he always betrayed rusticity in his behaviour, and despised in others those polished manners and that studied address which education had denied him. He hated the conversation of the learned only because he was illiterate, and if he appeared an example of sobriety and temperance, he owed these advantages to the years of obscurity which he had passed at Arpinum. His countenance was stern, his voice firm and imperious, and his disposition untractable. He always betrayed the greatest timidity in the public assemblies, as he had not been early taught to make eloquence and oratory his pursuit. He was in the 70th year of his age when he died, and Rome seemed to rejoice at the fall of a man whose ambition had proved fatal to so many of her citizens. His only qualifications were those of a great general, and with these he rendered himself the most illustrious and powerful of the Romans, because he was the only one whose ferocity seemed capable to oppose the barbarians of the north. The manner of his death, according to some opinions, remains doubtful, though some have charged him with the crime of suicide. Among the instances which are mentioned of his firmness this may be recorded: A swelling in the leg obliged him to apply to a physician, who urged the necessity of cutting it off. Marius gave it, and saw the operation performed without a distortion of the face, and without a groan. The physician asked the other, and Marius gave it with equal composure. _Plutarch_, _Lives_. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 245, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 69.――――Caius, the son of the great Marius, was as cruel as his father, and shared his good and his adverse fortune. He made himself consul in the 25th year of his age, and murdered all the senators who opposed his ambitious views. He was defeated by Sylla, and fled to Præneste, where he killed himself. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――Priscus, a governor of Africa, accused of extortion in his province by Pliny the younger, and banished from Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 11.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 48.――――A lover, &c. _See:_ Hellas.――――One of the Greek fathers of the fifth century, whose works were edited by Garner, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1673; and by Baluzius, Paris, 1684.――――Marcus Aurelius, a native of Gaul, who, from the mean employment of a blacksmith, became one of the generals of Gallienus, and at last caused himself to be saluted emperor. Three days after this elevation, a man who had shared his poverty without partaking of his more prosperous fortune, publicly assassinated him, and he was killed by a sword which he himself had made in the time of his obscurity. Marius has been often celebrated for his great strength, and it is confidently reported that he could stop, with one of his fingers only, the wheel of a chariot in its most rapid course.――――Maximus, a Latin writer, who published an account of the Roman emperors from Trajan to Alexander, now lost. His compositions were entertaining, and executed with great exactness and fidelity. Some have accused him of inattention, and complain that his writings abounded with many fabulous and insignificant stories.――――Celsus, a friend of Galba, saved from death by Otho, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 45.――――Sextus, a rich Spaniard, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, on account of his riches, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 19. =Marmăcus=, the father of Pythagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Marmărenses=, a people of Lycia. =Marmărĭca.= _See:_ Marmaridæ. =Marmărĭdæ=, the inhabitants of that part of Lybia called _Marmarica_, between Cyrene and Egypt. They were swift in running, and pretended to possess some drugs or secret power to destroy the poisonous effects of the bite of serpents. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 300; bk. 11, li. 182.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 680; bk. 9, li. 894. =Marmărion=, a town of Eubœa, whence Apollo is called _Marmarinus_. _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Maro.= _See:_ Virgilius. =Marobodui=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42. =Maron=, a son of Evanthes, high priest of Apollo in Africa, when Ulysses touched upon the coast. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9, li. 179. ――――An Egyptian who accompanied Osiris in his conquests, and built a city in Thrace, called from him Maronea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Maronēa=, a city of the Cicones, in Thrace, near the Hebrus, of which Bacchus is the chief deity. The wine has always been reckoned excellent, and with it, it was supposed that Ulysses intoxicated the Cyclops Polyphemus. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2,――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 57. =Marpĕsia=, a celebrated queen of the Amazons, who waged a successful war against the inhabitants of mount Caucasus. The mountain was called _Marpesius Mons_ from its female conqueror. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6. =Marpessa=, a daughter of the Evenus, who married Idas, by whom she had Cleopatra the wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tenderly loved by her husband; and when Apollo endeavoured to carry her away, Idas followed the ravisher with a bow and arrows, resolved on revenge. Apollo and Idas were separated by Jupiter, who permitted Marpessa to go with that of the two lovers whom she most approved of. She returned to her husband. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 549.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 305.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18. =Marpesus=, a town of Mysia.――――A mountain of Paros, abounding in white marble, whence _Marpesia cautes_. The quarries are still seen by modern travellers. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 471.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 36, ch. 5. =Marres=, a king of Egypt, who had a crow which conveyed his letters wherever he pleased. He raised a celebrated monument to this faithful bird near the city of crocodiles. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Marrucīni=, a people of Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 564. =Marrŭvium=, or =Marrubium=, now _San Benedetto_, a place near the Liris, in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 750.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 497. =Mars=, the god of war among the ancients, was the son of Jupiter and Juno, according to Hesiod, Homer, and all the Greek poets, or of Juno alone, according to Ovid. This goddess, as the poet mentions, wished to become a mother without the assistance of the other sex, like Jupiter, who had produced Minerva all armed from his head, and she was shown a flower by Flora in the plains near Olenus, whose very touch made women pregnant. _See:_ Juno. The education of Mars was entrusted by Juno to the god Priapus, who instructed him in dancing and in every manly exercise. His trial before the celebrated court of the Areopagus, according to the authority of some authors, for the murder of Hallirhotius, forms an interesting epoch in history. _See:_ Areopagitæ. The amours of Mars and Venus are greatly celebrated. The god of war gained the affection of Venus, and obtained the gratification of his desires; but Apollo, who was conscious of their familiarities, informed Vulcan of his wife’s debaucheries, and awakened his suspicions. Vulcan secretly laid a net around the bed, and the two lovers were exposed in each other’s arms, to the ridicule and satire of all the gods, till Neptune prevailed upon the husband to set them at liberty. This unfortunate discovery so provoked Mars, that he changed into a cock his favourite Alectryon, whom he had stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the sun [_See:_ Alectryon], and Venus also showed her resentment by persecuting with the most inveterate fury the children of Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter and the Titans, Mars was seized by Otus and Ephialtes, and confined for 15 months, till Mercury procured him his liberty. During the Trojan war Mars interested himself on the side of the Trojans, but whilst he defended these favourites of Venus with uncommon activity, he was wounded by Diomedes, and hastily retreated to heaven to conceal his confusion and his resentment, and to complain to Jupiter that Minerva had directed the unerring weapon of his antagonist. The worship of Mars was not very universal among the ancients; his temples were not numerous in Greece, but in Rome he received the most unbounded honours, and the warlike Romans were proud of paying homage to a deity whom they esteemed as the patron of their city, and the father of the first of their monarchs. His most celebrated temple at Rome was built by Augustus after the battle of Philippi. It was dedicated to Mars ultor, or the _avenger_. His priests among the Romans were called Salii; they were first instituted by Numa, and their chief office was to guard the sacred Ancylia, one of which, as was supposed, had fallen down from heaven. Mars was generally represented in the naked figure of an old man, armed with a helmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he appeared in a military dress, and with a long flowing beard, and sometimes without. He generally rode in a chariot drawn by furious horses, which the poets called Flight and Terror. His altars were stained with the blood of the horse, on account of his warlike spirit, and of the wolf, on account of his ferocity. Magpies and vultures were also offered up to him, on account of their greediness and voracity. The Scythians generally offered him asses, and the people of Caria dogs. The weed called dog-grass was sacred to him, because it grows, as it is commonly reported, in places which are fit for fields of battle, or where the ground has been stained with the effusion of human blood. The surnames of Mars are not numerous. He was called Gradivus, Mavors, Quirinus, Salisubsulus, among the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares, and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the Camulus of the Gauls, and the Mamers of Carthage. Mars was father of Cupid, Anteros, and Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He had Ascalaphus and Ialmenus by Astyoche; Alcippe by Agraulos; Molus, Pylus, Evenus, and Thestius, by Demonice the daughter of Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed father of Romulus, Œnomaus, Bythis, Thrax, Diomedes of Thrace, &c. He presided over gladiators, and was the god of hunting, and of whatever exercises or amusements have something manly and warlike. Among the Romans it was usual for the consul, before he went on an expedition, to visit the temple of Mars, where he offered his prayers, and in a solemn manner shook the spear which was in the hand of the ♦statue of the god, at the same time exclaiming, “_Mars vigila!_ god of war, watch over the safety of this city.” _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 231; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 925.――_Hyginus_, fable 148.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 346; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 701.――_Lucian_, _Electrum_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1; _Iliad_, bk. 5.――_Flaccus_, bk. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Pindar_, ode 4, _Pythian_. ――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 21 & 28. ――_Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 102. ♦ ‘staute’ replaced with ‘statue’ =Marsala=, a town of Sicily. =Marsæus=, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 35, for his prodigality to courtesans. =Marse=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Marsi=, a nation of Germany, who afterwards came to settle near the lake Fucinus in Italy, in a country chequered with forests, abounding with wild boars and other ferocious animals. They at first proved very inimical to the Romans, but in process of time they became their firmest supporters. They are particularly celebrated for the civil war in which they were engaged, and which from them has received the name of the _Marsian war_. The large contributions which they made to support the interest of Rome, and the number of men which they continually supplied to the republic, rendered them bold and aspiring, and they claimed, with the rest of the Italian states, a share of the honours and privileges which were enjoyed by the citizens of Rome, B.C. 91. This petition, though supported by the interest, the eloquence, and the integrity of the tribune Drusus, was received with contempt by the Roman senate; and the Marsi, with their allies, showed their dissatisfaction by taking up arms. Their resentment was increased when Drusus, their friend at Rome, had been basely murdered by the means of the nobles; and they erected themselves into a republic, and Corfinium was made the capital of their new empire. A regular war was now begun, and the Romans led into the field an army of 100,000 men, and were opposed by a superior force. Some battles were fought in which the Roman generals were defeated, and the allies reaped no inconsiderable advantages from their victories. A battle, however, near Asculum, proved fatal to their cause: 4000 of them were left dead on the spot; their general, Francus, a man of uncommon experience and abilities, was slain, and such as escaped from the field perished by hunger in the Apennines, where they had sought a shelter. After many defeats, and the loss of Asculum, one of their principal cities, the allies, grown dejected and tired of hostilities which had already continued for three years, sued for peace one by one, and tranquillity was at last re-established in the republic, and all the states of Italy were made citizens of Rome. The armies of the allies consisted of the Marsi, the Peligni, the Vestini, the Hirpini, Pompeiani, Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Ferentani, Apuli, Lucani, and Samnites. The Marsi were greatly addicted to magic. _Horace_, epode 5, li. 76; epode 27, li. 29.――_Appian._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_, _Caius Marius_, &c. ――_Cicero_, _For Cornelius Balbus_.――_Strabo._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, chs. 50 & 56; _Germania_, ch. 2. =Marsigni=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43. =Marsus Domitius=, a Latin poet. =Marsyaba=, a town of Arabia. =Marsyas=, a celebrated piper of Celænæ, in Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, or Œagrus. He was so skilful in playing on the flute, that he is generally deemed the inventor of it. According to the opinion of some, he found it when Minerva had thrown it aside on account of the distortion of her face when she played upon it. Marsyas was enamoured of Cybele, and he travelled with her as far as Nysa, where he had the imprudence to challenge Apollo to a trial of his skill as a musician. The god accepted the challenge, and it was mutually agreed that he who was defeated should be flayed alive by the conquerer. The Muses, or according to Diodorus, the inhabitants of Nysa, were appointed umpires. Each exerted his utmost skill, and the victory, with much difficulty, was adjudged to Apollo. The god, upon this, tied his antagonist to a tree, and flayed him alive. The death of Marsyas was universally lamented; the Fauns, Satyrs, and Dryads wept at his fate, and from their abundant tears, arose a river of Phrygia, well known by the name of Marsyas. The unfortunate Marsyas is often represented on monuments as tied, his hands behind his back, to a tree, while Apollo stands before him with his lyre in his hand. In independent cities among the ancients the statue of Marsyas was generally erected in the forum, to represent the intimacy which subsisted between Bacchus and Marsyas, as the emblems of liberty. It was also erected at the entrance of the Roman forum, as a spot where usurers and merchants resorted to transact business, being principally intended _in terrorem litigatorum_; a circumstance to which Horace seems to allude, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 120. At Celænæ, the skin of Marsyas was shown to travellers for some time; it was suspended in the public place in the form of a bladder, or a foot-ball. _Hyginus_, fable 165.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 707; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 503.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29; bk. 7, ch. 56. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――The sources of the Marsyas were near those of the Mæander, and those two rivers had their confluence a little below the town of Celænæ. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 265.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 208.――――A writer who published a history of Macedonia, from the first origin and foundation of that empire till the reign of Alexander, in which he lived.――――An Egyptian who commanded the armies of Cleopatra against her brother Ptolemy Physcon, whom she attempted to dethrone.――――A man put to death by Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily. =Martha=, a celebrated prophetess of Syria, whose artifice and fraud proved of the greatest service to Caius Marius in the numerous expeditions which he undertook. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_. =Martia=, a vestal virgin, put to death for her incontinence.――――A daughter of Cato. _See:_ Marcia. =Martia aqua=, water at Rome, celebrated for its clearness and salubrity. It was conveyed to Rome, at the distance of above 30 miles, from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus Martius, whence it received its name. _Tibullus_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 26.――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 3; bk. 36, ch. 15. =Martiāles ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Mars. =Martiālis Marcus Valerius=, a native of Bilbilis, in Spain, who came to Rome about the 20th year of his age, where he recommended himself to notice by his poetical genius. As he was the panegyrist of the emperors, he gained the greatest honours, and was rewarded in the most liberal manner. Domitian gave him the tribuneship; but the poet, unmindful of the favours he received, after the death of his benefactor, exposed to ridicule the vices and cruelties of a monster, whom in his lifetime he had extolled as the pattern of virtue, goodness, and excellence. Trajan treated the poet with coldness, and Martial, after he had passed 35 years in the capital of the world, in the greatest splendour and affluence, retired to his native country, where he had the mortification to be the object of malevolence, satire, and ridicule. He received some favours from his friends, and his poverty was alleviated by the ♦liberality of Pliny the younger, whom he had panegyrized in his poems. Martial died about the 104th year of the christian era, in the 75th year of his age. He is now well known by the 14 books of epigrams which he wrote, and whose merit is now best described by the candid confession of the author in this line, _Sunt bona, sunt quædam mediocria, sunt mala plura._ But the genius which he displays in some of his epigrams deserves commendation, though many critics are liberal in their censure upon his style, his thoughts, and particularly upon his puns, which are often low and despicable. In many of his epigrams the poet has shown himself a declared enemy to decency, and the book is to be read with caution which can corrupt the purity of morals, and initiate the votaries of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It has been observed of Martial, that his talent was epigrams. Everything which he did was the subject of an epigram. He wrote inscriptions upon monuments in the epigrammatical style, and even a new year’s gift was accompanied with a distich, and his poetical pen was employed in begging a favour as well as in satirizing a fault. The best editions of Martial are those of Rader, folio, Mogunt. 1627; of Schriverius, 12mo, Leiden, 1619; and of Smids, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1701.――――A friend of Otho.――――A man who conspired against Caracalla. ♦ ‘liberalty’ replaced with ‘liberality’ =Martiānus.= _See:_ Marcianus. =Martīna=, a woman skilled in the knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 79, &c. =Martiniānus=, an officer, made Cæsar by ♦Licinius, to oppose Constantine. He was put to death by order of Constantine. ♦ ‘Linicius’ replaced with ‘Licinius’ =Martius=, a surname of Jupiter in Attica, expressive of his power and valour. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――――A Roman consul sent against Perseus, &c.――――A consul against the Dalmatians, &c.――――Another, who defeated the Carthaginians in Spain.――――Another, who defeated the Privernates, &c. =Marullus=, a tribune of the people, who tore the garlands which had been placed upon Cæsar’s statues, and who ordered those that had saluted him king to be imprisoned. He was deprived of his consulship by Julius Cæsar. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Judæa.――――A Latin poet in the age of Marcus Aurelius. He satirized the emperor with great licentiousness, but his invectives were disregarded, and himself despised. =Marus= (the _Morava_), a river of Germany, which separates modern Hungary and Moravia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 63. =Massa Bæbius=, an informer at the court of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 35. =Masæsylii=, a people of Libya, where Syphax reigned. _See:_ Massyla. =Masinissa=, son of Gala, was king of a small part of Africa, and assisted the Carthaginians in their wars against Rome. He proved a most indefatigable and courageous ally, but an act of generosity rendered him amicable to the interests of Rome. After the defeat of Asdrubal, Scipio, the first Africanus who had obtained the victory, found, among the prisoners of war, one of the nephews of Masinissa. He sent him back to his uncle loaded with presents, and conducted him with a detachment for the safety and protection of his person. Masinissa was struck with the generous action of the Roman general; he forgot all former hostilities, and joined his troops to those of Scipio. This change of sentiments was not the effect of a wavering or unsettled mind, but Masinissa showed himself the most attached and the firmest ally the Romans ever had. It was to his exertions they owed many of their victories in Africa, and particularly in that battle which proved fatal to Asdrubal and Syphax. The Numidian conqueror, charmed with the beauty of Sophonisba, the captive wife of Syphax, carried her to his camp and married her; but when he perceived that this new connection displeased Scipio, he sent poison to his wife, and recommended her to destroy herself, since he could not preserve her life in a manner which became her rank, her dignity, and fortune, without offending his Roman allies. In the battle of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed to the defeat of the great Annibal, and the Romans, who had been so often spectators of his courage and valour, rewarded his fidelity with the kingdom of Syphax, and some of the Carthaginian territories. At his death Masinissa showed the confidence which he had in the Romans, and the esteem he entertained for the rising talents of Scipio Æmilianus, by entrusting him with the care of his kingdom, and empowering him to divide it among his sons. Masinissa died in the 97th year of his age, after a reign of above 60 years, 149 years before the christian era. He experienced adversity as well as prosperity, and in the first years of his reign he was exposed to the greatest danger, and obliged often to save his life by seeking a retreat among his savage neighbours. But his alliance with the Romans was the beginning of his greatness, and he ever after lived in the greatest affluence. He is remarkable for the health which he long enjoyed. In the last years of his life he was seen at the head of his armies behaving with the most indefatigable activity, and he often remained for many successive days on horseback without a saddle under him, or a covering upon his head, and without showing the least mark of fatigue. This strength of mind and body he chiefly owed to the temperance which he observed. He was seen eating brown bread at the door of his tent like a private soldier the day after he had obtained an immortal victory over the armies of Carthage. He left 54 sons, three of whom were legitimate, Micipsa, Gulussa, and Manastabal. The kingdom was fairly divided among them by Scipio, and the illegitimate children received, as their portion, very valuable presents. The death of Gulussa and Manastabal soon after left Micipsa sole master of the large possessions of Masinissa. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Polybius._――_Appian_, _Lybica [Punic Wars]_.――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Livy_, bk. 25, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 769.――_Justin_, bk. 33, ch. 1; bk. 38, ch. 6. =Maso=, a name common to several persons mentioned by Cicero. =Massăga=, a town of India, taken by Alexander the Great. =Massăgĕte=, a people of Scythia, who had their wives in common, and dwelt in tents. They had no temples, but worshipped the sun, to whom they offered horses, on account of their swiftness. When their parents had come to a certain age, they generally put them to death, and ate their flesh mixed with that of cattle. Authors are divided with respect to the place of their residence. Some place them near the Caspian sea, others at the north of the Danube, and some confound them with the Getæ and the Scythians. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35, li. 40.――_Dionysius Periegeta_, li. 738.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 204. ――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 50. ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Massāna.= _See:_ Messana. =Massāni=, a nation at the mouth of the Indus. =Massĭcus=, a mountain of Campania near Minturnæ, famous for its wine, which even now preserves its ancient character. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1, li. 19.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 143.――――An Etrurian prince, who assisted Æneas against Turnus with 1000 men. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 166, &c. =Massilia=, a maritime town of Gaul Narbonensis, now called _Marseilles_, founded B.C. 539, by the people of Phocæa, in Asia, who quitted their country to avoid the tyranny of the Persians. It is celebrated for its laws, its fidelity for the Romans, and for its being long the seat of literature. It acquired great consequence by its commercial pursuits during its infancy, and even waged war against Carthage. By becoming the ally of Rome, its power was established; but in warmly espousing the cause of Pompey against Cæsar, its views were frustrated, and it was so much reduced by the insolence and resentment of the conqueror, that it never after recovered its independence and warlike spirit. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 164.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 37, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Horace_, epode 16.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Cicero_, _For Flaccus_, ch. 26; _De Officiis_, bk. 2, ♦ch. 28.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 44; _Agricola_, ch. 4. ♦ ‘8’ replaced with ‘28’ =Massȳla=, an inland part of Mauritania near mount Atlas. When the inhabitants, called _Massyli_, went on horseback, they never used saddles or bridles, but only sticks. Their character was warlike, their manners simple, and their love of liberty unconquerable. Some suppose them to be the same as the Masæylii, though others say half the country belonged only to this last-mentioned people. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 48; bk. 28, ch. 17; bk. 29, ch. 32.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 282; bk. 16, li. 171.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 682.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 132. =Mastramela=, a lake near Marseilles, now _mer de Martegues_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Măsŭrius=, a Roman knight under Tiberius, learned, but poor. _Persius_, bk. 5, li. 90. =Masus Domitius=, a Latin poet. _See:_ Domitius. =Matho=, an infamous informer, patronized by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 32. =Matiēni=, a people in the neighbourhood of Armenia. =Matĭnus=, a mountain of Apulia, abounding in yew trees and bees. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 184.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2, li. 27; epode 16, li. 28. =Matisco=, a town of the Ædui in Gaul, now called _Macon_. =Matrālia=, a festival at Rome, in honour of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and freeborn women were admitted. They made offerings of flowers, and carried their relations’ children in their arms, recommending them to the care and patronage of the goddess whom they worshipped. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 22.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 47. ――_Plutarch_, _Camillus_. =Matrōna=, a river of Gaul, now called the _Marne_, falling into the Seine. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_, li. 462.――――One of the surnames of Juno, because she presided over marriage and over child-birth. =Matronālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Mars, celebrated by married women, in commemoration of the rape of the Sabines, and of the peace which their intreaties had obtained between their fathers and husbands. Flowers were then offered in the temples of Juno. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 229.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Mattiăci=, a nation of Germany, now _Marpurg_, in Hesse. The _Mattiacæ aquæ_ was a small town, now _Wisbaden_, opposite Mentz. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 29; _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 56. =Mātūta=, a deity among the Romans, the same as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. She was originally Ino, who was changed into a sea deity [_See:_ Ino and Leucothoe], and she was worshipped by sailors as such, at Corinth, in a temple sacred to Neptune. Only married women and freeborn matrons were permitted to enter her temples at Rome, where they generally brought the children of their relations in their arms. _Livy_, bk. 5, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, li. 19. =Mavors=, a name of Mars. _See:_ Mars. =Mavortia=, an epithet applied to every country whose inhabitants were warlike, but especially to Rome, founded by the reputed son of Mavors. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 280, and to Thrace, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 13. =Mauri=, the inhabitants of Mauritania. This name is derived from their black complexion (μαυροι). Everything among them grew in greater abundance and greater perfection than in other countries. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 29; bk. 12, ltr. 67.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 569; bk. 10, li. 402.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 206. =Mauritānia=, a country on the western part of Africa, which forms the modern kingdom of _Fez_ and _Morocco_. It was bounded on the west by the Atlantic, south by Gætulia, and north by the Mediterranean, and is sometimes called _Maurusia_. It became a Roman province in the reign of the emperor Claudius. _See:_ Mauri. =Maurus=, a man who flourished in the reign of Trajan, or, according to others, of the Antonini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem upon the rules of poetry and versification. =Maurūsii=, the people of Maurusia, a country near the columns of Hercules. It is also called Mauritania. _See:_ Mauritania. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 206. =Mausōlus=, a king of Caria. His wife Artemisia was so disconsolate at his death, which happened B.C. 353, that she drank up his ashes, and resolved to erect one of the grandest and noblest monuments of antiquity, to celebrate the memory of a husband whom she tenderly loved. This famous monument, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world, was called _Mausoleum_, and from it all other magnificent sepulchres and tombs have received the same name. It was built by four different architects. Scopas erected the side which faced the east, Timotheus had the south, Leochares had the west, and Bruxis the north. Pithis was also employed in raising a pyramid over this stately monument, and the top was adorned by a chariot drawn by four horses. The expenses of this edifice were immense, and this gave an occasion to the philosopher Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he saw it, “How much money changed into stones!” _See:_ Artemisia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 16.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 21.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 100. =Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Valerius=, a son of the emperor Maximianus Hercules. Some suppose him to have been a supposititious child. The voluntary abdication of Diocletian, and of his father, raised him in the state, and he declared himself independent emperor, or Augustus, A.D. 306. He afterwards incited his father to reassume his imperial authority, and in a perfidious manner destroyed Severus, who had delivered himself into his hands and relied upon his honour for the safety of his life. His victories and successes were impeded by Galerius Maximianus, who opposed him with a powerful force. The defeat and voluntary death of Galerius soon restored peace to Italy, and Maxentius passed into Africa, where he rendered himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. He soon after returned to Rome, and was informed that Constantine was come to dethrone him. He gave his adversary battle near Rome, and, after he had lost the victory, he fled back to the city. The bridge over which he crossed the Tiber was in a decayed state, and he fell into the river and was drowned, on the 24th of September, A.D. 317. The cowardice and luxuries of Maxentius are as conspicuous as his cruelties. He oppressed his subjects with heavy taxes to gratify the cravings of his pleasures, or the avarice of his favourites. He was debauched in his manners, and neither virtue nor innocence were safe whenever he was inclined to voluptuous pursuits. He was naturally deformed, and of an unwieldy body. To visit a pleasure ground, or to exercise himself under a marble portico, or to walk on a shady terrace, was to him a Herculean labour, which required the greatest exertions of strength and resolution. =Cornelius Maximiliāna=, a vestal virgin, buried alive for incontinency, A.D. 92. =Maximiānus Herculius Marcus Aurelius Valerius=, a native of Sirmium, in Pannonia, who served as a common soldier in the Roman armies. When Diocletian had been raised to the imperial throne, he remembered the valour and courage of his fellow-soldier Maximianus, and rewarded his fidelity by making him his colleague in the empire, and by ceding to him the command of the provinces of Italy, Africa, and Spain, and the rest of the western territories of Rome. Maximianus showed the justness of the choice of Diocletian by his victories over the barbarians. In Britain success did not attend his arms; but in Africa he defeated and put to death Aurelius Julianus, who had proclaimed himself emperor. Soon after Diocletian abdicated the imperial purple, and obliged Maximianus to follow his example on the 1st of April, A.D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly complied with the command of a man to whom he owed his greatness, but before the first year of his resignation had elapsed, he was roused from his indolence and retreat by the ambition of his son Maxentius. He reassumed the imperial dignity, and showed his ingratitude to his son by wishing him to resign the sovereignty, and to sink into a private person. This proposal was not only rejected with the contempt which it deserved, but the troops mutinied against Maximianus, and he fled for safety to Gaul, to the court of Constantine, to whom he gave his daughter Faustina in marriage. Here he again acted a conspicuous character, and reassumed the imperial power, which his misfortunes had obliged him to relinquish. This offended Constantine. But, when open violence seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of Maximianus, he had recourse to artifice. He prevailed upon his daughter Faustina to leave the doors of her chamber open in the dead of night; and when she promised faithfully to execute his commands, he secretly introduced himself to her bed, where he stabbed to the heart the man who slept by the side of his daughter. This was not Constantine; Faustina, faithful to her husband, had apprised him of her father’s machinations, and a eunuch had been placed in his bed. Constantine watched the motions of his father-in-law, and when he heard the fatal blow given to the eunuch, he rushed in with a band of soldiers, and secured the assassin. Constantine resolved to destroy a man who was so inimical to his nearest relations, and nothing was left to Maximianus but to choose his own death. He strangled himself at Marseilles, A.D. 310, in the 60th year of his age. His body was found fresh and entire in a leaden coffin about the middle of the 11th century.――――Galerius Valerius, a native of Dacia, who, in the first years of his life, was employed in keeping his father’s flocks. He entered the army, where his valour and bodily strength recommended him to the notice of his superiors, and particularly to Diocletian, who invested him with the imperial purple in the east, and gave him his daughter Valeria in marriage. Galerius deserved the confidence of his benefactor. He conquered the Goths and Dalmatians, and checked the insolence of the Persians. In a battle, however, with the king of Persia, Galerius was defeated; and, to complete his ignominy, and render him more sensible of his disgrace, Diocletian obliged him to walk behind his chariot arrayed in his imperial robes. This humiliation stung Galerius to the quick; he assembled another army, and gave battle to the Persians. He gained a complete victory, and took the wives and children of his enemy. This success elated Galerius to such a degree, that he claimed the most dignified appellations, and ordered himself to be called the son of Mars. Diocletian himself dreaded his power, and even, it is said, abdicated the imperial dignity by means of his threats. This resignation, however, is attributed by some to a voluntary act of the mind, and to a desire of enjoying solitude and retirement. As soon as Diocletian had abdicated, Galerius was proclaimed Augustus, A.D. 304, but his cruelty soon rendered him odious, and the Roman people, offended at his oppression, raised Maxentius to the imperial dignity the following year, and Galerius was obliged to yield to the torrent of his unpopularity, and to fly before his more fortunate adversary. He died in the greatest agonies, A.D. 311. The bodily pains and sufferings which preceded his death were, according to the christian writers, the effects of the vengeance of an offended providence for the cruelty which he had exercised against the followers of Christ. In his character Galerius was wanton and tyrannical, and he often feasted his eyes with the sight of dying wretches, whom his barbarity had delivered to bears and other wild beasts. His aversion to learned men arose from his ignorance of letters; and, if he was deprived of the benefits of education, he proved the more cruel and the more inexorable. _Lactantius_, _de Mortibus Persecutorum_, ch. 33. ――_Eusebius_, bk. 8, ch. 16. =Maximīnus Caius Julius Verus=, the son of a peasant in Thrace. He was originally a shepherd, and, by heading his countrymen against the frequent attacks of the neighbouring barbarians and robbers, he inured himself to the labours and to the fatigues of a camp. He entered the Roman armies, where he gradually rose to the first offices; and on the death of Alexander Severus he caused himself to be proclaimed emperor, A. D. 235. The popularity which he had gained when general of the armies, was at an end when he ascended the throne. He was delighted with acts of the greatest barbarity, and no less than 400 persons lost their lives on the false suspicion of having conspired against the emperor’s life. They died in the greatest torments, and, that the tyrant might the better entertain himself with their sufferings, some were exposed to wild beasts, others expired by blows, some were nailed on crosses, while others were shut up in the bellies of animals just killed. The noblest of the Roman citizens were the objects of his cruelty; and, as if they were more conscious than others of his mean origin, he resolved to spare no means to remove from his presence a number of men whom he looked upon with an eye of envy, and who, as he imagined, hated him for his oppression, and despised him for the poverty and obscurity of his early years. Such is the character of the suspicious and tyrannical Maximinus. In his military capacity he acted with the same ferocity; and, in an expedition in Germany, he not only cut down the corn, but he totally ruined and set fire to the whole country, to the extent of 450 miles. Such a monster of tyranny at last provoked the people of Rome. The Gordians were proclaimed emperors, but their innocence and pacific virtues were unable to resist the fury of Maximinus. After their fall, the Roman senate invested 20 men of their number with the imperial dignity and entrusted into their hands the care of the republic. These measures so highly irritated Maximinus, that at the first intelligence, he howled like a wild beast, and almost destroyed himself by knocking his head against the walls of his palace. When his fury was abated he marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter. His bloody machinations were stopped, and his soldiers, ashamed of accompanying a tyrant whose cruelties had procured him the name of Busiris, Cyclops, and Phalaris, assassinated him in his tent before the walls of Aquileia, A.D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The news of his death was received with the greatest rejoicings at Rome; public thanksgivings were offered, and whole hecatombs flamed on the altars. Maximinus has been represented by historians as of a gigantic stature; he was eight feet high, and the bracelets of his wife served as rings to adorn the fingers of his hand. His voracity was as remarkable as his corpulence; he generally ate 40 pounds of flesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine. His strength was proportionable to his gigantic shape; he could alone draw a loaded waggon, and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the teeth in a horse’s mouth; he also broke the hardest stones between his fingers, and cleft trees with his hand. _Herodian._――_Jornandes_, _Getica_. ――_Capitol._ Maximinus made his son, of the same name, emperor, as soon as he was invested with the purple, and his choice was unanimously approved by the senate, by the people, and by the army. ――――Galerius Valerius, a shepherd of Thrace, who was raised to the imperial dignity by Diocletian, A.D. 305. He was nephew to Galerius Maximianus, by his mother’s side, and to him he was indebted for his rise and consequence in the Roman armies. As Maximinus was ambitious and fond of power, he looked with an eye of jealousy upon those who shared the dignity of emperor with himself. He declared war against Licinius, his colleague on the throne, but a defeat, which soon after followed, on the 30th of April, A.D. 313, between Heraclea and Adrianopolis, left him without resources and without friends. His victorious enemy pursued him, and he fled beyond mount Taurus, forsaken and almost unknown. He attempted to put an end to his miserable existence, but his efforts were ineffectual, and though his death is attributed by some to despair, it is more universally believed that he expired in the greatest agonies of a dreadful distemper, which consumed him, day and night, with inexpressible pains, and reduced him to a mere skeleton. This miserable end, according to the ecclesiastical writers, was the visible punishment of heaven, for the barbarities which Maximinus had exercised against the followers of christianity, and for the many blasphemies which he had uttered. _Lactantius._――_Eusebius._――――A minister of the emperor Valerian.――――One of the ambassadors of young Theodosius to Attila king of the Huns. =Maxĭmus Magnus=, a native of Spain, who proclaimed himself emperor, A.D. 383. The unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpation, and he was acknowledged by his troops. Gratian marched against him, but he was defeated, and soon after assassinated. Maximus refused the honours of a burial to the remains of Gratian; and, when he had made himself master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassadors into the east, and demanded of the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge him as his associate on the throne. Theodosius endeavoured to amuse and delay him, but Maximus resolved to support his claim by arms, and crossed the Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome opened her gates to the conqueror. Theodosius now determined to revenge the audaciousness of Maximus, and had recourse to artifice. He began to make a naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear inferior to his adversary, had already embarked his troops, when Theodosius, by secret and hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged him at Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed by his soldiers, and the conqueror, moved with compassion at the sight of his fallen and dejected enemy, granted him life, but the multitude refused him mercy, and instantly struck off his head, A.D. 388. His son Victor, who shared the imperial dignity with him, was soon after sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers.――――Petronius, a Roman, descended of an illustrious family. He caused Valentinian III. to be assassinated, and ascended the throne; and, to strengthen his usurpation, he married the empress, to whom he had the weakness and imprudence to betray that he had sacrificed her husband to his love for her person. This declaration irritated the empress; she had recourse to the barbarians to avenge the death of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned to death by his soldiers, and his body thrown into the Tiber, A.D. 455. He reigned only 77 days.――――Pupianus. _See:_ ♦Pupianus.――――A celebrated cynic philosopher and magician of Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian in magic; and according to the opinion of some historians, it was in the conversation and company of Maximus that the apostacy of Julian originated. The emperor not only visited the philosopher, but he even submitted his writings to his inspection and censure. Maximus refused to live in the court of Julian, and the emperor, not dissatisfied with the refusal, appointed him high pontiff in the province of Lydia, an office which he discharged with the greatest moderation and justice. When Julian went into the east, the philosopher promised him success, and even said that his conquests would be more numerous and extensive than those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his imperial pupil that, according to the doctrine of metempsychosis, his body was animated by the soul which once animated the hero whose greatness and victories he was going to eclipse. After the death of Julian, Maximus was almost sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but the interposition of his friends saved his life, and he retired to Constantinople. He was soon after accused of magical practices before the emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus, A.D. 366. He wrote some philosophical and rhetorical treatises, some of which were dedicated to Julian. They are all now lost. _Ammianus._――――Tyrius, a Platonic philosopher in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This emperor, who was naturally fond of study, became one of the pupils of Maximus, and paid great deference to his instructions. There are extant of Maximus 41 dissertations on moral and philosophical subjects, written in Greek, the best editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo, Cambridge, 1703; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――――One of the Greek fathers of the seventh century, whose works were edited by Combesis, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1675.――――Paulus Fabius, a consul with Marcus Antony’s son. Horace speaks of him, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 10, as of a gay, handsome youth, fond of pleasure, yet industrious and indefatigable.――――An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being the greatest and most powerful of all the gods.――――A native of Sirmium, in Pannonia. He was originally a gardener, but, by enlisting in the Roman army, he became one of the military tribunes, and his marriage with a woman of rank and opulence soon rendered him independent. He was father to the emperor Probus.――――A general of Trajan, killed in the eastern provinces.――――One of the murderers of Domitian, &c.――――A philosopher, native of Byzantium, in the age of Julian the emperor. ♦ Reference not found. =Mazăca=, a large city of Cappadocia, the capital of the province. It was called Cæsarea by Tiberius, in honour of Augustus. =Mazāces=, a Persian governor of Memphis. He made a sally against the Grecian soldiers of Alexander, and killed great numbers of them. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Mazæus=, a satrap of Cilicia, under Artaxerxes Ochus.――――A governor of Babylon, son-in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Mazāres=, a satrap of Media, who reduced Priene under the power of Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 161. =Mazaxes= (singular, Mazax), a people of Africa, famous for shooting arrows. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 681. =Mazĕras=, a river of Hyrcania, falling into the Caspian sea. _Plutarch._ =Mazīces= and =Mazȳges=, a people of Libya, very expert in the use of missile weapons. The Romans made use of them as couriers, on account of their great swiftness. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 30.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 684. =Mecænas=, or =Mecœnas Caius ♦Cilnius=, a celebrated Roman knight, descended from the kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself immortal by his liberal patronage of learned men and of letters; and to his prudence and advice Augustus acknowledged himself indebted for the security which he enjoyed. His fondness for pleasure removed him from the reach of ambition, and he preferred to die, as he was born, a Roman knight, to all the honours and dignities which either the friendship of Augustus or his own popularity could heap upon him. It was from the result of his advice, against the opinion of Agrippa, that Augustus resolved to keep the supreme power in his hands, and not by a voluntary resignation to plunge Rome into civil commotions. The emperor received the private admonitions of Mecœnas in the same friendly manner as they were given, and he was not displeased with the liberty of his friend, who threw a paper to him with these words, “Descend from the tribunal, thou butcher!” while he sat in the judgment-seat, and betrayed revenge and impatience in his countenance. He was struck with the admonition, and left the tribunal without passing sentence of death on the criminals. To the interference of Mecœnas, Virgil owed the restitution of his lands, and Horace was proud to boast that his learned friend had obtained his forgiveness from the emperor, for joining the cause of Brutus at the battle of Philippi. Mecœnas was himself fond of literature, and, according to the most received opinion, he wrote a history of animals, a journal of the life of Augustus, a treatise on the different natures and kinds of precious stones, besides the two tragedies of Octavia and Prometheus, and other things, all now lost. He died eight years before Christ; and, on his death-bed, he particularly recommended his poetical friend Horace to the care and confidence of Augustus. Seneca, who has liberally commended the genius and abilities of Mecœnas, has not withheld his censure from his dissipation, indolence, and effeminate luxury. From the patronage and encouragement which the princes of heroic and lyric poetry among the Latins received from the favourite of Augustus, all patrons of literature have ever since been called _Mecœnates_. Virgil dedicated to him his Georgics, and Horace his odes. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 66, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Augustus_.――_Herodian_, bk. 7.――_Seneca_, ltrs. 19 & 92. ♦ ‘Cilnus’ replaced with ‘Cilnius’ =Mechaneus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his patronizing undertakings. He had a statue near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and there the people swore, before they went to the Trojan war, either to conquer or to perish. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22. =Mecisteus=, son of Echius, or Talaus, was one of the companions of Ajax. He was killed by Polydamus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 28, &c.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._ =Mecrida=, the wife of Lysimachus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6. =Mēdēa=, a celebrated magician, daughter of Æetes king of Colchis. Her mother’s name, according to the more received opinion of Hesiod and Hyginus, was Idyia, or, according to others, Ephyre, Hecate, Asterodia, Antiope, or Neræa. She was the niece of Circe. When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, Medea became enamoured of him, and it was to her well-directed labours that the Argonauts owed their preservation. _See:_ Jason and Argonautæ. Medea had an interview with her lover in the temple of Hecate, where they bound themselves by the most solemn oaths, and mutually promised eternal fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome all the difficulties which Æetes had placed in his way, than Medea embarked with the conquerors for Greece. To stop the pursuit of her father, she tore to pieces her brother Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the way through which Æetes was to pass. This act of barbarity some have attributed to Jason, and not to her. When Jason reached Iolchos, his native country, the return and victories of the Argonauts were celebrated with universal rejoicings; but Æson the father of Jason was unable to assist at the solemnity, on account of the infirmities of his age. Medea, at her husband’s request, removed the weakness of Æson, and by drawing away the blood from his veins, and filling them again with the juice of certain herbs, she restored to him the vigour and sprightliness of youth. This sudden change in Æson astonished the inhabitants of Iolchos, and the daughters of Pelias were also desirous to see their father restored, by the same power, to the vigour of youth. Medea, willing to revenge the injuries which her husband’s family had suffered from Pelias, increased their curiosity, and by cutting to pieces an old ram and making it again, in their presence, a young lamb, she totally determined them to try the same experiment upon their father’s body. They accordingly killed him of their own accord, and boiled his flesh in a cauldron; but Medea refused to perform the same friendly offices to Pelias which she had done to Æson, and he was consumed by the heat of the fire, and even deprived of a burial. This action greatly irritated the people of Iolchos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to Corinth to avoid the resentment of an offended populace. Here they lived for 10 years with much conjugal tenderness; but the love of Jason for Glauce, the king’s daughter, soon interrupted their mutual harmony, and Medea was divorced. Medea revenged the infidelity of Jason by causing the death of Glauce, and the destruction of her family. _See:_ Glauce. This action was followed by another still more atrocious. Medea killed two of her children in their father’s presence, and when Jason attempted to punish the barbarity of the mother, she fled through the air upon a chariot drawn by winged dragons. From Corinth Medea came to Athens, where, after she had undergone the necessary purification of her murder, she married king Ægeus, or, according to others, lived in an adulterous manner with him. From her connection with Ægeus, Medea had a son, who was called Medus. Soon after, when Theseus wished to make himself known to his father [_See:_ Ægeus], Medea, jealous of his fame, and fearful of his power, attempted to poison him at a feast which had been prepared for his entertainment. Her attempts, however, failed of success, and the sight of the sword which Theseus wore by his side, convinced Ægeus that the stranger against whose life he had so basely conspired was no less than his own son. The father and the son were reconciled, and Medea, to avoid the punishment which her wickedness deserved, mounted her fiery chariot, and disappeared through the air. She came to Colchis, where, according to some, she was reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in her native country after her sudden departure from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as Justin mentions, when she had been restored to the confidence of her family. After death she married Achilles in the Elysian fields, according to the traditions mentioned by Simonides. The murder of Mermerus and Pheres, the youngest of Jason’s children by Medea, is not attributed to their mother according to Ælian, but the Corinthians themselves assassinated them in the temple of Juno Acræa. To avoid the resentment of the gods, and deliver themselves from the pestilence which visited their country after so horrid a massacre, they engaged the poet Euripides, for five talents, to write a tragedy, which cleared them of the murder, and represented Medea as the cruel assassin of her own children. And besides, that this opinion might be the better credited, festivals were appointed, in which the mother was represented with all the barbarity of a fury murdering her own sons. _See:_ Heræa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables 21, 22, 23, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Dionysius Periegetes._ ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5, ch. 21.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Euripides_, _Medea_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 1; _Medicamina Faciei Femineæ_. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19. ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 3, &c.――_Orpheus._――_Flaccus._ ――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 556. =Medesicaste=, a daughter of Priam, who married Imbrius son of Mentor, who was killed by Teucer during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, ch. 172.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3. =Media=, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the north by the Caspian sea, west by Armenia, south by Persia, and east by Parthia and Hyrcania. It was originally called _Aria_, till the age of Medus the son of Medea, who gave it the name of Media. The province of Media was first raised into a kingdom by its revolt from the Assyrian monarchy, B.C. 820; and after it had for some time enjoyed a kind of republican government, Deioces, by his artifice, procured himself to be called king, 700 B.C. After a reign of 53 years he was succeeded by Phraortes, B.C. 647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares, B.C. 625. His successor was Astyages, B.C. 585, in whose reign Cyrus became master of Media, B.C. 551; and ever after the empire was transferred to the Persians. The Medes were warlike in the primitive ages of their power; they encouraged polygamy, and were remarkable for the homage which they paid to their sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. This title was afterwards adopted by their conquerors the Persians, and it was still in use in the age of the Roman emperors. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Polybius_, bks. 5 & 10.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, &c.――_Diodorus Siculus_, bk. 13.――_Ctesias._ =Medias=, a tyrant of Mysia, &c. =Medĭcus=, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, who made war against Lycophron tyrant of Pheræ. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Mediolānum=, now _Milan_, the capital of Insubria at the mouth of the Po. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34; bk. 34, ch. 46.――――Aulercorum, a town of Gaul, now _Evreux_, in Normandy.――――Santŏnum, another, now _Saintes_, in Guienne. =Mediomatrices=, a nation that lived on the borders of the Rhine, now _Metz_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Mediterraneum mare=, a sea which divides Europe and Asia Minor from Africa. It receives its name from its situation, _medio terræ_, situate in _the middle of the land_. It has a communication with the Atlantic by the columns of Hercules, and with the Euxine through the Ægean. The word Mediterraneum does not occur in the classics; but it is sometimes called _internum_, _nostrum_, or _medius liquor_, and is frequently denominated in Scripture the _Great_ sea. The first naval power that ever obtained the command of it, as recorded in the fabulous epochs of the writer Castor, was Crete, under Minos. Afterwards it passed into the hands of the Lydians, B.C. 1179; of the Pelasgi, 1058; of the Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; of the Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868; of the Phœnicians, 826; of the Egyptians, 787; of the Milesians, 753; of the Carians, 734; and of the Lesbians, 676, which they retained for 69 years. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3, li. 46.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 668.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 17.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 42. =Meditrīna=, the goddess of medicines, whose festivals, called _Meditrinalia_, were celebrated at Rome the last day of September, when they made offerings of fruits. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Medoacus=, or =Meduacus=, a river in the country of the Veneti, falling into the Adriatic sea. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2. =Medobithyni=, a people of Thrace. =Medobriga=, a town of Lusitania, now destroyed. _Hirtius_, ch. 48. =Medon=, son of Codrus, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, was the first Archon that was appointed with regal authority, B.C. 1070. In the election Medon was preferred to his brother Neleus, by the oracle of Delphi, and he rendered himself popular by the justice and moderation of his administration. His successors were called from him _Medontidæ_, and the office of archon remained for above 200 years in the family of Codrus under 12 perpetual archons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――A man killed in the Trojan war. Æneas saw him in the infernal regions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 483.――――A statuary of Lacedæmon, who made a famous statue of Minerva, seen in the temple of Juno at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. ――――One of the Centaurs, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 303. ――――One of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins by Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 671.――――A river of Peloponnesus. ――――An illegitimate son of Ajax Oileus. _Homer._――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts.――――A king of Argos, who died about 990 years B.C.――――A son of Pylades by Electra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16. =Medontias=, a woman of Abydos, with whom Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife. She had a daughter, &c. _Lysias._ =Meduacus=, two rivers (_Major_, now _Brenta_, and _Minor_, now _Bachilione_), falling, near Venice, into the Adriatic sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2. =Meduana=, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Ligeris, now the _Mayne_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 438. =Medullīna=, a Roman virgin ravished by her father, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――An infamous courtesan in Juvenal’s age, satire 6, li. 321. =Medus=, now _Kur_, a river of Media, falling into the Araxes. Some take Medus adjectively, as applying to any of the great rivers of Media. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 21.――――A son of Ægeus and Medea, who gave his name to a country of Asia. Medus, when arrived to years of maturity, went to seek his mother, whom the arrival of Theseus in Athens had driven away. _See:_ Medea. He came to Colchis, where he was seized by his uncle Perses, who usurped the throne of Æetes, his mother’s father, because the oracle had declared that Perses should be murdered by one of the grandsons of Æetes. Medus assumed another name, and called himself Hippotes son of Creon. Meanwhile Medea arrived in Colchis, disguised in the habit of a priestess of Diana, and when she heard that one of Creon’s children was imprisoned, she resolved to hasten the destruction of a person whose family she detested. To effect this with more certainty, she told the usurper that Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent by his mother to murder him. She begged Perses to give her Hippotes, that she might sacrifice him to her resentment. Perses consented. Medea discovered that it was her own son, and she instantly armed him with the dagger which she had prepared against his life, and ordered him to stab the usurper. He obeyed, and Medea discovered who he was, and made her son Medus sit on his grandfather’s throne. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 42.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Diodorus._ =Medūsa=, one of the three Gorgons, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She is celebrated for her personal charms and the beauty of her locks. Neptune became enamoured of her, and obtained her favours in the temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanctity of the temple provoked Minerva, and she changed the beautiful locks of Medusa, which had inspired Neptune’s love, into serpents. According to Apollodorus and others, Medusa and her sisters came into the world with snakes on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and brazen hands. Their bodies were also covered with impenetrable scales, and their very looks had the power of killing or turning to stones. Perseus rendered his name immortal by his conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, and the blood that dropped from the wound produced the innumerable serpents that infest Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa’s head on the ægis of Minerva, which he had used in his expedition. The head still retained the same petrifying power as before, as it was fatally known in the court of Cepheus. _See:_ Andromeda. Some suppose that the Gorgons were a nation of women, whom Perseus conquered. _See:_ Gorgones. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 618. ――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 624.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_ fable 151. ――――A daughter of Priam.――――A daughter of Sthenelus. _Apollodorus._ =Megabizi=, certain priests in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. They were all eunuchs. _Quintilian_, bk. 5, ch. 12. =Megabyzus=, one of the noble Persians who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. He was set over an army in Europe by king Darius, where he took Perinthus and conquered all Thrace. He was greatly esteemed by his sovereign. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, &c.――――A son of Zopyrus, satrap to Darius. He conquered Egypt, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 160.――――A satrap of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his king, and defeated two large armies that had been sent against him. The interference of his friends restored him to the king’s favour, and he showed his attachment to Artaxerxes by killing a lion which threatened his life in hunting. This act of affection in Megabyzus was looked upon with envy by the king. He was discarded and afterwards reconciled to the monarch by means of his mother. He died in the 76th year of his age, B.C. 447, greatly regretted. _Ctesias._ =Megăcles=, an Athenian archon, who involved the greatest part of the Athenians in the sacrilege which was committed in the conspiracy of Cylon. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A brother of Dion, who assisted his brother against Dionysius, &c.――――A son of Alcmæon, who revolted with some Athenians after the departure of Solon from Athens. He was ejected by Pisistratus.――――A man who exchanged dress with Pyrrhus, when assisting the Tarentines in Italy. He was killed in that disguise.――――A native of Messana in Sicily, famous for his inveterate enmity to Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.――――A man who destroyed the leading men of Mitylene, because he had been punished.――――A man who wrote an account of the lives of illustrious persons.――――The maternal grandfather of Alcibiades. =Megaclides=, a peripatetic philosopher in the age of Protagoras. =Megæra=, one of the furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron. The word is derived from μεγαιρειν, _invidere, odisse_, and she is represented as employed by the gods, like her sisters, to punish the crimes of mankind, by visiting them with diseases, with inward torments, and with death. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 846. _See:_ Eumenides. =Megăle=, the Greek name of Cybele the mother of the gods, whose festivals were called Megalesia. =Megaleas=, a seditious person of Corinth. He was seized for his treachery to king Philip of Macedonia, upon which he destroyed himself to avoid punishment. =Megalesia=, games in honour of Cybele, instituted by the Phrygians, and introduced at Rome in the second Punic war, when the statue of the goddess was brought from Pessinus. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 14. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 337. =Megalia=, a small island of Campania, near Neapolis. _Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, ♦poem 3, li. 80. ♦ omitted from text =Megalŏpŏlis=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus, built by Epaminondas. It joined the Achæan league, B.C. 232, and was taken and ruined by Cleomenes king of Sparta. The inhabitants were called _Megalopolitæ_, or _Megalopolitani_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14. ――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8. =Megamēde=, the wife of Thestius, mother by him of 50 daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Meganīra=, the wife of Celeus king of Eleusis in Attica. She was mother of Triptolemus, to whom Ceres, as she travelled over Attica, taught agriculture. She received divine honours after death, and she had an altar raised to her, near the fountain where Ceres had first been seen when she arrived in Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39. ――――The wife of Arcas. _Apollodorus._ =Megapenthes=, an illegitimate son of Menelaus, who, after his father’s return from the Trojan war, was married to a daughter of Alector, a native of Sparta. His mother’s name was Teridae, a slave of Menelaus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3. =Megāra=, a daughter of Creon king of Thebes, given in marriage to Hercules, because he had delivered the Thebans from the tyranny of the Orchomenians. _See:_ Erginus. When Hercules went to hell by order of Eurystheus, violence was offered to Megara by Lycus, a Theban exile, and she would have yielded to her ravisher had not Hercules returned that moment and punished him with death. This murder displeased Juno, and she rendered Hercules so delirious, that he killed Megara and the three children he had by her, in a fit of madness, thinking them to be wild beasts. Some say that Megara did not perish by the hand of her husband, but that he afterwards married her to his friend Iolas. The names of Megara’s children by Hercules were Creontiades, Therimachus, and Deicoon. _Hyginus_, fable 82. ――_Seneca_, _Hercules_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Megāra= (æ, and plural, orum), a city of Achaia, the capital of a country called _Megaris_, founded about 1131 B.C. It is situate nearly at an equal distance from Corinth and Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. It was built upon two rocks, and is still in being, and preserves its ancient name. It was called after Megareus the son of Neptune, who was buried there, or from Megareus, a son of Apollo. It was originally governed by 12 kings, but became afterwards a republic, and fell into the hands of the Athenians, from whom it was rescued by the Heraclidæ. At the battle of Salamis the people of Megara furnished 20 ships for the defence of Greece, and at Platæa they had 300 men in the army of Pausanias. There was here a sect of philosophers called the _Megaric_, who held the world to be eternal. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 42; _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 17; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A town of Sicily, founded by a colony from Megara in Attica, about 728 years before the christian era. It was destroyed by Gelon king of Syracuse; and before the arrival of the Megarean colony it was called _Hybla_. _Strabo_, ♦bk. 6, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 689. ♦ ‘26’ replaced with ‘6’ =Megareus=, the father of Hippomenes, was son of Onchestus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 605.――――A son of Apollo. =Megāris=, a small country of Achaia, between Phocis on the west and Attica on the east. Its capital city was called Megara. _See:_ Megara. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7. =Megarsus=, a town of Sicily,――――of Cilicia.――――A river of India. =Megasthĕnes=, a Greek historian in the age of Seleucus Nicanor, about 300 years before Christ. He wrote about the oriental nations, and particularly the Indians. His history is often quoted by the ancients. What now passes as his composition is spurious. =Meges=, one of Helen’s suitors, governor of Dulichium and of the Echinades. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Megilla=, a native of Locris, remarkable for beauty, and mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, ode 27, li. 11. =Megista=, an island of Lycia, with a harbour of the same name. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 22. =Megistias=, a soothsayer, who told the Spartans that defended Thermopylæ, that they all should perish, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 219, &c.――――A river. _See:_ Mella. =Mela Pomponius=, a Spaniard, who flourished about the 45th year of the christian era, and distinguished himself by his geography divided into three books, and written with elegance, with great perspicuity and brevity. The best editions of this book, called _De Situ Orbis_, are those of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1722, and of Reinhold, 4to, Eton, 1761. =Melænæ=, a village of Attica. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 619. =Melampus=, a celebrated soothsayer and physician of Argos, son of Amythaon and Idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos in Peloponnesus. His servants once killed two large serpents, which had made their nests at the bottom of a large oak, and Melampus paid so much regard to these two reptiles, that he raised a burning pile and burned them upon it. He also took particular care of their young ones, and fed them with milk. Some time after this the young serpents crept to Melampus as he slept on the grass near the oak, and, as if sensible of the favours of their benefactor, they wantonly played around him, and softly licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who was astonished at the sudden change which his senses had undergone. He found himself acquainted with the chirping of the birds, and with all their rude notes, as they flew around him. He took advantage of this supernatural gift, and soon made himself perfect in the knowledge of futurity, and Apollo also instructed him in the art of medicine. He had soon after the happiness of curing the daughters of Prœtus, by giving them hellebore, which from this circumstance has been called _melampodium_, and as a reward for his trouble he married the eldest of these princesses. _See:_ Prœtides. The tyranny of his uncle Neleus king of Pylos obliged him to leave his native country, and Prœtus, to show himself more sensible of his services, gave him part of his kingdom, over which he established himself. About this time the personal charms of Pero the daughter of Neleus had gained many admirers, but the father promised his daughter only to him who brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. This condition displeased many; but Bias, who was also one of her admirers, engaged his brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and deliver them to him. Melampus was caught in the attempt and imprisoned, and nothing but his services as a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus would have saved him from death. All this pleaded in favour of Melampus, but when he had taught the childless Iphiclus how to become a father, he not only obtained his liberty, but also the oxen, and with them he compelled Neleus to give Pero in marriage to Bias. A severe distemper, which had rendered the women of Argos insane, was totally removed by Melampus, and Anaxagoras, who then sat on the throne, rewarded his merit by giving him part of his kingdom, where he established himself, and where his posterity reigned during six successive generations. He received divine honours after death, and temples were raised to his memory. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 287; bk. 15, li. 225. ――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 9.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550. ――――The father of Cisseus and Gyas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. =Melampyges=, a surname of Hercules, from the black and hairy appearance of his back, &c. =Melanchætes=, one of Actæon’s dogs, so called from his _black hair_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. =Melanchlæni=, a people near the Cimmerian Bosphorus. =Melanchrus=, a tyrant of Lesbos, who died about 612 B.C. =Melane=, the same as Samothrace. =Melaneus=, a son of Eurytus, from whom Eretria has been called Melaneis.――――A centaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――――An Æthiopian, killed at the nuptials of Perseus. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5. =Melanida=, a surname of Venus. =Melanion=, the same as Hippomenes, who married Atalanta, according to some mythologists. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3. =Melanippe=, a daughter of Æolus, who had two children by Neptune, for which her father put out both her eyes, and confined her in a prison. Her children, who had been exposed and preserved, delivered her from confinement, and Neptune restored to her her eye-sight. She afterwards married Metapontus. _Hyginus_, fable 186.――――A nymph who married Itonus son of Amphictyon, by whom she had Bœotus, who gave his name to Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1. =Melanippĭdes=, a Greek poet about 520 years before Christ. His grandson, of the same name, flourished about 60 years after at the court of Perdiccas II. of Macedonia. Some fragments of their poetry are extant. =Melanippus=, a priest of Apollo at Cyrene, killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――A son of Astacus, one of the Theban chiefs who defended the gates of Thebes against the army of Adrastus king of Argos. He was opposed by Tydeus, whom he slightly wounded, and at last was killed by Amphiaraus, who carried his head to Tydeus. Tydeus, to take revenge of the wound he had received, bit the head with such barbarity, that he swallowed the brains, and Minerva, offended with his conduct, took away the herb which she had given him to cure his wound, and he died. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. ――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 18. ――――A son of Mars, who became enamoured of Cometho, a priestess of Diana Triclaria. He concealed himself in the temple, and ravished his mistress, for which violation of the sanctity of the place the two lovers soon after perished by a sudden death, and the country was visited by a pestilence, which was stopped only after the offering of a human sacrifice by the direction of the oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A Trojan, killed by Antilochus in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15.――――Another, killed by Patroclus.――――Another, killed by Teucer.――――A son of Agrius.――――Another, son of Priam.――――A son of Theseus. =Melanosyri=, a people of Syria. =Melanthii=, rocks near the island of Samos. =Melanthius=, a man who wrote a history of Attica.――――A famous painter of Sicyon. _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――A tragic poet of a very malevolent disposition in the age of Phocion. _Plutarch._――――A Trojan, killed by Eurypylus in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A shepherd in _Theocritus_, _Idylls_.――――A goat-herd, killed by Telemachus after the return of Ulysses. _Ovid_, ltr. 1, _Heroides_.――――An elegiac poet. =Melantho=, a daughter of Proteus, ravished by Neptune under the form of a dolphin. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 12.――――One of Penelope’s women, sister to Melanthius. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 18. =Melanthus=, =Melanthes=, or =Melanthius=, a son of Andropompus, whose ancestors were kings of Pylos. He was driven from his paternal kingdom by the Heraclidæ, and came to Athens, where king Thymœtes resigned the crown to him, provided he fought a battle against Xanthus, a general of the Bœotians, who made war against him. He fought and conquered [_See:_ Apaturia], and his family, surnamed the _Neliadæ_, sat on the throne of Athens, till the age of Codrus. He succeeded to the crown 1128 years B.C., and reigned 37 years. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A man of Cyzicus. _Flaccus._――――A river of European Sarmatia, falling into the Borysthenes. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10, li. 55. =Melas= (æ), a river of Peloponnesus.――――Of Thrace, at the west of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――Another in Thessaly,――――in Achaia,――――in Bœotia,――――in Sicily,――――in Ionia,――――in Cappadocia.――――A son of Neptune.――――Another, son of Proteus.――――A son of Phryxus, who was among the Argonauts, and was drowned in that part of the sea which bore his name. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Meldæ=, or =Meldorum urbs=, a city of Gaul, now _Meaux_, in Champagne. =Mĕleāger=, a celebrated hero of antiquity, son of Œneus king of Ætolia, by Althæa daughter of Thestius. The Parcæ were present at the moment of his birth, and predicted his future greatness. Clotho said that he would be brave and courageous, Lachesis foretold his uncommon strength, and Atropos declared that he should live as long as that fire-brand, which was on the fire, remained entire and unconsumed. Althæa no sooner heard this, than she snatched the stick from the fire, and kept it with the most jealous care, as the life of her son was destined to depend upon its preservation. The fame of Meleager increased with his years; he signalized himself in the Argonautic expedition, and afterwards delivered his country from the neighbouring inhabitants, who made war against his father, at the instigation of Diana, whose altars Œneus had neglected. _See:_ Œneus. No sooner were they destroyed than Diana punished the negligence of Œneus by a greater calamity. She sent a huge wild boar, which laid waste all the country, and seemed invincible on account of its immense size. It became soon a public concern; all the neighbouring princes assembled to destroy this terrible animal, and nothing became more famous in mythological history than the hunting of the Calydonian boar. The princes and chiefs who assembled, and who are mentioned by mythologists, are Meleager son of Œneus, Idas and Lynceus sons of Aphareus, Dryas son of Mars, Castor and Pollux sons of Jupiter and Leda, Pirithous son of Ixion, Theseus son of Ægeus, Anceus and Cepheus sons of Lycurgus, Admetes son of Pheres, Jason son of Æson, Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Iphicles son of Amphitryon, Eurytryon son of Actor, Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, Iolas the friend of Hercules, the sons of Thestius, Amphiaraus son of Oileus, Protheus, Cometes, the brothers of Althæa, Hippothous son of Cercyon, Leucippus, Adrastus, Ceneus, Phileus, Echeon, Lelex, Phœnix son of Amyntor, Panopeus, Hyleus, Hippasus, Nestor, Menœtius the father of Patroclus, Amphicides, Laertes the father of Ulysses, and the four sons of Hippocoon. This troop of armed men attacked the boar with unusual fury, and it was at last killed by Meleager. The conqueror gave the skin and the head to Atalanta, who had first wounded the animal. This partiality to a woman irritated the others, and particularly Toxeus and Plexippus the brothers of Althæa, and they endeavoured to rob Atalanta of the honourable present. Meleager defended a woman, of whom he was enamoured, and killed his uncles in the attempt. Meantime the news of this celebrated conquest had already reached Calydon, and Althæa went to the temple of the gods to return thanks for the victory which her son had gained. As she went she met the corpses of her brothers that were brought from the chase, and at this mournful spectacle she filled the whole city with her lamentations. She was upon this informed that they had been killed by Meleager, and in the moment of resentment, to revenge the death of her brothers, she threw into the fire the fatal stick on which her son’s life depended, and Meleager died as soon as it was consumed. Homer does not mention the fire-brand, whence some have imagined that this fable is posterior to that poet’s age. But he says that the death of Toxeus and Plexippus so irritated Althæa, that she uttered the most horrible curses and imprecations upon the head of her son. Meleager married Cleopatra the daughter of Idas and Marpessa, as also Atalanta, according to some accounts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 997; bk. 3, li. 518. ――_Flaccus_, bks. 1 & 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9. ――――A general who supported Aridæus when he had been made king, after the death of his brother Alexander the Great.――――A brother of Ptolemy, made king of Macedonia B.C. 280 years. He was but two months invested with the regal authority.――――A Greek poet in the reign of Seleucus, the last of the Seleucidæ. He was born at Tyre, and died at Cos. It is to his well-directed labours that we are indebted for the _Anthologia_, or collection of Greek epigrams, which he selected from 46 of the best and most esteemed poets. The original collection of Meleager has been greatly altered by succeeding editors. The best edition of the _Anthologia_ is that of Brunck, in three vols., 4to and 8vo, Strasbourg, 1772. =Mĕleāgrĭdes=, the sisters of Meleager, daughters of Œneus and Althæa. They were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Meleager, that they refused all aliments, and were, at the point of death, changed into birds called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, as it is supposed, are of a different colour. The youngest of the sisters, Gorge and Dejanira, who had been married, escaped this metamorphosis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 540. ――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26. =Melesander=, an Athenian general, who died B.C. 414. =Meles= (ētis), a river of Asia Minor, in Ionia, near Smyrna. Some of the ancients supposed that Homer was born on the banks of that river, from which circumstance they call him _Melisigènes_, and his compositions _Meletææ chartæ_. It is even supported that he composed his poems in a cave near the source of that river. _Strabo_, bk. 12. ――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 7, li. 34.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 201.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A beautiful Athenian youth, greatly beloved by Timagoras, whose affections he repaid with the greatest coldness and indifference. He even ordered Timagoras to leap down a precipice, from the top of the citadel of Athens, and Timagoras, not to disoblige him, obeyed, and was killed in the fall. This token of true friendship and affection had such an effect upon Meles, that he threw himself down from the place, to atone by his death for the ingratitude which he had shown to Timagoras. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――A king of Lydia, who succeeded his father Alyattes, about 747 years before Christ. He was father to Candaules. =Melesigĕnes=, or =Melesigĕna=, a name given to Homer. _See:_ Meles. =Melia=, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Inachus.――――A nymph, &c. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caanthus. She became mother of Ismarus and Tenerus by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and the river Ladon in Bœtia assumed the name of Ismarus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――One of the Nereides. ――――A daughter of Agenor. =Mĕlĭbœa=, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Pelasgus.――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus._――――A maritime town of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the foot of mount Ossa, famous for dyeing wool. The epithet of _Melibœus_ is applied to Philoctetes, because he reigned there. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 401; bk. 5, li. 251. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 188.――――Also an island at the mouth of the Orontes in Syria, whence _Melibœa purpura_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Melibœus=, a shepherd introduced in Virgil’s eclogues. =Mĕlĭcerta=, =Melicertes=, or =Melicertus=, a son of Athamas and Ino. He was saved by his mother from the fury of his father, who prepared to dash him against the wall as he had done his brother Learchus. The mother was so terrified that she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had compassion on the misfortunes of Ino and her son, and changed them both into sea deities. Ino was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Melicerta was known among the Greeks by the name of Palæmon, and among the Latins by that of Portumnus. Some suppose that the Isthmian games were in honour of Melicerta. _See:_ Isthmia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Hyginus_, fables 1 & 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 529, &c.――_Plutarch_ _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_. =Meligūnis=, one of the Æolian islands near Sicily. =Melīna=, a daughter of Thespius, mother of Laomedon by Hercules. =Melīsa=, a town of Magna Græcia. =Melissa=, a daughter of Melissus king of Crete, who, with her sister Amalthæa, fed Jupiter with the milk of goats. She first found out the means of collecting honey; whence some have imagined that she was changed into a bee, as her name is the Greek word for that insect. _Columella._――――One of the Oceanides, who married Inachus, by whom she had Phoroneus and Ægialus.――――A daughter of Procles, who married Periander the son of Cypselus, by whom, in her pregnancy, she was killed with a blow of his foot, by the false accusation of his concubines. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A woman of Corinth, who refused to initiate others in the festivals of Ceres, after she had received admission. She was torn to pieces upon this disobedience, and the goddess made a swarm of bees rise from her body. =Melissus=, a king of Crete, father to Melissa and Amalthæa. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1, ch. 22.――――An admiral of the Samian fleet, B.C. 441. He was defeated by Pericles, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――――A philosopher of Samos, who maintained that the world was infinite, immovable, and without a vacuum. According to his doctrines, no one could advance any argument upon the power or attributes of Providence, as all human knowledge was weak and imperfect. Themistocles was among his pupils. He flourished about 440 years before the christian era. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A freedman of Mecænas, appointed librarian to Augustus. He wrote some comedies. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 30. ――_Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_. =Melĭta=, an island in the Libyan sea, between Sicily and Africa, now called _Malta_. The soil was fertile, and the country famous for its wool. It was first peopled by the Phœnicians. St. Paul was shipwrecked there, and cursed all venomous creatures, which now are not to be found in the whole island. Some, however, suppose that the island on which the Apostle was shipwrecked, was another island of the same name in the Adriatic on the coast of Illyricum, now called _Melede_. Malta is now remarkable as being the residence of the knights of Malta, formerly of St. John of Jerusalem, settled there A. D. 1530, by the concession of Charles V., after their expulsion from Rhodes by the Turks. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 46.――――Another on the coast of Illyricum, in the Adriatic, now _Melede_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.――――An ancient name of Samothrace. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――――One of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 825. =Melitene=, a province of Armenia. =Melĭtus=, a poet and orator of Athens, who became one of the principal accusers of Socrates. After his eloquence had prevailed, and Socrates had been put ignominiously to death, the Athenians repented of their severity to the philosopher, and condemned his accusers. Melitus perished among them. His character was mean and insidious, and his poems had nothing great or sublime. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Spurius Melius=, a Roman knight accused of aspiring to tyranny, on account of his uncommon liberality to the populace. He was summoned to appear by the dictator Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, and when he refused to obey, he was put to death by Ahala the master of horse, A.U.C. 314.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3. =Melixandrus=, a Milesian, who wrote an account of the wars of the Lapithæ and Centaurs. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2. =Mella=, or =Mela=, a small river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Ollius, and with it into the Po. _Catullus_, poem 68, li. 33. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 278. =Mella Annæus=, the father of Lucan. He was accused of being privy to Piso’s conspiracy against Nero, upon which he opened his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 17. =Melobōsis=, one of the Oceanides. =Melon=, an astrologer, who feigned madness and burnt his house that he might not go to an expedition, which he knew would be attended with great calamities.――――An interpreter of king Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13. =Melos=, now _Milo_, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus, about 24 miles from Scyllæum, about 60 miles in circumference, and of an oblong figure. It enjoyed its independence for above 700 years before the time of the Peloponnesian war. This island was originally peopled by a Lacedæmonian colony, 1116 years before the christian era. From this reason the inhabitants refused to join the rest of the islands and the Athenians against the Peloponnesians. This refusal was severely punished. The Athenians took Melos, and put to the sword all such as were able to bear arms. The women and children were made slaves, and the island left desolate. An Athenian colony repeopled it, till Lysander reconquered it and re-established the original inhabitants in their possessions. The island produced a kind of earth successfully employed in painting and medicine. _Strabo_, bk. 7. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 35, ch. 9. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, &c. =Melpes=, now _Melpa_, a river of Lucania, falling into the Tyrrhene sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Melpia=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38. =Melpŏmĕne=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest of his odes to her, as to the patroness of lyric poetry. She was generally represented as a young woman with a serious countenance. Her garments were splendid; she wore a buskin, and held a dagger in one hand, and in the other a sceptre and crowns. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. =Memaceni=, a powerful nation of Asia, &c. _Curtius._ =Memmia Sulpitia=, a woman who married the emperor Alexander Severus. She died when young. =Memmia lex=, ordained that no one should be entered on the calendar of criminals who was absent on the public account. =Memmius=, a Roman citizen, accused of _ambitus_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――――A Roman knight, who rendered himself illustrious for his eloquence and poetical talents. He was made tribune, pretor, and afterwards governor of Bithynia. He was accused of extortion in his province, and banished by Julius Cæsar, though Cicero undertook his defence. Lucretius dedicated his poem to him. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Regulus, a Roman of whom Nero observed, that he deserved to be invested with the imperial purple. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 47.――――A Roman who accused Jugurtha before the Roman people.――――A lieutenant of Pompey, &c.――――The family of the Memmii were plebeians. They were descended, according to some accounts, from Mnestheus the friend of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 117. =Memnon=, a king of Æthiopia, son of Tithonus and Aurora. He came with a body of 10,000 men to assist his uncle Priam, during the Trojan war, where he behaved with great courage, and killed Antilochus, Nestor’s son. The aged father challenged the Æthiopian monarch, but Memnon refused it on account of the venerable age of Nestor, and accepted that of Achilles. He was killed in the combat, in the sight of the Grecian and Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconsolate at the death of her son, that she flew to Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged the god to grant her son such honours as might distinguish him from other mortals. Jupiter consented, and immediately a numerous flight of birds issued from the burning pile on which the body was laid, and after they had flown three times round the flames, they divided themselves into two separate bodies, and fought with such acrimony, that above half of them fell down into the fire, as victims to appease the manes of Memnon. These birds were called _Memnonides_; and it has been observed by some of the ancients, that they never failed to return yearly to the tomb of Memnon in Troas, and repeat the same bloody engagement, in honour of the hero, from whom they received their name. The Æthiopians or Egyptians, over whom Memnon reigned, erected a celebrated statue to the honour of their monarch. This statue had the wonderful property of uttering a melodious sound every day, at sun-rising, like that which is heard at the breaking of the string of a harp when it is wound up. This was effected by the rays of the sun when they fell upon it. At the setting of the sun, and in the night the sound was lugubrious. This is supported by the testimony of the geographer Strabo, who confesses himself ignorant whether it proceeded from the basis of the statue, or the people that were then round it. This celebrated statue was dismantled by order of Cambyses, when he conquered Egypt, and its ruins still astonish modern travellers by their grandeur and beauty. Memnon was the inventor of the alphabet, according to Anticlides, a writer mentioned by Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56. _Moschus_, _Epitaphios Bionis_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 578, &c.――_Ælian_, bk. 5, ch. 1. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 42; bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Strabo_, bks. 13 & 17.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 5.――_Philostratus_, on _Apollodorus_. ――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]._――――A general of the Persian forces, when Alexander invaded Asia. He distinguished himself for his attachment to the interest of Darius, his valour in the field, the soundness of his counsels, and his great sagacity. He defended Milotus against Alexander, and died in the midst of his successful enterprises, B.C. 333. His wife Barsine was taken prisoner with the wife of Darius. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A governor of Cœlosyria.――――A man appointed governor of Thrace by Alexander.――――A man who wrote a history of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Augustus. =Memphis=, a celebrated town of Egypt, on the western banks of the Nile, above the Delta. It once contained many beautiful temples, particularly those of the god Apis (_bos Memphites_), whose worship was observed with the greatest ceremonies. _See:_ Apis. It was in the neighbourhood of Memphis that those famous pyramids were built, whose grandeur and beauty still astonish the modern traveller. These noble monuments of Egyptian vanity, which pass for one of the wonders of the world, are about 20 in number, three of which, by their superior size, particularly claim attention. The largest of these is 481 feet in height measured perpendicularly, and the area of its basis is on 480,249 square feet, or something more than 11 English acres of ground. It has steps all round with massy and polished stones, so large that the breadth and depth of every step is one single stone. The smallest stone, according to an ancient historian, is not less than 30 feet. The number of steps, according to modern observation, amounts to 208, a number which is not always adhered to by travellers. The place where Memphis formerly stood is not now known; the ruins of its fallen grandeur were conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its palaces, or to adorn the neighbouring cities. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 28.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 660.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Josephus_, _Jewish Antiquities_, bk. 8.――――A nymph, daughter of the Nile, who married Ephesus, by whom she had Libya. She gave her name to the celebrated city of Memphis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The wife of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Memphītis=, a son of Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt. He was put to death by his father. =Mena=, a goddess worshipped at Rome, and supposed to preside over the monthly infirmities of women. She was the same as Juno. According to some, the sacrifices offered to her were young puppies that still sucked their mother. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 2. ――_Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 4. =Mena=, or =Menes=, the first king of Egypt, according to some accounts. =Menalcas=, a shepherd in Virgil’s eclogues. =Menalcĭdas=, an intriguing Lacedæmonian in the time of the famous Achæan league. He was accused before the Romans, and he killed himself. =Menalippe=, a sister of Antiope queen of the Amazons, taken by Hercules when that hero made war against this celebrated nation. She was ransomed, and Hercules received in exchange the arms and belt of the queen. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 229.――――A daughter of the centaur Chiron, beloved and ravished by Æolus son of Hellen. She retired into the woods to hide her disgrace from the eyes of her father, and when she had brought forth she entreated the gods to remove her totally from the pursuits of Chiron. She was changed into a mare, and called Ocyroe. Some suppose that she assumed the name of Menalippe, and lost that of Ocyroe. She became a constellation after death, called the horse. Some authors call her Hippe, or Evippe. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Pollux_, bk. 4.――――Menalippe is a name common to other persons, but it is generally spelt _Melanippe_ by the best authors. _See:_ Melanippe. =Menalippus.= _See:_ Melanippus. =Menander=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, educated under Theophrastus. He was universally esteemed by the Greeks, and received the appellation of Prince of the New Comedy. He did not disgrace his compositions, like Aristophanes, by mean and indecent reflections and illiberal satire, but his writings were replete with elegance, refined wit, and judicious observations. Of 108 comedies which he wrote, nothing remains but a few fragments. It is said that Terence translated all these, and indeed we may have cause to lament the loss of such valuable writings, when we are told by the ancients that the elegant Terence, so much admired, was in the opinion of his countrymen reckoned inferior to Menander. It is said that Menander drowned himself in the 52nd year of his age, B.C. 293, because the compositions of his rival Philemon obtained more applause than his own. Only eight of his numerous comedies were rewarded with a poetical prize. The name of his father was Diopythus, and that of his mother Hegistrata. His fragments, with those of Philemon, were published by Clericus, 8vo, 1709. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――A man who wrote an account of embassies, &c.――――A king of Bactria, whose ashes were divided among his subjects, &c.――――An historian of Ephesus.――――Another of Pergamus. ――――An Athenian general defeated at Ægospotamos by Lysander.――――An Athenian sent to Sicily with Nicias.――――A man put to death by Alexander for deserting a fortress of which he had the command.――――An officer under Mithridates, sent against Lucullus. =Menapii=, a people of Belgic Gaul, near the Mosa. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Menapis=, a Persian exile, made satrap of Hyrcania by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4. =Menas=, a freedman of Pompey the Great, who distinguished himself by the active and perfidious part which he took in the civil wars which were kindled between the younger Pompey and Augustus. When Pompey invited Augustus to his galley, Menas advised his master to seize the person of his enemy, and at the same time the Roman empire, by cutting the cables of his ship. “No,” replied Pompey, “I would have approved of the measure if you had done it without consulting me; but I scorn to break my word.” _Suetonius_, _Octavius Augustus_. Horace, epode 4, has ridiculed the pride of Menas, and recalled to his mind his former meanness and obscurity. =Menchēres=, the twelfth king of Memphis. =Mendes=, a city of Egypt, near Lycopolis, on one of the mouths of the Nile, called the Mendesian mouth. Pan, under the form of a goat, was worshipped there with the greatest solemnity. It was unlawful to kill one of these animals, with which the Egyptians were not ashamed to have public commerce, to the disgrace of human nature, from the superstitious notion that such embraces had given birth to the greatest heroes of antiquity, as Alexander, Scipio, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 42 & 46.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Menĕcles=, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, who settled at Rhodes. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Meneclides=, a detractor of the character of Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_. =Menecrătes=, a physician of Syracuse, famous for his vanity and arrogance. He was generally accompanied by some of his patients, whose disorders he had cured. He disguised one in the habit of Apollo, and the other in that of Æsculapius, while he reserved for himself the title and name of Jupiter, whose power was extended over those inferior deities. He crowned himself like the master of the gods; and in a letter which he wrote to Philip king of Macedon, he styled himself in these words, _Menecrates Jupiter to king Philip, greeting_. The Macedonian monarch answered, _Philip to Menecrates, greeting, and better sense_. Philip also invited him to one of his feasts, but when the meats were served up, a table was put separate for the physician, on which he was served only with perfumes and frankincense, like the father of the gods. This entertainment displeased Menecrates; he remembered that he was a mortal, and hurried away from the company. He lived about 360 years before the christian era. The book which he wrote on cures is lost. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 51. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 7, ch. 13.――――One of the generals of Seleucus.――――A physician under Tiberius.――――A Greek historian of Nysa, disciple to Aristarchus, B.C. 119. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――An Ephesian architect who wrote on agriculture. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_.――――An historian. ――――A man appointed to settle the disputes of the Athenians and Lacedæmonians in the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. His father’s name was Amphidorus.――――An officer in the fleet of Pompey the son of Pompey the Great. =Menedēmus=, an officer of Alexander, killed by the ♦Dahæ. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――A Socratic philosopher of Eretria, who was originally a tent-maker, an employment which he left for the profession of arms. The persuasive eloquence and philosophical lectures of Plato had such an influence over him, that he gave up his offices in the state to cultivate literature. It is said that he died through melancholy when Antigonus, one of Alexander’s generals, had made himself master of his country, B.C. 301, in the 74th year of his age. Some attribute his death to a different cause, and say that he was falsely accused of treason, for which he became so desperate that he died, after he had passed seven days without taking any aliments. He was called the _Eretrian Bull_, on account of his gravity. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A cynic philosopher of Lampsacus, who said that he was come from hell to observe the sins and wickedness of mankind. His habit was that of the furies, and his behaviour was a proof of his insanity. He was the disciple of Colotes of Lampsacus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An officer of Lucullus.――――A philosopher of Athens. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 19. ♦ ‘Danæ’ replaced with ‘Dahæ’ =Menegetas=, a boxer or wrestler in Philip of Macedon’s army, &c. _Polyænus._ =Menĕlāi portus=, a harbour on the coast of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――――Mons, a hill near Sparta, with a fortification, called _Menelaium_. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 28. =Mĕnĕlāia=, a festival celebrated at Therapnæ in Laconia, in honour of Menelaus. He had there a temple, where he was worshipped with his wife Helen, as one of the supreme gods. =Mĕnĕlāus=, a king of Sparta, brother to Agamemnon. His father’s name was Atreus, according to Homer, or, according to the more probable opinion of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c., he was the son of Plisthenes and Ærope. _See:_ Plisthenes. He was educated with his brother Agamemnon in the house of Atreus, but soon after the death of this monarch, Thyestes his brother usurped the kingdom, and banished the two children of Plisthenes. Menelaus and Agamemnon came to the court of Œneus king of Calydonia, who treated them with tenderness and paternal care. From Calydonia they went to Sparta, where, like the rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited the marriage of Helen the daughter of king Tyndarus. By the artifice and advice of Ulysses, Helen was permitted to choose a husband, and she fixed her eyes upon Menelaus, and married him, after her numerous suitors had solemnly bound themselves by an oath to defend her, and protect her person against the violence or assault of every intruder. _See:_ Helena. As soon as the nuptials were celebrated, ♦Tyndarus resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and their happiness was complete. This was, however, of short duration; Helen was the fairest woman of the age, and Venus had promised Paris the son of Priam to reward him with such a beauty. _See:_ Paris. The arrival of Paris in Sparta was the cause of great revolutions. The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave opportunities to the Trojan prince to corrupt the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away home what the goddess of beauty had promised to him as his due. This action was highly resented by Menelaus; he reminded the Greek princes of their oath and solemn engagements when they courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and immediately all Greece took up arms to defend his cause. The combined forces assembled at Aulis in Bœotia, where they chose Agamemnon for their general, and Calchas for their high priest; and after their applications to the court of Priam for the recovery of Helen had proved fruitless, they marched to meet their enemies in the field. During the Trojan war Menelaus behaved with great spirit and courage, and Paris must have fallen by his hand, had not Venus interposed and redeemed him from certain death. He also expressed his wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon hindered him from fighting so powerful an adversary. In the tenth year of the Trojan war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the forgiveness and the good graces of Menelaus by introducing him with Ulysses, the night that Troy was reduced to ashes, into the chamber of Deiphobus, whom she had married after the death of Paris. This perfidious conduct totally reconciled her to her first husband; and she returned with him to Sparta, during a voyage of eight years. He died some time after his return. He had a daughter called Hermione, and Nicostratus, according to some, by Helen, and a son called Megapenthes by a concubine. Some say that Menelaus went to Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to obtain Helen, who had been detained there by the king of the country. _See:_ Helena. The palace which Menelaus once inhabited was still entire in the days of Pausanias, as well as the temple which had been raised to his memory by the people of Sparta. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.; _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 14 & 19.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_ bk. 14.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 5 & 13.――_Hyginus_ fable 79.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2.――_Sophocles._――――A lieutenant of Ptolemy, set over Salamis. _Polyænus._――_Pausanias._――――A city of Egypt. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A mathematician in the age of the emperor Trajan. ♦ ‘Tyndaros’ replaced with ‘Tyndarus’ =Menēnius Agrippa=, a celebrated Roman who appeased the Roman populace in the infancy of the consular government by repeating the well-known fable of the belly and limbs. He flourished 495 B.C. _Livy_, bk. 2, chs. 16, 32, 33.――――A Roman consul.――――An insane person in the age of Horace. =Menĕphron=, a man who attempted to offer violence to his own mother. He was changed into a wild beast. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 387. =Mēnes=, the first king of Egypt. He built the town of Memphis, as is generally supposed, and deserved, by his abilities and popularity, to be called a god after death. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 90. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Menesthēi portus=, a town of Hispania ♦Bætica. ♦ ‘Bœtica’ replaced with ‘Bætica’ =Menesteus=, =Menestheus=, or =Mnestheus=, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated himself into the favour of the people of Athens, that, during the long absence of Theseus, he was elected king. The lawful monarch at his return home was expelled, and Mnestheus established his usurpation by his popularity and great moderation. As he had been one of Helen’s suitors, he went to the Trojan war at the head of the people of Athens, and died in his return in the island of Melos. He reigned 23 years B.C. 1205, and was succeeded by Demophoon the son of Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A son of Iphicrates, who distinguished himself in the Athenian armies. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_. =Menesthius=, a Greek killed by Paris in the Trojan war. =Menetas=, a man set governor over Babylon by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Meninx=, or =Lotophagītis insula=, now _Zerbi_, an island on the coast of Africa, near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by the people of Neritos, and thence called _Neritia_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 318. =Menippa=, one of the Amazons who assisted Ætes, &c. =Menippides=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._ =Menippus=, a cynic philosopher of Phœnicia. He was originally a slave, and obtained his liberty with a sum of money, and became one of the greatest usurers at Thebes. He grew so desperate from the continual reproaches and insults to which he was daily exposed on account of his meanness, that he destroyed himself. He wrote 13 books of satires, which have been lost. Marcus Varro composed satires in imitation of his style, and called them _Menippean_.――――A native of Stratonice, who was preceptor to Cicero for some time. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 91. =Menius=, a plebeian consul at Rome. He was the first who made the rostrum at Rome with the beaks (_rostra_) of the enemy’s ships.――――A son of Lycaon, killed by the same thunderbolt which destroyed his father. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 472. =Mennis=, a town of Assyria abounding in bitumen. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Menodŏtus=, a physician.――――A Samian historian. =Menœceus=, a Theban, father of Hipponome, Jocasta, and Creon.――――A young Theban, son of Creon. He offered himself to death when Tiresias, to ensure victory on the side of Thebes against the Argive forces, ordered the Thebans to sacrifice one of the descendants of those who sprang from the dragon’s teeth, and he killed himself near the cave where the dragon of Mars had formerly resided. The gods required this sacrifice because the dragon had been killed by Cadmus, and no sooner was Creon dead than his countrymen obtained the victory. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 10, li. 614.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 98.――_Sophocles_, _Antigone_. =Menœtes=, the pilot of the ship Gyas, at the naval games exhibited by Æneas at the anniversary of his father’s death. He was thrown into the sea by Gyas for his inattention, and saved himself by swimming to a rock. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 161, &c.――――An Arcadian, killed by Turnus in the wars of Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 517. =Menœtiades.= _See:_ Menœtius. =Menœtius=, a son of Actor and Ægina after her amour with Jupiter. He left his mother and went to Opus, where he had, by Sthenele, or, according to others, by Philomela or Polymela, Patroclus, often called from him _Menœtiades_. Menœtius was one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 4, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 307. ――_Hyginus_, fable 97. =Menon=, a Thessalian commander in the expedition of Cyrus the younger against his brother Artaxerxes. He was dismissed on the suspicion that he had betrayed his fellow-soldiers. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A Thessalian refused the freedom of Athens, though he furnished a number of auxiliaries to the people.――――The husband of Semiramis. ――――A sophist in the age of Socrates.――――One of the first kings of Phrygia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A scholar of Phidias, &c. =Menophĭlus=, a eunuch to whom Mithridates, when conquered by Pompey, entrusted the care of his daughter. Menophilus murdered the princess for fear of her falling into the enemy’s hands. _Ammianus_, bk. 16. =Menta=, or =Minthe=. _See:_ Minthe. =Mentes=, a king of the Taphians in Ætolia, son of Anchialus, in the time of the Trojan war. =Mentissa=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 17. =Mento=, a Roman consul, &c. =Mentor=, a faithful friend of Ulysses.――――A son of Hercules.――――A king of Sidonia, who revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and afterwards was restored to favour by his treachery to his allies, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――An excellent artist in polishing cups and engraving flowers on them. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 11.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 63, ltr. 16. =Menyllus=, a Macedonian set over the garrison which Antipater had stationed at Athens. He attempted in vain to corrupt the innocence of Phocion. _Plutarch._ =Mera=, a priest of Venus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 478.――――A dog of Icarius, which by his cries showed Erigone where her murdered father had been thrown. Immediately after this discovery the daughter hung herself in despair, and the dog pined away, and was made a constellation in the heavens known by the name of Canis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 363.――_Hyginus_, fable 130.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 28. =Mera=, or =Mœra=, one of the Atlantides, who married Tegeates son of Lycaon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48. =Mercurii promontorium=, a cape of Africa near Clypea. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 44; bk. 29, ch. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4. =Mercŭrius=, a celebrated god of antiquity, called Hermes by the Greeks. There were no less than five of this name according to Cicero; a son of Cœlus and Lux; a son of Valens and Coronis; a son of the Nile; a son of Jupiter and Maia; and another called by the Egyptians Thaut. Some add a sixth, a son of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of Jupiter and Maia, the actions of all the others have been probably attributed, as he is the most famous and the best known. Mercury was the messenger of the gods, and of Jupiter in particular; he was the patron of travellers and of shepherds; he conducted the souls of the dead into the infernal regions, and not only presided over orators, merchants, declaimers, but he was also the god of thieves, pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. His name is derived _a mercibus_, because he was the god of merchandise among the Latins. He was born, according to the more received opinion, in Arcadia, on mount Cyllene, and in his infancy he was entrusted to the care of the Seasons. The day that he was born, or more probably the following day, he gave an early proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, in stealing away the oxen of Admetus which Apollo tended. He gave another proof of his thievish propensity, by taking also the quiver and arrows of the divine shepherd, and he increased his fame by robbing Neptune of his trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, and Vulcan of many of his mechanical instruments. These specimens of his art recommended him to the notice of the gods, and Jupiter took him as his messenger, interpreter, and cup-bearer in the assembly of the gods. This last office he discharged till the promotion of Ganymede. He was presented by the king of heaven with a winged cap called _petasus_, and with wings for his feet called _talaria_. He had also a short sword called _herpe_, which he lent to Perseus. With these he was enabled to go into whatever part of the universe he pleased with the greatest celerity; and besides, he was permitted to make himself invisible, and to assume whatever shape he pleased. As messenger of Jupiter he was entrusted with all his secrets. He was the ambassador and plenipotentiary of the gods, and he was concerned in all alliances and treaties. He was the confidant of Jupiter’s amours, and he often was set to watch over the jealousy and intrigues of Juno. The invention of the lyre and its seven strings is ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and received in exchange the celebrated caduceus with which the god of poetry used to drive the flocks of king Admetus. _See:_ Caduceus. In the wars of the giants against the gods, Mercury showed himself brave, spirited, and active. He delivered Mars from the long confinement which he suffered from the superior power of the Aloides. He purified the Danaides of the murder of their husbands, he tied Ixion to his wheel in the infernal regions, he destroyed the hundred-eyed Argus, he sold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Lydia, he conducted Priam to the tent of Achilles, to redeem the body of his son Hector, and he carried the infant Bacchus to the nymphs of Nysa. Mercury had many surnames and epithets. He was called Cyllenius, Caduceator, Acacetos, from Acacos, an Arcadian; Acacesius, Tricephalos, Triplex, Chthonius, Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Arcas, &c. His children are also numerous as well as his amours. He was father of Autolycus by Chione; of Myrtillus by Cleobula; of Libys by Libya; of Echion and Eurytus by Antianira; of Cephalus by Creusa; of Prylis by Issa; and of Priapus, according to some. He was also father of Hermaphroditus by Venus; of Eudorus by Polimela; of Pan by Dryope, or Penelope. His worship was well established, particularly in Greece, Egypt, and Italy. He was worshipped at Tanagra in Bœotia, under the name of Criophorus, and represented as carrying a ram on his shoulders, because he delivered the inhabitants from a pestilence by telling them to carry a ram in that manner round the walls of their city. The Roman merchants yearly celebrated a festival on the 15th of May, in honour of Mercury, in a temple near the Circus Maximus. A pregnant sow was then sacrificed, and sometimes a calf and particularly the tongues of animals were offered. After the votaries had sprinkled themselves with water with laurel leaves, they offered prayers to the divinity, and entreated him to be favourable to them, and to forgive whatever artful measures, false oaths, or falsehoods they had used or uttered in the pursuit of gain. Sometimes Mercury appears on monuments with a large cloak round his arm, or tied under his chin. The chief ensigns of his power and offices are his _caduceus_, his _petasus_, and his _talaria_. Sometimes he is represented sitting upon a crayfish, holding in one hand his caduceus, and in the other the claws of the fish. At other times he is like a young man without a beard, holding in one hand a purse, as being the tutelary god of merchants, with a cock on his wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his feet a goat, a scorpion, and a fly. Some of his statues represented him as a youth _fascino erecto_. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tortoise. In Egypt his statues represented him with the head of a dog, whence he was often confounded with Anubis, and received the sacrifice of a stork. Offerings of milk and honey were made because he was the god of eloquence, whose powers were sweet and persuasive. The Greeks and Romans offered tongues to him by throwing them into the fire, as he was the patron of speaking of which the tongue is the organ. Sometimes his statues represent him as without arms, because, according to some, the power of speech can prevail over everything, even without the assistance of arms. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, &c.; _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Hymn to Hermes_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Mortuorum_. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 667; _Metamorphoses_, bks. 1, 4, 11, 14.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 35.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.――_Orpheus._――_Plutarch_, _Numa_. ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 6.――_Plato_, _Phædras_.――_Livy_, bk. 36.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1; _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 48. ――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, & 3. ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10. ――_Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2.――_Tzetzes_, _Lycophron_, li. 219.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_.――_Lactantius [Placidus]. _――_Philostratus_, bk. 1, _Imagines_, ch. 27.――_Marcus Manilius. _――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 19.――――Trismegistus, a priest and philosopher of Egypt, who taught his countrymen how to cultivate the olive, and measure their lands, and to understand hieroglyphics. He lived in the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books on theology, medicine, and geography, from which Sanchoniathon the Phœnician historian has taken his theogonia. _Diodorus_, bks. 1, & 5. ――_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_. =Merĕtrix=, a name under which Venus was worshipped at Abydos and at Samos, because both those places had been benefited by the intrigues or the influence of courtesans. _Athenæus_, bk. 13. =Mēriŏnes=, a charioteer of Idomeneus king of Crete during the Trojan war, son of Molus, a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He signalized himself before Troy, and fought with Deiphobus the son of Priam, whom he wounded. He was greatly admired by the Cretans, who even paid him divine honours after death. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 6, li. 15.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 1.――――A brother of Jason son of Æson, famous for his great opulence and for his avarice. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 1. =Mermĕros=, a centaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 305.――――A Trojan, killed by Antilochus.――――A son of Jason and Medea, who was father to Ilus of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Mermnadæ=, a race of kings in Lydia, of which Gyges was the first. They sat on the Lydian throne till the reign of Crœsus, who was conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. They were descendants of the Heraclidæ, and probably received the name of Mermnadæ from Mermnas, one of their own family. They were descended from Lemnos, or, according to others, from Agelaus, the son of Omphale by Hercules. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 14. =Meroe=, now _Nuabia_, an island of Æthiopia, with a town of the same name, celebrated for its wines. Its original name was _Saba_, and Cambyses gave it that of Meroe from his sister. _Strabo_, bk. 17. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 31.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 173.――_Mela_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, lis. 3, 33; bk. 10, lis. 163 & 303. =Merŏpe=, one of the Atlantides. She married Sisyphus son of Æolus, and, like her sisters, was changed into a constellation after death. _See:_ Pleiades. It is said, that in the constellation of the Pleiades the star of Merope appears more dim and obscure than the rest, because she, as the poets observe, married a mortal, while her sisters married some of the gods or their descendants. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 175.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 192.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Cypselus, who married Cresphontes king of Messenia, by whom she had three children. Her husband and two of her children were murdered by Polyphontes. The murderer obliged her to marry him, and she would have been forced to comply had not Epytus or Telephontes, her third son, revenged his father’s death by assassinating Polyphontes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Œnopion, beloved by Orion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A daughter of the Cebrenus, who married Æsacus the son of Priam.――――A daughter of Erechtheus, mother of Dædalus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Pandarus.――――A daughter of the river Sangarius, who married king Priam. =Merops=, a king of the island of Cos, who married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was changed into an eagle and placed among the constellations. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 763. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A celebrated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who foretold the death of his sons Adrastus and Amphius, who were engaged in the Trojan war. They slighted their father’s advice, and were killed by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 702. =Meros=, a mountain of India sacred to Jupiter. It is called by Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 21, Nysa. Bacchus was educated upon it, whence arose the fable that Bacchus was confined in the thigh (μηρος) of his father. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Merŭla Cornelius=, a Roman who fought against the Gauls, and who was made consul by Octavius in the place of Cinna. He some time after killed himself in despair, &c. _Plutarch._ =Mesabătes=, a eunuch in Persia, flayed alive by order of Parysatis, because he had cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_. =Mesabius=, a mountain of Bœotia, hanging over the Euripus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22. =Mesapia=, an ancient name of Bœotia. =Mesaubius=, a servant of Eumæus the steward of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14, li. 449. =Mesembria=, now _Miseuria_, a maritime city of Thrace. Hence _Mesembriacus_. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, bk. 6, li. 37.――――Another at the mouth of the Lissus. =Mesene=, an island in the Tigris where Apamea was built, now _Disel_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27. =Mesomēdes=, a lyric poet in the age of the emperor Antoninus. =Mesopotămia=, a country of Asia, which receives its name from its situation (μεσος ποταμος) _between_ the _rivers_ Tigris and Euphrates. It is yearly inundated by the Euphrates, and the water properly conveyed over the country by canals. It is now called _Diarbec_. _Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 52. =Messāla=, a name of Valerius Corvinus, from his having conquered Messana in Sicily. This family was very ancient; the most celebrated was a friend of Brutus, who seized the camp of Augustus at Philippi. He was afterwards reconciled to Augustus, and died A.D. 9, in his 77th year. _Plutarch._――――Another consul, &c.――――The father of Valeria, who married the dictator Sylla. _Plutarch._――――A great flatterer at the court of Tiberius.――――A governor of Syria.――――A tribune in one of the Roman legions during the civil war between Vespasian and Vitellius, of which he wrote an historical account mentioned by Tacitus, _Dialogue on Oratory_, ch. 14.――――A consul with Domitius, &c.――――A painter at Rome, who flourished B.C. 235.――――A writer, whose book _de Augusti progenie_ was edited 12mo, Leiden, 1648. =Messalīna Valeria=, a daughter of Messala Barbatus. She married the emperor Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruelties and incontinence. Her husband’s palace was not the only seat of her lasciviousness, but she prostituted herself in the public streets, and few men there were at Rome who could not boast of having enjoyed the favours of the impure Messalina. Her extravagancies at last irritated her husband; he commanded her to appear before him to answer all the accusations which were brought against her, upon which she attempted to destroy herself, and when her courage failed, one of the tribunes, who had been sent to her, despatched her with his sword, A.D. 48. It is in speaking of her debaucheries and lewdness that a celebrated satirist says, _Et lassata viris, necdum satiata, recessit_. _Juvenal._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 37.――_Suetonius_, _Claudius_.――_Dio Cassius._――――Another, called also Statilia. She was descended from a consular family, and married the consul Atticus Vistinus, whom Nero murdered. She received with great marks of tenderness her husband’s murderer and married him. She had married four husbands before she came to the imperial throne; and after the death of Nero she retired to literary pursuits and peaceful occupations. Otho courted her, and would have married her had he not destroyed himself. In his last moments he wrote her a very pathetic and consolatory letter, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_. =Messālīnus Marcus Valerius=, a Roman officer in the reign of Tiberius. He was appointed governor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself known by his opposition to Piso, and by his attempts to persuade the Romans of the necessity of suffering women to accompany the camps on their different expeditions. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3.――――One of Domitian’s informers.――――A flatterer of the emperor Tiberius. =Messāna=, an ancient and celebrated town of Sicily, on the straits which separate Italy from Sicily. It was anciently called _Zancle_, and was founded 1600 years before the christian era. The inhabitants, being continually exposed to the depredation of the people of Cuma, implored the assistance of the Messenians of Peloponnesus, and with them repelled the enemy. After this victorious campaign, the Messenians entered Zancle, and lived in such intimacy with the inhabitants that they changed their name, and assumed that of the Messenians, and called their city Messana. Another account say that Anaxilaus tyrant of Rhegium made war against the Zancleans, with the assistance of the Messenians of Peloponnesus, and that after he had obtained a decisive victory, he called the conquered city Messana in compliment to his allies, about 494 years before the christian era. After this revolution at Zancle, the Mamertini took possession of it, and made it the capital of the neighbouring country. _See:_ Mamertini. It afterwards fell into the hands of the Romans, and was for some time the chief of their possessions in Sicily. The inhabitants were called Messanii, Messanienses, and Mamertini. The straits of Messana have always been looked upon as very dangerous, especially by the ancients, on account of the rapidity of the currents, and the irregular and violent flowing and ebbing of the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 6. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7, ch. 28. =Messapia=, a country of Italy, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is the same as Calabria. It received its name from Messapus the son of Neptune, who left a part of Bœotia called _Messapia_, and came to Italy, where he assisted the Rutulians against Æneas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 513.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 691; bk. 8, li. 6; bk. 9, li. 27. =Messatis=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18. =Messe=, a town in the island of Cythera. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 226. =Messeis=, a fountain of Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Messēne=, a daughter of Triopas king of Argos, who married Polycaon, son of Lelex king of Laconia. She encouraged her husband to levy troops, and to seize a part of Peloponnesus, which, after it had been conquered, received her name. She received divine honours after her death, and had a magnificent temple at Ithome, where her statue was made half of gold and half of Parian marble. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, chs. 1 & 13. =Messēne=, or =Messēna=, now _Maura-Matra_, a city in the Peloponnesus, the capital of the country called Messenia. The inhabitants have rendered themselves famous for the war which they carried on against the Spartans, and which received the appellation of the _Messenian war_. The first Messenian war arose from the following circumstances. The Messenians offered violence to some Spartan women, who had assembled to offer sacrifices in a temple which was common to both nations, and which stood on the borders of their respective territories; and, besides, they killed Teleclus the Spartan king, who attempted to defend the innocence of the females. This account, according to the Spartan traditions, is contradicted by the Messenians, who observe that Teleclus, with a chosen body of Spartans, assembled at the temple before mentioned, disguised in women’s clothes, and all secretly armed with daggers. This hostile preparation was to surprise some of the neighbouring inhabitants; and in a quarrel which soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates were all killed. These quarrels were the cause of the first Messenian war, which began B.C. 743. It was carried on with vigour and spirit on both sides, and after many obstinate and bloody battles had been fought and continued for 19 years, it was at last finished by the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a place which had stood a siege of 10 years, and been defended with all the power of the Messenians. The insults to which the conquered Messenians were continually exposed at last excited their resentment, and they resolved to shake off the yoke. They suddenly revolted, and the second Messenian war was begun 685 B.C., and continued 14 years. The Messenians at first gained some advantage, but a fatal battle in the third year of the war so totally disheartened them, that they fled to Ira, where they resolved to maintain an obstinate siege against their victorious pursuers. The Spartans were assisted by the Samians in besieging Ira, and the Messenians were at last obliged to submit to the superior power of their adversaries. The taking of Ira by the Lacedæmonians, after a siege of 11 years, put an end to the second Messenian war. Peace was re-established for some time in Peloponnesus, but after the expiration of 200 years, the Messenians attempted a third time to free themselves from the power of Lacedæmon, B.C. 465. At that time the Helots had revolted from the Spartans, and the Messenians, by joining their forces to these wretched slaves, looked upon their respective calamities as common, and thought themselves closely interested in each other’s welfare. The Lacedæmonians were assisted by the Athenians, but they soon grew jealous of one another’s power, and their political connection ended in the most inveterate enmity, and at last in open war. Ithome was the place in which the Messenians had a second time gathered all their forces, and though 10 years had already elapsed, both parties seemed equally confident of victory. The Spartans were afraid of storming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi had threatened them with the greatest calamities if they offered any violence to a place which was dedicated to the service of Apollo. The Messenians, however, were soon obliged to submit to their victorious adversaries, B.C. 453, and they consented to leave their native country, and totally to depart from the Peloponnesus, solemnly promising that if they ever returned into Messenia, they would suffer themselves to be sold as slaves. The Messenians upon this, miserably exiled, applied to the Athenians for protection, and were permitted to inhabit Naupactus, whence some of them were afterwards removed to take possession of their ancient territories in Messenia, during the Peloponnesian war. The third Messenian war was productive of great revolutions in Greece, and though almost a private quarrel, it soon engaged the attention of all the neighbouring states, and kindled the flames of dissension everywhere. Every state took up arms as if in its own defence, or to prevent additional power and dominion from being lodged in the hands of its rivals. The descendants of the Messenians at last returned to Peloponnesus, B.C. 370, after a long banishment of 300 years. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 11, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 3.――_Polybius_, bk. 4, &c. =Messēnia=, a province of Peloponnesus, situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and the sea. Its chief city is Messena. _See:_ Messena. =Mestor=, a son of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Lysidice daughter of Pelops, by whom he had Hippothoe.――――A son of Pterilaus.――――of Priam. _Apollodorus._ =Mesūla=, a town of Italy, in the country of the Sabines. =Metăbus=, a tyrant of the Privernates. He was father of Camilla, whom he consecrated to the service of Diana, when he had been banished from his kingdom by his subjects. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 540. =Metagitnia=, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, who migrated to Attica. It receives its name from its being observed in the month called Metagitnion. =Metanīra=, the wife of Celeus king of Eleusis, who first taught mankind agriculture. She is also called Meganira. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5. =Metapontum=, a town of Lucania in Italy, founded about 1269 years B.C. by Metabus the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the companions of Nestor. Pythagoras retired there for some time, and perished in a sedition. Annibal made it his head-quarters when in that part of Italy, and its attachment to Carthage was afterwards severely punished by the Roman conquerors, who destroyed its liberties and independence. A few broken pillars of marble are now the only vestiges of Metapontum. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 8, 25, 27, &c. =Metapontus=, a son of Sisyphus, who married ♦Theano. _See:_ ♦Theano. _Hyginus_, fable 166. ♦ ‘Theana’ replaced with ‘Theano’ for consistency =Metaurus=, now _Metro_, a town with a small river of the same name, in the country of the Brutii. The river Metaurus falls into the Tyrrhene sea above Sicily.――――Another, in Umbria, famous for the defeat of Asdrubal by the consuls Livy and Nero. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 38. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 495. =Metella=, the wife of Sylla. =Metelli [Metellus]=, the surname of the family of the Cæcilii at Rome, the most known of whom were:――A general who defeated the Achæans, took Thebes, and invaded Macedonia, &c.――――Quintus Cæcilius, who rendered himself illustrious by his successes against Jugurtha the Numidian king, from which he was surnamed _Numidicus_. He took, in this expedition, the celebrated Marius as his lieutenant, and he had soon cause to repent of the confidence he had placed in him. Marius raised himself to power by defaming the character of his benefactor, and Metellus was recalled to Rome, and accused of extortion and ill-management. Marius was appointed successor to finish the Numidian war, and Metellus was acquitted of the crimes laid to his charge before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who observed that the probity of his whole life and the greatness of his exploits were greater proofs of his innocence than the most powerful arguments. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――――Lucius Cæcilius, another, who saved from the flames the palladium, when Vesta’s temple was on fire. He was then high priest. He lost his sight and one of his arms in doing it, and the senate, to reward his zeal and piety, permitted him always to be drawn to the senate-house in a chariot, an honour which no one had ever before enjoyed. He also gained a great victory over the Carthaginians in the first Punic war, and led in his triumph 13 generals and 120 elephants taken from the enemy. He was honoured with the dictatorship, and the office of master of horse, &c. ――――Quintus Cæcilius Celer, another, who distinguished himself by his spirited exertions against Catiline. He married Clodia the sister of Clodius, who disgraced him by her incontinence and lasciviousness. He died 57 years B.C. He was greatly lamented by Cicero, who shed tears at the loss of one of his most faithful and valuable friends. _Cicero_, _For Marcus Cæcilius._――――Lucius Cæcilius, a tribune in the civil wars of Julius Cæsar and Pompey. He favoured the cause of Pompey, and opposed Cæsar when he entered Rome with a victorious army. He refused to open the gates of Saturn’s temple, in which were deposited great treasures, upon which they were broken open by Cæsar, and Metellus retired, when threatened with death.――――Quintus Cæcilius, the grandson of the high priest, who saved the palladium from the flames, was a warlike general, who, from his conquest of Crete and Macedonia, was surnamed _Macedonicus_. He had six sons, of whom four are particularly mentioned by Plutarch.――――Quintus Cæcilius, surnamed _Balearicus_, from his conquest of the Baleares.――――Lucius Cæcilius, surnamed _Diadematus_, but supposed the same as that called Lucius with the surname of _Dalmaticus_, from a victory obtained over the Dalmatians during his consulship with Mutius Scævola.――――Caius Cæcilius, surnamed _Caprarius_, who was consul with Carbo, A.U.C. 641.――――The fourth was Marcus, and of these four brothers it is remarkable, that two of them triumphed in one day, but over what nations is not mentioned by _Eutropius_, ch. 4.――――Nepos, a consul, &c.――――Another, who accused Caius Curio, his father’s detractor, and who also vented his resentment against Cicero when going to banishment.――――Another, who, as tribune, opposed the ambition of Julius Cæsar.――――A general of the Roman armies against the Sicilians and Carthaginians. Before he marched he offered sacrifices to all the gods, except Vesta, for which neglect the goddess was so incensed that she demanded the blood of his daughter Metella. When Metella was going to be immolated, the goddess placed a heifer in her place, and carried her to a temple at Lanuvium, of which she became the priestess.――――Lucius Cæcilius, or Quintus, surnamed _Creticus_, from his conquest in Crete, B.C. 66, is supposed by some to be the son of Metellus Macedonicus.――――Cimber, one of the conspirators against Julius Cæsar. It was he who gave the signal to attack and murder the dictator in the senate-house. ――――Pius, a general in Spain, against Sertorius, on whose head he set a price of 100 talents, and 20,000 acres of land. He distinguished himself also in the Marsian war, and was high priest. He obtained the name of _Pius_ from the sorrow he showed during the banishment of his father Metellus _Numidicus_, whom he caused to be recalled. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 44.――――A consul who commanded in Africa, &c. _Valerius Maximus._ ――_Pliny._――_Plutarch._――_Livy._――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, chs. 8 & 13.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, &c.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 138. ――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. =Metharma=, a daughter of Pygmalion king of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by Cinyras, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Methīon=, the father of Phorbas, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3. =Methodius=, a bishop of Tyre, who maintained a controversy against Porphyry. The best edition of his works is that of Paris, folio, 1657. =Methōne=, a town of Peloponnesus, where king Philip gained his first battle over the Athenians, B.C. 360.――――A town of Macedonia, south of Pella, in the siege of which, according to _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6, Philip lost his right eye.――――Another in Magnesia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 71. =Methydrium=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Megalopolis. _Valerius Flaccus._ =Methymna= (now _Porto Petero_), a town of the island of Lesbos, which received its name from a daughter of ♦Macareus. It is the second city of the island in greatness, population, and opulence, and its territory is fruitful, and the wines it produces excellent. It was the native place of Arion. When the whole island of Lesbos revolted from the power of the Athenians, Methymna alone remained firm to its ancient allies. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Thucydides_, bk. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 50.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 90. ♦ ‘Marcareus’ replaced with ‘Macareus’ =Metiadūsa=, a daughter of Eupalamus, who married Cecrops, by whom she had Pandion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Metilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 536, to settle the power of the dictator, and of his master of horse, within certain bounds. =Metilii=, a patrician family, brought from Alba to Rome by Tullus Hostilius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Metilius=, a man who accused Fabius Maximus before the senate, &c. =Mētiŏchus=, a son of Miltiades, who was taken by the Phœnicians, and given to Darius king of Persia. He was tenderly treated by the monarch, though his father had conquered the Persian armies in the plains of Marathon. _Plutarch._――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 41.――――An Athenian entrusted with the care of the roads, &c. _Plutarch._ =Metion=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens and Praxithea. He married Alcippe daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons drove Pandion from the throne of Athens, and were afterwards expelled by Pandion’s children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Metis=, one of the Oceanides. She was Jupiter’s first wife, celebrated for her great prudence and sagacity above the rest of the gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should bring forth into the world a child more cunning and greater than himself, devoured her in the first month of her pregnancy. Some time after this adventure the god had his head opened, from which issued Minerva, armed from head to foot. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2, Metis gave a portion to Saturn, and obliged him to throw up the children whom he had devoured. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 890.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 7, ch. 3. ――_Hyginus._ =Metiscus=, a charioteer to Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 469. =Metius Curtius=, one of the Sabines who fought against the Romans, on account of the stolen virgins.――――Suffetius, a dictator of Alba, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. He fought against the Romans, and at last, finally to settle their disputes, he proposed a single combat between the Horatii and Curiatii. The Albans were conquered, and Metius promised to assist the Romans against their enemies. In a battle against the Veientes and Fidenates, Metius showed his infidelity by forsaking the Romans at the first onset, and retired to a neighbouring eminence, to wait for the event of the battle, and to fall upon whatever side proved victorious. The Romans obtained the victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied between two chariots, which were drawn by four horses two different ways, and his limbs were torn away from his body, about 669 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 23, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 642.――――A critic. _See:_ Tarpa.――――Carus, a celebrated informer under Domitian, who enriched himself with the plunder of those who were sacrificed to the emperor’s suspicion. =Metœcia=, festivals instituted by Theseus in commemoration of the people of Attica having removed to Athens. =Meton=, an astrologer and mathematician of Athens. His father’s name was Pausanias. He refused to go to Sicily with his countrymen, and pretended to be insane, because he foresaw the calamities that attended that expedition. In a book called _Enneadecaterides_, or the cycle of 19 years, he endeavoured to adjust the course of the sun and the moon, and supported that the solar and lunar years could regularly begin from the same point in the heavens. This is called by the moderns _the golden numbers_. He flourished B.C. 432. _Vitruvius_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_. A native of Tarentum, who pretended to be intoxicated that he might draw the attention of his countrymen, when he wished to dissuade them from making an alliance with king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_. =Metŏpe=, the wife of the river Sangarius. She was mother of Hecuba. ――――The daughter of Ladon, who married the Asopus.――――A river of Arcadia. =Metra=, the daughter of Eresichthon, a Thessalian prince, beloved by Neptune. When her father had spent all his fortune to gratify the canine hunger under which he laboured, she prostituted herself to her neighbours, and received for reward oxen, goats, and sheep, which she presented to Eresichthon. Some say that she had received from Neptune the power of changing herself into whatever animal she pleased, and that her father sold her continually to gratify his hunger, and that she instantly assumed a different shape, and became again his property. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 21. =Metragryrte=, one of the names of Tellus, or Cybele. =Metrobius=, a player greatly favoured by Sylla. _Plutarch._ =Metrŏcles=, a pupil of Theophrastus, who had the care of the education of Cleombrotus and Cleomenes. He suffocated himself when old and infirm. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Metrodōrus=, a physician of Chios, B.C. 444. He was the disciple of Democritus, and had Hippocrates among his pupils. His compositions on medicine, &c., are lost. He supported that the world was eternal and infinite, and denied the existence of motion. _Diogenes Laërtius._ ――――A painter and philosopher of Stratonice, B.C. 171. He was sent to Paulus Æmylius, who, after the conquest of Perseus, demanded of the Athenians a philosopher and a painter; the former to instruct his children, and the latter to make a painting of his triumphs. Metrodorus was sent, as in him alone were united the philosopher and the painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, ch. 1; _On Oratory_, bk. 4; _Academica._ ――♦_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Epicurus_.――――A friend of Mithridates, sent as ambassador to Tigranes king of Armenia. He was remarkable for his learning, moderation, humanity, and justice. He was put to death by his royal master for his infidelity, B.C. 72. _Strabo._――_Plutarch._ ――――Another, of a very retentive memory. ♦ ‘Diod.’ replaced with ‘Diogenes Laërtius’ =Metrophănes=, an officer of Mithridates, who invaded Eubœa, &c. =Metropŏlis=, a town of Phrygia on the Mæander.――――Another of Thessaly near Pharsalia. =Mettius=, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned by Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Mettus.= _See:_ Metius. =Metulum=, a town of Liburnia, in besieging of which Augustus was wounded. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 49. =Mevania=, now _Bevagna_, a town of Umbria, on the Clitumnus, the birthplace of the poet Propertius. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 473. ――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 124. =Mevius=, a wretched poet. _See:_ Mævius. =Mezentius=, a king of the Tyrrhenians when Æneas came into Italy. He was remarkable for his cruelties, and put his subjects to death by slow tortures, or sometimes tied a man to a dead corpse face to face, and suffered him to die in that condition. He was expelled by his subjects, and fled to Turnus, who employed him in his war against the Trojans. He was killed by Æneas, with his son Lausus. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 648; bk. 8, li. 482.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 881. =Micea=, a virgin of Elis, daughter of Philodemus, murdered by a soldier called Lucius, &c. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum virtutes_. =Micipsa=, a king of Numidia, son of Masinissa, who, at his death, B.C. 119, left his kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hiempsal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha abused his uncle’s favours by murdering his two sons. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Gaius Gracchus_. =Micythus=, a youth through whom Diomedon, by order of the Persian king, made an attempt to bribe Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_, ch. 4.――――A slave of Anaxilaus of Rhegium. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170. =Mĭdas=, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius, or Gorgius. In the early part of his life, according to some traditions, he found a large treasure, to which he owed his greatness and opulence. The hospitality he showed to Silenus the preceptor of Bacchus, who had been brought to him by some peasants, was liberally rewarded; and Midas, when he conducted the old man back to the god, was permitted to choose whatever recompence he pleased. He had the imprudence and the avarice to demand of the god that whatever he touched might be turned into gold. His prayer was granted, but he was soon convinced of his injudicious choice; and when the very meats which he attempted to eat became gold in his mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a present which must prove so fatal to the receiver. He was ordered to wash himself in the river Pactolus, whose sands were turned into gold by the touch of Midas. Some time after this adventure, Midas had the imprudence to support that Pan was superior to Apollo in singing and playing upon the flute, for which rash opinion the offended god changed his ears into those of an ass, to show his ignorance and stupidity. This Midas attempted to conceal from the knowledge of his subjects, but one of his servants saw the length of his ears, and being unable to keep the secret, and afraid to reveal it, apprehensive of the king’s resentment, he opened a hole in the earth, and after he had whispered there that Midas had the ears of an ass, he covered the place as before, as if he had buried his words in the ground. On that place, as the poets mention, grew a number of reeds, which, when agitated by the wind, uttered the same sound that had been buried beneath, and published to the world that Midas had the ears of an ass. Some explain the fable of the ears of Midas by the supposition that he kept a number of informers and spies, who were continually employed in gathering every seditious word that might drop from the mouths of his subjects. Midas, according to Strabo, died of drinking hot bull’s blood. This he did, as Plutarch mentions, to free himself from the numerous ill dreams which continually tormented him. Midas, according to some, was son of Cybele. He built a town, which he called Ancyræ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 5.――_Plutarch_, _de Superstitione_.――_Strabo_, bk. 1. ――_Hyginus_, fables 191, 274.――_Maximus Tyrius_, ch. 30.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 12.――_Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 2, ch. 31. =Midea=, a town of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――Of Lycia. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 45.――――Of Bœotia, drowned by the inundations of the lake Copais. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A nymph, who had Aspledon by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 38.――――A mistress of Electryon. _Apollodorus._ =Milānion=, a youth who became enamoured of Atalanta. He is supposed by some to be the same as Meleager or Hippomanes. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 188.――――A son of Amphidamas. =Mīlēsii=, the inhabitants of Miletus. _See:_ Miletus. =Milesiorum murus=, a place of Egypt, at the entrance of one of the mouths of the Nile. =Milesius=, a surname of Apollo.――――A native of Miletus. =Milētia=, one of the daughters of Scedasus, ravished with her sister by some young Thebans. _Plutarch_ & _Pausanias_. =Milētium=, a town of Calabria, built by the people of Miletus of Asia. ――――A town of Crete. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 154. =Mīlētus=, a son of Apollo, who fled from Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom he meditated to dethrone. He came to Caria, where he built a city which he called by his own name. Some suppose that he only conquered a city there called Anactoria, which assumed his name. They further say, that he put the inhabitants to the sword, and divided the women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a daughter of the Mæander, fell to his share. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 446.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A celebrated town of Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia, situate about 10 stadia south of the mouth of the river Mæander, near the sea coast on the confines of Ionia and Caria. It was founded by a Cretan colony under Miletus, or, according to others, by Neleus the son of Codrus, or by Sarpedon, Jupiter’s son. It has successively been called _Lelegeis_, _Pithyusa_, and _Anactoria_. The inhabitants, called _Milesii_, were very powerful, and long maintained an obstinate war against the kings of Lydia. They early applied themselves to navigation, and planted no less than 80 colonies, or, according to Seneca, 380, in different parts of the world. Miletus gave birth to Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander, Hecatæus, Timotheus the musician, Pittacus, one of the seven wise men, &c. Miletus was also famous for a temple and an oracle of Apollo Didymæus, and for its excellent wool, with which were made stuffs and garments, held in the highest reputation, both for softness, elegance, and beauty. The words _Milesiæ fabulæ_, or _Milesiaca_, were used to express wanton and ludicrous plays. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 413. ――_Capitolinus_, _Life of Albinus_, ch. 11.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 306.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Seneca_, _de Consolatione ad Helviam_. =Milias=, a part of Lycia. =Milichus=, a freedman who discovered Piso’s conspiracy against Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 54. =Milinus=, a Cretan king, &c. =Milionia=, a town of the Samnites, taken by the Romans. =Mīlo=, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in Italy. His father’s name was Diotimus. He early accustomed himself to carry the greatest burdens, and by degrees became a monster in strength. It is said that he carried on his shoulders a young bullock four years old, for above 40 yards, and afterwards killed it with one blow of his fist, and ate it up in one day. He was seven times crowned at the Pythian games, and six at Olympia. He presented himself a seventh time, but no one had the courage or boldness to enter the lists against him. He was one of the disciples of Pythagoras, and to his uncommon strength the learned preceptor and his pupils owed their life. The pillar which supported the roof of the school suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and gave the philosopher and his auditors time to escape. In his old age Milo attempted to pull up a tree by the roots and break it. He partly effected it, but his strength being gradually exhausted, the tree, when half cleft, re-united, and his hands remained pinched in the body of the tree. He was then alone, and being unable to disentangle himself, he was eaten up by the wild beasts of the place, about 300 years before the christian era. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 16. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――――Titus Annius, a native of Lanuvium, who attempted to obtain the consulship at Rome by intrigue and seditious tumults. Clodius the tribune opposed his views, yet Milo would have succeeded had not an unfortunate event totally frustrated his hopes. As he was going into the country, attended by his wife and a numerous retinue of gladiators and servants, he met on the Appian road his enemy Clodius, who was returning to Rome with three of his friends and some domestics completely armed. A quarrel arose between the servants. Milo supported his attendants, and the dispute became general. Clodius received many severe wounds, and was obliged to retire to a neighbouring cottage. Milo pursued his enemy in his retreat, and ordered his servants to despatch him. Eleven of the servants of Clodius shared his fate, as also the owner of the house who had given them a reception. The body of the murdered tribune was carried to Rome, and exposed to public view. The enemies of Milo inveighed bitterly against the violence and barbarity with which the sacred person of a tribune had been treated. Cicero undertook the defence of Milo, but the continual clamours of the friends of Clodius, and the sight of an armed soldiery, which surrounded the seat of judgment, so terrified the orator, that he forgot the greatest part of his arguments, and the defence he made was weak and injudicious. Milo was condemned and banished to Massilia. Cicero soon after sent his exiled friend a copy of the oration which he had delivered in his defence, in the form in which we have it now; and Milo, after he had read it, exclaimed, “O Cicero, hadst thou spoken before my accusers in those terms, Milo would not be now eating figs at Marseilles.” The friendship and cordiality of Cicero and Milo were the fruits of long intimacy and familiar intercourse. It was by the successful labours of Milo that the orator was recalled from banishment and restored to his friends. _Cicero_, _For Milo_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, chs. 47 & 68.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.――――A general of the forces of Pyrrhus. He was made governor of Tarentum, and that he might be reminded of his duty to his sovereign, Pyrrhus sent him as a present a chain, which was covered with the skin of Nicias the physician, who had perfidiously offered the Romans to poison his royal master for a sum of money. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, &c.――――A tyrant of Pisa in Elis, thrown into the river Alpheus by his subjects for his oppression. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 325. =Milōnius=, a drunken buffoon at Rome, accustomed to dance when intoxicated. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 24. =Miltas=, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in explaining prodigies, &c. =Miltiădes=, an Athenian, son of Cypselus, who obtained a victory in a chariot race at the Olympic games, and led a colony of his countrymen to the Chersonesus. The causes of this appointment are striking and singular. The Thracian Dolonci, harassed by a long war with the Absynthians, were directed by the oracle of Delphi to take for their king the first man they met in their return home, who invited them to come under his roof and partake of his entertainments. This was Miltiades, whom the appearance of the Dolonci, their strange arms and garments, had struck. He invited them to his house, and was made acquainted with the commands of the oracle. He obeyed, and when the oracle of Delphi had approved a second time the choice of the Dolonci, he departed for the Chersonesus, and was invested by the inhabitants with sovereign power. The first measure he took was to stop the further incursions of the Absynthians, by building a strong wall across the isthmus. When he had established himself at home, and fortified his dominions against foreign invasion, he turned his arms against Lampsacus. His expedition was unsuccessful; he was taken in an ambuscade, and made prisoner. His friend Crœsus king of Lydia was informed of his captivity, and he procured his release by threatening the people of Lampsacus with his severest displeasure. He lived a few years after he had recovered his liberty. As he had no issue, he left his kingdom and his possessions to Stesagoras the son of Cimon, who was his brother by the same mother. The memory of Miltiades was greatly honoured by the Dolonci, and they regularly celebrated festivals and exhibited shows in commemoration of a man to whom they owed their greatness and preservation. Some time after Stesagoras died without issue, and Miltiades the son of Cimon, and the brother of the deceased, was sent by the Athenians with one ship to take possession of the Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades appeared mournful, as if lamenting the recent death of his brother. The principal inhabitants of the country visited the new governor to condole with him; but their confidence in his sincerity proved fatal to them. Miltiades seized their persons, and made himself absolute in Chersonesus; and to strengthen himself he married Hegesipyla, the daughter of Olorus the king of the Thracians. His prosperity, however, was of short duration. In the third year of his government his dominions were threatened by an invasion of the Scythian Nomades, whom Darius had some time before irritated by entering their country. He fled before them, but as their hostilities were but momentary, he was soon restored to his kingdom. Three years after he left Chersonesus and set sail for Athens, where he was received with great applause. He was present at the celebrated battle of Marathon, in which all the chief officers ceded their power to him, and left the event of the battle to depend upon his superior abilities. He obtained an important victory [_See:_ Marathon] over the more numerous forces of his adversaries; and when he had demanded of his fellow-citizens an olive crown as the reward of his valour in the field of battle, he was not only refused, but severely reprimanded for presumption. The only reward, therefore, that he received for a victory which proved so beneficial to the interests of universal Greece, was in itself simple and inconsiderable, though truly great in the opinion of that age. He was represented in the front of a picture among the rest of the commanders who fought at the battle of Marathon, and he seemed to exhort and animate his soldiers to fight with courage and intrepidity. Some time after Miltiades was entrusted with a fleet of 70 ships, and ordered to punish those islands which had revolted to the Persians. He was successful at first, but a sudden report that the Persian fleet was coming to attack him, changed his operations as he was besieging Paros. He raised the siege and returned to Athens, where he was accused of treason, and ♦particularly of holding a correspondence with the enemy. The falsity of these accusations might have appeared, if Miltiades had been able to come into the assembly. A wound which he had received before Paros detained him at home, and his enemies, taking advantage of his absence, became more eager in their accusations and louder in their clamours. He was condemned to death, but the rigour of the sentence was retracted on the recollection of his great services to the Athenians, and he was put into prison till he had paid a fine of 50 talents to the state. His inability to discharge so great a sum detained him in confinement, and soon after his wounds became incurable, and he died about 489 years before the christian era. His body was ransomed by his son Cimon, who was obliged to borrow and pay the 50 talents, to give his father a decent burial. The crimes of Miltiades were probably aggravated in the eyes of his countrymen when they remembered how he made himself absolute in Chersonesus; and in condemning the barbarity of the Athenians towards a general who was the source of their military prosperity, we must remember the jealousy which ever reigns among a free and independent people, and how watchful they are in defence of the natural rights which they see wrested from others by violence and oppression. Cornelius Nepos has written the life of Miltiades the son of Cimon; but his history is incongruous and not authentic; and the author, by confounding the actions of the son of Cimon with those of the son of Cypselus, has made the whole dark and unintelligible. Greater reliance in reading the actions of both the Miltiades is to be placed on the narration of Herodotus, whose veracity is confirmed, and who was indisputably more informed and more capable of giving an account of the life and exploits of men who flourished in his age, and of which he could see the living monuments. Herodotus was born about six years after the famous battle of Marathon, and Cornelius Nepos, as a writer of the Augustan age, flourished about 450 years after the age of the father of history. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 137; bk. 6, ch. 34, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias._――――An Archon of Athens. ♦ ‘paticularly’ replaced with ‘particularly’ =Milto=, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the younger. _See:_ Aspasia. =Milvius=, a parasite at Rome, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7.――――A bridge at Rome over the Tiber, now called _Pont de Molle_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 33.――_Sallust_, _Catilinæ Coniuratio_, ch. 45.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 47. =Milyas=, a country of Asia Minor, better known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabitants, called _Milyades_, and afterwards _Solymi_, were among the numerous nations which formed the army of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. _Herodotus._――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 38. =Mimallŏnes=, the Bacchanals, who, when they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, put horns on their heads. They are also called _Mimallonides_, and some derive their name from the mountain Mimas. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 99.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, li. 541. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 660. =Mimas=, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed with thunder. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.――――A high mountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 5.――――A Trojan, son of Theano and Amycus, born on the same night as Paris, with whom he lived in great intimacy. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 702. =Mimnermus=, a Greek poet and musician of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly excelled in elegiac poetry, whence some have attributed the invention of it to him; and, indeed, he was the poet who made elegy an amorous poem, instead of a mournful and melancholy tale. In the expression of love, Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this verse shows: _Plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero_. In his old age Mimnermus became enamoured of a young girl called Nanno. Some few fragments of his poetry remain, collected by Stobæus. He is supposed by some to be the inventor of the pentameter verse, which others, however, attribute to Callinus or Archilochus. The surname of _Ligustiades_, λιγυς (_shrill-voiced_), has been applied to him, though some imagine the word to be the name of his father. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 65. =Mincius=, now _Mincio_, a river of Venetia, flowing from the lake Benacus, and falling into the Po. Virgil was born on its banks. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 13; _Germania_, ch. 3, li. 15; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 206. =Mindărus=, a commander of the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by the Athenians, and died 410 B.C. _Plutarch._ =Mīnēĭdes=, the daughters of Minyas or Mineus, king of Orchomenos in Bœotia. They were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe, and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two first Clymene and Iris. They derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god inspired them with an unconquerable desire of eating human flesh. They drew lots which of them should give up her son as food to the rest. The lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave up her son Hippasus, who was instantly devoured by the three sisters. They were changed into bats. In commemoration of this bloody crime, it was usual among the Orchomenians for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice was finished, to pursue, with a drawn sword, all the women who had entered the temple, and even to kill the first he came up to. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 12.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_, ch. 38. =Mĭnerva=, the goddess of wisdom, war, and all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupiter’s brain without a mother. The god, as it is reported, married Metis, whose superior prudence and sagacity above the rest of the gods, made him apprehend that the children of such a union would be of a more exalted nature, and more intelligent than their father. To prevent this, Jupiter devoured Metis in her pregnancy, and some time after, to relieve the pains which he suffered in his head, he ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerva came all armed and grown up from her father’s brain, and immediately was admitted into the assembly of the gods, and made one of the most faithful counsellors of her father. The power of Minerva was great in heaven; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life of men, bestow the gift of prophecy, and, indeed, she was the only one of all the divinities whose authority and consequence were equal to those of Jupiter. The actions of Minerva are numerous, as well as the kindnesses by which she endeared herself to mankind. Her quarrel with Neptune concerning the right of giving a name to the capital of Cecropia deserves attention. The assembly of the gods settled the dispute by promising the preference to whichever of the two gave the most useful and necessary present to the inhabitants of the earth. Neptune, upon this, struck the ground with his trident, and immediately a horse issued from the earth. Minerva produced the olive, and obtained the victory by the unanimous voice of the gods, who observed that the olive, as the emblem of peace, is far preferable to the horse, the symbol of war and bloodshed. The victorious deity called the capital _Athenæ_, and became the tutelar goddess of the place. Minerva was always very jealous of her power, and the manner in which she punished the presumption of Arachne is well known. _See:_ Arachne. The attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence, are strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had sworn by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who had made him a complete suit of armour, whatever he desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, and the father of the gods, who had permitted Minerva to live in perpetual celibacy, consented, but privately advised his daughter to make all the resistance she could to frustrate the attempts of her lover. The prayers and force of Vulcan proved ineffectual, and her chastity was not violated, though the god left on her body the marks of his passion, and, from the impurity which proceeded from this scuffle, and which Minerva threw down upon the earth, wrapped up in wool, was born Erichthon, an uncommon monster. _See:_ Erichthonius. Minerva was the first who built a ship, and it was her zeal for navigation, and her care for the Argonauts, which placed the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the ship Argo, when going to Colchis. She was known among the ancients by many names. She was called Athena, Pallas [_See:_ Pallas], Parthenos, from her remaining in perpetual celibacy; Tritonia, because worshipped near the lake Tritonis; Glaucopis, from the blueness of her eyes; Agorea, from her presiding over markets; Hippia, because she first taught mankind how to manage the horse; Stratea and Area, from her martial character; Coryphagenes, because born from Jupiter’s brain; Sais, because worshipped at Sais, &c. Some attributed to her the invention of the flute, whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia, Musica, Salpiga, &c. She, as it is reported, once amused herself in playing upon her favourite flute before Juno and Venus, but the goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face in blowing the instrument. Minerva, convinced of the justness of their remarks by looking at herself in a fountain near mount Ida, threw away the musical instrument, and denounced a melancholy death to him who found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof of the veracity of her expressions. The worship of Minerva was universally established; she had magnificent temples in Egypt, Phœnicia, all parts of Greece, Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens particularly claimed her attention, and it is even said that Jupiter rained a shower of gold upon the island of Rhodes, which had paid so much veneration and such an early reverence to the divinity of his daughter. The festivals celebrated in her honour were solemn and magnificent. _See:_ Panathenæa. She was invoked by every artist, and particularly such as worked in wool, embroidery, painting, and sculpture. It was the duty of almost every member of society to implore the assistance and patronage of a deity who presided over sense, taste, and reason. Hence the poets have had occasion to say, _Tu nihil invitâ dices faciesve Minervâ_, and, _Qui bene placârit Pallada, doctus erit_. Minerva was represented in different ways, according to the different characters in which she appeared. She generally appeared with a countenance full more of masculine firmness and composure, than of softness and grace. Most usually she was represented with a helmet on her head, with a large plume nodding in the air. In one hand she held a spear, and in the other a shield, with the dying head of Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon’s head was on her breastplate, with living serpents writhing round it, as well as round her shield and helmet. In most of her statues she is represented as sitting, and sometimes she holds in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear. When she appeared as the goddess of the liberal arts she was arrayed in a variegated veil, which the ancients called _peplum_. Sometimes Minerva’s helmet was covered at the top with the figure of a cock, a bird which, on account of his great courage, is properly sacred to the goddess of war. Some of her statues represented her helmet with a sphinx in the middle, supported on either side by griffins. In some medals, a chariot drawn by four horses, or sometimes a dragon or a serpent, with winding spires, appear at the top of her helmet. She was partial to the olive tree; the owl and the cock were her favourite birds, and the dragon among reptiles was sacred to her. The functions, offices, and actions of Minerva seem so numerous, that they undoubtedly originate in more than one person. Cicero speaks of five persons of this name; a Minerva, mother of Apollo; a daughter of the Nile, who was worshipped at Sais, in Egypt; a third, born from Jupiter’s brain; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter and Coryphe; and a fifth, daughter of Pallas, generally represented with winged shoes. This last put her father to death because he attempted her virtue. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16; bk. 3, ode 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 6, 9, & 13. ――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, &c.; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 3, ch. 23, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 354.――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, &c.; _Odyssey_; _Hymn to Pallas Athena_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogues_.――_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 2. ――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 31.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 14, li. 448. ――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 168.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 721; bk. 7, &c.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_. ――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5. =Minervæ Castrum=, a town of Calabria, now _Castro_.――――Promontorium, a cape at the most southern extremity of Campania. =Mĭnervālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Minerva, celebrated in the months of March and June. During this solemnity scholars obtained some relaxation from their studious pursuits, and the present, which it was usual for them to offer to their masters, was called _Minerval_, in honour of the goddess Minerva, who patronized over literature. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, li. 809.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 30. =Mĭnio=, now _Mignone_, a river of Etruria, falling into the Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 183.――――One of the favourites of Antiochus king of Syria. =Minnæi=, a people of Arabia, on the Red sea. _Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 14. =Minoa=, a town of Sicily, built by Minos when he was pursuing Dædalus, and called also _Heraclea_.――――A town of Peloponnesus.――――A town of Crete. =Minois=, belonging to Minos. Crete is called _Minoia regna_, as being the legislator’s kingdom. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 14.――――A patronymic of Ariadne. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 157. =Minos=, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, who gave laws to his subjects, B.C. 1406, which still remained in full force in the age of the philosopher Plato. His justice and moderation procured him the appellation of the favourite of the gods, the confidant of Jupiter, the wise legislator, in every city of Greece; and, according to the poets, he was rewarded for his equity, after death, with the office of supreme and absolute judge in the infernal regions. In this capacity, he is represented sitting in the middle of the shades and holding a sceptre in his hand. The dead plead their different causes before him, and the impartial judge shakes the fatal urn, which is filled with the destinies of mankind. He married Ithona, by whom he had Lycastes, who was the father of Minos II. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 178.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 432.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28. =Minos II.=, was a son of Lycastes, the son of Minos I. king of Crete. He married Pasiphae the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and by her he had many children. He increased his paternal dominions by the conquest of the neighbouring islands, but he showed himself cruel in the war which he carried on against the Athenians, who had put to death his son Androgeus. _See:_ Androgeus. He took Megara by the treachery of Scylla [_See:_ Scylla], and, not satisfied with a victory, he obliged the vanquished to bring him yearly to Crete seven chosen boys, and the same number of virgins, to be devoured by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. This bloody tribute was at last abolished when Theseus had destroyed the monster. _See:_ Theseus. When Dædalus, whose industry and invention had fabricated the labyrinth, and whose imprudence, in assisting Pasiphae in the gratification of her unnatural desires, had offended Minos, fled from the place of his confinement with wings [_See:_ Dædalus], and arrived safe in Sicily, the incensed monarch pursued the offender, resolved to punish his infidelity. Cocalus king of Sicily, who had hospitably received Dædalus, entertained his royal guest with dissembled friendship; and that he might not deliver to him a man whose ingenuity and abilities he so well knew, he put Minos to death. Some say that it was the daughters of Cocalus who put the king of Crete to death, by detaining him so long in a bath till he fainted, after which they suffocated him. Minos died about 35 years before the Trojan war. He was father of Androgeus, Glaucus, and Deucalion, and two daughters, Phædra and Ariadne. Many authors have confounded the two monarchs of this name, the grandfather and the grandson, but Homer, Plutarch, and Diodorus prove plainly that they were two different persons. _Pausanias_, _Achaia_, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 141.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 21. ――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Athenæus._――_Flaccus_, bk. 14. =Minōtaurus=, a celebrated monster, half a man and half a bull, according to this verse of Ovid, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 24, _Semibovemque virum, semivirumque bovem_. It was the fruit of Pasiphae’s amour with a bull. Minos refused to sacrifice a white bull to Neptune, an animal which he had received from the god for that purpose. This offended Neptune, and he made Pasiphae the wife of ♦Minos enamoured of this fine bull, which had been refused to his altars. Dædalus prostituted his talents in being subservient to the queen’s unnatural desires, and, by his means, Pasiphae’s horrible passions were gratified, and the Minotaur came into the world. Minos confined in the labyrinth a monster which convinced the world of his wife’s lasciviousness and indecency, and reflected disgrace upon his family. The Minotaur usually devoured the chosen young men and maidens, whom the tyranny of Minos yearly extracted from the Athenians. Theseus delivered his country from this shameful tribute, when it had fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to the voracity of the Minotaur, and, by means of Ariadne, the king’s daughter, he destroyed the monster, and made his escape from the windings of the labyrinth. The fabulous traditions of the Minotaur, and of the infamous commerce of Pasiphae with a favourite bull, have been often explained. Some suppose that Pasiphae was enamoured of one of her husband’s courtiers, called Taurus, and that Dædalus favoured the passion of the queen by suffering his house to become the retreat of the two lovers. Pasiphae, some time after, brought twins into the world, one of whom greatly resembled Minos, and the other Taurus. In the natural resemblance of their countenance with that of their supposed fathers originated their name, and consequently the fable of the Minotaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 40.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Palæphatus._――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 26. ♦ ‘Minys’ replaced with ‘Minos’ =Minthe=, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by Pluto. Proserpine discovered her husband’s amour, and changed his mistress into an herb, called by the same name, _mint_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 729. =Minturnæ=, a town of Campania, between Sinuessa and Formiæ. It was in the marshes, in its neighbourhood, that Marius concealed himself in the mud, to avoid the partisans of Sylla. The people condemned him to death, but when his voice alone had terrified the executioner, they showed themselves compassionate, and favoured his escape. Marica was worshipped there; hence _Maricæ regna_ applied to the place. _Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 10; bk. 10, ch. 21; bk. 27, ch. 38.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 424. =Mĭnŭtia=, a vestal virgin, accused of debauchery on account of the beauty and elegance of her dress. She was condemned to be buried alive because a female supported the false accusation, A.U.C. 418. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――A public way from Rome to Brundusium. _See:_ Via. =Mĭnŭtius Augurinus=, a Roman consul slain in a battle against the Samnites.――――A tribune of the people, who put Mælius to death when he aspired to the sovereignty of Rome. He was honoured with a brazen statue for causing the corn to be sold at a reduced price to the people. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.――――Rufus, a master of horse to the dictator Fabius Maximus. His disobedience to the commands of the dictator was productive of an extension of his prerogative, and the master of the horse was declared equal in power to the dictator. Minutius, soon after this, fought with ill success against Annibal, and was saved by the interference of Fabius; which circumstance had such an effect upon him, that he laid down his power at the feet of his deliverer, and swore that he would never act again but by his directions. He was killed at the battle of Cannæ. _Livy. _――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――――A Roman consul who defended Coriolanus from the insults of the people, &c.――――Another, defeated by the Æqui, and disgraced by the dictator Cincinnatus.――――An officer under Cæsar, in Gaul, who afterwards became one of the conspirators against his patron. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.――――A tribune who warmly opposed the views of Caius Gracchus.――――A Roman, chosen dictator, and obliged to lay down his office, because, during the time of his election, the sudden cry of a rat was heard.――――A Roman, one of the first who were chosen questors.――――Felix, an African lawyer, who flourished 207 A.D. He has written an elegant dialogue in defence of the christian religion, called _Octavius_, from the principal speaker in it. This book was long attributed to Arnobius, and even printed as an eighth book (_Octavus_), till Balduinus discovered the imposition in his edition of Felix, 1560. The two last editions are that of Davies, 8vo, Cambridge, 1712; and of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1709. =Minyæ=, a name given to the inhabitants of Orchomenos in Bœotia, from Minyas king of the country. Orchomenos the son of Minyas gave his name to the capital of the country, and the inhabitants still retained their original appellation, in contradistinction to the Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Orchomenians passed into Thessaly and settled in Iolchos; from which circumstance the people of the place, and particularly the Argonauts, were called Minyæ. This name they received, according to the opinion of some, not because a number of Orchomenians had settled among them, but because the chief and noblest of them were descended from the daughters of Minyas. Part of the Orchomenians accompanied the sons of Codrus when they migrated to Ionia. The descendants of the Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts themselves, received the name of Minyæ. They first inhabited Lemnos, where they had been born from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. They were driven from Lemnos by the Pelasgi about 1160 years before the christian era, and came to settle in Laconia, from whence they passed into Calliste with a colony of Lacedæmonians. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 145. =Mĭnyas=, a king of Bœotia, son of Neptune and Tritogenia the daughter of Æolus. Some make him the son of Neptune and Callirrhoe, or of Chryses, Neptune’s son, and Chrysogenia the daughter of Halmus. He married Clytodora, by whom he had Presbon, Periclymenus, and Eteoclymenus. He was father of Orchomenos, Diochithondes, and Athamas, by a second marriage with Phanasora the daughter of Paon. According to Plutarch and Ovid, he had three daughters, called Leuconoe, Alcithoe, and Leucippe. They were changed into bats. _See:_ Mineides. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_, ch. 38. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, lis. 1 & 468. =Miny̆cus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the sea near Arene, called afterwards Orchomenus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Minyeides.= _See:_ Mineides. =Minyia=, a festival observed at Orchomenus, in honour of Minyas the king of the place. The Orchomenians were called Minyæ, and the river upon whose banks their town was built, Mynos.――――A small island near Patmos. =Minytus=, one of Niobe’s sons. _Apollodorus._ =Miraces=, a eunuch of Parthia, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 690. =Misēnum=, or =Misenus=. _See:_ Misenus. =Misēnus=, a son of Æolus, who was piper to Hector. After Hector’s death he followed Æneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast of Campania, because he had challenged one of the Tritons. Æneas afterwards found his body on the sea-shore, and buried it on a promontory which bears his name, now _Miseno_. There was also a town of the same name on the promontory, at the west of the bay of Naples, and it had also a capacious harbour, where Augustus and some of the Roman emperors generally kept stationed one of their fleets. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 239; bk. 6, lis. 164 & 234.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 13.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 9; _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51. =Misitheus=, a Roman celebrated for his virtues and his misfortunes. He was father-in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose counsels and actions he guided by his prudence and moderation. He was sacrificed to the ambition of Philip, a wicked senator who succeeded him as prefect of the pretorian guards. He died A.D. 243, and left all his possessions to be appropriated for the good of the public. =Mithras=, a god of Persia, supposed to be the sun, or, according to others, Venus Urania. His worship was introduced at Rome, and the Romans raised him altars, on which was this ♦inscription, _Deo Soli Mithræ_, or _Soli Deo invicto Mithræ_. He is generally represented as a young man, whose head is covered with a turban, after the manner of the Persians. He supports his knee upon a bull that lies on the ground, and one of whose horns he holds in one hand, while with the other he plunges a dagger into his neck. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li. 720.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Claudian_, _de consulatu Stilichonis_, bk. 1. ♦ ‘incription’ replaced with ‘inscription’ =Mithracenses=, a Persian who fled to Alexander after the murder of Darius by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5. =Mithradātes=, a herdsman of Astyages, ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He refused, and educated him at home as his own son, &c. _Herodotus._――_Justin._ =Mithrēnes=, a Persian who betrayed Sardes, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3. =Mithridātes I.=, was the third king of Pontus. He was tributary to the crown of Persia, and his attempts to make himself independent proved fruitless. He was conquered in a battle, and obtained peace with difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a governor of Cappadocia. He was succeeded by Ariobarzanes, B.C. 363. _Diodorus._――_Xenophon._ =Mithridātes II.=, king of Pontus, was grandson to Mithridates I. He made himself master of Pontus, which had been conquered by Alexander, and had been ceded to Antigonus at the general division of the Macedonian empire among the conqueror’s generals. He reigned about 26 years, and died at the advanced age of 84 years, B.C. 302. He was succeeded by his son Mithridates III. Some say that Antigonus put him to death, because he favoured the cause of Cassander. _Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Diodorus._ =Mithridātes III.=, was son of the preceding monarch. He enlarged his paternal possessions by the conquest of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, and died after a reign of 36 years. _Florus._ =Mithridātes IV.=, succeeded his father Ariobarzanes, who was the son of Mithridates III. =Mithridātes V.=, succeeded his father Mithridates IV., and strengthened himself on his throne by an alliance with Antiochus the Great, whose daughter Laodice he married. He was succeeded by his son Pharnaces. =Mithridātes VI.=, succeeded his father Pharnaces. He was the first of the kings of Pontus who made alliance with the Romans. He furnished them with a fleet in the third Punic war, and assisted them against Aristonicus, who had laid claim to the kingdom of Pergamus. This fidelity was rewarded; he was called _Evergetes_, and received from the Roman people the province of Phrygia Major, and was called the friend and ally of Rome. He was murdered B.C. 123. _Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Justin_, bk. 37, &c. =Mithridātes VII.=, surnamed _Eupator_ and _The Great_, succeeded his father Mithridates VI., though only at the age of 11 years. The beginning of his reign was marked by ambition, cruelty, and artifice. He murdered his own mother, who had been left by his father co-heiress of the kingdom, and he fortified his constitution by drinking antidotes against the poison with which his enemies at court attempted to destroy him. He early inured his body to hardship, and employed himself in many manly exercises, often remaining whole months in the country, and making the frozen snow and the earth the place of his repose. Naturally ambitious and cruel, he spared no pains to acquire himself power and dominion. He murdered the two sons whom his sister Laodice had had by Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and placed one of his own children, only eight years old, on the vacant throne. These violent proceedings alarmed Nicomedes king of Bithynia, who married Laodice the widow of Ariarathes. He suborned a youth to be king of Cappadocia, as the third son of Ariarathes, and Laodice was sent to Rome to impose upon the senate, and assure them that her third son was still alive, and that his pretensions to the kingdom of Cappadocia were just and well grounded. Mithridates used the same arms of dissimulation. He also sent to Rome Gordius, the governor of his son, who solemnly declared before the Roman people, that the youth who sat on the throne of Cappadocia was the third son and lawful heir of Ariarathes, and that he was supported as such by Mithridates. This intricate affair displeased the Roman senate, and finally to settle the dispute between the two monarchs, the powerful arbiters took away the kingdom of Cappadocia from Mithridates, and Paphlagonia from Nicomedes. These two kingdoms, being thus separated from their original possessors, were presented with their freedom and independence; but the Cappadocians refused it, and received Ariobarzanes for king. Such were the first seeds of enmity between Rome and the king of Pontus. _See:_ Mithridaticum bellum. Mithridates never lost an opportunity by which he might lessen the influence of his adversaries; and the more effectually to destroy their power in Asia, he ordered all the Romans that were in his dominions to be massacred. This was done in one night, and no less than 150,000, according to Plutarch, or 80,000 Romans, as Appian mentions, were made, at one blow, the victims of his cruelty. This universal massacre called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and soon after Sylla, marched against Mithridates with a large army. The former was made prisoner, but Sylla obtained a victory over the king’s generals, and another decisive engagement rendered him master of all Greece, Macedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had submitted to the victorious arms of the monarch of Pontus. This ill fortune was aggravated by the loss of about 200,000 men, who were killed in the several engagements that had been fought; and Mithridates, weakened by repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for peace from the conqueror, which he obtained on condition of defraying the expenses which the Romans had incurred by the war, and of remaining satisfied with the possessions which he had received from his ancestors. While these negotiations of peace were carried on, Mithridates was not unmindful of his real interests. His poverty, and not his inclinations, obliged him to wish for peace. He immediately took the field, with an army of 140,000 infantry and 16,000 horse, which consisted of his own forces and those of his son-in-law Tigranes king of Armenia. With such a numerous army, he soon made himself master of the Roman provinces in Asia; none dared to oppose his conquests, and the Romans, relying on his fidelity, had withdrawn the greatest part of their armies from the country. The news of his warlike preparations was no sooner heard, than Lucullus the consul marched into Asia, and without delay blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who was then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic monarch escaped from him, and fled into the heart of his kingdom. Lucullus pursued him with the utmost celerity, and would have taken him prisoner after a battle, had not the avidity of his soldiers preferred the plundering of a mule loaded with gold, to the taking of a monarch who had exercised such cruelties against their countrymen, and shown himself so faithless to the most solemn engagements. After this escape, Mithridates was more careful about the safety of his person, and he even ordered his wives and sisters to destroy themselves, fearful of their falling into the enemy’s hands. The appointment of Glabrio to the command of the Roman forces, instead of Lucullus, was favourable to Mithridates, and he recovered the greatest part of his dominions. The sudden arrival of Pompey, however, soon put an end to his victories. A battle, in the night, was fought near the Euphrates, in which the troops of Pontus laboured under every disadvantage. The engagement was by moonlight, and, as the moon then shone in the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows of the arms of the Romans having induced Mithridates to believe that the two armies were close together, the arrows of his soldiers were darted from a great distance, and their efforts rendered ineffectual. A universal overthrow ensued, and Mithridates, bold in his misfortunes, rushed through the thick ranks of the enemy, at the head of 800 horsemen, 500 of which perished in the attempt to follow him. He fled to Tigranes, but that monarch refused an asylum to his father-in-law, whom he had before supported with all the collected forces of his kingdom. Mithridates found a safe retreat among the Scythians, and, though destitute of power, friends, and resources, yet he meditated the destruction of the Roman empire, by penetrating into the heart of Italy by land. These wild projects were rejected by his followers, and he sued for peace. It was denied to his ♦ambassadors, and the victorious Pompey declared that, to obtain it, Mithridates must ask it in person. He scorned to trust himself into the hands of his enemy, and resolved to conquer or to die. His subjects refused to follow him any longer, and they revolted from him, and made his son Pharnaces king. The son showed himself ungrateful to his father, and even, according to some writers, he ordered him to be put to death. This unnatural treatment broke the heart of Mithridates; he obliged his wife to poison herself, and attempted to do the same himself. It was in vain; the frequent antidotes he had taken in the early part of his life strengthened his constitution against the poison, and, when this was unavailing, he attempted to stab himself. The blow was not mortal; and a Gaul, who was then present, at his own request, gave him the fatal stroke, about 63 years before the christian era, in the 72nd year of his age. Such were the misfortunes, abilities, and miserable end of a man, who supported himself so long against the power of Rome, and who, according to the declaration of the Roman authors, proved a more powerful and indefatigable adversary to the capital of Italy, than the great Annibal, and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or Antiochus. Mithridates has been commended for his eminent virtues, and censured for his vices. As a commander he deserves the most unbounded applause, and it may create admiration to see him waging war with such success during so many years against the most powerful people on earth, led to the field by a Sylla, a Lucullus, and a Pompey. He was the greatest monarch that ever sat on a throne, according to the opinion of Cicero; and, indeed, no better proof of his military character can be brought, than the mention of the great rejoicings which happened in the Roman armies and in the capital at the news of his death. No less than 12 days were appointed for public thanksgivings to the immortal gods, and Pompey, who had sent the first intelligence of his death to Rome, and who had partly hastened his fall, was rewarded with the most uncommon honours. _See:_ Ampia lex. It is said that Mithridates conquered 24 nations, whose different languages he knew, and spoke with the same ease and fluency as his own. As a man of letters he also deserves attention. He was acquainted with the Greek language, and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on botany. His skill in physic is well known, and even now there is a celebrated antidote which bears his name, and is called _Mithridate_. Superstition, as well as nature, had united to render him great; and if we rely upon the authority of Justin, his birth was accompanied by the appearance of two large comets, which were seen for 70 days successively, and whose splendour eclipsed the mid-day sun, and covered the fourth part of the heavens. _Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 1, &c.――_Strabo._――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Sulla_; _Lucullus_; _Caius Marius_; & _Pompey_. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 30, &c.――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 97; bk. 7, ch. 24; bk. 25, ch. 2; bk. 33, ch. 3, &c.――_Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Eutropius_, bk. 5. ――_Josephus_, bk. 14.――_Orosius_, bk. 6, &c. ♦ ‘ambassaders’ replaced with ‘ambassadors’ =Mithridātes=, a king of Parthia, who took Demetrius prisoner.――――A man made king of Armenia by Tiberius. He was afterwards imprisoned by Caligula, and set at liberty by Claudius. He was murdered by one of his nephews, and his family were involved in his ruin. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――Another, king of Armenia.――――A king of Pergamus, who warmly embraced the cause of Julius Cæsar, and was made king of Bosphorus by him. Some supposed him to be the son of the great Mithridates by a concubine. He was murdered, &c.――――A king of Iberia.――――Another of Comagena.――――A celebrated king of Parthia, who enlarged his possessions by the conquest of some of the neighbouring countries. He examined with a careful eye the constitution and political regulations of the nations he had conquered, and framed from them, for the service of his own subjects, a code of laws. _Justin._――_Orosius._――――Another, who murdered his father, and made himself master of the crown.――――A king of Pontus, put to death by order of Galba, &c.――――A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He was rewarded by the monarch for having wounded Cyrus the younger; but, when he boasted that he had killed him, he was cruelly put to death. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――A son of Ariobarzanes, who basely murdered Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_. =Mithridātĭcum bellum=, begun 89 years B.C., was one of the longest and most celebrated wars ever carried on by the Romans against a foreign power. The ambition of Mithridates, from whom it receives its name, may be called the cause and origin of it. His views upon the kingdom of Cappadocia, of which he was stripped by the Romans, first engaged him to take up arms against the republic. Three Romans officers, Lucius Cassius the proconsul, Marcus Aquilius, and Quintus Oppius, opposed Mithridates with the troops of Bithynia, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and Gallo-græcia. The army of these provinces, together with the Roman soldiers in Asia, amounted to 70,000 men and 6000 horse. The forces of the king of Pontus were greatly superior to these; he led 250,000 foot, 40,000 horse, and 130 armed chariots into the field of battle, under the command of Neoptolemus and Archelaus. His fleet consisted of 400 ships of war, well manned and provisioned. In an engagement the king of Pontus obtained the victory, and dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. He became master of the greatest part of Asia, and the Hellespont submitted to his power. Two of the Roman generals were taken, and Marcus Aquilius, who was principally entrusted with the conduct of the war, was carried about in Asia, and exposed to the ridicule and insults of the populace, and at last put to death by Mithridates, who ordered melted gold to be poured down his throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the Romans. The conqueror took every possible advantage; he subdued all the islands of the Ægean sea, and, though Rhodes refused to submit to his power, yet all Greece was soon overrun by his general Archelaus, and made tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. Meanwhile the Romans, incensed against Mithridates on account of his perfidy, and of his cruelty in massacring 80,000 of their countrymen in one day all over Asia, appointed Sylla to march into the east. Sylla landed in Greece, where the inhabitants readily acknowledged his power; but Athens shut her gates against the Roman commander, and Archelaus, who defended it, defeated, with the greatest courage, all the efforts and operations of the enemy. This spirited defence was of short duration. Archelaus retreated into Bœotia, where Sylla soon followed him. The two hostile armies drew up in a line of battle near Chæronea, and the Romans obtained the victory, and of the almost innumerable forces of the Asiatics, no more than 10,000 escaped. Another battle in Thessaly, near Orchomenos, proved equally fatal to the king of Pontus. Dorylaus, one of his generals, was defeated, and he soon after sued for peace. Sylla listened to the terms of accommodation, as his presence at Rome was now become necessary to quell the commotions and cabals which his enemies had raised against him. He pledged himself to the king of Pontus to confirm him in the possession of his dominions, and to procure him the title of friend and ally of Rome; and Mithridates consented to relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to Nicomedes, and to pay to the Romans 2000 talents to defray the expenses of the war, and to deliver into their hands 70 galleys, with all their rigging. Though Mithridates seemed to have re-established peace in his dominions, yet Fimbria, whose sentiments were contrary to those of Sylla, and who made himself master of the army of Asia by intrigue and oppression, kept him under continual alarms, and rendered the existence of his power precarious. Sylla, who had returned from Greece to ratify the treaty which had been made with Mithridates, rid the world of the tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of Pontus, awed by the resolution and determined firmness of his adversary, agreed to the conditions, though with reluctance. The hostile preparations of Mithridates, which continued in the time of peace, became suspected by the Romans, and Muræna, who was left as governor of Asia in Sylla’s absence, and who wished to make himself known by some conspicuous action, began hostilities by taking Comana and plundering the temple of Bellona. Mithridates did not oppose him, but he complained of this breach of peace before the Roman senate. Muræna was publicly reprimanded; but, as he did not cease from hostilities, it was easily understood that he acted by the private directions of the Roman people. The king upon this marched against him, and a battle was fought, in which both the adversaries claimed the victory. This was the last blow which the king of Pontus received in this war, which is called the second Mithridatic war, and which continued for about three years. Sylla at that time was made perpetual dictator at Rome, and he commanded Muræna to retire from the kingdom of Mithridates. The death of Sylla changed the face of affairs; the treaty of peace between the king of Pontus and the Romans, which had never been committed to writing, demanded frequent explanations, and Mithridates at last threw off the mask of friendship, and declared war. Nicomedes, at his death, left his kingdom to the Romans, but Mithridates disputed their right to the possessions of the deceased monarch, and entered the field with 120,000 men, besides a fleet of 400 ships in his ports, 16,000 horsemen to follow him, and 100 chariots armed with scythes. Lucullus was appointed over Asia, and entrusted with the care of the Mithridatic war. His valour and prudence showed his merit; and Mithridates, in his vain attempts to take Cyzicum, lost no less than 300,000 men. Success continually attended the Roman arms. The king of Pontus was defeated in several bloody engagements, and with difficulty saved his life, and retired to his son-in-law Tigranes king of Armenia. Lucullus pursued him; and, when his applications for the person of the fugitive monarch had been despised by Tigranes, he marched to the capital of Armenia, and terrified, by his sudden approach, the numerous forces of the enemy. A battle ensued. The Romans obtained an easy victory, and no less than 100,000 foot of the Armenians perished, and only five men of the Romans were killed. Tigranocerta, the rich capital of the country, fell into the conqueror’s hands. After such signal victories, Lucullus had the mortification to see his own troops mutiny, and to be dispossessed of the command by the arrival of Pompey. The new general showed himself worthy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mithridates, and rendered his affairs so desperate, that the monarch fled for safety into the country of the Scythians; where, for a while, he meditated the ruin of the Roman empire, and, with more wildness than prudence, secretly resolved to invade Italy by land, and march an army across the northern wilds of Asia and Europe to the Apennines. Not only the kingdom of Mithridates had fallen into the enemy’s hands, but also all the neighbouring kings and princes were subdued, and Pompey saw prostrate at his feet Tigranes himself, that king of kings, who had lately treated the Romans with such contempt. Meantime, the wild projects of Mithridates terrified his subjects; and they, fearful to accompany him in a march of above 2000 miles across a barren and uncultivated country, revolted, and made his son king. The monarch, forsaken in his old age, even by his own children, put an end to his life [_See:_ Mithridates VII.], and gave the Romans cause to rejoice, as the third Mithridatic war was ended in his fall, B.C. 63. Such were the unsuccessful struggles of Mithridates against the power of Rome. He was always full of resources, and the Romans had never a greater or more dangerous war to sustain. The duration of the Mithridatic war is not precisely known. According to Justin, Orosius, Floras, and Eutropius, it lasted 40 years; but the opinion of others, who fix its duration to 30 years, is far more credible; and, indeed, by proper calculation, there elapsed no more than 26 years from the time that Mithridates first entered the field against the Romans, till the time of his death. _Appian_, _ Mithridatic Wars_.――_Justin_, bk. 37, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Livy._――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_, &c.――_Orosius._――_Paterculus._――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Mithridātis=, a ♦daughter of Mithridates the Great. She was poisoned by her father. ♦ ‘daughther’ replaced with ‘daughter’ =Mithrobarzānes=, a king of Armenia, &c.――――An officer sent by Tigranes against Lucullus, &c. _Plutarch._――――The father-in-law of Datames. =Mĭty̆lēne= and =Hĭty̆lĕnæ=, the capital city of the island of Lesbos, which receives its name from Mitylene the daughter of Macareus, a king of the country. It was greatly commended by the ancients for the stateliness of its buildings and the fruitfulness of its soil, but more particularly for the great men whom it produced. Pittacus, Alcæus, Sappho, Terpander, Theophanes, Hellenicus, &c., were all natives of Mitylene. It was long a seat of learning, and, with Rhodes and Athens, it had the honour of having educated many of the great men of Rome and Greece. In the Peloponnesian war the Mityleneans suffered greatly for their revolt from the power of Athens; and, in the Mithridatic wars, they had the boldness to resist the Romans, and disdain the treaties which had been made between Mithridates and Sylla. _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3 & 12.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_, &c. =Mitys=, a man whose statue fell upon his murderer, and crushed him to death, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 10, _Poetics_.――――A river of Macedonia. =Mizæi=, a people of Elymais. =Mnasalces=, a Greek poet, who wrote epigrams. _Athenæus._――_Strabo._ =Mnasias=, an historian of Phœnicia.――――Another of Colophon.――――A third of Patræ, in Achaia, who flourished 141 B.C. =Mnasicles=, a general of Thymbro, &c. _Diodorus_, ♦bk. 18. ♦ ‘58’ replaced with ‘18’ =Mnasīlus=, a youth who assisted Chromis to tie the old Silenus, whom they found asleep in a cave. Some imagine that Virgil spoke of Varus under the name of Mnasilus. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 13. =Mnasippidas=, a Lacedæmonian, who imposed upon the credulity of the people, &c. _Polyænus._ =Mnasippus=, a Lacedæmonian, sent with a fleet of 65 ships and 1500 men to Corcyra, where he was killed, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Mnasitheus=, a friend of Aratus. =Mnason=, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave 1200 pieces of gold for 12 pictures of 12 gods to Asclepiodorus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16. =Mnasyrium=, a place in Rhodes. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Mnemon=, a surname given to Artaxerxes on account of his retentive memory. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――――A Rhodian. =Mnēmŏsy̆ne=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, mother of the nine Muses by Jupiter, who assumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy her company. The word _Mnemosyne_ signifies _memory_, and therefore the poets have rightly called memory the mother of the Muses, because it is to that mental endowment that mankind are indebted for their progress in science. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, ch. 6.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――――A fountain of Bœotia, whose waters were generally drunk by those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39. =Mnesarchus=, a celebrated philosopher of Greece, pupil to Panætius, &c. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 11. =Mnesidămus=, an officer who conspired against the lieutenant of Demetrius. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Mnesilaus=, a son of Pollux and Phœbe. _Apollodorus._ =Mnesimăche=, a daughter of Dexamenus king of Olenus, courted by Eurytion, whom Hercules killed. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Mnesimăchus=, a comic poet. =Mnester=, a freedman of Agrippina, who murdered himself at the death of his mistress. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 9. =Mnestheus=, a Trojan, descended from Assaracus. He was a competitor for the prize given to the best sailing vessel by Æneas, at the funeral games of Anchises in Sicily, and became the progenitor of the family of the Memmii at Rome. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 116, &c. ――――A son of Peteus. _See:_ Menestheus.――――A freedman of Aurelian, &c. _Eutropius_, bk. 9.――_Aurelius Victor._ =Mnestia=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._ =Mnestra=, a mistress of Cimon. =Mnĕvis=, a celebrated bull, sacred to the sun in the town of Heliopolis. He was worshipped with the same superstitious ceremonies as Apis, and, at his death, he received the most magnificent funeral. He was the emblem of Osiris. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_. =Moaphernes=, the uncle of Strabo’s mother, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Modestus=, a Latin writer, whose book _De re Militari_ has been elegantly edited in 2 vols., 8vo, Vesaliæ, 1670. =Modia=, a rich widow at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 130. =Mœcia=, one of the tribes at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17. =Mœnus=, now _Mayne_, a river of Germany, which falls into the Rhine near Mentz. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28. =Mœragĕtes=, _fatorum ductor_, a surname of Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15. =Mœris=, a king of India, who fled at the approach of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――――A steward of the shepherd Menalcas in _Virgil’s_, _Eclogues_, poem 9.――――A king of Egypt. He was the last of the 300 kings from Menes to Sesostris, and reigned 68 years. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――――A celebrated lake in Egypt, supposed to have been dug by the king of the same name. It is about 220 miles in circumference, and intended as a reservoir for the superfluous waters during the inundation of the Nile. There were two pyramids in it, 600 feet high, half of which lay under the water, and the other appeared above the surface. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12. =Mœdi=, a people of Thrace, conquered by Philip of Macedonia. =Mœon=, a Sicilian, who poisoned Agathocles, &c. =Mœra=, a dog. _See:_ Mera. =Mœsia=, a country of Europe, bounded on the south by the mountains of Dalmatia, north by mount Hæmus, extending from the confluence of the Savus and the Danube to the shores of the Euxine. It was divided into Upper and Lower Mœsia. Lower Mœsia was on the borders of the Euxine, and contained that tract of country which received the name of Pontus from its vicinity to the sea, and which is now part of _Bulgaria_. Upper Mœsia lies beyond the other, in the inland country, now called _Servia_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 102. =Moleia=, a festival in Arcadia, in commemoration of a battle in which Lycurgus obtained the victory. =Molion=, a Trojan prince, who distinguished himself in the defence of his country against the Greeks as the friend and companion of Thymbræus. They were slain by Ulysses and Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 320. =Molīŏne=, the wife of Actor son of Phorbas. She became mother of Cteatus and Eurytus, who, from her, are called _Molionides_. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Molo=, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollonius. Some are of opinion that Apollonius and Molo are two different persons, who were both natives of Alabanda, and disciples of Menecles, of the same place. They both visited Rhodes, and there opened a school, but Molo flourished some time after Apollonius. Molo had Cicero and Julius Cæsar among his pupils. _See:_ Apollonius. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_. ――――A prince of Syria, who revolted against Antiochus, and killed himself when his rebellion was attended with ill success. =Moloeis=, a river of Bœotia, near Platæa. =Mŏlorchus=, an old shepherd near Cleonæ, who received Hercules with great hospitality. The hero, to repay the kindness he received, destroyed the Nemæan lion, which laid waste the neighbouring country and, therefore, the Nemæan games, instituted on this occasion, are to be understood by the words _Lucus Molorchi_. There were two festivals instituted in his honour, called _Molorcheæ_. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 44; bk. 14, ltr. 44.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 160. =Mŏlossi=, a people of Epirus, who inhabited that part of the country which was called _Molossia_, or _Molossis_ from king Molossus. This country had the bay of Ambracia on the south, and the country of the Perrhæbeans on the east. The dogs of the place were famous, and received the name of _Molossi_ among the Romans. Dodona was the capital of the country according to some writers. Others, however, reckon it as the chief city of Thesprotia. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, lis. 10, 62.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 440.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Livy._ ――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 2, ch. 8. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 495.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 6, li. 114. =Mŏlossia=, or =Molossis=. _See:_ Molossi. =Molossus=, a son of Pyrrhus and Andromache. He reigned in Epirus, after the death of Helenus, and part of his dominions received the name of Molossia from him. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――――A surname of Jupiter in Epirus.――――An Athenian general, &c. _Pausanias_, _Theseus_.――――The father of Merion of Crete. _See:_ Molus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 6. =Molpadia=, one of the Amazons, &c. _Plutarch._ =Molpus=, an author who wrote a history of Lacedæmon. =Molus=, a Cretan, father of Meriones. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 6.――――A son of Deucalion.――――Another, son of Mars and Demonice. =Molycrion=, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Naupactum. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Momemphis=, a town of Egypt. _Strabo_, bk. 17. =Momus=, the god of pleasantry among the ancients, was son of Nox, according to Hesiod. He was continually employed in satirizing the gods, and whatever they did was freely turned to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, because in the human form which he had made of clay, he had not placed a window in his breast, by which whatever was done or thought there might be easily brought to light. He censured the house which Minerva had made, because the goddess had not made it movable, by which means a bad neighbourhood might be avoided. In the bull which Neptune had produced, he observed that his blows might have been surer if his eyes had been placed near his horns. Venus herself was exposed to his satire; and when the sneering god had found no fault in the body of the naked goddess, he observed, as she retired, that the noise of her feet was too loud, and greatly improper in the goddess of beauty. These illiberal reflections upon the gods were the cause that Momus was driven from heaven. He is generally represented raising a mask from his face, and holding a small figure in his hand. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Lucian_, _Hermotimus_. =Mona=, an island between Britain and Hibernia, anciently inhabited by a number of Druids. It is supposed by some to be the modern island of _Anglesey_, and by others, the island of _Man_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, chs. 18 & 29. =Monæses=, a king of Parthia, who favoured the cause of Marcus Antony against Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6, li. 9.――――A Parthian in the age of Mithridates, &c. =Monda=, a river between the Durius, and Tagus, in Portugal. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22. =Monēsus=, a general killed by Jason at Colchis, &c. =Monēta=, a surname of Juno among the Romans. She received it because she advised them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele, to avert an earthquake. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 15. _Livy_ says (bk. 7, ch. 28) that a temple was vowed to Juno under this name, by the dictator Furius, when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci, and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the senate, on the spot where the house of Manlius Capitolinus had formerly stood. _Suidas_, however, says, that Juno was surnamed _Moneta_, from assuring the Romans, when in the war against Pyrrhus they complained of want of pecuniary resources, that money could never fail to those who cultivated justice. =Monĭma=, a beautiful woman of Miletus, whom Mithridates the Great married. When his affairs grew desperate, Mithridates ordered his wives to destroy themselves; Monima attempted to strangle herself, but when her efforts were unavailing, she ordered one of her attendants to stab her. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_. =Monimus=, a philosopher of Syracuse. =Monŏdus=, a son of Prusias. He had one continued bone instead of a row of teeth, whence his name (μονος ὁδους). _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 16. =Monœcus=, now _Monaco_, a town and port of Liguria, where Hercules had a temple; whence he is called _Monœcius_, and the harbour _Herculis Portus_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 830. =Monoleus=, a lake of Æthiopia. =Monophăge=, sacrifices in Ægina. =Monophĭlus=, a eunuch of Mithridates. The king entrusted him with the care of one of his daughters; and the eunuch, when he saw the affairs of his master in a desperate situation, stabbed her, lest she should fall into the enemy’s hands, &c. =Mons Sacer=, a mountain near Rome, where the Roman populace retired in a tumult, which was the cause of the election of the tribunes. =Mons Sevērus=, a mountain near Rome, &c. =Montānus=, a poet who wrote in hexameter and elegiac verses. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_.――――An orator under Vespasian.――――A favourite of Messalina. ――――One of the senators whom Domitian consulted about boiling a turbot. _Juvenal_, satire 4. =Mony̆chus=, a powerful giant, who could root up trees and hurl them like a javelin. He receives his name from his having the feet of a horse, as the word implies. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 11. =Mony̆ma.= _See:_ Monima. =Mony̆mus=, a servant of Corinth, who, not being permitted by his master to follow Diogenes the cynic, pretended madness, and obtained his liberty. He became a great admirer of the philosopher, and also of Crates, and even wrote something in the form of facetious stories. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Mophis=, an Indian prince conquered by Alexander. =Mopsium=, a hill and town of Thessaly, between Tempe and Larissa. _Livy_, bk. 42. =Mopsopia=, an ancient name of Athens, from Mopsus, one of its kings, and from thence the epithet of _Mopsopius_ is often applied to an Athenian. =Mopsuhestia=, or =Mopsos=, a town of Cilicia near the sea. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Mopsus=, a celebrated prophet, son of Manto and Apollo, during the Trojan war. He was consulted by Amphimachus king of Colophon, who wished to know what success would attend his arms in a war which he was going to undertake. He predicted the greatest calamities; but Calchas, who had been a soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, promised the greatest successes. Amphimachus followed the opinion of Calchas, but the opinion of Mopsus was fully verified. This had such an effect upon Calchas that he died soon after. His death is attributed by some to another mortification of the same nature. The two soothsayers, jealous of each other’s fame, came to a trial of their skill in divination. Calchas first asked his antagonist how many figs a neighbouring tree bore. “Ten thousand except one,” replied Mopsus, “and one single vessel can contain them all.” The figs were gathered, and his conjectures were true. Mopsus, now to try his adversary, asked him how many young ones a certain pregnant sow would bring forth. Calchas confessed his ignorance, and Mopsus immediately said that the sow would bring forth on the morrow 10 young ones, of which only one should be a male, all black, and that the females should all be known by their white streaks. The morrow proved the veracity of his prediction, and Calchas died by excess of the grief which this defeat produced. Mopsus after death was ranked among the gods; and had an oracle at Malia, celebrated for the true and decisive answers which it gave. _Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Ammianus_, bk. 14, ch. 8.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.――――A son of Ampyx and Chloris, born at Titaressa in Thessaly. He was the prophet and soothsayer of the Argonauts, and died at his return from Colchis by the bite of a serpent in Libya. Jason erected to him a monument on the sea-shore, where afterwards the Africans built him a temple where he gave oracles. He has often been confounded with the son of Manto, as their professions and their names were alike. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 128, 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――A shepherd of that name in _Virgil_, _Eclogues_. =Morgantium= (or ia), a town of Sicily, near the mouth of the Simethus. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Morĭni=, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the shores of the British ocean. The shortest passage to Britain was from their territories. They were called _extremi hominum_ by the Romans, because situate on the extremities of Gaul. Their city, called _Morinorum castellum_, is now _Mount Cassel_, in Artois; and _Morinorum civitas_, is _Terouenne_, on the Lis. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 726.――_Cæsar_, bk. 4, _Gallic War_, ch. 21. =Moritasgus=, a king of the Senones at the arrival of Cæsar in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Morius=, a river of Bœotia. _Plutarch._ =Morpheus=, the son and minister of the god Somnus, who naturally imitated the grimaces, gestures, words, and manners of mankind. He is sometimes called the god of sleep. He is generally represented as a sleeping child of great corpulence, and with wings. He holds a vase in one hand, and in the other are some poppies. He is represented by Ovid as sent to inform by a dream and a vision the unhappy Alcyone of the fate of her husband Ceyx. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 10. =Mors=, one of the infernal deities born of Night, without a father. She was worshipped by the ancients, particularly by the Lacedæmonians, with great solemnity, and represented not as an actually existing power, but as an imaginary being. Euripides introduces her in one of his tragedies on the stage. The moderns represent her as a skeleton armed with a scythe and a scymetar. =Mortuum mare.= _See:_ Mare Mortuum. =Morys=, a Trojan killed by Meriones during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, &c. =Mosa=, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the German ocean, and now called the _Maese_ or _Meuse_. The bridge over it, _Mosæpons_, is now supposed to be _Maestricht_. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 66. =Moscha=, now _Mascat_, a port of Arabia on the Red sea. =Moschi=, a people of Asia, at the west of the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 270. =Moschion=, a name common to four different writers, whose compositions, character, and native place are unknown. Some fragments of their writings remain, some few verses and a treatise _de morbis mulierum_, edited by Gesner, 4to, Basil, 1566. =Moschus=, a Phœnician who wrote the history of his country in his own mother tongue.――――A philosopher of Sidon. He is supposed to be the founder of anatomical philosophy. _Strabo._――――A Greek Bucolic poet in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The sweetness and elegance of his eclogues, which are still extant, make the world regret the loss of poetical pieces no ways inferior to the productions of Theocritus. The best editions of Moschus with Bion is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748.――――A Greek rhetorician of Pergamus in the age of Horace, defended by Torquatus in an accusation of having poisoned some of his friends. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 5, li. 9. =Mosella=, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the Rhine at Coblentz, and now called the _Moselle_. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 53. =Moses=, a celebrated legislator and general among the Jews, well known in sacred history. He was born in Egypt 1571 B.C., and after he had performed his miracles before Pharaoh, conducted the Israelites through the Red sea, and given them laws and ordinances, during their peregrination of 40 years in the wilderness of Arabia, he died at the age of 120. His writings have been quoted and commended by several of the heathen authors, who have divested themselves of their prejudices against a Hebrew, and extolled his learning and the effects of his wisdom. _Longinus._――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Mosychlus=, a mountain of Lemnos. _Nicander._ =Mosynæci=, a nation on the Euxine sea, in whose territories the 10,000 Greeks stayed on their return from Cunaxa. _Xenophon._ =Mothōne=, a town of Magnesia, where Philip lost one of his eyes. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6. The word is oftener spelt Methone. =Motya=, a town of Sicily, besieged and taken by Dionysius tyrant of Syracuse. =Muciānus=, a facetious and intriguing general under Otho and Vitellius, &c. =Mucius.= _See:_ Mutius. =Mucræ=, a village of Samnium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 565. =Mulcĭber=, a surname of Vulcan (_a mulcendo ferrum_), from his occupation. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 5. _See:_ Vulcanus. =Mulŭcha=, a river of Africa, dividing Numidia from Mauritania. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 2. =Mulvius pons=, a bridge on the Flaminian way, about one mile distant from Rome. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 14. =Lucius Mummius=, a Roman consul sent against the Achæans, whom he conquered, B.C. 147. He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and Chalcis, by order of the senate, and obtained the surname of _Achaicus_ from his victories. He did not enrich himself with the spoils of the enemy, but returned home without any increase of fortune. He was so unacquainted with the value of the paintings and works of the most celebrated artists of Greece, which were found in the plunder of Corinth, that he said to those who conveyed them to Rome, that if they lost them or injured them, they should make others in their stead. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7; bk. 37, ch. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――――Publius, a man commended by Caius Publicius for the versatility of his mind, and the propriety of his manners. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2.――――A Latin poet. _Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 10.――――Marcus, a pretor. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_. ――――Spurius, a brother of Achaicus before mentioned, distinguished as an orator, and for his fondness for the stoic philosophy. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 25; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 6.――――A lieutenant of Crassus defeated, &c. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_. =Munatius Plancus=, a consul sent to the rebellious army of Germanicus. He was almost killed by the incensed soldiery, who suspected that it was through him that they had not all been pardoned and indemnified by a decree of the senate. Calpurnius rescued him from their fury. ――――An orator and disciple of Cicero. His father, grandfather, and great grandfather bore the same name. He was with Cæsar in Gaul, and was made consul with Brutus. He promised to favour the republican cause for some time, but he deserted again to Cæsar. He was long Antony’s favourite, but he left him at the battle of Actium to conciliate the favours of Octavius. His services were great in the senate; for through his influence and persuasion, that venerable body flattered the conqueror of Antony with the appellation of Augustus. He was rewarded with the office of censor. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. ――――Gratus, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 30.――――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 23.――――A friend of Horace, epode 3, li. 31. =Munda=, a small town of Hispania Bætica, celebrated for a battle which was fought there on the 17th of March, B.C. 45, between Cæsar and the republican forces of Rome, under Labienus and the sons of Pompey. Cæsar obtained the victory after an obstinate and bloody battle, and by this blow put an end to the Roman republic. Pompey lost 30,000 men, and Cæsar only 1000, and 500 wounded. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 400.――_Hirtius_, _Spanish War_, ch. 27.――_Lucan_, bk. 1. =Munītus=, a son of Laodice, the daughter of Priam by Acamas. He was entrusted to the care of Æthra as soon as born, and at the taking of Troy he was made known to his father, who saved his life, and carried him to Thrace, where he was killed by the bite of a serpent. _Parthenius_, ch. 10. =Muny̆chia= (and æ), a port of Attica, between the Piræus and the promontory of Sunium, called after king _Munychus_, who built there a temple to Diana, and in whose honour he instituted festivals called _Munychia_. The temple was held so sacred that whatever criminals fled there for refuge were pardoned. During the festivals they offered small cakes which they called _amphiphontes_, ἀπο τον ἁμφιφαειν, _from shining all round_, because there were lighted torches hung round when they were carried to the temple, or because they were offered at the full moon, at which time the solemnity was observed. It was particularly in honour of Diana, who is the same as the moon, because it was full moon when Themistocles conquered the Persian fleet at Salamis. The port of Munychia was well fortified and of great consequence; therefore the Lacedæmonians, when sovereigns of Greece, always kept a regular garrison there. _Plutarch._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 709.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Muræna=, a celebrated Roman, left at the head of the armies of the republic in Asia by Sylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithridates with success, but soon after met with a defeat. He was honoured with a triumph at his return to Rome. He commanded one of the wings of Sylla’s army at the battle against Archelaus near Chæronea. He was ably defended in an oration by Cicero, when his character was attacked and censured. _Cicero_, _for Lucius Murena_.――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――――A man put to death for conspiring against Augustus, B.C. 22. =Murcia.= _See:_ Murtia. =Murcus=, an enemy of the triumvirate of Julius Cæsar.――――Statius, a man who murdered Piso in Vesta’s temple in Nero’s reign. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 43. =Murgantia=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 27. =Murrhēnus=, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 529. =Mursa=, now _Essek_, a town of Hungary, where the Drave falls into the Danube. =Murtia=, or =Myrtia= (_a_ μυρτος), a supposed surname of Venus, because she presided over the _myrtle_. This goddess was the patroness of idleness and cowardice. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 32. =Mus=, a Roman consul. _See:_ Decius. =Musa Antonius=, a freedman and physician of Augustus. He cured his imperial master of a dangerous disease under which he laboured, by recommending to him the use of the cold bath. He was greatly rewarded for this celebrated cure. He was honoured with a brazen statue by the Roman senate, which was placed near that of Æsculapius, and Augustus permitted him to wear a golden ring, and to be exempted from all taxes. He was not so successful in recommending the use of the cold bath to Marcellus, as he had been to Augustus, and his illustrious patient died under his care. The cold bath was for a long time discontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles introduced it again, and convinced the world of its great benefits. Musa was brother to Euphorbus the physician of king Juba. Two small treatises, _de herbâ Botanicâ_, and _de tuendâ Valetudine_, are supposed to be the productions of his pen.――――A daughter of Nicomedes king of Bithynia. She attempted to recover her father’s kingdom from the Romans, but to no purpose, though Cæsar espoused her cause. _Paterculus_, bk. 2. ――_Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_. =Musæ=, certain goddesses who presided over poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal arts. They were daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, and were nine in number: Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania. Some suppose that there were in ancient times only three Muses, Melete, Mneme, and Aœde; others four, Telxiope, Aœde, Arche, Melete. They were, according to others, daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which circumstance they are called _Pierides_. The name of Pierides might probably be derived from mount Pierus, where they were born. They have been severally called _Castalides_, _Aganippides_, _Lebethrides_, _Aonides_, _Heliconiades_, &c., from the places where they were worshipped, or over which they presided. Apollo, who was the patron and the conductor of the Muses, has received the name of _Musagetes_, or leader of the Muses. The same surname was also given to Hercules. The palm tree, the laurel, and all the fountains of Pindus, Helicon, Parnassus, &c., were sacred to the Muses. They were generally represented as young, beautiful, and modest virgins. They were fond of solitude, and commonly appeared in different attire, according to the arts and sciences over which they presided. _See:_ Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, &c. Sometimes they were represented as dancing in a chorus, to intimate the near and indissoluble connection which exists between the liberal arts and sciences. The Muses sometimes appear with wings, because by the assistance of wings they freed themselves from the violence of Pyrenæus. Their contest with the daughters of Pierus is well known. _See:_ Pierides. The worship of the Muses was universally established, particularly in the enlightened parts of Greece, Thessaly, and Italy. No sacrifices were ever offered to them, though no poet ever began a poem without a solemn invocation to the goddesses who presided over verse. There were festivals instituted in their honour in several parts of Greece, especially among the Thespians, every fifth year. The Macedonians observed also a festival in honour of Jupiter and the Muses. It had been instituted by king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with stage plays, games, and different exhibitions, which continued nine days, according to the number of the Muses. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.――_Pollux._――_Aeschines_, _Against Timarchus_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 310.――_Homer_, _Hymn 25 to the Muses and Apollo_.――_Juvenal_, satire 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. ――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 14. =Musæus=, an ancient Greek poet, supposed to have been son or disciple of Linus or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1410 years before the christian era. Virgil has paid great honour to his memory by placing him in the Elysian fields attended by a great multitude, and taller by the head than his followers. None of the poet’s compositions are extant. The elegant poem of the loves of Leander and Hero was written by a Musæus, who flourished in the fourth century, according to the more received opinions. Among the good editions of Musæus two may be selected as the best; that of Rover, 8vo, Leiden, 1727, and that of Schroder, 8vo, Leovard, 1743. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 677. ――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A Latin poet, whose compositions were very obscene. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 96.――――A poet of Thebes who lived during the Trojan war. =Musonius Rufus=, a stoic philosopher of Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 81. =Mustēla=, a man greatly esteemed by Cicero. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12.――――A gladiator. _Cicero._ ♦=Muta=, a goddess who presided over silence, among the Romans. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 580. ♦ corrected alphabetic order. =Muthullus=, a river of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 48. =Mutia=, a daughter of Quintus Mutius Scævola, and sister of Metellus Celer. She was Pompey’s third wife. Her incontinent behaviour so disgusted her husband, that at his return from the Mithridatic war, he divorced her, though she had borne him three children. She afterwards married Marcus Scaurus. Augustus greatly esteemed her. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――A wife of Julius Cæsar, beloved by Clodius the tribune. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 50.――――The mother of Augustus. =Mutia lex=, the same as that which was enacted by Licinius Crassus, and Quintus Mutius, A.U.C. 657. _See:_ Licinia lex. =Mutica=, or =Mutyce=, a town of Sicily west of the cape Pachynus. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43. =Mutilia=, a woman intimate with Livia Augusta. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Mutĭna=, a Roman colony of Cisalpine Gaul, where Marcus Antony besieged Decimus Brutus, whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius delivered. Two battles on the 15th of April, B.C. 43, were fought there, in which Antony was defeated, and at last obliged to retire. Mutina is now called _Modena_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 41; bk. 7, li. 872.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 592.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 822. ――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 14; _Brutus_, ltr. 5. =Mutīnes=, one of Annibal’s generals, who was honoured with the freedom of Rome on delivering up Agrigentum. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 41; bk. 27, ch. 5. =Mutinus.= _See:_ Mutunus. =Mutius=, the father-in-law of Caius Marius.――――A Roman who saved the life of young Marius by conveying him away from the pursuit of his enemies in a load of straw.――――A friend of Tiberius Gracchus, by whose means he was raised to the office of a tribune.――――Caius Scævola, surnamed _Cordus_, became famous for his courage and intrepidity. When Porsenna king of Etruria had besieged Rome to reinstate Tarquin in all his rights and privileges, Mutius determined to deliver his country from so dangerous an enemy. He disguised himself in the habit of a Tuscan, and as he could fluently speak the language, he gained an easy introduction into the camp, and soon into the royal tent. Porsenna sat alone with his secretary when Mutius entered. The Roman rushed upon the secretary and stabbed him to the heart, mistaking him for his royal master. This occasioned a noise, and Mutius, unable to escape, was seized and brought before the king. He gave no answer to the inquiries of the courtiers, and only told them that he was a Roman; and to give them a proof of his fortitude, he laid his right hand on an altar of burning coals, and sternly looking at the king, and without uttering a groan, he boldly told him that 300 young Romans like himself had conspired against his life, and entered the camp in disguise, determined either to destroy him or perish in the attempt. This extraordinary confession astonished Porsenna; he made peace with the Romans, and retired from their city. Mutius obtained the surname of _Scævola_, because he had lost the use of his right hand by burning it in the presence of the Etrurian king. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――Quintus Scævola, a Roman consul. He obtained a victory over the Dalmatians, and signalized himself greatly in the Marsian war. He is highly commended by Cicero, whom he instructed in the study of civil law. _Cicero._――_Plutarch._――――Another, appointed proconsul of Asia, which he governed with so much popularity, that he was generally proposed to others as a pattern of equity and moderation. Cicero speaks of him as eloquent, learned, and ingenious, equally eminent as an orator and as a lawyer. He was murdered in the temple of Vesta, during the civil war of Marius and Sylla, 82 years before Christ. _Plutarch._――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 22. =Mutūnus=, or =Mutīnus=, a deity among the Romans, much the same as the Priapus of the Greeks. The Roman matrons, and particularly new married women, disgraced themselves by the obscene ceremonies which custom obliged them to observe before the statue of this impure deity. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 9.――_Lactantius_, bk. 1, ch. 20. =Mutuscæ=, a town of Umbria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 711. =Muzeris=, a town of India, now _Vizindruk_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23. =Myagrus=, or =Myodes=, a divinity among the Egyptians, called also Achor. He was entreated by the inhabitants to protect them from flies and serpents. His worship passed into Greece and Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 28.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 26. =My̆căle=, a celebrated magician, who boasted that she could draw down the moon from her orb. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 263.――――A city and promontory of Asia Minor opposite Samos, celebrated for a battle which was fought there between the Greeks and Persians on the 22nd of September, 479 B.C., the same day that Mardonius was defeated at Platæa. The Persians were about 100,000 men, that had just returned from the unsuccessful expedition of Xerxes in Greece. They had drawn their ships to the shore and fortified themselves, as if determined to support a siege. They suffered the Greeks to disembark from their fleet without the least molestation, and were soon obliged to give way before the cool and resolute intrepidity of an inferior number of men. The Greeks obtained a complete victory, slaughtered some thousands of the enemy, burned their camp, and sailed back to Samos with an immense booty, in which were seventy chests of money among other very valuable things. _Herodotus._――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――_Diodorus._――――A woman’s name. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 141. =Mycalessus=, an inland town of Bœotia, where Ceres had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19. =My̆cēnæ=, a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, built by Perseus son of Danae. It was situate on a small river at the east of the Inachus, about 50 stadia from Argos, and received its name from Mycene, a nymph of Laconia. It was once the capital of a kingdom, whose monarchs reigned in the following order: Acrisius, 1344 B.C.; Perseus, Electryon, Mæstor, and Sthenelus, and Sthenelus alone for eight years; Atreus and Thyestes, Agamemnon, Ægysthus, Orestes, Æpytus, who was dispossessed 1104 B.C., on the return of the Heraclidæ. The town of Mycenæ was taken and laid in ruins by the Argives, B.C. 568; and it was almost unknown where it stood in the age of the geographer Strabo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 839.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. The word _Mycenæus_ is used for Agamemnon, as he was one of the kings of Mycenæ. =Mycēnis= (idis), a name applied to Iphigenia, as residing at Mycenæ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 34. =Mycerīnus=, a son of Cheops king of Egypt. After the death of his father he reigned with great justice and moderation. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 129. =Myciberna=, a town of the Hellespont. _Diodorus_, bk. 12. =Mycithus=, a servant of Anaxilaus tyrant of Rhegium. He was entrusted with the care of the kingdom, and of the children of the deceased prince, and he exercised his power with such fidelity and moderation, that he acquired the esteem of all the citizens, and at last restored the kingdom to his master’s children when come to years of maturity, and retired to peace and solitude with a small portion. He is called by some Micalus. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 2. =Mycon=, a celebrated painter, who with others assisted in making and perfecting the _Pœcile_ of Athens. He was the rival of Polygnotus. _Pliny_, bks. 33 & 35.――――A youth of Athens changed into a poppy by Ceres. =Mycŏnos= (or e), one of the Cyclades between Delos and Icaria, which received its name from Myconus, an unknown person. It is about three miles at the east of Delos, and is 36 miles in circumference. It remained long uninhabited on account of the frequent earthquakes to which it was subject. Some suppose that the giants whom Hercules killed were buried under that island, whence arose the proverb of _everything is under Mycone_, applied to those who treat of different subjects under one and the same title, as if none of the defeated giants had been buried under no other island or mountain about Mycone. Strabo observes, and his testimony is supported by that of modern travellers, that the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very early, even at the age of 20 or 25, from which circumstance they were called, by way of contempt, _the bald heads of Mycone_. Pliny says that the children of the place were always born without hair. The island was poor, and the inhabitants very avaricious; whence Archilochus reproached a certain Pericles, that he came to a feast like a Myconian, that is, without previous invitation. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 76.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 37; bk. 12, ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 1.――_Athenæus_, bk. 1.――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 29.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463. =Mydon=, one of the Trojan chiefs who defended Troy against the Greeks. He was killed by Antilochus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 580. =Myecphŏris=, a town in Egypt, in a small island near Bubastis. =Myēnus=, a mountain of Ætolia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_. =Mygdon=, a brother of Amycus, killed in a war against Hercules.――――A brother of Hecuba. _See:_ Mygdonus. =Mygdŏnia=, a small province of Macedonia, near Thrace, between the rivers Axius and Strymon. The inhabitants, called _Mygdones_, migrated into Asia, and settled near Troas, where the country received the name of their ancient habitation. Cybele was called _Mygdonia_, from the worship she received in Mygdonia in Phrygia. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 22; bk. 3, ode 16, li. 41.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 45.――――A small province of Mesopotamia bears also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably peopled by a Macedonian colony. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 20.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12. =Mygdŏnus=, or =Mygdon=, a brother of Hecuba, Priam’s wife, who reigned in part of Thrace. His son Corœbus was called _Mygdonides_, from him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.――――A small river running through Mesopotamia. =Mylassa= (orum), a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39. =Myle=, or =Mylas=, a small river on the east of Sicily, with a town of the same name. _Livy_, bk. 24, chs. 30 & 31.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 16.――――Also a town of Thessaly, now _Mulazzo_. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54. =Myles=, a son of Lelex. =Mylitta=, a surname of Venus among the Assyrians, in whose temples all the women were obliged to prostitute themselves to strangers. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 131 & 199.――_Strabo_, bk. 16. =Myndus=, a maritime town of Caria near Halicarnassus. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Mynes=, a prince of Lyrnessus, who married Briseis. He was killed by Achilles, and his wife became the property of the conqueror. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3. =Myniæ.= _See:_ Minyæ. =Myŏnia=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias._ =Myonēsus=, a town and promontory of Ionia, now _Jalanghi-Liman_. _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 13 & 27. =Myra= (orum, or æ), a town of Lycia, on a high hill, two miles from the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Myriandros=, a town of Seleucia in Syria, on the bay of Issus, which is sometimes called _Sinus Myriandricus_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 108. =Myrīna=, a maritime town of Æolia, called also _Sebastopolis_, and now _Sanderlic_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 30.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A queen of the Amazons, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――――A town of Lemnos, now _Palio Castro_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A town of Asia, destroyed by an earthquake in Trajan’s reign.――――The wife of Thoas king of Lemnos, by whom she had ♦Hypsipyle. ♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency =Myrīnus=, a surname of Apollo, from Myrina in Æolia, where he was worshipped.――――A gladiator. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 29. =Myriœ=, a town of Arcadia, called also Megalopolis. =Myrlææ=, or =Apamea=, a town of Bithynia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32. =Myrmecĭdes=, an artist of Miletus, mentioned as making chariots so small that they could be covered by the wing of a fly. He also inscribed an elegiac distich on a grain of Indian sesamum. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Academica._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1. =Myrmĭdŏnes=, a people on the southern borders of Thessaly, who accompanied Achilles to the Trojan war. They received their name from Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Eurymedusa, who married one of the daughters of Æolus son of Hellen. His son Actor married Ægina the daughter of the Asopus. He gave his name to his subjects, who dwelt near the river Peneus in Thessaly. According to some, the Myrmidons received their name from their having been originally ants, μυρμηκες. _See:_ Æacus. According to Strabo, they received it from their industry, because they imitated the diligence of the ants, and like them were indefatigable, and were continually employed in cultivating the earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 654.――_Strabo._ ――_Hyginus_, fable 52. =Myron=, a tyrant of Sicyon.――――A man of Priene, who wrote a history of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――――A celebrated statuary of Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature. He made a cow so much resembling life, that even bulls were deceived and approached her as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many epigrams in the Anthologia. He flourished about 442 years before Christ. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 319.――_Pausanias._――_Juvenal_ satire 8. ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 41. =Myronianus=, an historian. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Myronides=, an Athenian general who conquered the Thebans. _Polyænus._ =Myrrha=, a daughter of Cinyras king of Cyprus. She became enamoured of her father, and introduced herself into his bed unknown. She had a son by him, called Adonis. When Cinyras was apprised of the incest he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, and Myrrha fled into Arabia, where she was changed into a tree called myrrh. _Hyginus_, fables 58 & 275.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 298. ――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3. =Myrsĭlus=, a son of Myrsus, the last of the Heraclidæ who reigned in Lydia. He is also called Candaules. _See:_ Candaules. =Myrsus=, the father of Candaules. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A Greek historian in the age of Solon. =Myrtăle=, a courtesan of Rome, mistress to the poet Horace, bk. 1, ode 33. =Myrtea=, a surname of Venus. _See:_ Murtia. =Myrtĭlus=, son of Mercury and Phaetusa, or Cleobule, or Clymene, was arm-bearer to Œnomaus king of Pisa. He was so experienced in riding and in the management of horses, that he rendered those of Œnomaus the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity proved at last fatal to him. Œnomaus had been informed by an oracle that his daughter Hippodamia’s husband would cause his death, and on that account he resolved to marry her only to him who should overcome him in a chariot race. This seemed totally impossible, and to render it more terrible, Œnomaus declared that death would be the consequence of a defeat in the suitors. The charms of Hippodamia were so great, that many sacrificed their life in the fruitless endeavour to obtain her hand. Pelops at last presented himself, undaunted at the fate of those who had gone before him, but before he entered the course he bribed Myrtilus, and assured him that he should share Hippodamia’s favours if he returned victorious from the race. Myrtilus, who was enamoured of Hippodamia, gave an old chariot to Œnomaus, which broke in the course and caused his death. Pelops gained the victory, and married Hippodamia; and when Myrtilus had the audacity to claim the reward promised to his perfidy, Pelops threw him headlong into the sea, where he perished. The body of Myrtilus, according to some, was carried by the waves to the sea-shore, where he received an honourable burial, and as he was the son of Mercury, he was made a constellation. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 84 & 224. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1. =Myrtis=, a Greek woman who distinguished herself by her poetical talents. She flourished about 500 years B.C., and instructed the celebrated Corinna in the several rules of versification. Pindar himself, as some report, was also one of her pupils. =Myrtōum mare=, a part of the Ægean sea which lies between Eubœa, Attica, and Peloponnesus, as far as cape Melea. It receives this name from Myrto, a woman; or from Myrtos, a small island opposite to Carystos in Eubœa; or from Myrtilus the son of Mercury, who was drowned there, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Hyginus_, fable 84. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Myrtuntium=, a name given to that part of the sea which lies on the coast of Epirus, between the bay of Ambracia and Leucas. =Myrtūsa=, a mountain of Libya. _Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_. =Mys= (Myos), an artist famous in working and polishing silver. He beautifully represented the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithæ, on a shield in the hand of Minerva’s statue made by Phidias. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltrs. 34 & 51; bk. 14, ltr. 93. ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 14. =Myscellus=, or =Miscellus=, a native of Rhypæ in Achaia, who founded Crotona in Italy according to an oracle, which told him to build a city where he found rain with fine weather. The meaning of the oracle long perplexed him, till he found a beautiful woman all in tears in Italy, which circumstance he interpreted in his favour. According to some, Myscellus, who was the son of Hercules, went out of Argos without the permission of the magistrates, for which he was condemned to death. The judges had put each a black ball as a sign of condemnation, but Hercules changed them all and made them white, and had his son acquitted, upon which Myscellus left Greece and came to Italy, where he built Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 19.――_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 8.――_Suidas._ =Mysia=, a country of Asia Minor, generally divided into major and minor. Mysia minor was bounded on the north and west by the Propontis and Bithynia, and Phrygia on the southern and eastern borders. Mysia major had Æolia on the south, the Ægean on the west, and Phrygia on the north and east. Its chief cities were Cyzicum, Lampsacus, &c. The inhabitants were once very warlike, but they greatly degenerated; and the words _Mysorum ultimus_ were emphatically used to signify a person of no merit. The ancients generally hired them to attend their funerals as mourners, because they were naturally melancholy and inclined to shed tears. They were once governed by monarchs. They are supposed to be descended from the Mysians of Europe, a nation which inhabited that part of Thrace which was situate between mount Hæmus and the Danube. _Strabo._――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_.――_Flaccus_, ch. 27.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――――A festival in honour of Ceres, surnamed Mysia from Mysias, an Argive, who raised her a temple near Pallene in Achaia. Some derive the words ἀπο του μυσιαν, _to cloy_, or _satisfy_, because Ceres was the first who satisfied the wants of men by giving them corn. The festival continued during seven days, &c. =Myson=, a native of Sparta, one of the seven wise men of Greece. When Anacharsis consulted the oracle of Apollo, to know which was the wisest man in Greece, he received for answer, he who was now ploughing his fields. This was Myson. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_. =Mystes=, a son of the poet Valgius, whose early death was so lamented by the father, that Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of his friend. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9. =Mythecus=, a sophist of Syracuse. He studied cookery, and when he thought himself sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he went to Sparta, where he gained much practice, especially among the younger citizens. He was soon after expelled the city by the magistrates, who observed that the aid of Mythecus was unnecessary, as hunger was the best seasoning. =My̆tilēne.= _See:_ Mitylene. =Myus= (_Myuntis_), a town of Ionia on the confines of Caria, founded by a Grecian colony. It is one of the 12 capital cities of Ionia, situate at the distance of about 30 stadia from the mouth of the Mæander. Artaxerxes king of Persia gave it to Themistocles to maintain him in meat. Magnesia was to support him in bread, and Lampsacus in wine. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 142.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11. N =Nabazanes=, an officer of Darius III., at the battle of Issus. He conspired with Bessus to murder his royal master, either to obtain the favour of Alexander or to seize the kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Năbăthæa=, a country of Arabia, of which the capital was called Petra. The word is often applied to any of the eastern countries of the world by the poets, and seems to be derived from Nabath the son of Ishmael. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 61; bk. 5, li. 163. ――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 63.――_Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 126.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Œtaeus_, li. 160, &c. =Nābis=, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedæmon, who in all acts of cruelty and oppression surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His house was filled with flatterers and with spies, who were continually employed in watching the words and the actions of his subjects. When he had exercised every art in plundering the citizens of Sparta, he made a statue, which in resemblance was like his wife, and was clothed in the most magnificent apparel, and whenever any one refused to deliver up his riches, the tyrant led him to the statue, which immediately, by means of secret springs, seized him in its arms, and tormented him in the most excruciating manner with bearded points and prickles, hid under the clothes. To render his tyranny more popular, Nabis made an alliance with Flaminius the Roman general, and pursued with the most inveterate enmity the war which he had undertaken against the Achæans. He besieged Gythium and defeated Philopœmen in a naval battle. His triumph was short; the general of the Achæans soon repaired his losses, and Nabis was defeated in an engagement, and treacherously murdered, as he attempted to save his life by flight, B.C. 192, after a usurpation of 14 years. _Polybius_, bk. 13.――_Justin_, bks. 30 & 31. ――_Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A priest of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the second Punic war, as he fought against the Romans. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 672. =Nabonassar=, a king of Babylon, after the division of the Assyrian monarchy. From him the _Nabonassarean epoch_ received its name, agreeing with the year of the world 3237, or 746 B.C. =Nacri campi=, a place of Gallia Togata near Mutina. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18. =Nadagara.= _See:_ ♦Nagara. ♦ reference not found =Nænia=, the goddess of funerals at Rome, whose temple was without the gates of the city. The songs which were sung at funerals were also called _nænia_. They were generally filled with the praises of the deceased, but sometimes they were so unmeaning and improper, that the word became proverbial to signify nonsense. _Varro_, ♦_Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum_.――_Plautus_, _Asinaria_. ♠act 4, scene 1, li. 63. ♦ ‘de Vitâ P. R.’ replaced with ‘Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum’ ♠ ‘41’ replaced with ‘4’ =Cnæus Nævius=, a Latin poet in the first Punic war. He was originally in the Roman armies, but afterwards he applied himself to study and wrote comedies, besides a poetical account of the first Punic war, in which he had served. His satirical disposition displeased the consul Metellus, who drove him from Rome. He passed the rest of his life in Utica, where he died, about 203 years before the christian era. Some fragments of his poetry are extant. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 1; _de Senectute_.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 53.――――A tribune of the people at Rome, who accused Scipio Africanus of extortion.――――An augur in the reign of Tarquin. To convince the king and the Romans of his power as an augur, he cut a flint with a razor, and turned the ridicule of the populace into admiration. Tarquin rewarded his merit by erecting to him a statue in the _comitium_, which was still in being in the age of Augustus. The razor and flint were buried near it under an altar, and it was usual among the Romans to make witnesses in civil causes swear near it. This miraculous event of cutting a flint with a razor, though believed by some writers, is treated as fabulous and improbable by Cicero, who himself had been an augur. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 36.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 17; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 6. =Nævŏlus=, an infamous pimp in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 1. =Naharvali=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43. =Nāiădes=, or =Naides=, certain inferior deities who presided over rivers, springs, wells, and fountains. The Naiades generally inhabited the country, and resorted to the woods or meadows near the stream over which they presided, whence the name (ναιειν, _to flow_). They are represented as young and beautiful virgins, often leaning upon an urn, from which flows a stream of water. Ægle was the fairest of the Naiades, according to Virgil. They were held in great veneration among the ancients, and often sacrifices of goats and lambs were offered to them, with libations of wine, honey, and oil. Sometimes they received only offerings of milk, fruit, and flowers. _See:_ Nymphæ. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 328.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13. =Nais=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Chiron or Glaucus by Magnes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A nymph, mother by Bucolion of Ægesus and Pedasus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――――A nymph in an island of the Red sea, who by her incantations turned to fishes all those who approached her residence, after she had admitted them to her embraces. She was herself changed into a fish by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 49, &c.――――The word is used for water by _Tibullus_, bk. 3, poem 7. =Naissus=, or =Nessus=, now _Nissa_, a town of Mœsia, the birthplace of Constantine, ascribed by some to Illyricum or Thrace. =Nantuates=, a people of Gaul near the Alps. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Napææ=, certain divinities among the ancients, who presided over the hills and woods of the country. Some suppose that they were tutelary deities of the fountains, and the Naiades of the sea. Their name is derived from ναπη, _a grove_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 535. =Napata=, a town of Æthiopia. =Naphĭlus=, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1. =Nar=, now _Nera_, a river of Umbria, whose waters, famous for their sulphureous properties, pass through the lake Velinus, and issuing from thence with great rapidity, fall into the Tiber. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 517.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 15.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79; bk. 3, ch. 9. =Narbo Martius=, now _Narbonne_, a town of Gaul, founded by the consul Marcius, A.U.C. 636. It became the capital of a large province of Gaul, which obtained the name of Gallia _Narbonensis_. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 3. =Narbonensis Gallia=, one of the four great divisions of ancient Gaul, was bounded by the Alps, the Pyrenean mountains, Aquitania, Belgicum, and the Mediterranean, and contained the modern provinces of Languedoc, Provence, Dauphiné, and Savoy. =Narcæus=, a son of Bacchus and Physcoa. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15. =Narcea=, a surname of Minerva in Elis, from her temple there, erected by Narcæus. =Narcissus=, a beautiful youth, son of Cephisus and the nymph Liriope, born at Thespis in Bœotia. He saw his image reflected in a fountain, and became enamoured of it, thinking it to be the nymph of the place. His fruitless attempts to approach this beautiful object so provoked him, that he grew desperate and killed himself. His blood was changed into a flower, which still bears his name. The nymphs raised a funeral pile to burn his body, according to Ovid, but they found nothing but a beautiful flower. Pausanias says that Narcissus had a sister as beautiful as himself, of whom he became deeply enamoured. He often hunted in the woods in her company, but his pleasure was soon interrupted by her death; and still to keep afresh her memory, he frequented the groves, where he had often attended her, or reposed himself on the brim of a fountain, where the sight of his own reflected image still awakened tender sentiments. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 21.――_Hyginus_, fable 271.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 346, &c.――_Philostratus_, bk. 1.――――A freedman and secretary of Claudius, who abused his trust and the infirmities of his imperial master, and plundered the citizens of Rome to enrich himself. Messalina, the emperor’s wife, endeavoured to remove him, but Narcissus sacrificed her to his avarice and resentment. Agrippina, who succeeded in the place of Messalina, was more successful. Narcissus was banished by her intrigues, and compelled to kill himself, A.D. 54. The emperor greatly regretted his loss, as he had found him subservient to his most criminal and extravagant pleasures. _Tacitus._――_Suetonius._――――A favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by Galba.――――A wretch who strangled the emperor Commodus. =Nargara=, a town of Africa, where Hannibal and Scipio came to a parley. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 29. =Narisci=, a nation of Germany, in the Upper Palatinate. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42. =Narnia=, or =Narna=, anciently _Nequinum_, now _Narni_, a town of Umbria, washed by the river Nar, from which it received its name. In its neighbourhood are still visible the remains of an aqueduct and of a bridge, erected by Augustus. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 9. =Naro=, now _Narenta_, a river of Dalmatia, falling into the Adriatic, and having the town of _Narona_, now called _Narenza_, on its banks, a little above the mouth. =Narses=, a king of Persia, A.D. 294, defeated by Maximianus Galerius, after a reign of seven years.――――A eunuch in the court of Justinian, who was deemed worthy to succeed Belisarius, &c.――――A Persian general, &c. =Narthēcis=, a small island near Samos. =Narycia=, =Narycium=, or =Naryx=, a town of Magna Græcia, built by a colony of Locrians after the fall of Troy. The place in Greece from which they came bore the same name, and was the country of Ajax Oileus. The word _Narycian_ is more universally understood as applying to the Italian colony, near which pines and other trees grew in abundance. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 438; _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 399.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 705. =Nasămōnes=, a savage people of Libya near the Syrtes, who generally lived upon plunder. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 439. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 165.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 116; bk. 11, li. 180. =Nascio=, or =Natio=, a goddess at Rome who presided over the birth of children. She had a temple at Ardea. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Nasīca=, the surname of one of the Scipios. Nasica was the first who invented the measuring of time by water, B.C. 159, about 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials at Rome. _See:_ Scipio.――――An avaricious fellow who married his daughter to Coranus, a man as mean as himself, that he might not only not repay the money he had borrowed, but moreover become his creditor’s heir. Coranus, understanding his meaning, purposely alienated his property from him and his daughter, and exposed him to ridicule. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 64, &c. =Nasidiēnus=, a Roman knight, whose luxury, arrogance, and ostentation, exhibited at an entertainment which he gave to Mecænas, were ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 8. =Lucius Nasidius=, a man sent by Pompey to assist the people of Massilia. After the battle of Pharsalia, he followed the interests of Pompey’s children, and afterwards revolted to Antony. _Appian._ =Naso=, one of the murderers of Julius Cæsar.――――One of Ovid’s names. _See:_ Ovidius. =Nassus=, or =Nasus=, a town of Acarnania, near the mouth of the Achelous. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24. Also a part of the town of Syracuse. =Nasua=, a general of the Suevi, when Cæsar was in Gaul. =Natālis Antonius=, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero with Piso. He was pardoned for discovering the conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50. =Natiso=, now _Natisone_, a river rising in the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic east of Aquileia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Natta=, a man whose manner of living was so mean, that his name became almost proverbial at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 6, li. 224. =Nava=, now _Nape_, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine at Bingen, below Mentz. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70. =Naubŏlus=, a charioteer of Laius king of Thebes.――――A Phocean, father of Iphitus. The sons of Iphitus were called _Naubolides_, from their grandfather.――――A son of Lernus, one of the Argonauts. =Naucles=, a general of the mercenary troops of Lacedæmon against Thebes, &c. =Naucrătes=, a Greek poet, who was employed by Artemisia to write a panegyric upon Mausolus.――――Another poet. _Athenæus_, bk. 9.――――An orator who endeavoured to alienate the cities of Lycia from the interest of Brutus. =Naucrătis=, a city of Egypt on the left side of the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It was celebrated for its commerce, and no ship was permitted to land at any other place, but was obliged to sail directly to the city, there to deposit its cargo. It gave birth to Athenæus. The inhabitants were called _Naucratitæ_, or _Naucratiotæ_. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 97 & 179.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9. =Navius Actius=, a famous augur. _See:_ Nævius. =Naulŏchus=, a maritime town of Sicily near Pelorum.――――A town of Thrace on the Euxine sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――A promontory of the island of Imbros.――――A town of the Locri. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Naupactus=, or =Naupactum=, a city of Ætolia, at the mouth of the Evenus, now called _Lepanto_. The word is derived from ναυς and πηγνυμι because it was there that the Heraclidæ _built_ the first _ship_, which carried them to Peloponnesus. It first belonged to the Locri Ozolæ, and afterwards fell into the hands of the Athenians, who gave it to the Messenians, who had been driven from Peloponnesus by the Lacedæmonians. It became the property of the Lacedæmonians, after the battle of Ægospotamos, and it was restored to the Locri. Philip of Macedonia afterwards took it, and gave it to the Ætolians, from which circumstance it has generally been called one of the chief cities of their country. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 25. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 43. =Nauplia=, a maritime city of Peloponnesus, the naval station of the Argives. The famous fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 38.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Naupliădes=, a patronymic of Palamedes son of Nauplius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 39. =Nauplius=, a son of Neptune and Amymone, king of Eubœa. He was father to the celebrated Palamedes, who was so unjustly sacrificed to the artifice and resentment of Ulysses by the Greeks during the Trojan war. The death of Palamedes highly irritated Nauplius, and to avenge the injustice of the Grecian princes, he attempted to debauch their wives and ruin their character. When the Greeks returned from the Trojan war, Nauplius saw them with pleasure distressed in a storm on the coasts of Eubœa, and to make their disaster still more universal, he lighted fires on such places as were surrounded with the most dangerous rocks, that the fleet might be shipwrecked upon the coast. This succeeded, but Nauplius was so disappointed when he saw Ulysses and Diomedes escape from the general calamity, that he threw himself into the sea. According to some mythologists, there were two persons of this name.――――A native of Argos, who went to Colchis with Jason. He was son of Neptune and Amymone. The other was king of Eubœa, and lived during the Trojan war. He was, according to some, son of Clytonas, one of the descendants of Nauplius the Argonaut. The Argonaut was remarkable for his knowledge of sea affairs, and of astronomy. He built the town of Nauplia, and sold Auge daughter of Aleus to king Teuthras, to withdraw her from her father’s resentment. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.――_Flaccus_, bks. 1 & 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.――_Hyginus_, fable 116. =Nauportus=, a town of Pannonia on a river of the same name, now called _Ober_, or _Upper Laybach_. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 110. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 20. =Naura=, a country of Scythia in Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 3.――――Of India within the Ganges. _Arrian._ =Nausĭcaa=, a daughter of Alcinous king of the Phæaceans. She met Ulysses shipwrecked on her father’s coasts, and it was to her humanity that he owed the kind reception which he experienced from the king. She married, according to Aristotle and Dictys, Telemachus the son of Ulysses, by whom she had a son called Perseptolis or Ptoliporthus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 19. ――_Hyginus_, fable 126. =Nausĭcles=, an Athenian, sent to assist the Phocians with 5000 foot, &c. =Nausīmĕnes=, an Athenian, whose wife lost her voice from the alarm she received in seeing her son guilty of incest. =Nausithoe=, one of the Nereides. =Nausithous=, a king of the Phæaceans, father to Alcinous. He was son of Neptune and Peribœa. Hesiod makes him son of Ulysses and Calypso. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, bk. 1, li. 16.――――The pilot of the vessel which carried Theseus into Crete. =Naustathmus=, a port of Phocæa in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 31. ――――Also a part of Cyrenaica, now _Bondaria_. _Strabo_, bk. 17. =Nautes=, a Trojan soothsayer, who comforted Æneas when his fleet had been burnt in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 704. He was the progenitor of the Nautii at Rome, a family to whom the Palladium of Troy was, in consequence of the service of their ancestors, entrusted. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 794. =Naxos=, now _Naxia_, a celebrated island in the Ægean sea, the largest and most fertile of all the Cyclades, about 105 miles in circumference, and 30 broad. It was formerly called _Strongyle_, _Dia_, _Dionysias_, and _Callipolis_, and received the name of Naxos from Naxus, who was at the head of a Carian colony, which settled in the island. Naxos abounds with all sorts of fruits, and its wines are still in the same repute as formerly. The Naxians were anciently governed by kings, but they afterwards exchanged this form of government for a republic, and enjoyed their liberty till the age of Pisistratus, who appointed a tyrant over them. They were reduced by the Persians; but in the expedition of Darius and Xerxes against Greece, they revolted and fought on the side of the Greeks. During the Peloponnesian war, they supported the interest of Athens. Bacchus was the chief deity of the island. The capital was also called Naxos; and near it, on the 20th Sept., B.C. 377, the Lacedæmonians were defeated by Chabrias. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus._ ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 636. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 125.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16. ――_Pindar._――――An ancient town on the eastern side of Sicily, founded 759 years before the christian era. There was also another town at the distance of five miles from Naxos, which bore the same name, and was often called, by contradistinction, _Taurominium_. _Pliny_, bk. 3. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 13.――――A town of Crete, noted for hones. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7.――――A Carian who gave his name to the greatest of the Cyclades. =Nazianzus=, a town of Cappadocia where St. Gregory was born, and hence he is called _Nazianzenus_. =Nea=, or =Nova insula=, a small island between Lemnos and the Hellespont, which rose out of the sea during an earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 87. =Neæra=, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa and Lampetia by the Sun. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12.――――A woman mentioned by Virgil’s _Eclogues_, poem 3.――――A mistress of the poet Tibullus.――――A favourite of Horace. ――――A daughter of Pereus, who married Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus, Lycurgus, and Auge, who was ravished by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――The wife of Autolycus. _Pausanias._――――A daughter of Niobe and Amphion.――――The wife of Strymon. _Apollodorus._ =Neæthus=, now _Neto_, a river of Magna Græcia near Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 51. =Nealces=, a friend of Turnus in his war against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 753. =Nealices=, a painter, amongst whose capital pieces are mentioned a painting of Venus, a sea-fight between the Persians and Egyptians, and an ass drinking on the shore, with a crocodile preparing to attack it. =Neandros= (or ia), a town of Troas. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30. =Neanthes=, an orator and historian of Cyzicum, who flourished 257 years B.C. =Neapŏlis=, a city of Campania, anciently called Parthenope, and now known by the name of Naples, rising like an amphitheatre at the back of a beautiful bay 30 miles in circumference. As the capital of that part of Italy, it is now inhabited by upwards of 350,000 souls, who exhibit the opposite marks of extravagant magnificence, and extreme poverty. Augustus called it Neapolis. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 98. ――――A town in Africa.――――A city of Thrace.――――A town of Egypt,――――of Palestine,――――of Ionia.――――Also a part of Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5. =Nearchus=, an officer of Alexander in his Indian expedition. He was ordered to sail upon the Indian ocean with Onesicritus, and to examine it. He wrote an account of this voyage and of the king’s life; but his veracity has been called in question by Arrian. After the king’s death he was appointed over Lycia and Pamphylia. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――_Polyænus_, bk. 9.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 2, &c.――――A beautiful youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 20.――――An old man mentioned by Cicero, _de Senectute_. =Nebo=, a high mountain near Palestine, beyond Jordan, from the top of which Moses was permitted to view the promised land. =Nebrissa=, a town of Spain, now _Lebrixa_. =Nebrōdes=, a mountain of Sicily, where the Himera rises. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 237. =Nebrophŏnos=, a son of Jason and Hypsipyle. _Apollodorus._――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. =Nebŭla=, a name given to Nephele the wife of Athamas. _Lactantius [Placidus]_ on _Achilleid_ of _Statius_, bk. 1, ch. 65. =Necessĭtas=, a divinity who presided over the destinies of mankind, and who was regarded as the mother of the Parcæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Nechos=, a king of Egypt, who attempted to make a communication between the Mediterranean and Red seas, B.C. 610. No less than 12,000 men perished in the attempt. It was discovered in his reign that Africa was circumnavigable. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 158; bk. 4, ch. 42. =Necropŏlis=, one of the suburbs of Alexandria. =Nectanēbus= and =Nectanābis=, a king of Egypt, who defended his country against the Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, B.C. 363. His grandson, of the same name, made an alliance with Agesilaus king of Sparta, and with his assistance he quelled a rebellion of his subjects. Some time after he was joined by the Sidonians, Phœnicians, and inhabitants of Cyprus, who had revolted from the king of Persia. This powerful confederacy was soon attacked by Darius the king of Persia, who marched at the head of his troops. Nectanebus, to defend his frontiers against so dangerous an enemy, levied 20,000 mercenary soldiers in Greece, the same number in Libya, and 60,000 were furnished in Egypt. This numerous body was not equal to the Persian forces; and Nectanebus, defeated in a battle, gave up all hopes of resistance, and fled into Æthiopia, B.C. 350, where he found a safe asylum. His kingdom of Egypt became from that time tributary to the king of Persia. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16, &c. ――_Polyænus._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_. =Necysia=, a solemnity observed by the Greeks in memory of the dead. =Neis=, the wife of Endymion. _Apollodorus._ =Neleus=, a son of Neptune and Tyro. He was brother to Pelias, with whom he was exposed by his mother, who wished to conceal her infirmities from her father. They were preserved and brought to Tyro, who had then married Cretheus king of Iolchos. After the death of Cretheus, Pelias and Neleus seized the kingdom of Iolchos, which belonged to Æson, the lawful son of Tyro by the deceased monarch. After they had reigned for some time conjointly, Pelias expelled Neleus from Iolchos. Neleus came to Aphareus king of Messenia, who treated him with kindness, and permitted him to build a city, which he called Pylos. Neleus married Chloris the daughter of Amphion, by whom he had a daughter and 12 sons, who were all, except Nestor, killed by Hercules, together with their father. Neleus promised his daughter in marriage only to him who brought him the bulls of Iphiclus. Bias was the successful lover. _See:_ Melampus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 418.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A river of Eubœa. =Nelo=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Nemæa=, a town of Argolis between Cleonæ and Phlius, with a wood, where Hercules, in the 16th year of his age, killed the celebrated Nemæan lion. This animal, born of the hundred-headed Typhon, infested the neighbourhood of Nemæa, and kept the inhabitants under continual alarms. It was the first labour of Hercules to destroy it; and the hero, when he found that his arrows and his club were useless against an animal whose skin was hard and impenetrable, seized him in his arms and squeezed him to death. The conqueror clothed himself in the skin, and games were instituted to commemorate so great an event. The Nemæan games were originally instituted by the Argives in honour of Archemorus, who died by the bite of a serpent [_See:_ Archemorus], and Hercules some time after renewed them. They were one of the four great and solemn games which were observed in Greece. The Argives, Corinthians, and the inhabitants of Cleonæ generally presided by turns at the celebration, in which were exhibited foot and horse races, chariot races, boxing, wrestling, and contests of every kind, both gymnical and equestrian. The conqueror was rewarded with a crown of olives, afterwards of green parsley, in memory of the adventure of Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a sprig of that plant. They were celebrated every third, or, according to others, every fifth year, or more properly on the first and third year of every Olympiad, on the 12th day of the Corinthian month _Panemos_, which corresponds to our August. They served as an era to the Argives, and to the inhabitants of the neighbouring country. It was always usual for an orator to pronounce a funeral oration in memory of the death of Archemorus, and those who distributed the prizes were always dressed in mourning. _Livy_, bk. 27, chs. 30 & 31; bk. 34, ch. 41. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 97, _Epistles_, ltr. 9, li. 61. ――_Pausanias_, _Corinthia_.――_Clement of Alexandria._――_Athenæus. _――_Polyænus._――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Hyginus_, fables 30 & 273. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A river of Peloponnesus falling into the bay of Corinth. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 15. =Nemausus=, a town of Gaul, in Languedoc, near the mouth of the Rhone, now _Nismes_. =Nemesia=, festivals in honour of Nemesis. _See:_ Nemesis. =Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesiānus=, a Latin poet, born at Carthage, of no very brilliant talents, in the third century, whose poems on hunting and bird-catching were published by Burman, inter scriptores rei venaticæ, 4to, Leiden, 1728. =Nĕmĕsis=, one of the infernal deities, daughter of Nox. She was the goddess of vengeance, always prepared to punish impiety, and at the same time liberally to reward the good and virtuous. She is made one of the Parcæ by some mythologists, and is represented with a helm and a wheel. The people of Smyrna were the first who made her statues with wings, to show with what celerity she is prepared to punish the crimes of the wicked, both by sea and land, as the helm and the wheel in her hands intimate. Her power did not only exist in this life, but she was also employed after death to find out the most effectual and rigorous means of correction. Nemesis was particularly worshipped at Rhamnus in Attica, where she had a celebrated statue 10 cubits long, made of Parian marble by Phidias, or, according to others, by one of his pupils. The Romans were also particularly attentive to the adoration of a deity whom they solemnly invoked, and to whom they offered sacrifices before they declared war against their enemies, to show the world that their wars were undertaken upon the most just grounds. Her statue at Rome was in the Capitol. Some suppose that Nemesis was the person whom Jupiter deceived in the form of a swan, and that Leda was entrusted with the care of the children which sprang from the two eggs. Others observe that Leda obtained the name of Nemesis after death. According to Pausanias, there were more than one Nemesis. The goddess Nemesis was surnamed _Rhamnusia_ because worshipped at Rhamnus, and _Adrastia_ from the temple which Adrastus king of Argos erected to her, when he went against Thebes, to revenge the indignities which his son-in-law Polynices had suffered in being unjustly driven from his kingdom by Eteocles. The Greeks celebrated a festival called _Nemesia_, in memory of deceased persons, as the goddess Nemesis was supposed to defend the relics and the memory of the dead from all insult. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 224.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 28; bk. 26, ch. 5.――――A mistress of Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 3, li. 55. =Nemesius=, a Greek writer, whose elegant and useful treatise, _de Naturâ Hominis_, was edited in 12mo, Ant. apud Plant. 1565, and in 8vo, Oxford, 1671. =Nemetacum=, a town of Gaul, now _Arras_. =Nemetes=, a nation of Germany, now forming the inhabitants of Spire, which was afterwards called _Noviomagus_. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28. =Nemoralia=, festivals observed in the woods of Aricia, in honour of Diana, who presided over the country and the forests, on which account that part of Italy was sometimes denominated _Nemorensis ager_. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 259. =Nemossus= (or um), the capital of the Arverni in Gaul, now _Clermont_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 419.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. =Neobūle=, a daughter of Lycambes, betrothed to the poet Archilochus. _See:_ Lycambes. _Horace_, epode 6, li. 13; bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 79. ――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 54.――――A beautiful woman, to whom Horace addressed bk. 3, ode 12. =Neocæsaria=, a town of Pontus. =Neochabis=, a king of Egypt. =Neŏcles=, an Athenian philosopher, father, or according to Cicero, brother to the philosopher Epicurus. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Natura Deorum_, ch. 21.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――The father of Themistocles. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_. =Neogĕnes=, a man who made himself absolute, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Neomoris=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Neon=, a town of Phocis.――――There was also another of the same name in the same country, on the top of Parnassus. It was afterwards called _Tithorea_. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――_Pausanias_, _Phocis_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32.――――One of the commanders of the 10,000 Greeks who assisted Cyrus against Artaxerxes. =Neontīchos=, a town of Æolia near the Hermus. _Herodotus._――_Pliny._ =Neōptŏlĕmus=, a king of Epirus, son of Achilles and Deidamia, called _Pyrrhus_ from the _yellow_ colour of his hair. He was carefully educated under the eye of his mother, and gave early proofs of his valour. After the death of Achilles, Calchas declared, in the assembly of the Greeks, that Troy could not be taken without the assistance of the son of the deceased hero. Immediately upon this, Ulysses and Phœnix were commissioned to bring Pyrrhus to the war. He returned with them with pleasure, and received the name of Neoptolemus (_new soldier_), because he had come late to the field. On his arrival before Troy, he paid a visit to the tomb of his father, and wept over his ashes. He afterwards, according to some authors, accompanied Ulysses to Lemnos, to engage Philoctetes to come to the Trojan war. He greatly signalized himself during the remaining time of the siege, and he was the first who entered the wooden horse. He was inferior to none of the Grecian warriors in valour, and Ulysses and Nestor alone could claim a superiority over him in eloquence, wisdom, and address. His cruelty, however, was as great as that of his father. Not satisfied with breaking down the gates of Priam’s palace, he exercised the greatest barbarities upon the remains of his family, and without any regard to the sanctity of the place where Priam had taken refuge, he slaughtered him without mercy; or, according to others, dragged him by the hair to the tomb of his father, where he sacrificed him, and where he cut off his head, and carried it in exultation through the streets of Troy, fixed on the point of a spear. He also sacrificed Astyanax to his fury, and immolated Polyxena on the tomb of Achilles, according to those who deny that that sacrifice was voluntary. When Troy was taken, the captives were divided among the conquerors, and Pyrrhus had for his share Andromache the widow of Hector, and Helenus the son of Priam. With these he departed for Greece, and he probably escaped from destruction by giving credit to the words of Helenus, who foretold him that, if he sailed with the rest of the Greeks, his voyage would be attended with fatal consequences, and perhaps with death. This obliged him to take a different course from the rest of the Greeks, and he travelled over the greatest part of Thrace, where he had a severe encounter with queen Harpalyce. _See:_ Harpalyce. The place of his retirement after the Trojan war is not known. Some maintain that he went to Thessaly, where his grandfather still reigned; but this is confuted by others, who observe, perhaps with more reason, that he went to Epirus, where he laid the foundation of a new kingdom, because his grandfather Peleus had been deprived of his sceptre by Acastus the son of Pelias. Neoptolemus lived with Andromache after his arrival in Greece, but it is unknown whether he treated her as a lawful wife or a concubine. He had a son by this unfortunate princess, called Molossus, and two others, if we rely on the authority of Pausanias. Besides Andromache, he married Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, as also Lanassa the daughter of Cleodæus, one of the descendants of Hercules. The cause of his death is variously related. Menelaus, before the Trojan war, had promised his daughter Hermione to Orestes, but the services he experienced from the valour and the courage of Neoptolemus during the siege of Troy, induced him to reward his merit by making him his son-in-law. The nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but Hermione became jealous of Andromache, and because she had no children, she resolved to destroy her Trojan rival, who seemed to steal away the affections of their common husband. In the absence of Neoptolemus at Delphi, Hermione attempted to murder Andromache, but she was prevented by the interference of Peleus, or, according to others, of the populace. When she saw her schemes defeated, she determined to lay violent hands upon herself, to avoid the resentment of Neoptolemus. The sudden arrival of Orestes changed her resolution, and she consented to elope with her lover to Sparta. Orestes at the same time, to revenge and to punish his rival, caused him to be assassinated in the temple of Delphi, and he was murdered at the foot of the altar by Machareus the priest, or by the hand of Orestes himself, according to Virgil, Paterculus, and Hyginus. Some say that he was murdered by the Delphians, who had been bribed by the presents of Orestes. It is unknown why Neoptolemus went to Delphi. Some support that he wished to consult the oracle to know how he might have children by the barren Hermione; others say that he went thither to offer the spoils which he had obtained during the Trojan war, to appease the resentment of Apollo, whom he had provoked by calling him the cause of the death of Achilles. The plunder of the rich temple of Delphi, if we believe others, was the object of the journey of Neoptolemus, and it cannot but be observed that he suffered the same death and the same barbarities which he had inflicted in the temple of Minerva upon the aged Priam and his wretched family. From this circumstance, the ancients have made use of the proverb _Neoptolemic revenge_, when a person had suffered the same savage treatment which others had received from his hand. The Delphians celebrated a festival with great pomp and solemnity in memory of Neoptolemus, who had been slain in his attempt to plunder their temple, because, as they said, Apollo, the patron of the place, had been in some manner accessary to the death of Achilles. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, lis. 334, 455, &c.; _Heroides_, poem 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pindar_, _Nemean_, poem 7.――_Euripides_, _Andromache_ & _Orestes_, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 4, 5, & 6.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 504; _Iliad_, bk. 19, li. 326.――_Sophocles_, _Philoctetes_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fables 97 & 102.――_Philostratus_, _Heroicus_, ch. 19, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 14.――――A king of the Molossi, father of Olympias the mother of Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――――Another, king of Epirus.――――An uncle of the celebrated Pyrrhus who assisted the Tarentines. He was made king of Epirus by the Epirots, who had revolted from their lawful sovereign, and was put to death when he attempted to poison his nephew, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A tragic poet of Athens, greatly favoured by Philip king of Macedonia. When Cleopatra, the monarch’s daughter, was married to Alexander of Epirus, he wrote some verses which proved to be prophetic of the tragical death of Philip. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A relation of Alexander. He was the first who climbed the walls of Gaza when that city was taken by Alexander. After the king’s death he received Armenia as his province, and made war against Eumenes. He was supported by Craterus, but an engagement with Eumenes proved fatal to his cause. Craterus was killed, and himself mortally wounded by Eumenes, B.C. 321. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――――One of the officers of Mithridates the Great, beaten by Lucullus in a naval battle. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A tragic writer. =Neoris=, a large country of Asia, near Gedrosia, almost destitute of waters. The inhabitants were called _Neoritæ_, and it was usual among them to suspend their dead bodies from the boughs of trees. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Nepe=, a constellation of the heavens, the same as Scorpio.――――An inland town of Etruria, called also _Nepete_, whose inhabitants are called _Nepesini_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 490.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 26, ch. 34. =Nephalia=, festivals in Greece, in honour of Mnemosyne the mother of the Muses, and Aurora, Venus, &c. No wine was used during the ceremony, but merely a mixture of water and honey. _Pollux_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Athenæus_, bk. 15.――_Suidas._ =Nĕphĕle=, the first wife of Athamas king of Thebes, and mother of Phryxus and Helle. She was repudiated on pretence of being subject to fits of insanity, and Athamas married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had several children. Ino became jealous of Nephele, because her children would succeed to their father’s throne before hers, by right of seniority, and she resolved to destroy them. Nephele was apprised of her wicked intentions, and she removed her children from the reach of Ino, by giving them a celebrated ram, sprung from the union of Neptune and Theophane, on whose back they escaped to Colchis. _See:_ Phryxus. Nephele was afterwards changed into a cloud, whence her name is given by the Greeks to the clouds. Some call her _Nebula_, which word is the Latin translation of _Nephele_. The fleece of the ram, which saved the life of Nephele’s children, is often called the _Nephelian fleece_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fable 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 195.――_Flaccus_, bk. 11, li. 56.――――A mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. =Nephĕlis=, a cape of Cilicia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20. =Nepherītes=, a king of Egypt, who assisted the Spartans against Persia, when Agesilaus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet of 100 ships, which were intercepted by Conon, as they were sailing towards Rhodes, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Nephus=, a son of Hercules. =Nepia=, a daughter of Jasus, who married Olympus king of Mysia, whence the plains of Mysia are sometimes called _Nepiæ campi_. =Nepos, Cornelius=, a celebrated historian in the reign of Augustus. He was born at Hostilia, and, like the rest of his learned contemporaries, he shared the favours and enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. He was the intimate friend of Cicero and of Atticus, and recommended himself to the notice of the great and opulent by delicacy of sentiment and a lively disposition. According to some writers, he composed three books of chronicles, as also a biographical account of all the most celebrated kings, generals, and authors of antiquity. Of all his valuable compositions, nothing remains but his lives of the illustrious Greek and Roman generals, which have often been attributed to Æmylius Probus, who published them in his own name in the age of Theodosius, to conciliate the favour and the friendship of that emperor. The language of Cornelius has always been admired, and as a writer of the Augustan age, he is entitled to many commendations for the delicacy of his expressions, the elegance of his style, and the clearness and precision of his narrations. Some support that he translated Dares Phrygius from the Greek original; but the inelegance of the diction, and its many incorrect expressions, plainly prove that it is the production, not of a writer of the Augustan age, but the spurious composition of a more modern pen. Cornelius speaks of his account of the Greek historians _Dion_, ch. 3. Among the many good editions of Cornelius Nepos, two may be selected as the best, that of Verheyk, 8vo, Leiden, 1773, and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1761.――――Julius, an emperor of the west, &c. =Nepotiānus Flavius Popilius=, a son of Eutropia the sister of the emperor Constantine. He proclaimed himself emperor after the death of his cousin Constans, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. He was murdered by Anicetus, after one month’s reign, and his family were involved in his ruin. =Nepthys=, wife of Typhon, became enamoured of Osiris her brother-in-law, and introduced herself to his bed. She had a son called Anubis by him. _Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_. =Neptūni fanum=, a place near Cenchreæ. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19. ――――Another in the island of Calauria.――――Another near Mantinea. =Neptūnia=, a town and colony of Magna Græcia. =Neptūnium=, a promontory of Arabia at the entrance of the gulf. =Neptūnius=, an epithet applied to Sextus Pompey, because he believed himself to be god of the sea, or descended from him, on account of his superiority in ships, &c. _Horace_ epode 9.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 48. =Neptūnus=, a god, son of Saturn and Ops, and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. He was devoured by his father the day of his birth, and again restored to life by means of Metis, who gave Saturn a certain potion. Pausanias says that his mother concealed him in a sheepfold in Arcadia, and that she imposed upon her husband, telling him that she had brought a colt into the world, which was instantly devoured by Saturn. Neptune shared with his brothers the empire of Saturn, and received as his portion the kingdom of the sea. This, however, did not seem equivalent to the empire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter had claimed, therefore he conspired to dethrone him, with the rest of the gods. The conspiracy was discovered, and Jupiter condemned Neptune to build the walls of Troy. _See:_ Laomedon. A reconciliation was soon after made, and Neptune was reinstituted to all his rights and privileges. Neptune disputed with Minerva the right of giving a name to the capital of Cecropia, but he was defeated, and the olive which the goddess suddenly raised from the earth was deemed more serviceable for the good of mankind than the horse which Neptune had produced by striking the ground with his trident, as that animal is the emblem of war and slaughter. This decision did not please Neptune; he renewed the combat by disputing for Trœzene, but Jupiter settled their disputes by permitting them to be conjointly worshipped there, and by giving the name of Polias, or the _protectress of the city_, to Minerva, and that of king of Trœzene to the god of the sea. He also disputed his right for the isthmus of Corinth with Apollo; and Briareus the Cyclops, who was mutually chosen umpire, gave the isthmus to Neptune, and the promontory to Apollo. Neptune, as being god of the sea, was entitled to more power than any of the other gods, except Jupiter. Not only the ocean, rivers, and fountains were subjected to him, but he also could cause earthquakes at his pleasure, and raise islands from the bottom of the sea with a blow of his trident. The worship of Neptune was established in almost every part of the earth, and the Libyans in particular venerated him above all other nations, and looked upon him as the first and greatest of the gods. The Greeks and the Romans were also attached to his worship, and they celebrated their isthmian games and Consualia with the greatest solemnity. He was generally represented sitting in a chariot made of a shell, and drawn by sea-horses or dolphins. Sometimes he is drawn by winged horses, and holds his trident in his hand, and stands up as his chariot flies over the surface of the sea. Homer represents him as issuing from the sea, and in three steps crossing the whole horizon. The mountains and the forests, says the poet, trembled as he walked; the whales, and all the fishes of the sea, appear round him, and even the sea herself seems to feel the presence of her god. The ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a horse on his altars, and the Roman soothsayers always offered to him the gall of the victims, which in taste resembles the bitterness of the sea water. The amours of Neptune are numerous. He obtained, by means of a dolphin, the favours of Amphitrite, who had made a vow of perpetual celibacy, and he placed among the constellations the fish which had persuaded the goddess to become his wife. He also married Venilia and Salacia, which are only the names of Amphitrite according to some authors, who observed that the former word is derived from _venire_, alluding to the continual motion of the sea. Salacia is derived from _Salum_, which signifies the sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. Neptune became a horse to enjoy the company of Ceres. _See:_ Arion. To deceive Theophane, he changed himself into a ram. _See:_ Theophane. He assumed the form of the river Enipeus, to gain the confidence of Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus, by whom he had Pelias and Neleus. He was also father of Phorcus and Polyphemus by Thoossa; of Lycus, Nycteus, and Euphemus by Celeno; of Chryses by Chrysogenia; of Ancæus by Astypalea; of Bœotus and Helen by Antiope; of Leuconoe by Themisto; of Agenor and Bellerophon by Eurynome the daughter of Nysus; of Antas by Alcyone the daughter of Atlas; of Abas by Arethusa; of Actor and Dictys by Agemede the daughter of Augias; of Megareus by Œnope daughter of Epopeus; of Cycnus by Harpalyce; of Taras, Otus, Ephialtes, Dorus, Alesus, &c. The word _Neptunus_ is often used metaphorically by the poets, to signify _sea water_. In the Consualia of the Romans, horses were led through the streets finely equipped and crowned with garlands, as the god in whose honour the festivals were instituted had produced the horse, an animal so beneficial for the use of mankind. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7, &c.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 12, &c.; bks. 2, 3, &c. ――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 117, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 50; bk. 4, ch. 188.――_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18. ――_Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.――_Hyginus_, fable 157.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_.――_Flaccus._――_Apollonius Rhodius._ =Nēreĭdes=, nymphs of the sea, daughters of Nereus and Doris. They were 50, according to the greater number of the mythologists, whose names are as follows: Sao, Amphitrite, Proto, Galatæa, Thoe, Eucrate, Eudora, Galena, Glauce, Thetis, Spio, Cymothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, Eulimene, Erato, Pasithea, Doto, Eunice, Nesea, Dynamene, Pherusa, Protomelia, Actea, Panope, Doris, Cymatolege, Hippothoe, Cymo, Eione, Hipponoe, Cymodoce, Neso, Eupompe, Pronoe, Themisto, Glauconome, Halimede, Pontoporia, Evagora, Liagora, Polynome, Laomedia, Lysianassa, Autonoe, Menippe, Evarne, Psamathe, Nemertes. In those which Homer mentions, to the number of 30, we find the following names different from those spoken of by Hesiod: Halia, Limmoria, Iera, Amphitroe, Dexamene, Amphinome, Callianira, Apseudes, Callanassa, Clymene, Janira, Nassa, Mera, Orythya, Amathea. Apollodorus, who mentions 45, mentions the following names different from the others: Glaucothoe, Protomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Calypso, Cranto, Neomeris, Dejanira, Polynoe, Melia, Dione, Isea, Dero, Eumolpe, Ione, Ceto. Hyginus and others differ from the preceding authors in the following names: Drymo, Xantho, Ligea, Phyllodoce, Cydippe, Lycorias, Cleio, Beroe, Ephira, Opis, Asia, Deopea, Arethusa, Crenis, Eurydice, and Leucothoe. The Nereides were implored as the rest of the deities; they had altars chiefly on the coast of the sea, where the piety of mankind made offerings of milk, oil, and honey, and often of the flesh of goats. When they were on the sea-shore they generally resided in grottos and caves which were adorned with shells, and shaded by the branches of vines. Their duty was to attend upon the more powerful deities of the sea, and to be subservient to the will of Neptune. They were particularly fond of alcyons, and as they had the power of ruffling or calming the waters, they were always addressed by sailors, who implored their protection, that they might grant them a favourable voyage and a prosperous return. They are represented as young and handsome virgins, sitting on dolphins and holding Neptune’s trident in their hand, or sometimes garlands of flowers. _Orpheus_, _Hymn_ 23.――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 361, &c.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2; bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2, & 3.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 39.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5. ――_Hyginus_, &c. =Nereius=, a name given to Achilles, as son of Thetis, who was one of the Nereides. _Horace_, epode 17, li. 8. =Nēreus=, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he had 50 daughters, called the Nereides. _See:_ Nereides. Nereus was generally represented as an old man with a long flowing beard, and hair of an azure colour. The chief place of his residence was in the Ægean sea, where he was surrounded by his daughters, who often danced in choruses round him. He had the gift of prophecy, and informed those that consulted him with the different fates that attended them. He acquainted Paris with the consequences of his elopement with Helen; and it was by his directions that Hercules obtained the golden apples of the Hesperides. But the sea-god often evaded the importunities of inquirers by assuming different shapes, and totally escaping from their grasp. The word _Nereus_ is often taken for the sea itself. Nereus is sometimes called the most ancient of all the gods. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_. ――_Hyginus._――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.――_Apollodorus._――_Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 13.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_. =Nerio=, or =Neriēne=, the wife of Mars. _Aulus Gellius_, ch. 21. =Nerĭphus=, a desert island near the Thracian Chersonesus. =Nerĭtos=, a mountain in the island of Ithaca, as also a small island in the Ionian sea, according to Mela. The word Neritos is often applied to the whole island of Ithaca, and Ulysses the king of it is called _Neritius dux_, and his ship _Neritia navis_. The people of Saguntum, as descended from a Neritian colony, are called _Neritia proles_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 317.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 271.――_Pliny_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 712; _Remedia Amoris_, li. 263. =Nerĭtum=, a town of Calabria, now called _Nardo_. =Nerius=, a silversmith in the age of Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69. ――――A usurer in Nero’s age, who was so eager to get money that he married as often as he could, and as soon destroyed his wives by poison, to possess himself of their estates. _Persius_, bk. 2, li. 14. =Nero Claudius Domitius Cæsar=, a celebrated Roman emperor, son of Caius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the daughter of Germanicus. He was adopted by the emperor Claudius, A.D. 50, and four years after he succeeded to him on the throne. The beginning of his reign was marked by acts of the greatest kindness and condescension, by affability, complaisance, and popularity. The object of his administration seemed to be the good of his people; and when he was desired to sign his name to a list of malefactors that were to be executed, he exclaimed, “I wish to heaven I could not write.” He was an enemy to flattery, and when the senate had liberally commended the wisdom of his government, Nero desired them to keep their praises till he deserved them. These promising virtues were soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero displayed the propensities of his nature. He delivered himself from the sway of his mother, and at last ordered her to be assassinated. This unnatural act of barbarity might astonish some of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted adherents; and when he declared that he had taken away his mother’s life to save himself from ruin, the senate applauded his measures, and the people signified their approbation. Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy fate of Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury or caprice all such as obstructed his pleasure, or diverted his inclination. In the night he generally sallied out from his palace, to visit the meanest taverns and all the scenes of debauchery which Rome contained. In this nocturnal riot he was fond of insulting the people in the streets, and his attempts to offer violence to the wife of a Roman senator nearly cost him his life. He also turned actor, and publicly appeared on the Roman stage in the meanest characters. In his attempts to excel in music, and to conquer the disadvantages of a hoarse, rough voice, he moderated his meals, and often passed the day without eating. The celebrity of the Olympian games attracted his notice. He passed into Greece, and presented himself as a candidate for the public honours. He was defeated in wrestling, but the flattery of the spectators adjudged him the victory, and Nero returned to Rome with all the pomp and ♦splendour of an eastern conqueror, drawn in the chariot of Augustus, and attended by a band of musicians, actors, and stage dancers, from every part of the empire. These private and public amusements of the emperor were indeed innocent; his character was injured, but not the lives of the people. But his conduct soon became more abominable; he disguised himself in the habit of a woman, and was publicly married to one of his eunuchs. This violence to nature and decency was soon exchanged for another; Nero resumed his sex, and celebrated his nuptials with one of his meanest catamites, and it was on this occasion that one of the Romans observed that the world would have been happy if Nero’s father had had such a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in a more superlative degree, and he sacrificed to his wantonness his wife Octavia Poppæa, and the celebrated writers, Seneca, Lucan, Petronius, &c. The christians also did not escape his barbarity. He had heard of the burning of Troy, and as he wished to renew that dismal scene, he caused Rome to be set on fire in different places. The conflagration became soon universal, and during nine successive days the fire was unextinguished. All was desolation; nothing was heard but the lamentations of mothers whose children had perished in the flames, the groans of the dying, and the continual fall of palaces and buildings. Nero was the only one who enjoyed the general consternation. He placed himself on the top of a high tower, and he sang on his lyre the destruction of Troy, a dreadful scene which his barbarity had realized before his eyes. He attempted to avert the public odium from his head, by a feigned commiseration of the miseries of his subjects. He began to repair the streets and the public buildings at his own expense. He built himself a celebrated palace, which he called his golden house. It was profusely adorned with gold and precious stones, and with whatever was rare and exquisite. It contained spacious fields, artificial lakes, woods, gardens, orchards, and whatever could exhibit beauty and grandeur. The entrance of this edifice could admit a large colossus of the emperor 120 feet high; the galleries were each a mile long, and the whole was covered with gold. The roofs of the dining halls represented the firmament in motion as well as in figure, and continually turned round night and day, showering down all sorts of perfumes and sweet waters. When this grand edifice, which, according to Pliny, extended all round the city, was finished, Nero said, that now he could lodge like a man. His profusion was not less remarkable in all his other actions. When he went a-fishing, his nets were made with gold and silk. He never appeared twice in the same garment, and when he undertook a voyage, there were thousands of servants to take care of his wardrobe. This continuation of debauchery and extravagance at last roused the resentment of the people. Many conspiracies were formed against the emperor, but they were generally discovered, and such as were accessary suffered the greatest punishments. The most dangerous conspiracy against Nero’s life was that of Piso, from which he was delivered by the confession of a slave. The conspiracy of Galba proved more successful; and the conspirator, when he was informed that his plot was known to Nero, declared himself emperor. The unpopularity of Nero favoured his cause; he was acknowledged by all the Roman empire, and the senate condemned the tyrant that sat on the throne to be dragged naked through the streets of Rome, and whipped to death, and afterwards to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock like the meanest malefactor. This, however, was not done, and Nero, by a voluntary death, prevented the execution of the sentence. He killed himself, A.D. 68, in the 32nd year of his age, after a reign of thirteen years and eight months. Rome was filled with acclamations at the intelligence, and the citizens, more strongly to indicate their joy, wore caps such as were generally used by slaves who had received their freedom. Their vengeance was not only exercised against the statues of the deceased tyrant, but his friends were the objects of the public resentment, and many were crushed to pieces in such a violent manner, that one of the senators, amid the universal joy, said that he was afraid they should soon have cause to wish for Nero. The tyrant, as he expired, begged that his head might not be cut off from his body, and exposed to the insolence of an enraged populace, but that the whole might be burned on the funeral pile. His request was granted by one of Galba’s freedmen, and his obsequies were performed with the usual ceremonies. Though his death seemed to be the source of universal gladness, yet many of his favourites lamented his fall, and were grieved to see that their pleasures and amusements were stopped by the death of the patron of debauchery and extravagance. Even the king of Parthia sent ambassadors to Rome to condole with the Romans, and to beg that they would honour and revere the memory of Nero. His statues were also crowned with garlands of flowers, and many believed that he was not dead, but that he would soon make his appearance, and take a due vengeance upon his enemies. It will be sufficient to observe, in finishing the character of this tyrannical emperor, that the name of _Nero_ is even now used emphatically to express a barbarous and unfeeling oppressor. Pliny calls him the common enemy and the fury of mankind, and in this he has been followed by all writers, who exhibit Nero as the pattern of the most execrable barbarity and unpardonable wantonness. _Plutarch_, _Galba_.――_Suetonius_, _Lives_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 8, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 64.――_Aurelius Victor._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――Claudius, a Roman general sent into Spain to succeed the two Scipios. He suffered himself to be imposed upon by Asdrubal, and was soon after succeeded by young Scipio. He was afterwards made consul, and intercepted Asdrubal, who was passing from Spain into Italy with a large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. An engagement was fought near the river Metaurus, in which 56,000 of the Carthaginians were left on the field of battle, and great numbers taken prisoners, 207 B.C. Asdrubal the Carthaginian general was also killed, and his head cut off and thrown into his brother’s camp by the conquerors. _Appian_, _Hannibalic War_.――_Orosius_, bk. 4. ――_Livy_, bk. 27, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――Another, who opposed Cicero when he wished to punish with death such as were accessary to Catiline’s conspiracy.――――A son of Germanicus, who was ruined by Sejanus, and banished from Rome by Tiberius. He died in the place of his exile. His death was voluntary, according to some. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.――――Domitian was called _Nero_, because his cruelties surpassed those of his predecessors, and also _Calvus_, from the baldness of his head. _Juvenal_, satire 4.――――The Neros were of the Claudian family, which, during the republican times of Rome, was honoured with 28 consulships, five dictatorships, six triumphs, seven censorships, and two ovations. They assumed the surname of Nero, which, in the language of the Sabines, signifies _strong_ and _warlike_. ♦ ‘slendour’ replaced with ‘splendour’ =Neronia=, a name given to Artaxata by Tiridates, who had been restored to his kingdom by Nero, whose favours he acknowledged by calling the capital of his dominions after the name of his benefactor. =Neroniānæ Thermæ=, baths at Rome, made by the emperor Nero. =Nertobrigia=, a town of Spain on the Bilbilis. =Nerva Cocceius=, a Roman emperor after the death of Domitian, A.D. 96. He rendered himself popular by his mildness, his generosity, and the active part he took in the management of affairs. He suffered no statues to be raised to his honour, and he applied to the use of the government all the gold and silver statues which flattery had erected to his predecessor. In his civil character he was the pattern of good manners, of sobriety, and temperance. He forbade the mutilation of male children, and gave no countenance to the law which permitted the marriage of an uncle with his niece. He made a solemn declaration that no senator should suffer death during his reign; and this he observed with such sanctity that, when two members of the senate had conspired against his life, he was satisfied to tell them that he was informed of their wicked machinations. He also conducted them to the public spectacles, and seated himself between them, and when a sword was offered to him, according to the usual custom, he desired the conspirators to try it upon his body. Such goodness of heart, such confidence in the self-conviction of the human mind, and such reliance upon the consequence of his lenity and indulgence, conciliated the affection of all his subjects. Yet, as envy and danger are the constant companions of greatness, the pretorian guards at last mutinied, and Nerva nearly yielded to their fury. He uncovered his aged neck in the presence of the incensed soldiery, and bade them wreak their vengeance upon him, provided they spared the life of those to whom he was indebted for the empire, and whom his honour commanded him to defend. His seeming submission was unavailing, and he was at last obliged to surrender to the fury of his soldiers some of his friends and supporters. The infirmities of his age, and his natural timidity, at last obliged him to provide himself against any future mutiny or tumult, by choosing a worthy successor. He had many friends and relations, but he did not consider the aggrandizement of his family, and he chose for his son and successor Trajan, a man of whose virtues and greatness of mind he was fully convinced. This voluntary choice was approved by the acclamations of the people, and the wisdom and prudence which marked the reign of Trajan showed how discerning was the judgment, and how affectionate were the intentions, of Nerva for the good of Rome. He died on the 27th of July, A.D. 98, in his 72nd year, and his successor showed his respect for his merit and his character by raising him altars and temples in Rome, and in the provinces, and by ranking him in the number of the gods. Nerva was the first Roman emperor who was of foreign extraction, his father being a native of Crete. _Pliny_, _Panegyrics_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 69.――――Marcus Cocceius, a consul in the reign of Tiberius. He starved himself, because he would not be concerned in the extravagance of the emperor.――――A celebrated lawyer, consul with the emperor Vespasian. He was father to the emperor of that name. =Nervii=, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, who continually upbraided the neighbouring nations for submitting to the power of the Romans. They attacked Julius Cæsar, and were totally defeated. Their country forms the modern province of _Hainault_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 428. ――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 15. =Nerulum=, an inland town of Lucania, now _Lagonegro_. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 20. =Nerium=, or =Artabrum=, a promontory of Spain, now cape _Finisterre_. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Nesactum=, a town of Istria at the mouth of the Arsia, now _Castel Nuovo_. =Nesæa=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 338. =Nesimăchus=, the father of Hippomedon, a native of Argos, who was one of the seven chiefs who made war against Thebes. _Hyginus_, fable 70. ――_Scholiast_ on _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 44. =Nesis= (is, or idis), now _Nisita_, an island on the coast of Campania, famous for asparagus. Lucan and Statius speak of its air as unwholesome and dangerous. _Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 8.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 90.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 16, ltrs. 1 & 2.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 148. =Nessus=, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion and the Cloud. He offered violence to Dejanira, whom Hercules had entrusted to his care, with orders to carry her across the river Evenus. _See:_ Dejanira. Hercules saw the distress of his wife from the opposite shore of the river, and immediately he let fly one of his poisoned arrows, which struck the centaur to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, gave the tunic he then wore to Dejanira, assuring her that, from the poisoned blood which had flowed from his wounds, it had received the power of calling a husband away from unlawful loves. Dejanira received it with pleasure, and this mournful present caused the death of Hercules. _See:_ Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, ltr. 9.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 28. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A river. _See:_ Nestus. =Nestŏcles=, a famous statuary of Greece, rival to Phidias. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. =Nestor=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, nephew to Pelias and grandson to Neptune. He had 11 brothers, who were all killed, with his father, by Hercules. His tender age detained him at home, and was the cause of his preservation. The conqueror spared his life, and placed him on the throne of Pylos. He married Eurydice the daughter of Clymenes, or, according to others, Anaxibia the daughter of Atreus. He early distinguished himself in the field of battle, and was present at the nuptials of Pirithous, when a bloody battle was fought between the Lapithæ and Centaurs. As king of Pylos and Messenia he led his subjects to the Trojan war, where he distinguished himself among the rest of the Grecian chiefs by eloquence, address, wisdom, justice, and an uncommon prudence of mind. Homer displays his character as the most perfect of all his heroes; and Agamemnon exclaims, that if he had 10 generals like Nestor, he should soon see the walls of Troy reduced to ashes. After the Trojan war, Nestor retired to Greece, where he enjoyed, in the bosom of his family, the peace and tranquillity which were due to his wisdom and to his old age. The manner and the time of his death are unknown; the ancients are all agreed that he lived three generations of men, which length of time some suppose to be 300 years, though more probably only 90, allowing 30 years for each generation. From that circumstance, therefore, it was usual among the Greeks and the Latins, when they wished a long and happy life to their friends, to wish them to see the years of Nestor. He had two daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste; and seven sons, Perseus, Straticus, Aretus, Echephron, Pisistratus, Antilochus, and Trasimedes. Nestor was one of the Argonauts, according to _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 380, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bks. 3 & 11.――_Hyginus_, fables 10 & 273.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 31. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 162, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 15.――――A poet of Lycaonia in the age of the emperor Severus. He was father to Pisander, who, under the emperor Alexander, wrote some fabulous stories.――――One of the body-guards of Alexander. _Polyænus._ =Nestorius=, a bishop of Constantinople, who flourished A.D. 431. He was condemned and degraded from his episcopal dignity for his heretical opinions, &c. =Nestus=, or =Nessus=, now _Nesto_, a small river of Thrace, rising in mount Rhodope, and falling into the Ægean sea above the island of Thasos. It was for some time the boundary of Macedonia on the east, in the more extensive power of that kingdom. =Netum=, a town of Sicily, now called _Noto_, on the eastern coast. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 269.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 26; bk. 5, ch. 51. =Neuri=, a people of Sarmatia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Nicæa=, a widow of Alexander, who married Demetrius.――――A daughter of Antipater, who married Perdiccas.――――A city of India, built by Alexander on the very spot where he had obtained a victory over king Porus.――――A town of Achaia near Thermopylæ, on the bay of Malia.――――A town of Illyricum.――――Another in Corsica.――――Another in Thrace,――――in Bœotia.――――A town of Bithynia (now _Nice_, or _Is-nik_), built by Antigonus, the son of Philip king of Macedonia. It was originally called _Antigonia_, and afterwards _Nicæa_ by Lysimachus, who gave it the name of his wife, who was daughter of Antipater.――――A town of Liguria, built by the people of Massilia, in commemoration of a victory. =Nicagŏras=, a sophist of Athens in the reign of the emperor Philip. He wrote the lives of illustrious men, and was reckoned one of the greatest and most learned men of his age. =Nicander=, a king of Sparta, son of Charillus, of the family of the Proclidæ. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 770.――――A writer of Chalcedon.――――A Greek grammarian, poet, and physician, of Colophon, 137 B.C. His writings were held in estimation, but his judgment cannot be highly commended, since, without any knowledge of agriculture, he ventured to compose a book on that intricate subject. Two of his poems, entitled _Theriaca_, on hunting, and _Alexipharmaca_, on antidotes against poison, are still extant; the best editions of which are those of Gorræus, with a translation in Latin verse by Grevinus, a physician at Paris, 4to, Paris, 1557, and Salvinus, 8vo, Florence, 1764. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _On Oratory_, ch. 16. =Nicānor=, a man who conspired against the life of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6.――――A son of Parmenio, who died in Hyrcania, &c.――――A surname of Demetrius. _See:_ Demetrius II.――――An unskilful pilot of Antigonus. _Polyænus._――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.――――A Samian, who wrote a treatise on rivers.――――A governor of Media, conquered by Seleucus. He had been governor over the Athenians under Cassander, by whose orders he was put to death.――――A general of the emperor Titus, wounded at the siege of Jerusalem.――――A man of Stagira, by whom Alexander the Great sent a letter to recall the Grecian exiles. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A governor of Munychia, who seized the Piræus, and was at last put to death by Cassander, because he wished to make himself absolute over Attica. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A brother of Cassander, destroyed by Olympias. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A general of Antiochus king of Syria. He made war against the Jews, and showed himself uncommonly cruel. =Nicarchus=, a Corinthian philosopher in the age of Periander. _Plutarch._――――An Arcadian chief, who deserted to the Persians, at the return of the 10,000 Greeks. =Nicarthīdes=, a man set over Persepolis by Alexander. =Nicātor=, a surname of Seleucus king of Syria, from his having been unconquered. =Nice=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._ =Nicephorium=, a town of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates, where Venus had a temple. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 41. =Nicephŏrius=, now _Khabour_, a river which flowed by the walls of Tigranocerta. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 4. =Nicephŏrus Cæsar=, a Byzantine historian, whose works were edited folio, Paris, 1661.――――Gregoras, another, edited folio, Paris, 1702. ――――A Greek ecclesiastical historian, whose works were edited by Ducæus, 2 vols., Paris, 1630. =Nicer=, now the _Necker_, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine at the modern town of Manheim. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_, li. 423. =Nicerātus=, a poet who wrote a poem in praise of Lysander.――――The father of Nicias. =Nicetas=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose works were edited folio, Paris, 1647. =Niceteria=, a festival at Athens, in memory of the victory which Minerva obtained over Neptune, in their dispute about giving a name to the capital of the country. =Nicia=, a city. _See:_ Nicæa.――――A river falling into the Po at Brixellum. It is now called _Lenza_, and separates the duchy of Modena from Parma. =Nicias=, an Athenian general, celebrated for his valour and for his misfortunes. He early conciliated the good will of the people by his liberality, and he established his military character by taking the island of Cythera from the power of Lacedæmon. When Athens determined to make war against Sicily, Nicias was appointed, with Alcibiades and Lamachus, to conduct the expedition, which he reprobated as impolitic, and as the future cause of calamities to the Athenian power. In Sicily he behaved with great firmness, but he often blamed the quick and inconsiderate measures of his colleagues. The success of the Athenians remained long doubtful. Alcibiades was recalled by his enemies to take his trial, and Nicias was left at the head of affairs. Syracuse was surrounded by a wall, and though the operations were carried on slowly, yet the city would have surrendered, had not the sudden appearance of Gylippus, the Corinthian ally of the Sicilians, cheered up the courage of the besieged at the most critical moment. Gylippus proposed terms of accommodation to the Athenians, which were refused; some battles were fought, in which the Sicilians obtained the advantage, and Nicias at last, tired of his ill success, and grown desponding, demanded of the Athenians a reinforcement or a successor. Demosthenes, upon this, was sent with a powerful fleet, but the advice of Nicias was despised, and the admiral, by his eagerness to come to a decisive engagement, ruined his fleet and the interest of Athens. The fear of his enemies at home prevented Nicias from leaving Sicily; and when, at last, a continued series of ill success obliged him to comply, he found himself surrounded on every side by the enemy, without hope of escaping. He gave himself up to the conquerors with all his army, but the assurances of safety which he had received soon proved vain and false, and he was no sooner in the hands of the enemy than he was shamefully put to death with Demosthenes. His troops were sent to quarries, where the plague and hard labour diminished their numbers and aggravated their misfortunes. Some suppose that the death of Nicias was not violent. He perished about 413 years before Christ, and the Athenians lamented in him a great and valiant but unfortunate general. _Plutarch_, _Lives_. ――_Cicero._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 4, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A grammarian of Rome, intimate with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters_.――――A man of Nicæa, who wrote a history of philosophers.――――A physician of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, who made an offer to the Romans of poisoning his master for a sum of money. The Roman general disdained his offers, and acquainted Pyrrhus with his treachery. He is oftener called Cineas.――――A painter of Athens in the age of Alexander. He was chiefly happy in his pictures of women. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 31. =Nicippe=, a daughter of Pelops, who married Sthenelus.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Nicippus=, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose sheep brought forth a lion, which was considered as portending his future greatness, and his elevation to the sovereignty. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 29. =Nico=, one of the Tarentine chiefs who conspired against the life of Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 30.――――A celebrated architect and geometrician. He was father to the celebrated Galen the prince of physicians. ――――One of the slaves of Craterus.――――The name of an ass which Augustus met before the battle of Actium, a circumstance which he considered as a favourable omen.――――The name of an elephant remarkable for his fidelity to king Pyrrhus. =Nicochăres=, a Greek comic poet in the age of Aristophanes. =Nicŏcles=, a familiar friend of Phocion, condemned to death. _Plutarch._――――A king of Salamis, celebrated for his contest with a king of Phœnicia, to prove which of the two was most effeminate.――――A king of Paphos, who reigned under the protection of Ptolemy king of Egypt. He revolted from his friend to the king of Persia, upon which Ptolemy ordered one of his servants to put him to death, to strike terror into the other dependent princes. The servant, unwilling to murder the monarch, advised him to kill himself. Nicocles obeyed, and all his family followed his example, 310 years before the christian era.――――An ancient Greek poet, who called physicians a happy race of men, because light published their good deeds to the world, and the earth hid all their faults and imperfections.――――A king of Cyprus, who succeeded his father Evagoras on the throne, 374 years before Christ. It was with him that the philosopher Isocrates corresponded. ――――A tyrant of Sicyon, deposed by means of Aratus the Achæan. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_. =Nicocrătes=, a tyrant of Cyrene.――――An author at Athens.――――A king of Salamis in Cyprus, who made himself known by the valuable collection of books which he had. _Athenæus_, bk. 1. =Nicocreon=, a tyrant of Salamis in the age of Alexander the Great. He ordered the philosopher Anaxarchus to be pounded to pieces in a mortar. =Nicodēmus=, an Athenian appointed by Conon over the fleet which was going to the assistance of Artaxerxes. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A tyrant of Italy, &c.――――An ambassador sent to Pompey by Aristobulus. =Nicodōrus=, a wrestler of Mantinea, who studied philosophy in his old age. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――_Suidas._――――An Athenian archon. =Nicodrŏmus=, a son of Hercules and Nice. _Apollodorus._――――An Athenian who invaded Ægina, &c. =Nicolāus=, a philosopher.――――A celebrated Syracusan, who endeavoured, in a pathetic speech, to dissuade his countrymen from offering violence to the Athenian prisoners who had been taken with Nicias their general. His eloquence was unavailing.――――An officer of Ptolemy against Antigonus.――――A peripatetic philosopher and historian in the Augustan age. =Nicomăcha=, a daughter of Themistocles. =Nicomăchus=, the father of Aristotle, whose son also bore the same name. The philosopher composed his 10 books of morals for the use and improvement of his son, and thence they are called Nicomachea. _Suidas._――――One of Alexander’s friends, who discovered the conspiracy of Dymus. _Curtius_, bk. 6.――――An excellent painter.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.――――A Lacedæmonian general, conquered by Timotheus.――――A writer in the fifth century, &c. =Nicomēdes I.=, a king of Bithynia, about 278 years before the christian era. It was by his exertions that this part of Asia became a monarchy. He behaved with great cruelty to his brothers, and built a town which he called by his own name, _Nicomedia_. _Justin._ ――_Pausanias_, &c. =Nicomēdes II.=, was ironically surnamed _Philopater_, because he drove his father Prusias from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused him to be assassinated, B.C. 149. He reigned 59 years. Mithridates laid claim to his kingdom, but all their disputes were decided by the Romans, who deprived Nicomedes of the province of Paphlagonia, and his ambitious rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections of his subjects by a courteous behaviour, and by a mild and peaceful government. _Justin._ =Nicomēdes III.=, son and successor of the preceding, was dethroned by his brother Socrates, and afterwards by the ambitious Mithridates. The Romans re-established him on his throne, and encouraged him to make reprisals upon the king of Pontus. He followed their advice, and he was, at last, expelled another time from his dominions, till Sylla came into Asia, who restored him to his former power and affluence. _Strabo._――_Appian._ =Nicomēdes IV.=, was son and successor of Nicomedes III. He passed his life in an easy and tranquil manner, and enjoyed the peace which his alliance with the Romans had procured him. He died B.C. 75, without issue, and left his kingdom, with all his possessions, to the Roman people. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Justin_, bk. 38, ch. 2, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Nicomēdes=, a celebrated geometrician in the age of the philosopher Eratosthenes. He made himself known by his useful machines, &c.――――An engineer in the army of Mithridates.――――One of the preceptors of the emperor Marcus Antoninus. =Nicomēdia= (now _Is-nikmid_), a town of Bithynia, founded by Nicomedes I. It was the capital of the country, and it has been compared, for its beauty and greatness, to Rome, Antioch, or Alexandria. It became celebrated for being, for some time, the residence of the emperor Constantine and most of his imperial successors. Some suppose that it was originally called _Astacus_, and _Olbia_, though it is generally believed that they were all different cities. _Ammianus_, bk. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 12, &c. =Nicon=, a pirate of Phære in Peloponnesus, &c. _Polyænus._――――An athlete of Thasos, 14 times victorious at the Olympic games.――――A native of Tarentum. _See:_ Nico. =Niconia=, a town of Pontus. =Nicophanes=, a famous painter of Greece, whose pieces are mentioned with commendation. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10. =Nicŏphron=, a comic poet of Athens some time after the age of Aristophanes. =Nicŏpolis=, a city of Lower Egypt.――――A town of Armenia, built by Pompey the Great in memory of a victory which he had there obtained over the forces of Mithridates. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――Another, in Thrace, built on the banks of the Nestus by Trajan, in memory of a victory which he obtained there over the barbarians.――――A town of Epirus, built by Augustus after the battle of Actium.――――Another, near Jerusalem, founded by the emperor Vespasian.――――Another, in Mœsia.――――Another, in Dacia, built by Trajan to perpetuate the memory of a celebrated battle.――――Another, near the bay of Issus, built by Alexander. =Nicostrăta=, a courtesan who left all her possessions to Sylla.――――The same as Carmente mother of Evander. =Nicostrătus=, a man of Argos of great strength. He was fond of imitating Hercules by clothing himself in a lion’s skin. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――One of Alexander’s soldiers. He conspired against the king’s life, with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8.――――A painter who expressed great admiration at the sight of Helen’s picture by Zeuxis. _Ælian_, bk. 14, ch. 47.――――A dramatic actor of Ionia.――――A comic poet of Argos.――――An orator of Macedonia, in the reign of the emperor Marcus Antoninus.――――A son of Menelaus and Helen. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A general of the Achæans, who defeated the Macedonians. =Nicotelea=, a celebrated woman of Messenia, who said that she became pregnant of Aristomenes by a serpent. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 14. =Nicotĕles=, a Corinthian drunkard, &c. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 14. =Niger=, a friend of Marcus Antony, sent to him by Octavia.――――A surname of Clitus, whom Alexander killed in a fit of drunkenness. ――――Caius Pescennius Justus, a celebrated governor in Syria, well known by his valour in the Roman armies, while yet a private man. At the death of Pertinax he was declared emperor of Rome, and his claims to that elevated situation were supported by a sound understanding, prudence of mind, moderation, courage, and virtue. He proposed to imitate the actions of the venerable Antoninus, of Trajan, of Titus, and Marcus Aurelius. He was remarkable for his fondness for ancient discipline, and never suffered his soldiers to drink wine, but obliged them to quench their thirst with water and vinegar. He forbade the use of silver and gold utensils in his camp, all the bakers and cooks were driven away, and the soldiers ordered to live, during the expedition they undertook, merely upon biscuits. In his punishments Niger was inexorable; he condemned 10 of his soldiers to be beheaded in the presence of the army, because they had stolen and eaten a fowl. The sentence was heard with groans: the army interfered; and when Niger consented to diminish the punishment for fear of kindling a rebellion, he yet ordered the criminals to make each a restoration of 10 fowls to the person whose property they had stolen. They were, besides, ordered not to light a fire the rest of the campaign, but to live upon cold aliments, and to drink nothing but water. Such great qualifications in a general seemed to promise the restoration of ancient discipline in the Roman armies, but the death of Niger frustrated every hope of reform. Severus, who had also been invested with the imperial purple, marched against him; some battles were fought, and Niger was at last defeated, A.D. 194. His head was cut off and fixed to a long spear, and carried in triumph through the streets of Rome. He reigned about one year. _Herodian_, bk. 3. ――_Eutropius._ =Niger=, or =Nigris= (itis), a river of Africa, which rises in Æthiopia, and falls by three mouths into the Atlantic, little known to the ancients, and not yet satisfactorily explored by the moderns. _Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 1 & 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4, ch. 6. =Publius Nigidius Figŭlus=, a celebrated philosopher and astrologer at Rome, one of the most learned men of his age. He was intimate with Cicero, and gave his most unbiassed opinions concerning the conspirators who had leagued to destroy Rome with Catiline. He was made pretor, and honoured with a seat in the senate. In the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, for which he was banished by the conqueror. He died in the place of his banishment, 47 years before Christ. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 4, ltr. 13. ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 639. =Nigrītæ=, a people of Africa, who dwell on the banks of the Niger. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Nileus=, a son of Codrus, who conducted a colony of Ionians to Asia, where he built Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenæ, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2, &c.――――A philosopher who had in his possession all the writings of Aristotle. _Athenæus_, bk. 1. =Nilus=, a king of Thebes, who gave his name to the river which flows through the middle of Egypt, and falls into the Mediterranean sea. The Nile, anciently called _Ægyptus_, is one of the most celebrated rivers in the world. Its sources were unknown to the ancients, and the moderns were till lately ignorant of their situation, whence an impossibility is generally meant by the proverb of _Nili caput quærere_. It flows through the middle of Egypt in a northern direction, and when it comes to the town of Cercasorum, it then divides itself into several streams, and falls into the Mediterranean by seven mouths. The most eastern canal is called the Pelusian, and the most western is called the Canopic mouth. The other canals are the Sebennytican, that of Sais, the Mendesian, Bolbitinic, and Bucolic. They have all been formed by nature, except the two last, which have been dug by the labours of men. The island which the Nile forms by its division into several streams is called _Delta_, from its resemblance to the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet. The Nile yearly overflows the country, and it is to those regular inundations that the Egyptians are indebted for the fertile produce of their lands. It begins to rise in the month of May for 100 successive days, and then decreases gradually the same number of days. If it does not rise as high as 16 cubits, a famine is generally expected, but if it exceeds this by many cubits, it is of the most dangerous consequences; houses are overturned, the cattle are drowned, and a great number of insects are produced from the mud, which destroy the fruits of the earth. The river, therefore, proves a blessing or a calamity to Egypt, and the prosperity of the nation depends so much upon it, that the tributes of the inhabitants were in ancient times, and are still under the present government, proportioned to the rise of the waters. The causes of the overflowings of the Nile, which remained unknown to the ancients, though searched with the greatest application, are owing to the heavy rains which regularly fall in Æthiopia, in the months of April and May, and which rush down like torrents upon the country, and lay it all under water. These causes, as some people suppose, were well known to Homer, as he seems to show it, by saying that the Nile flowed down from heaven. The inhabitants of Egypt, near the banks of the river, were called _Niliaci_, _Niligenæ_, &c., and large canals were also from this river denominated _Nili_ or _Euripi_. _Cicero_, _De Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3, ltr. 9; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 11, ltr. 12. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 187; bk. 15, li. 753.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Seneca_, _Quæstiones Naturales_, bk. 4.――_Lucan_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Claudian_, _de Nilus_. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 288; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 800; bk. 9, li. 31.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2.――_Lucretius_, bk. 6, li. 712.――_Ammianus_, bk. 22.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 32. ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――One of the Greek fathers, who flourished A.D. 440. His works were edited at Rome, folio, 2 vols., 1668 & 1678. =Ninnius=, a tribune who opposed Clodius the enemy of Cicero. =Ninias.= _See:_ Ninyas. =Ninus=, a son of Belus, who built a city to which he gave his own name, and founded the Assyrian monarchy, of which he was the first sovereign, B.C. 2059. He was very warlike, and extended his conquests from Egypt to the extremities of India and Bactriana. He became enamoured of Semiramis the wife of one of his officers, and he married her after her husband had destroyed himself through fear of his powerful rival. Ninus reigned 52 years, and at his death he left his kingdom to the care of his wife Semiramis, by whom he had a son. The history of Ninus is very obscure, and even fabulous according to the opinion of some. Ctesias is the principal historian from whom it is derived, but little reliance is to be placed upon him, when Aristotle deems him unworthy to be believed. Ninus after death received divine honours, and became the Jupiter of the Assyrians and the Hercules of the Chaldeans. _Ctesias._――_Diodorus_, bk. 2. ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2.――――A celebrated city, now _Nino_, the capital of Assyria, built on the banks of the Tigris by Ninus, and called _Nineveh_ in Scripture. It was, according to the relation of Diodorus Siculus, 15 miles long, nine broad, and 48 in circumference. It was surrounded by large walls 100 feet high, on the top of which three chariots could pass together abreast, and was defended by 1500 towers, each 200 feet high. Ninus was taken by the united armies of Cyaxares and Nabopolassar king of Babylon, B.C. 606. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 185, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 33.――_Lucian._ =Ninyas=, a son of Ninus and Semiramis, king of Assyria, who succeeded his mother, who had voluntarily abdicated the crown. Some suppose that Semiramis was put to death by her own son, because she had encouraged him to commit incest. The reign of Ninyas is remarkable for its luxury and extravagance. The prince left the care of the government to his favourites and ministers, and gave himself up to pleasure, riot, and debauchery, and never appeared in public. His successors imitated the example of his voluptuousness, and therefore their names or history are little known till the age of Sardanapalus. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c. =Niŏbe=, a daughter of Tantalus king of Lydia by Euryanassa or Dione. She married Amphion the son of Jasus, by whom she had 10 sons and 10 daughters according to Hesiod, or two sons and three daughters according to Herodotus. Homer and Propertius say that she had six daughters and as many sons, and Ovid, Apollodorus, &c., according to the more received opinion, support that she had seven sons and seven daughters. The names of the sons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tantalus, Agenor, Phædimus, Damasichthon, and Ismenus; and those of the daughters, Cleodoxa, Ethodæa or Thera, Astyoche, Phthia, Pelopia or Chloris, Asticratea, and Ogygia. The number of her children increased the pride of Niobe, and she not only had the imprudence to prefer herself to Latona, who had only two children, but she even insulted her, and ridiculed the worship which was paid to her, observing that she had a better claim to altars and sacrifices than the mother of Apollo and Diana. This insolence provoked Latona, who entreated her children to punish the arrogant Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and immediately all the sons of Niobe expired by the darts of Apollo, and all the daughters except Chloris, who had married Neleus king of Polos, were equally destroyed by Diana; and Niobe, struck at the suddenness of her misfortunes, was changed into a stone. The carcases of Niobe’s children, according to Homer, were left unburied in the plains for nine successive days, because Jupiter changed into stones all such as attempted to inter them. On the tenth day they were honoured with a funeral by the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 36.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, fable 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 9. ――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 6.――――A daughter of Phoroneus king of Peloponnesus by Laodice. She was beloved by Jupiter, by whom she had a son called Argus, who gave his name to Argia or Argolis, a country of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 8. =Niphæus=, a man killed by horses, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 570. =Niphātes=, a mountain of Asia, which divides Armenia from Assyria, and from which the Tigris takes its rise. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 30.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――A river of Armenia, falling into the Tigris. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 20. ――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 245. =Niphe=, one of Diana’s companions. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 245. =Nireus=, a king of Naxos, son of Charops and Aglaia, celebrated for his beauty. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 20. =Nisa=, a town of Greece. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A country-woman. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.――――A place. _See:_ Nysa.――――A celebrated plain of Media near the Caspian sea, famous for its horses. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 106. =Nisæa=, a naval station on the coasts of Megaris. _Strabo_, bk. 8. ――――A town of Parthia, called also Nisa. =Nisæe=, a sea-nymph. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 826. =Niseia.= _See:_ Nisus. =Nisĭbis=, a town of Mesopotamia, built by a colony of Macedonians on the Tigris, and celebrated as being a barrier between the provinces of Rome and the Persian empire during the reign of the Roman emperors. It was sometimes called _Antiochia Mygdonica_. _Josephus_, bk. 20, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Ammianus_, bk. 25, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13. =Nisus=, a son of Hyrtacus, born on mount Ida near Troy. He came to Italy with Æneas, and signalized himself by his valour against the Rutulians. He was united in the closest friendship with Euryalus, a young Trojan, and with him he entered, in the dead of night, the enemy’s camp. As they were returning victorious, after much bloodshed, they were perceived by the Rutulians, who attacked Euryalus. Nisus, in endeavouring to rescue his friend from the enemy’s darts, perished himself with him, and their heads were cut off and fixed on a spear, and carried in triumph to the camp. Their death was greatly lamented by all the Trojans, and their great friendship, like that of a Pylades and an Orestes, or of a Theseus and Pirithous, is become proverbial. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 176, &c.――――A king of Dulichium, remarkable for his probity and virtue. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 18.――――A king of Megara, son of Mars, or more probably of Pandion. He inherited his father’s kingdom with his brothers, and received as his portion the country of Megaris. The peace of the brothers was interrupted by the hostilities of Minos, who wished to avenge the death of his son Androgeus, who had been murdered by the Athenians. Megara was besieged, and Attica laid waste. The fate of Nisus depended totally upon a yellow lock, which, as long as it continued upon his head, according to the words of an oracle, promised him life, and success to his affairs. His daughter Scylla (often called _Niseia Virgo_) saw from the walls of Megara the royal besieger, and she became desperately enamoured of him. To obtain a more immediate interview with this object of her passion, she stole away the fatal hair from her father’s head as he was asleep; the town was immediately taken, but Minos disregarded the services of Scylla, and she threw herself into the sea. The gods changed her into a lark, and Nisus assumed the nature of the hawk at the very moment that he gave himself death, not to fall into the enemy’s hands. These two birds have continually been at variance with each other, and Scylla, by her apprehensions at the sight of her father, seems to suffer the punishment which her perfidy deserved. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 6, &c.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 404, &c. =Nisȳros=, an island in the Ægean sea, at the west of Rhodes, with a town of the same name. It was originally joined to the island of Cos, according to Pliny, and it bore the name of _Porphyris_. Neptune, who was supposed to have separated them with a blow of his trident, and to have there overwhelmed the giant Polybotes, was worshipped there, and called _Nisyreus_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. =Nitētis=, a daughter of Apries king of Egypt, married by his successor Amasis to Cyrus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Nitiobriges=, a people of Gaul, supposed to be _Agenois_, in Guienne. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 7. =Nitōcris=, a celebrated queen of Babylon, who built a bridge across the Euphrates, in the middle of that city, and dug a number of reservoirs for the superfluous waters of that river. She ordered herself to be buried over one of the gates of the city, and placed an inscription on her tomb, which signified that her successors would find great treasures within if ever they were in need of money, but that their labours would be but ill repaid if ever they ventured to open it without necessity. Cyrus opened it through curiosity, and was struck to find within these words: _If thy avarice had not been insatiable, thou never wouldst have violated the monuments of the dead_. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 185.――――A queen of Egypt, who built a third pyramid. =Nitria=, a country of Egypt with two towns of the same name, above Memphis. =Nivaria=, an island at the west of Africa, supposed to be _Teneriff_, one of the Canaries. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 32. =Noas=, a river of Thrace falling into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 46. =Nocmon=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 767. =Noctilūca=, a surname of Diana. She had a temple at Rome on mount Palatine, where torches were generally lighted in the night. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 38. =Nola=, an ancient town of Campania, which became a Roman colony before the first Punic war. It was founded by a Tuscan, or, according to others, by an Eubœan colony. It is said that Virgil had introduced the name of Nola in his Georgics, but that, when he was refused a glass of water by the inhabitants as he passed through the city, he totally blotted it out of his poem, and substituted the word _ora_, in the 225th line of the second book of his Georgics. Nola was besieged by Annibal, and bravely defended by Marcellus. Augustus died there on his return from Neapolis to Rome. Bells were first invented there in the beginning of the fifth century, from which reason they have been called _Nolæ_, or _Campanæ_, in Latin. The inventor was St. Paulinus, the bishop of the place, who died A.D. 431, though many imagine that bells were known long before, and only introduced into churches by that prelate. Before his time, congregations were called to the church by the noise of wooden rattles (_sacra ligna_). _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 517; bk. 12, li. 161.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 7, ch. 20.――_Livy_, bk. 23, chs. 14 & 39; bk. 24, ch. 13. =Nomădes=, a name given to all those uncivilized people who had no fixed habitation, and who continually changed the place of their residence, to go in quest of fresh pasture for the numerous cattle which they tended. There were Nomades in Scythia, India, Arabia, and Africa. Those of Africa were afterwards called _Numidians_, by a small change of the letters which composed their name. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 215.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 4, ch. 187.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 343.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43. =Nomæ=, a town of Sicily. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 266. =Nomentānus=, an epithet applied to Lucius Cassius as a native of Nomentum. He is mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury and dissipation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 102 & _alibi_. =Nomentum=, a town of the Sabines in Italy, famous for wine, and now called _Lamentana_. The dictator Quintus Servilius Priscus gave the Veientes and Fidenates battle there A.U.C. 312, and totally defeated them. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 905.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 38; bk. 4, ch. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 773. =Nomii=, mountains of Arcadia. _Pausanias._ =Nomius=, a surname given to Apollo, because he fed (νεμω, _pasco_), the flocks of king Admetus in Thessaly. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23. =Nōnācris=, a town of Arcadia, which received its name from a wife of Lycaon. There was a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood. Evander is sometimes called _Nonacrius heros_, as being an Arcadian by birth, and Atalanta _Nonacria_, as being a native of the place. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 97; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 17, &c. =Nonius=, a Roman soldier, imprisoned for paying respect to Galba’s statues, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 56.――――A Roman who exhorted his countrymen after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, and the flight of Pompey, by observing that eight standards (_aquilæ_) still remained in the camp, to which Cicero answered, _Recte, si nobis cum graculis bellum esset_. =Nonnius Marcellus=, a grammarian, whose treatise _de variâ significatione verborum_ was edited by Mercer, 8vo, Paris, 1614. =Nonnus=, a Greek writer of the fifth century, who wrote an account of the embassy he had undertaken to Æthiopia, among the Saracens and other eastern nations. He is also known by his _Dionysiaca_, a wonderful collection of heathen mythology and erudition, edited 4to, Antwerp, 1569. His _paraphrase_ on John was edited by Heinsius, 8vo, Leiden, 1627. =Nonus=, a Greek physician, whose book _de omnium morborum curatione_ was edited in 12mo, Strasbourg, 1568. =Nopia=, or =Cinopia=, a town of Bœotia, where Amphiaraus had a temple. =Nōra=, now _Nour_, a place of Phrygia, where Eumenes retired for some time, &c. _Cornelius Nepos._――――A town. _See:_ Norax. =Norax=, a son of Mercury and Eurythæa, who led a colony of Iberians into Sardinia, where he founded a town, to which he gave the name of Nora. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17. =Norba=, a town of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――――Cæsarea, a town of Spain on the Tagus. =Caius Norbānus=, a young and ambitious Roman who opposed Sylla, and joined his interest to that of young Marius. In his consulship he marched against Sylla, by whom he was defeated, &c. _Plutarch._――――A friend and general of Augustus, employed in Macedonia against the republicans. He was defeated by Brutus, &c. =Norĭcum=, a country of ancient Illyricum, which now forms a part of modern _Bavaria_ and _Austria_. It extended between the Danube, and part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its savage inhabitants, who were once governed by kings, made many incursions upon the Romans, and were at last conquered under Tiberius, and the country became a dependent province. In the reign of Diocletian, Noricum was divided into two parts, _Ripense_ and _Mediterranean_. The iron that was drawn from Noricum was esteemed excellent, and thence _Noricus ensis_ was used to express the goodness of a sword. _Dionysius Periegetes. _――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 712. =Northippus=, a Greek tragic poet. =Nortia=, a name given to the goddess of Fortune among the Etrurians. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Nothus=, a son of Deucalion.――――A surname of Darius king of Persia, from his illegitimacy. =Notium=, a town of Æolia near the Cayster. It was peopled by the inhabitants of Colophon, who left their ancient habitations because Notium was more conveniently situated in being on the seashore. _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 26, 38, 39. =Notus=, the south wind, called also Auster. =Novæ= (_tabernæ_), the new shops built in the forum at Rome, and adorned with the shields of the Cimbri. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 66.――――The _Veteres tabernæ_ were adorned with those of the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 40. =Novaria=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now _Novara_, in Milan. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 70. =Novātus=, a man who severely attacked the character of Augustus, under a fictitious name. The emperor discovered him, and only fined him a small sum of money. =Novesium=, a town of the Ubii, on the west of the Rhine, now called _Nuys_, near Cologne. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c. =Noviodūnum=, a town of the Ædui in Gaul, taken by Julius Cæsar. It is pleasantly situated on the Ligeris, and now called _Noyon_, or, as others suppose, _Nevers_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 12. =Noviomagus=, or =Neomagus=, a town of Gaul, now _Nizeux_, in Normandy. ――――Another, called also _Nemetes_, now _Spire_.――――Another, in Batavia, now _Nimeguen_, on the south side of the Waal. =Novium=, a town of Spain, now _Noya_. =Novius Priscus=, a man banished from Rome by Nero, on suspicion that he was accessary to Piso’s conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――A man who attempted to assassinate the emperor Claudius. ――――Two brothers obscurely born, distinguished in the age of Horace for their officiousness. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6. =Novum Comum=, a town of Insubria on the lake Larinus, of which the inhabitants were called _Novocomenses_. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 13, ch. 55. =Nox=, one of the most ancient deities among the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From her union with her brother Erebus she gave birth to the Day and the Light. She was also the mother of the Parcæ, Hesperides, Dreams, of Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is called by some of the poets the mother of all things, of gods as well as of men, and therefore she was worshipped with great solemnity by the ancients. She had a famous statue in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. It was usual to offer her a black sheep, as she was the mother of the furies. The cock was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims the approach of day, during the darkness of the night. She is represented as mounted on a chariot, and covered with a veil bespangled with stars. The constellations generally went before her as her constant messengers. Sometimes she is seen holding two children under her arms, one of which is black, representing death, or rather night, and the other white, representing sleep or day. Some of the moderns have described her as a woman veiled in mourning, and crowned with poppies, and carried on a chariot drawn by owls and bats. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 950.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 455.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 125 & 212. =Nuceria=, a town of Campania taken by Annibal. It became a Roman colony under Augustus, and was called _Nuceria Constantia_, or _Alfaterna_. It now bears the name of _Nocera_, and contains about 30,000 inhabitants. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 472.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 41; bk. 27, ch. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 531.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bks. 13 & 14.――――A town of Umbria at the foot of the Apennines. _Strabo._――_Pliny._ =Nuithones=, a people of Germany, possessing the country now called Mecklenburg and Pomerania. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40. =Numa Martius=, a man made governor of Rome by Tullus Hostilius. He was son-in-law of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Martius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20. =Numa Pompilius=, a celebrated philosopher, born at Cures, a village of the Sabines, on the day that Romulus laid the foundation of Rome. He married Tatia, the daughter of Tatius the king of the Sabines, and at her death he retired into the country to devote himself more freely to literary pursuits. At the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed upon him to be their new king, and two senators were sent to acquaint him with the decisions of the senate and of the people. Numa refused their offers, and it was not but at the repeated solicitations and prayers of his friends that he was prevailed upon to accept the royalty. The beginning of his reign was popular, and he dismissed the 300 body-guards which his predecessor had kept around his person, observing that he did not distrust a people who had compelled him to reign over them. He was not, like Romulus, fond of war and military expeditions, but he applied himself to tame the ferocity of his subjects, to inculcate in their minds a reverence for the Deity, and to quell their dissensions by dividing all the citizens into different classes. He established different orders of priests, and taught the Romans not to worship the Deity by images; and from his example no graven or painted statues appeared in the temples or sanctuaries of Rome for upwards of 160 years. He encouraged the report which was spread of his paying regular visits to the nymph Egeria, and made use of her name to give sanction to the laws and institutions which he had introduced. He established the college of the vestals, and told the Romans that the safety of the empire depended upon the preservation of the sacred _ancyle_ or _shield_ which, as was generally believed, had dropped down from heaven. He dedicated a temple to Janus, which, during his whole reign, remained shut, as a mark of peace and tranquillity at Rome. Numa died after a reign of 43 years, in which he had given every possible encouragement to the useful arts, and in which he had cultivated peace, B.C. 672. Not only the Romans, but also the neighbouring nations, were eager to pay their last offices to a monarch whom they revered for his abilities, moderation, and humanity. He forbade his body to be burnt according to the custom of the Romans, but he ordered it to be buried near mount Janiculum, with many of the books which he had written. These books were accidentally found by one of the Romans, about 400 years after his death, and as they contained nothing new or interesting, but merely the reasons why he had made innovations in the form of worship and in the religion of the Romans, they were burnt by order of the senate. He left behind one daughter called Pompilia, who married Numa Martius, and became the mother of Ancus Martius, the fourth king of Rome. Some say that he had also four sons, but this opinion is ill-founded. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Varro._ ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Pliny_, bks. 13 & 14, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 809; bk. 9, li. 562. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, chs. 2 & 17.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 59. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, &c.――――One of the Rutulian chiefs killed in the night by Nisus and Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 454. =Numāna=, a town of Picenum in Italy, of which the people were called _Numanates_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Numantia=, a town of Spain near the sources of the river Durius, celebrated for the war of 14 years which, though unprotected by walls and towers, it bravely maintained against the Romans. The inhabitants obtained some advantages over the Roman forces till Scipio Africanus was empowered to finish the war, and to see the destruction of Numantia. He began the siege with an army of 60,000 men, and was bravely opposed by the besieged, who were no more than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both armies behaved with uncommon valour, and the courage of the Numantines was soon changed into despair and fury. Their provisions began to fail, and they fed upon the flesh of their horses, and afterwards on that of their dead companions, and at last were necessitated to draw lots to kill and devour one another. The melancholy situation of their affairs obliged some to surrender to the Roman general. Scipio demanded them to deliver themselves up on the morrow; they refused, and when a longer time had been granted to their petitions, they retired and set fire to their houses, and all destroyed themselves, B.C. 133, so that not even one remained to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some historians, however, deny that, and support that a number of Numantines delivered themselves into Scipio’s hands, and that 50 of them were drawn in triumph at Rome, and the rest sold as slaves. The fall of Numantia was more glorious than that of Carthage or Corinth, though inferior to them. The conqueror obtained the surname of _Numantinus_. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Cicero_, bk. 1, _De Officiis_.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Plutarch._――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 1. =Numantīna=, a woman accused under Tiberius of making her husband insane by enchantments, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 22. =Numānus Remŭlus=, a Rutulian who accused the Trojans of effeminacy. He had married the younger sister of Turnus, and was killed by Ascanius during the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 592, &c. =Numēnes=, a follower of the doctrines of Plato and Pythagoras, born at Apamea in Syria. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Antoninus. =Numenia=, or =Neomenia=, a festival observed by the Greeks at the beginning of every lunar month, in honour of all the gods, but especially of Apollo or the Sun, who is justly deemed the author of light, and of whatever distinction is made in the months, seasons, days, and nights. It was observed with games and public entertainments which were provided at the expense of rich citizens, and which were always frequented by the poor. Solemn prayers were offered at Athens during the solemnity, for the prosperity of the republic. The demigods as well as the heroes of the ancients were honoured and invoked in the festival. =Numenius=, a philosopher, who supposed that Chaos, from which the world was created, was animated by an evil and maleficent soul. He lived in the second century. =Numentāna via=, a road at Rome, which led to mount Sacer through the gate Viminalis. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 52. =Numeria=, a goddess at Rome who presided over numbers. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Numeriānus Marcus Aurelius=, a son of the emperor Carus. He accompanied his father into the east with the title of Cæsar, and at his death he succeeded him with his brother Carinus, A.D. 282. His reign was short. Eight months after his father’s death, he was murdered in his litter by his father-in-law, Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in an expedition. The murderer, who hoped to ascend the vacant throne, continued to follow the litter as if the emperor was alive, till he found a proper opportunity to declare his sentiments. The stench of the body, however, soon discovered his perfidy, and he was sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers. Numerianus had been admired for his learning as well as his moderation. He was naturally an eloquent speaker, and in poetry he was inferior to no writer of his age.――――A friend of the emperor Severus. =Numerius=, a man who favoured the escape of Marius to Africa, &c.――――A friend of Pompey taken by Julius Cæsar’s adherents, &c. _Pliny._ =Numicia via=, one of the great Roman roads, which led from the capital to the town of Brundusium. =Nŭmīcus=, a small river of Latium, near Lavinium, where the dead body of Æneas was found, and where Anna, Dido’s sister, drowned herself. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 150, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 359.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 358, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 643.――――A friend of Horace, to whom he addressed bk. 1, ltr. 6. =Numĭda=, a surname given by Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, to one of the generals of Augustus, from his conquests in Numidia. Some suppose that it is Pomponius; others, Plotius. =Nŭmĭdia=, an inland country of Africa, which now forms the kingdom of _Algiers_ and _Bildulgerid_. It was bounded on the north by the Mediterranean sea, south by Gætulia, west by Mauritania, and east by a part of Libya, which was called Africa Propria. The inhabitants were called _Nomades_, and afterwards _Numidæ_. It was the kingdom of Masinissa, which was the occasion of the third Punic war, on account of the offence which he had received from the Carthaginians. Jugurtha reigned there, as also Juba the father and son. It was conquered, and became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first governor. The Numidians were excellent warriors, and in their expeditions they always endeavoured to engage with the enemy in the night-time. They rode without saddles or bridles, whence they have been called _infræni_. They had their wives in common, as the rest of the barbarian nations of antiquity. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. ――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 754. =Numidius Quadratus=, a governor of Syria under Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12. =Numistro=, a town of the Brutii in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 17. =Nŭmĭtor=, a son of Procas king of Alba, who inherited his father’s kingdom with his brother Amulius, and began to reign conjointly with him. Amulius was too avaricious to bear a colleague on the throne; he expelled his brother, and that he might more safely secure himself, he put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Ilia to the service of the goddess Vesta, which demanded perpetual celibacy. These great precautions were rendered abortive. Ilia became pregnant, and though the two children whom she brought forth were exposed in the river by order of the tyrant, their life was preserved, and Numitor was restored to his throne by his grandsons, and the tyrannical usurper was put to death. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus. _――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 55, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 768.――――A son of Phorcus, who fought with Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 342.――――A rich and dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal, satire 7, li. 74. =Numitōrius=, a Roman who defended Virginia, to whom Appius wished to offer violence. He was made military tribune.――――Quintus Pullus, a general of Fregellæ, &c. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 34. =Numonius=. _See:_ Vala. =Nuncoreus=, a son of Sesostris king of Egypt, who made an obelisk, some ages after brought to Rome, and placed in the Vatican. _Pliny_, bk. 26, ch. 11.――――He is called Pheron by Herodotus. =Nundīna=, a goddess whom the Romans invoked when they named their children. This happened the ninth day after their birth, whence the name of the goddess, _Nona dies_. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 16. =Nundīnæ=. _See:_ Feriæ. =Nursæ=, a town of Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 744. =Nurscia=, a goddess who patronized the Etrurians. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 74. =Nursia=, now _Norza_, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called _Nursini_. Its situation was exposed, and the air considered as unwholesome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 416.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 716.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 20.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 45. =Nutria=, a town of Illyricum. _Polybius_, bk. 2. =Nycteis=, a daughter of Nycteus, who was mother of Labdacus.――――A patronymic of Antiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Amphion and Zethus by Jupiter, who had assumed the shape of a satyr to enjoy her company. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 110. =Nyctelia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus [_See:_ Nyctelius], observed on mount Cithæron. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_. =Nyctelius=, a surname of Bacchus, because his orgies were celebrated in the night (νυξ _nox_, τελεω _perficio_). The words _latex Nyctelius_ thence signify wine. _Seneca_, _Œdipus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 15. =Nycteus=, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia.――――A son of Chthonius.――――A son of Neptune by Celene, daughter of Atlas king of Lesbos, or of Thebes, according to the more received opinion. He married a nymph of Crete, called Polyxo or Amalthæa, by whom he had two daughters, Nyctimene and Antiope. The first of these disgraced herself by her criminal amours with her father, into whose bed she introduced herself by means of her nurse. When the father knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who was immediately changed by Minerva into an owl. Nycteus made war against Epopeus, who had carried away Antiope, and died of a wound which he had received in an engagement, leaving his kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom he entreated to continue the war, and punish Antiope for her immodest conduct. _See:_ Antiope. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Hyginus_, fables 157 & 204.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 590, &c.; bk. 6, li. 110, &c. =Nyctimĕne=, a daughter of Nycteus. _See:_ Nycteus. =Nyctĭmus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. He died without issue, and left his kingdom to his nephew Arcas the son of Callisto. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4. =Nymbæum=, a lake of Peloponnesus in Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, li. 23. =Nymphæ=, certain female deities among the ancients. They were generally divided into two classes, nymphs of the land and nymphs of the sea. Of the nymphs of the earth, some presided over woods, and were called _Dryades_ and _Hamadryades_; others presided over mountains, and were called _Oreades_; some presided over hills and dales, and were called _Napææ_, &c. Of the sea nymphs, some were called _Oceanides_, _Nereides_, _Naiades_, _Potamides_, _Limnades_, &c. These presided not only over the sea, but also over rivers, fountains, streams, and lakes. The nymphs fixed their residence not only in the sea, but also on mountains, rocks, in woods or caverns, and their grottos were beautified by evergreens and delightful and romantic scenes. The nymphs were immortal, according to the opinion of some mythologists; others supposed that, like men, they were subject to mortality, though their life was of long duration. They lived for several thousand years, according to Hesiod, or, as Plutarch seems obscurely to intimate, they lived above 9720 years. The number of the nymphs is not precisely known. They were, according to Hesiod, above 3000, whose power was extended over the different places of the earth, and the various functions and occupations of mankind. They were worshipped by the ancients, though not with so much solemnity as the superior deities. They had no temples raised to their honour, and the only offerings they received were milk, honey, oil, and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat. They were generally represented as young and beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle, and sometimes they held a vase, from which they seemed to pour water. Sometimes they had grass, leaves, and shells, instead of vases. It was deemed unfortunate to see them naked, and such sight was generally attended by a delirium, to which Propertius seems to allude in this verse, wherein he speaks of the innocence and simplicity of the primitive ages of the world, _Nec fuerat nudas pœna videre Deas_. The nymphs were generally distinguished by an epithet which denoted the place of their residence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were called _Sicelides_; those of Corycus, _Corycides_, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 320; bk. 5, li. 412; bk. 9, li. 651, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 769.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.――_Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 12.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14. =Nymphæum=, a port of Macedonia. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――――A promontory of Epirus on the Ionian sea.――――A place near the walls of Apollonia, sacred to the nymphs, where Apollo had also an oracle. The place was also celebrated for the continual flames of fire which seemed to rise at a distance from the plains. It was there that a sleeping satyr was once caught and brought to Sylla as he returned from the Mithridatic war. This monster had the same features as the poets ascribed to the satyr. He was interrogated by Sylla and by his interpreters, but his articulations were unintelligible, and the Roman spurned from him a creature which seemed to partake of the nature of a beast more than that of a man. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 41.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 36 & 49.――――A city of Taurica Chersonesus.――――The building at Rome where the nymphs were worshipped bore also this name, being adorned with their statues and with fountains and waterfalls, which afforded an agreeable and refreshing coolness. =Nymphæus=, a man who went into Caria at the head of a colony of Melians, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Nymphidius=, a favourite of Nero, who said that he was descended from Caligula. He was raised to the consular dignity, and soon after disputed the empire with Galba. He was slain by the soldiers, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15. =Nymphis=, a native of Heraclea, who wrote a history of Alexander’s life and actions, divided into 24 books. _Ælian_, bk. 7, _de Natura Animalium_. =Nymphodōrus=, a writer of Amphipolis.――――A Syracusan who wrote a history of Sicily. =Nympholleptes=, or =Nymphomănes=, _possessed by the nymphs_. This name was given to the inhabitants of mount Cithæron, who believed that they were inspired by the nymphs. _Plutarch_, _Aristeides_. =Nymphon=, a native of Colophon, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 1. =Nypsius=, a general of Dionysius the tyrant, who took Syracuse, and put all the inhabitants to the sword. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Nysa=, or =Nyssa=, a town of Æthiopia, at the south of Egypt, or, according to others, of Arabia. This city, with another of the same name in India, was sacred to the god Bacchus, who was educated there by the nymphs of the place, and who received the name of Dionysius, which seems to be compounded of Διος and ♦Νυσα, the name of his father, and that of the place of his education. The god made this place the seat of his empire, and the capital of the conquered nations of the east. Diodorus, in his third and fourth books, has given a prolix account of the birth of the god at Nysa, and of his education and heroic actions. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 13, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 198.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 805. ――――According to some geographers there were no less than 10 places of the name of Nysa. One of these was on the coast of Eubœa, famous for its vines, which grew in such an uncommon manner, that if a twig was planted in the ground in the morning, it was said immediately to produce grapes, which were full ripe in the evening.――――A city of Thrace.――――Another seated on the top of mount Parnassus, and sacred to Bacchus. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 63. ♦ ‘Νμσα’ replaced with ‘Νυσα’ =Nysæus=, a surname of Bacchus, because he was worshipped at Nysa. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 17, li. 22.――A son of Dionysius of Syracuse. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_. =Nysas=, a river of Africa, rising in Æthiopia. =Nysisæ portæ=, a small island in Africa. =Nysiădes=, a name given to the nymphs of Nysa, to whose care Jupiter entrusted the education of his son Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 314, &c. =Nysīros=, an island. _See:_ Nisyros. =Nysius=, a surname of Bacchus as the protecting god of Nysa. _Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 25. =Nyssa=, a sister of Mithridates the Great. _Plutarch._ O =Oarses=, the original name of Artaxerxes Memnon. =Oarus=, a river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mœotis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4. =Oăsis=, a town about the middle of Libya, at the distance of seven days’ journey from Thebes in Egypt, where the Persian army, sent by Cambyses to plunder Jupiter Ammon’s temple, was lost in the sands. There were two other cities of that name very little known. Oasis became a place of banishment under the lower empire. _Strabo_, bk. 17. ――_Zosimus_, bk. 5, ch. 97.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Oaxes=, a river of Crete, which received its name from Oaxus the son of Apollo. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 1, li. 66. =Oaxus=, a town of Crete where Etearchus reigned, who founded Cyrene. ――――A son of Apollo and the nymph Anchiale. =Obringa=, now _Ahr_, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine above Rimmagen. =Obultronius=, a questor put to death by Galba’s orders, &c. _Tacitus._ =Ocalea=, or =Ocalia=, a town of Bœotia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. ――――A daughter of Mantineus, who married Abas son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, by whom she had Acrisius and Prœtus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Oceia=, a woman who presided over the sacred rites of Vesta for 57 years with the greatest sanctity. She died in the reign of Tiberius, and the daughter of Domitius succeeded her. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 86. =Oceănĭdes= and =Oceanītĭdes=, sea nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from whom they received their name, and of the goddess Tethys. They were 3000 according to Apollodorus, who mentions the names of seven of them: Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis. Hesiod speaks of the eldest of them, and reckons 41: Pitho, Admete, Prynno, Ianthe, Rhodia, Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene, Idyia, Pasithoe, Clythia, Zeuxo, Galuxaure, Plexaure, Perseis, Pluto, Thoe, Polydora, Melobosis, Dione, Cerceis, Xantha, Acasta, Ianira, Telestho, Europa, Menestho, Petrea, Eudora, Calypso, Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia, Amphiro, with those mentioned by Apollodorus, except Amphitrite. Hyginus mentions 16, whose names are almost all different from those of Apollodorus and Hesiod, which difference proceeds from the mutilation of the original text. The Oceanides, like the rest of the inferior deities, were honoured with libations and sacrifices. Prayers were offered to them, and they were entreated to protect sailors from storms and dangerous tempests. The Argonauts, before they proceeded on their expedition, made an offering of flour, honey, and oil, on the sea-shore, to all the deities of the sea, and sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated their protection. When the sacrifice was made on the sea-shore the blood of the victim was received in a vessel, but when it was in the open sea, the blood was permitted to run down into the waters. When the sea was calm, the sailors generally offered a lamb or a young pig, but if it was agitated by the winds, and rough, a black bull was deemed the most acceptable victim. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3.――_Horace._ ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341. ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 349.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Oceănus=, a powerful deity of the sea, son of Cœlus and Terra. He married Tethys, by whom he had the most principal rivers, such as the Alpheus, Peneus, Strymon, &c., with a number of daughters who are called from him Oceanides. _See:_ Oceanides. According to Homer, Oceanus was the ♦father of all the gods, and on that account he received frequent visits from the rest of the deities. He is generally represented as an old man with a long flowing beard, and sitting upon the waves of the sea. He often holds a pike in his hand, whilst ships under sail appear at a distance, or a sea monster stands near him. Oceanus presided over every part of the sea, and even the rivers were subjected to his power. The ancients were superstitious in their worship to Oceanus, and revered with great solemnity a deity to whose care they entrusted themselves when going on any voyage. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 81, &c. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 20. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_. ♦ ‘fathers’ replaced with ‘father’ =Ocellus=, an ancient philosopher of Lucania. _See:_ Lucanus. =Ocēlum=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10. =Ocha=, a mountain of Eubœa, and the name of Eubœa itself.――――A sister of Ochus, buried alive by his orders. =Ochesius=, a general of Ætolia in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5. =Ochus=, a surname given to Artaxerxes III., king of Persia. _See:_ Artaxerxes.――――A man of Cyzicus, who was killed by the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 3.――――A prince of Persia, who refused to visit his native country for fear of giving all the women each a piece of gold. _Plutarch._――――A river of India, or of Bactriana. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16; bk. 31, ch. 7.――――A king of Persia. He exchanged his name for that of Darius. _See:_ Darius Nothus. =Ocnus=, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. He built a town, which he called Mantua after his mother’s name. Some suppose that he is the same as Bianor. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 198.――――A man remarkable for his industry. He had a wife as remarkable for her profusion; she always consumed and lavished away whatever the labours of her husband had earned. He is represented as twisting a cord, which an ass standing by eats up as soon as he makes it; whence the proverb of _the cord of Ocnus_ often applied to labour which meets no return, and which is totally lost. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 21. ――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 29. =Ocricŭlum=, now _Otricoli_, a town of Umbria near Rome. _Cicero_, _For Milo_.――_Livy_, bk. 19, ch. 41. =Ocridion=, a king of Rhodes, who was reckoned in the number of the gods after death. _Plutarch_, _Græcæ Quæstiones_, ch. 27. =Ocrīsia=, a woman of Corniculum, who was one of the attendants of Tanaquil the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. As she was throwing into the flames, as offerings, some of the meats that were served on the table of Tarquin, she suddenly saw in the fire what Ovid calls _obscœni forma virilis_. She informed the queen of it, and when by her orders she had approached near it, she conceived a son who was called Servius Tullus, and who, being educated in the king’s family, afterwards succeeded to the vacant throne. Some suppose that Vulcan had assumed that form which was presented to the eyes of Ocrisia, and that the god was the father of the sixth king of Rome. _Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 27.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 627. =Octacillius=, a slave who was manumitted, and who afterwards taught rhetoric at Rome. He had Pompey the Great in the number of his pupils. _Suetonius_, _Rhetoricians_.――_Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 79. =Octāvia=, a Roman lady, sister to the emperor Augustus, and celebrated for her beauty and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, and after his death, Marcus Antony. Her marriage with Antony was a political step to reconcile her brother and her husband. Antony proved for some time attentive to her, but he soon after despised her for Cleopatra, and when she attempted to withdraw him from this unlawful amour by going to meet him at Athens, she was secretly rebuked, and totally banished from his presence. This affront was highly resented by Augustus, and though Octavia endeavoured to pacify him by palliating her husband’s behaviour, he resolved to revenge her cause by arms. After the battle of Actium and the death of Antony, Octavia, forgetful of the injuries she had received, took into her house all the children of her husband and treated them with maternal tenderness. Marcellus her son by her first husband was married to a niece of Augustus, and publicly intended as a successor to his uncle. His sudden death plunged all his family into the greatest grief. Virgil, whom Augustus patronized, undertook upon himself to pay a melancholy tribute to the memory of a young man whom Rome regarded as her future father and patron. He was desired to repeat his composition in the presence of Augustus and of his sister. Octavia burst into tears as soon as the poet began; but when he mentioned, _Tu Marcellus eris_, she swooned away. This tender and pathetic encomium upon the merit and the virtues of young Marcellus was liberally rewarded by Octavia, and Virgil received 10,000 sesterces for every one of the verses. Octavia had two daughters by Antony, Antonia Major and Antonia Minor. The elder married Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whom she had Cnæus Domitius the father of the emperor Nero, by Agrippina the daughter of Germanicus. Antonia Minor, who was as virtuous and as beautiful as her mother, married Drusus the son of Tiberius, by whom she had Germanicus and Claudius, who reigned before Nero. The death of Marcellus continually preyed upon the mind of Octavia, who died of melancholy about 10 years before the christian era. Her brother paid great regard to her memory, by pronouncing himself her funeral oration. The Roman people also showed their respect for her virtues by their wish to pay her divine honours. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_. ――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c.――――A daughter of the emperor Claudius by Messalina. She was betrothed to Silanus, but by the intrigues of Agrippina, she was married to the emperor Nero in the 16th year of her age. She was soon after divorced on pretence of barrenness, and the emperor married Poppæa, who exercised her enmity upon Octavia by causing her to be banished into Campania. She was afterwards recalled at the instance of the people, and Poppæa, who was resolved on her ruin, caused her again to be banished to an island, where she was ordered to kill herself by opening her veins. Her head was cut off and carried to Poppæa. _Suetonius_ in _Claudius_, ch. 27; _Nero_, chs. 7 & 35.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12. =Octāviānus=, or =Octāvius Cæsar=, the nephew of Cæsar the dictator. After the battle of Actium and the final destruction of the Roman republic, the servile senate bestowed upon him the title and surname of _Augustus_, as more expressive of his greatness and dignity. _See:_ Augustus. =Octāvius=, a Roman officer who brought Perseus king of Macedonia a prisoner to the consul. He was sent by his countrymen to be guardian to Ptolemy Eupator the young king of Egypt, where he behaved with the greatest arrogance. He was assassinated by Lysias, who was before regent of Egypt. The murderer was sent to Rome.――――A man who opposed Metellus in the reduction of Crete by means of Pompey. He was obliged to retire from the island.――――A man who banished Cinna from Rome, and became remarkable for his probity and fondness of discipline. He was seized and put to death by order of his successful rivals Marius and Cinna.――――A Roman who boasted of being in the number of Cæsar’s murderers. His assertions were false, yet he was punished as if he had been accessary to the conspiracy.――――A lieutenant of Crassus in Parthia. He accompanied his general to the tent of the Parthian conqueror, and was killed by the enemy as he attempted to hinder them from carrying away Crassus.――――A governor of Cilicia. He died in his province, and Lucullus made applications to succeed him, &c.――――A tribune of the people at Rome, whom Tiberias Gracchus his colleague deposed.――――A commander of the forces of Antony against Augustus. ――――An officer who killed himself, &c.――――A tribune of the people, who debauched a woman of Pontus from her husband. She proved unfaithful to him, upon which he murdered her. He was condemned under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_ & _Histories_.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_. ――_Florus._――_Livy_, &c.――――A poet in the Augustan age, intimate with Horace. He also distinguished himself as an historian. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 82. =Octodūrus=, a village in the modern country of Switzerland, now called _Martigny_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Octogesa=, a town of Spain, a little above the mouth of the Iberus, now called _Mequinensa_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 61. =Octolophum=, a place of Greece. _Livy_, bk. 31. =Ocyălus=, one of the Phæacians with Alcinous. _Homer_, _Odyssey_. =Ocypĕte=, one of the Harpies, who infected whatever she touched. The name signifies _swift flying_. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 265. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Thaumas.――――A daughter of Danaus. =Ocy̆roe=, a daughter of Chiron by Chariclo, who had the gift of prophecy. She was changed into a mare. _See:_ Melanippe. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 638, &c.――――A woman, daughter of Chesias, carried away by Apollo, as she was going to a festival at Miletus. =Odenātus=, a celebrated prince of Palmyra. He early inured himself to bear fatigues, and by hunting leopards and wild beasts, he accustomed himself to the labours of a military life. He was faithful to the Romans; and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner by Sapor king of Persia, Odenatus warmly interested himself in his cause, and solicited his release by writing a letter to the conqueror and sending him presents. The king of Persia was offended at the liberty of Odenatus; he tore the letter, and ordered the presents which were offered to be thrown into a river. To punish Odenatus, who had the impudence, as he observed, to pay homage to so great a monarch as himself, he ordered him to appear before him, on pain of being devoted to instant destruction, with all his family, if he dared to refuse. Odenatus disdained the summons of Sapor, and opposed force to force. He obtained some advantages over the troops of the Persian monarch, and took his wife prisoner with a great and rich booty. These services were seen with gratitude by the Romans; and Gallienus, the then reigning emperor, named Odenatus as his colleague on the throne, and gave the title of Augustus to his children and to his wife, the celebrated Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new power, resolved to signalize himself more conspicuously by conquering the northern barbarians, but his exaltation was short, and he perished by the dagger of one of his relations, whom he had slightly offended in a domestic entertainment. He died at Emessa, about the 267th year of the christian era. Zenobia succeeded to all his titles and honours. =Odessus=, a seaport town at the west of the Euxine sea in Lower Mœsia, below the mouths of the Danube. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, poem 9, li. 57. =Odeum=, a musical theatre at Athens. _Vitruvius_, bk. 5, ch. 9. =Odīnus=, a celebrated hero of antiquity, who flourished about 70 years before the christian era, in the northern parts of ancient Germany, or the modern kingdom of Denmark. He was at once a priest, a soldier, a poet, a monarch, and a conqueror. He imposed upon the credulity of his superstitious countrymen, and made them believe that he could raise the dead to life, and that he was acquainted with futurity. When he had extended his power, and increased his fame by conquest and by persuasion, he resolved to die in a different manner from other men. He assembled his friends, and with a sharp point of a lance he made on his body nine different wounds in the form of a circle, and as he expired he declared he was going into Scythia, where he should become one of the immortal gods. He further added that he would prepare bliss and felicity for such of his countrymen as lived a virtuous life, who fought with intrepidity, and who died like heroes in the field of battle. These injunctions had the desired effect; his countrymen superstitiously believed him, and always recommended themselves to his protection whenever they engaged in a battle, and they entreated him to receive the souls of such as had fallen in war. =Odītes=, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 457.――――A prince killed at the nuptials of Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 97. =Odoācer=, a king of the Heruli, who destroyed the western empire of Rome, and called himself king of Italy, A.D. 476. =Odomanti=, a people of Thrace on the eastern banks of the Strymon. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 4. =Odŏnes=, a people of Thrace. =Odry̆sæ=, an ancient people of Thrace, between Abdera and the river Ister. The epithet of _Odrysius_ is often applied to a Thracian. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 490; bk. 13, li. 554.――_Statius_, _Achilleis_, bk. 1, li. 184.――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 53. =Odyssēa=, one of Homer’s epic poems, in which he describes in 24 books the adventures of Ulysses on his return from the Trojan war, with other material circumstances. The whole of the action comprehends no more than 55 days. It is not so esteemed as the Iliad of that poet. _See:_ Homerus. =Odyssēum=, a promontory of Sicily, at the west of Pachynus. =Œa=, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 257.――――Also a place in Ægina. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 83. =Œagrus=, or =Œager=, the father of Orpheus by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, and from him mount Hæmus, and also the Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, have received the appellation of _Œagrius_, though Servius, in his commentaries, disputes the explanation of Diodorus, by asserting that the Œagrus is a river of Thrace, whose waters supply the streams of the Hebrus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 414. ――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 524.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 463.――_Diodorus._ ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Œanthe= and =Œanthia=, a town of Phocis, where Venus had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38. =Œax=, a son of Nauplius and Clymene. He was brother to Palamedes, whom he accompanied to the Trojan war, and whose death he highly resented on his return to Greece, by raising disturbances in the family of some of the Grecian princes. _Dictys Cretensis._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 117. =Œbălia=, the ancient name of Laconia, which it received from king Œbalus, and thence _Œbalides puer_ is applied to Hyacinthus as a native of the country, and _Œbalius sanguis_ is used to denominate his blood. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――――The same name is given to Tarentum because built by a Lacedæmonian colony, whose ancestors were governed by Œbalus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 125.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 451. =Œbălus=, a son of Argalus or Cynortas, who was king of Laconia. He married Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus, by whom he had Hippocoon, Tyndarus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Telon and the nymph Sebethis, who reigned in the neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 734. =Œbăres=, a satrap of Cyrus, against the Medes. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.――――A groom of Darius son of Hystaspes. He was the cause that his master obtained the kingdom of Persia, by his artifice in making his horse neigh first. _See:_ Darius I. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 85.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 10. =Œchălia=, a country of Peloponnesus in Laconia, with a small town of the same name. This town was destroyed by Hercules, while Eurytus was king over it, from which circumstance it was often called _Eurytopolis_.――――A small town of Eubœa, where, according to some, Eurytus reigned, and not in Peloponnesus. _Strabo_, bks. 8, 9, & 10. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 291.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.――_Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_, li. 74 & _Scholia_. =Œclīdes=, a patronymic of Amphiaraus son of Œcleus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 7. =Œcleus.= _See:_ Oicleus. =Œcumenius=, wrote in the middle of the 10th century a paraphrase of some of the books of the New Testament in Greek, edited in two vols., folio, Paris, 1631. =Œdipŏdia=, a fountain of Thebes in Bœotia. =Œdĭpus=, a son of Laius king of Thebes and Jocasta. As being descended from Venus by his father’s side, Œdipus was born to be exposed to all the dangers and the calamities which Juno could inflict upon the posterity of the goddess of beauty. Laius the father of Œdipus was informed by the oracle, as soon as he married Jocasta, that he must perish by the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelligence awakened his fears, and to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle, he resolved never to approach Jocasta; but his solemn resolutions were violated in a fit of intoxication. The queen became pregnant, and Laius, still intent to stop this evil, ordered his wife to destroy her child as soon as it came into the world. The mother had not the courage to obey, yet she gave the child as soon as born to one of her domestics, with orders to expose him on the mountains. The servant was moved with pity, but to obey the commands of Jocasta, he bored the feet of the child, and suspended him with a twig by the heels to a tree on mount Cithæron, where he was soon found by one of the shepherds of Polybus king of Corinth. The shepherd carried him home; and Peribœa the wife of Polybus, who had no children, educated him as her own child, with maternal tenderness. The accomplishments of the infant, who was named Œdipus, on account of the swelling of his feet (οἰδεω _tumeo_, ποδες _pedes_), soon became the admiration of the age. His companions envied his strength and his address; and one of them, to mortify his rising ambition, told him he was an illegitimate child. This raised his doubts; he asked Peribœa, who, out of tenderness, told him that his suspicions were ill-founded. Not satisfied with this, he went to consult the oracle of Delphi, and was there told not to return home, for if he did, he must necessarily be the murderer of his father, and the husband of his mother. This answer of the oracle terrified him; he knew no home but the house of Polybus, therefore he resolved not to return to Corinth, where such calamities apparently attended him. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his journey, met in a narrow road Laius on a chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius haughtily ordered Œdipus to make way for him. Œdipus refused, and a contest ensued, in which Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed. As Œdipus was ignorant of the quality and of the rank of the men whom he had just killed, he continued his journey, and was attracted to Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. This terrible monster, which Juno had sent to lay waste the country [_See:_ ♦Sphinx], resorted in the neighbourhood of Thebes, and devoured all those who attempted to explain, without success, the enigmas which he proposed. The calamity was now become an object of public concern, and as the successful explanation of an enigma would end in the death of the Sphynx, Creon, who at the death of Laius had ascended the throne of Thebes, promised his crown and Jocasta to him who succeeded in the attempt. The enigma proposed was this: What animal in the morning walks upon four feet, at noon upon two, and in the evening upon three? This was left for Œdipus to explain; he came to the monster and said, that man, in the morning of life, walks upon his hands and his feet; when he has attained the years of manhood, he walks upon his two legs; and in the evening, he supports his old age with the assistance of a staff. The monster, mortified at the true explanation, dashed his head against a rock and perished. Œdipus ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by whom he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, and two daughters, Ismene and Antigone. Some years after, the Theban territories were visited with a plague; and the oracle declared that it should cease only when the murderer of king Laius was banished from Bœotia. As the death of Laius had never been examined, and the circumstances that attended it never known, this answer of the oracle was of the greatest concern to the Thebans; but Œdipus, the friend of his people, resolved to overcome every difficulty by the most exact inquiries. His researches were successful, and he was soon proved to be the murderer of his father. The melancholy discovery was rendered the more alarming when Œdipus considered, that he had not only murdered his father, but that he had committed incest with his mother. In the excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as unworthy to see the light, and banished himself from Thebes, or, as some say, was banished by his own sons. He retired towards Attica, led by his daughter Antigone, and came near Colonus, where there was a grove sacred to the Furies. He remembered that he was doomed by the oracle to die in such a place, and to become the source of prosperity to the country in which his bones were buried. A messenger upon this was sent to Theseus king of the country, to inform him of the resolution of Œdipus. When Theseus arrived, Œdipus acquainted him, with a prophetic voice, that the gods had called him to die in the place where he stood; and to show the truth of this he walked, himself, without the assistance of a guide, to the spot where he must expire. Immediately the earth opened, and Œdipus disappeared. Some suppose that Œdipus had not children by Jocasta, and that the mother murdered herself as soon as she knew the incest which had been committed. His tomb was near the Areopagus, in the age of Pausanias. Some of the ancient poets represent him in hell, as suffering the punishment which crimes like his seemed to deserve. According to some, the four children which he had were by Euriganea the daughter of Periphas, whom he married after the death of Jocasta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 66, &c.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_, &c.――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus Tyrannus_ & _Colonus_, Antigone, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, ch. 270.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 8, li. 642.――_Seneca_, _Œdipus_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, ch. 2. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Athenæus_, bks. 6 & 10. ♦ ‘Sphynx’ replaced with ‘Sphinx’ to match listing =Œme=, a daughter of Danaus by Crino. _Apollodorus._ =Œnanthes=, a favourite of young Ptolemy king of Egypt. =Œne=, a small town of Argolis. The people were called _Œneadæ_. =Œnea=, a river of Assyria. _Ammianus._ =Œneus=, a king of Calydon in Ætolia, son of Parthaon, or Portheus, and Euryte. He married Althæa the daughter of Thestius, by whom he had Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge, and Dejanira. After Althæa’s death, he married Peribœa the daughter of Hipponous, by whom he had Tydeus. In a general sacrifice, which Œneus made to all the gods upon reaping the rich produce of his fields, he forgot Diana, and the goddess, to revenge this unpardonable neglect, incited his neighbours to take up arms against him, and, besides, she sent a wild boar to lay waste the country of Calydonia. The animal was at last killed by Meleager and the neighbouring princes of Greece, in a celebrated chase, known by the name of the chase of the Calydonian boar. Some time after, Meleager died, and Œneus was driven from his kingdom by the sons of his brother Agrius. Diomedes, however, his grandson, soon restored him to his throne; but the continual misfortunes to which he was exposed rendered him melancholy. He exiled himself from Calydon, and left his crown to his son-in-law Andremon. He died as he was going to Argolis. His body was buried by the care of Diomedes, in a town of Argolis, which from him received the name of _Œnoe_. It is reported that Œneus received a visit from Bacchus, and that he suffered the god to enjoy the favours of Althæa, and to become the father of Dejanira, for which Bacchus permitted that the wine of which he was the patron should be called among the Greeks by the name of Œneus (οἰνος). _Hyginus_, fable 129.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 539.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 510. =Œniadæ=, a town of Acarnania. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24; bk. 38, ch. 11. =Œnĭdes=, a patronymic of Meleager son of Œneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 10. =Œnoe=, a nymph who married Sicinus, the son of Thoas king of Lemnos. From her the island of Sicinus had been called Œnoe.――――Two villages of Attica were also called Œnoe. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 74.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A city of Argolis, where Œneus fled when driven from Calydon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――――A town of Elis in the Peloponnesus. _Strabo._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c. =Œnŏmaus=, a son of Mars, by Sterope the daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pisa in Elis, and father of Hippodamia, by Evarete daughter of Acrisius, or Eurythoa the daughter of Danaus. He was informed by the oracle that he should perish by the hands of his son-in-law, therefore as he could skilfully drive a chariot he determined to marry his daughter only to him who could outrun him, on condition that all who entered the list should agree to lay down their life, if conquered. Many had already perished, when Pelops son of Tantalus proposed himself. He previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, by promising him the enjoyment of the favours of Hippodamia, if he proved victorious. Myrtilus gave his master an old chariot, whose axletree broke on the course, which was from Pisa to the Corinthian isthmus, and Œnomaus was killed. Pelops married Hippodamia, and became king of Pisa. As he expired, Œnomaus entreated Pelops to revenge the perfidy of Myrtilus, which was executed. Those that had been defeated when Pelops entered the lists, were Marmax, Alcathous, Euryalus, Eurymachus, Capetus, Lasius, Acrias, Chalcodon, Lycurgus, Tricolonus, Prias, Aristomachus, Æolius, Eurythrus, and Chronius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 11, &c.――_Apollonius Rhodius_, bk. 1. ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 20.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 367; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 8; _Heroides_, poem 8, li. 70. =Œnon=, a part of Locris on the bay of _Corinth_. =Œnōna=, an ancient name of the island Ægina. It is also called _Œnopia_. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 46.――――Two villages of Attica are also called Œnona, or rather Œnoe.――――A town of Troas, the birthplace of the nymph Œnone. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Œnōne=, a nymph of mount Ida, daughter of the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As she had received the gift of prophecy, she foretold to Paris, whom she married before he was discovered to be the son of Priam, that his voyage into Greece would be attended with the most serious consequences, and the total ruin of his country, and that he should have recourse to her medicinal knowledge at the hour of death. All these predictions were fulfilled; and Paris, when he had received the fatal wound, ordered his body to be carried to Œnone, in hopes of being cured by her assistance. He expired as he came into her presence; and Œnone was so struck at the sight of his dead body, that she bathed it with her tears, and stabbed herself to the heart. She was mother of Corythus by Paris, and this son perished by the hand of his father when he attempted, at the instigation of Œnone, to persuade him to withdraw his affection from Helen. _Dictys Cretensis._ ――_Ovid_, _de Remedia Amoris_ li. 457; _Heroides_, poem 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 9. =Œnŏpia=, one of the ancient names of the island Ægina. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 473. =Œnopĭdes=, a mathematician of Chios. _Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Œnopion=, a son of Ariadne by Theseus, or, according to others, by Bacchus. He married Helice, by whom he had a daughter called Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant Orion became enamoured. The father, unwilling to give his daughter to such a lover, and afraid of provoking him by an open refusal, evaded his applications, and at last put out his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some suppose that this violence was offered to Orion after he had dishonoured Merope. Œnopion received the island of Chios from Rhadamanthus, who had conquered most of the islands of the Ægean sea, and his tomb was still seen there in the age of Pausanias. Some suppose, and with more probability, that he reigned not at Chios, but at Ægina, which from him was called Œnopia. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Diodorus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Apollonius Rhodius_, bk. 3. =Œnōtri=, the inhabitants of Œnotria. =Œnōtria=, a part of Italy, which was afterwards called _Lucania_. It received this name from Œnotrus the son of Lycaon, who settled there with a colony of Arcadians. The Œnotrians afterwards spread themselves into Umbria and as far as Latium, and the country of the Sabines, according to some writers. The name of Œnotria is sometimes applied to Italy. That part of Italy where Œnotrus settled, was before inhabited by the Ausones. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 536; bk. 7, li. 85.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 220. =Œnotrĭdes=, two small islands on the coast of Lucania, where some of the Romans were banished by the emperors. They were called Ischia and Pontia. =Œnōtrus=, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. He passed into Magna Græcia with a colony, and gave the name of Œnotria to that part of the country where he settled. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Œnūsæ=, small islands near Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 8.――――Others on the coast of the Peloponnesus, near Messenia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Œonus=, a son of Licymnius, killed at Sparta, where he accompanied Hercules; and as the hero had promised Licymnius to bring back his son, he burnt his body and presented the ashes to the afflicted father. From this circumstance arose a custom of burning the dead among the Greeks. _Scholia_, _Homer_, _Iliad_.――――A small river of Laconia. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 28. =Œnoe=, an island of Bœotia formed by the Asopus. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 50. =Œta=, now _Banina_, a celebrated mountain between Thessaly and Macedonia, upon which Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given occasion to the poets to feign that the sun, moon, and stars arose behind it. Mount Œta, properly speaking, is a long chain of mountains which runs from the straits of Thermopylæ and the gulf of Malia, in a western direction, to mount Pindus, and from thence to the bay of Ambracia. The straits or passes of mount Œta are called the straits of Thermopylæ, from the hot baths and mineral waters which are in the neighbourhood. These passes are not more than 25 feet in breadth. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Catullus_, poem 66, li. 54.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 20, &c.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 216; bk. 9, li. 204, &c. ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 5.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.――――A small town at the foot of mount Œta near Thermopylæ. =Œty̆lus=, or =Œty̆lum=, a town of Laconia, which received its name from Œtylus, one of the heroes of Argos. Serapis had a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25. =Ofellus=, a man whom, though unpolished, Horace represents as a character exemplary for wisdom, economy, and moderation. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 2. =Ofi=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28. =Ogdolăpis=, a navigable river flowing from the Alps. _Strabo_, bk. 6. =Ogdōrus=, a king of Egypt. =Oglosa=, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, east of Corsica, famous for wine, and now called _Monte Christo_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6. =Ogmius=, a name of Hercules among the Gauls. _Lucian_, _Hercules_. =Ogoa=, a deity of Mylassa in Caria, under whose temple, as was supposed, the sea passed. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10. =Ogulnia lex=, by Quintus and Cnæus Ogulnius, tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 453. It increased the number of pontifices and augurs from four to nine. The addition was made to both orders from plebeian families.――――A Roman lady as poor as she was lascivious. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 351. =Ogy̆ges=, a celebrated monarch, the most ancient of those that reigned in Greece. He was son of Terra, or, as some suppose, of Neptune, and married Thebe the daughter of Jupiter. He reigned in Bœotia, which from him is sometimes called _Ogygia_, and his power was also extended over Attica. It is supposed that he was of Egyptian or Phœnician extraction; but his origin, as well as the age in which he lived, and the duration of his reign, are so obscure and unknown, that the epithet of _Ogygian_ is often applied to everything of dark antiquity. In the reign of Ogyges there was a deluge, which so inundated the territories of Attica, that they remained waste for near 200 years. This, though it is very uncertain, is supposed to have happened about 1764 years before the christian era, and previous to the deluge of Deucalion. According to some writers, it was owing to the overflowing of one of the rivers of the country. The reign of Ogyges was also marked by an uncommon appearance in the heavens, and, as it is reported, the planet Venus changed her colour, diameter, figure, and her course. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18, &c. =Ogy̆gia=, a name of one of the gates of Thebes in Bœotia. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 675.――――One of the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, changed into stones. _Apollodorus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――――An ancient name of Bœotia, from Ogyges, who reigned there.――――The island of Calypso, opposite the promontory of Lacinium in Magna Græcia, where Ulysses was shipwrecked. The situation, and even the existence of Calypso’s island, is disputed by some writers. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, lis. 52 & 85; bk. 5, li. 254. =Ocy̆ris=, an island in the Indian ocean. =Oicleus=, a son of Antiphates and Zeuxippe, who married Hypermnestra daughter of Thestius, by whom he had Iphianira, Polybœa, and Amphiaraus. He was killed by Laomedon when defending the ships which Hercules had brought to Asia, when he made war against Troy. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17. =Oīleus=, a king of the Locrians. His father’s name was Odoedocus, and his mother’s Agrianome. He married Eriope, by whom he had Ajax, called _Oileus_ from his father, to discriminate him from Ajax the son of Telamon. He had also another son called Medon, by a courtesan called Rhene. Oileus was one of the Argonauts. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 45.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 18.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 15.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Olane=, one of the mouths of the Po.――――A mountain of Armenia. =Olanus=, a town of Lesbos. =Olastræ=, a people of India. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 249.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20. =Olba=, or =Olbus=, a town of Cilicia. =Olbia=, a town of Sarmatia at the confluence of the Hypanis and the Borysthenes, about 15 miles from the sea, according to Pliny. It was afterwards called _Borysthenes_ and _Miletopolis_, because peopled by a Milesian colony, and is now supposed to be _Oczakow_. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A town of Bithynia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――A town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The capital of Sardinia. _Claudian._ =Olbius=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14. =Olbus=, one of Æetes’ auxiliaries. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 639. =Olchinium=, or =Olcinium=, now _Dulcigno_, a town of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26. =Olbades=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5. =Oleăros=, or =Oliaros=, one of the Cyclades, about 16 miles in circumference, separated from Paros by a strait of seven miles. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 126.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 469.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Oleatrum=, a town of Spain near Saguntum. _Strabo._ =Olen=, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flourished some time before the age of Orpheus, and composed many hymns, some of which were regularly sung at Delphi, on solemn occasions. Some suppose that he was the first who established the oracle of Apollo at Delphi where he first delivered oracles. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 35. =Olenius=, a Lemnian killed by his wife. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 164. =Olĕnus=, a son of Vulcan, who married Lethæa, a beautiful woman, who preferred herself to the goddesses. She and her husband were changed into stones by the deities. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 68. ――――A famous soothsayer of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 2. =Olĕnus=, or =Olenum=, a town of Peloponnesus between Patræ and Cyllene. The goat Amalthæa, which was made a constellation by Jupiter, is called _Olenia_, from its residence there. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――Another in Ætolia. =Oleorus=, one of the Cyclades, now _Antiparo_. =Olgasys=, a mountain of Galatia. =Oligyrtis=, a town of Peloponnesus. =Olinthus=, a town of Macedonia. _See:_ Olynthus. =Olisipo=, now _Lisbon_, a town of ancient Spain on the Tagus, surnamed _Felicitas Julia_ (_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22), and called by some Ulysippo, and said to be founded by Ulysses. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Solinus_, bk. 23. =Olitingi=, a town of Lusitania. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Olīzon=, a town of Magnesia in Thessaly. _Homer._ =Titus Ollius=, the father of Poppæa, destroyed on account of his intimacy with Sejanus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 45.――――A river rising in the Alps, and falling into the Po, now called the _Oglio_. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. =Ollovĭco=, a prince of Gaul, called the friend of the republic by the Roman senate. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 31. =Olmiæ=, a promontory near Megara. =Olmius=, a river of Bœotia, near Helicon, sacred to the Muses. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 284. =Oloosson=, now _Alessone_, a town of Magnesia. _Homer._ =Olophyxus=, a town of Macedonia on mount Athos. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 22. =Olpæ=, a fortified place of Epirus, now _Forte Castri_. =Olus= (untis), a town at the west of Crete. =Olympeum=, a place of Delos.――――Another in Syracuse. =Olympia= (orum), celebrated games which received their name either from Olympia, where they were observed, or from Jupiter Olympius, to whom they were dedicated. They were, according to some, instituted by Jupiter after his victory over the Titans, and first observed by the Idæi Dactyli, B.C. 1453. Some attribute the institution to Pelops, after he had obtained a victory over Œnomaus and married Hippodamia; but the more probable, and indeed the more received opinion is, that they were first established by Hercules in honour of Jupiter Olympius, after a victory obtained over Augias, B.C. 1222. Strabo objects to this opinion, by observing that if they had been established in the age of Homer, the poet would have undoubtedly spoken of them, as he is in every particular careful to mention the amusements and diversions of the ancient Greeks. But they were neglected after their first institution by Hercules, and no notice was taken of them, according to many writers, till Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of Sparta, renewed them, and instituted the celebration with greater solemnity. This reinstitution, which happened B.C. 884, forms a celebrated epoch in Grecian history, and is the beginning of the Olympiad. _See:_ Olympias. They, however, were neglected for some time after the age of Iphitus, till Corœbus, who obtained a victory, B.C. 776, reinstituted them to be regularly and constantly celebrated. The care and superintendence of the games were entrusted to the people of Elis, till they were excluded by the Pisæans, B.C. 364, after the destruction of Pisa. These obtained great privileges from this appointment; they were in danger neither of violence nor war, but they were permitted to enjoy their possessions without molestation, as the games were celebrated within their territories. Only one person superintended till the 50th Olympiad, when two were appointed. In the 103rd Olympiad, the number was increased to 12, according to the number of the tribes of Elis. But in the following Olympiad, they were reduced to eight, and afterwards increased to 10, which number continued till the reign of Adrian. The presidents were obliged solemnly to swear that they would act impartially, and not take any bribes, or discover why they rejected some of the combatants. They generally sat naked, and held before them the crown which was prepared for the conqueror. There were also certain officers to keep good order and regularity, called ἀλυται, much the same as the Roman lictors, of whom the chief was called ἀλυταρχης. No women were permitted to appear at the celebration of the Olympian games, and whoever dared to trespass this law was immediately thrown down from a rock. This, however, was sometimes neglected, for we find not only women present at the celebration, but also some among the combatants, and some rewarded with the crown. The preparations for these festivals were great. No person was permitted to enter the lists if he had not regularly exercised himself 10 months before the celebration at the public gymnasium of Elis. No unfair dealings were allowed, and whoever attempted to bribe his adversary was subjected to a severe fine. No criminals, nor such as were connected with impious and guilty persons, were suffered to present themselves as combatants; and even the father and relations were obliged to swear that they would have recourse to no artifice which might decide the victory in favour of their friends. The wrestlers were appointed by lot. Some little balls, superscribed with a letter, were thrown into a silver urn, and such as drew the same letter were obliged to contend one with the other. He who had an odd letter remained the last, and he often had the advantage, as he was to encounter the last who had obtained the superiority over his adversary. He was called ἐφεδρος. In these games were exhibited running, leaping, wrestling, boxing, and the throwing of the quoit, which was called altogether πενταθλον, or _quinquertium_. Besides these, there were horse and chariot races, and also contentions in poetry, eloquence, and the fine arts. The only reward that the conqueror obtained, was a crown of olive; which, as some suppose, was in memory of the labours of Hercules, which was accomplished for the universal good of mankind, and for which the hero claimed no other reward than the consciousness of having been the friend of humanity. So small and trifling a reward stimulated courage and virtue, and was more the source of great honours than the most unbounded treasures. The statues of the conquerors, called Olympionicæ, were erected at Olympia, in the sacred wood of Jupiter. Their return home was that of a warlike conqueror; they were drawn in a chariot by four horses, and everywhere received with the greatest acclamations. Their entrance into their native city was not through the gates, but, to make it more grand and more solemn, a breach was made in the walls. Painters and poets were employed in celebrating their names; and indeed the victories severally obtained at Olympia are the subjects of the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The combatants were naked; a scarf was originally tied round the waist, but when it had entangled one of the adversaries, and been the cause that he lost the victory, it was laid aside, and no regard was paid to decency. The Olympic games were observed every fifth year, or, to speak with greater exactness, after a revolution of four years, and in the first month of the fifth year, and they continued for five successive days. As they were the most ancient and the most solemn of all the festivals of the Greeks, it will not appear wonderful that they drew so many people together, not only inhabitants of Greece, but of the neighbouring islands and countries. _Pindar_, _Olympian_, chs. 1 & 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, li. 1. ――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 46.――_Lucian_, _Anacharsis_.――_Tzetzes_, _Lycophron_.――♦_Aristotle._――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Preface_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 49.――――A town of Elis in Peloponnesus, where Jupiter had a temple with a celebrated statue 50 cubits high, reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. The Olympic games were celebrated in the neighbourhood. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 8. ♦ ‘Aristotel’ replaced with ‘Aristotle’ =Olympias=, a certain space of time which elapsed between the celebration of the Olympic games. The Olympic games were celebrated after the expiration of four complete years, whence some have said that they were observed every fifth year. This period of time was called Olympiad, and became a celebrated era among the Greeks, who computed their time by it. The custom of reckoning time by the celebration of the Olympic games was not introduced at the first institution of these festivals, but, to speak accurately, only the year in which Corœbus obtained the prize. This Olympiad, which has always been reckoned the first, fell, according to the accurate and learned computations of some of the moderns, exactly 776 years before the christian era, in the year of the Julian period 3938, and 23 years before the building of Rome. The games were exhibited at the time of the full moon, next after the summer solstice; therefore the Olympiads were of unequal length, because the time of the full moon differs 11 days every year, and for that reason they sometimes began the next day after the solstice, and at other times four weeks after. The computations by Olympiads ceased, as some suppose, after the 364th, in the year 440 of the christian era. It was universally adopted, not only by the Greeks, but by many of the neighbouring countries, though still the Pythian games served as an epoch to the people of Delphi and to the Bœotians, the Nemæan games to the Argives and Arcadians, and the Isthmian to the Corinthians and the inhabitants of the Peloponnesian isthmus. To the Olympiads history is much indebted. They have served to fix the time of many momentous events, and indeed before this method of computing time was observed, every page of history is mostly fabulous, and filled with obscurity and contradiction, and no true chronological account can be properly established and maintained with certainty. The mode of computation, which was used after the suppression of the Olympiads and of the consular fasti of Rome, was more useful as it was more universal; but while the era of the creation of the world prevailed in the east, the western nations in the sixth century began to adopt with more propriety the christian epoch, which was propagated in the eighth century, and at last, in the tenth, became legal and popular.――――A celebrated woman, who was daughter of a king of Epirus, and who married Philip king of Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander the Great. Her haughtiness, and more probably her infidelity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatra the niece of king Attalus. Olympias was sensible of this injury, and Alexander showed his disapprobation of his father’s measures by retiring from the court to his mother. The murder of Philip, which soon followed this disgrace, and which some have attributed to the intrigues of Olympias, was productive of the greatest extravagancies. The queen paid the highest honour to her husband’s murderer. She gathered his mangled limbs, placed a crown of gold on his head, and laid his ashes near those of Philip. The administration of Alexander, who had succeeded his father, was, in some instances, offensive to Olympias; but when the ambition of her son was concerned, she did not scruple to declare publicly that Alexander was not the son of Philip, but that he was the offspring of an enormous serpent which had supernaturally introduced itself into her bed. When Alexander was dead, Olympias seized the government of Macedonia, and to establish her usurpation, she cruelly put to death Aridæus, with his wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor the brother of Cassander, with 100 leading men of Macedonia, who were inimical to her interest. Such barbarities did not long remain unpunished; Cassander besieged her in Pydna, where she had retired with the remains of her family, and she was obliged to surrender after an obstinate siege. The conqueror ordered her to be accused, and to be put to death. A body of 200 soldiers were directed to put the bloody commands into execution, but the splendour and majesty of the queen disarmed their courage, and she was at last massacred by those whom she had cruelly deprived of their children, about 316 years before the christian era. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 1. ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius._――_Pausanias._――――A fountain of Arcadia which flowed for one year and the next was dry. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29. =Olympiodōrus=, a musician who taught Epaminondas music. _Cornelius Nepos._――――A native of Thebes in Egypt, who flourished under Theodosius II., and wrote 22 books of history, in Greek, beginning with the seventh consulship of Honorius, and the second of Theodosius, to the period when Valentinian was made emperor. He wrote also an account of an embassy to some of the barbarian nations of the north, &c. His style is censured by some as low, and unworthy of an historian. The commentaries of Olympiodorus on the _Meteora_ of Aristotle, were edited with Aldus Manutius, 1550, in folio.――――An Athenian officer, present at the battle of Platæa, where he behaved with great valour. _Plutarch._ =Olympius=, a surname of Jupiter at Olympia, where the god had a celebrated temple and statue, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. It was the work of Phidias. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――――A native of Carthage, called also Nemesianus. _See:_ Nemesianus.――――A favourite at the court of Honorius, who was the cause of Stilicho’s death. =Olympus=, a physician of Cleopatra queen of Egypt, who wrote some historical treatises. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A poet and musician of Mysia, son of Mæon and disciple to Marsyas. He lived before the Trojan war, and distinguished himself by his amatory elegies, his hymns, and particularly the beautiful airs which he composed, and which were still preserved in the age of Aristophanes. _Plato_, _Minos_.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 8.――――Another musician of Phrygia, who lived in the age of Midas. He is frequently confounded with the preceding. _Pollux_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――――A son of Hercules and Eubœa. _Apollodorus._――――A mountain of Macedonia and Thessaly, now _Lacha_. The ancients supposed that it touched the heavens with its top; and, from that circumstance, they have placed the residence of the gods there, and have made it the court of Jupiter. It is about one mile and a half in perpendicular height, and is covered with pleasant woods, caves, and grottoes. On the top of the mountain, according to the notions of the poets, there was neither wind nor rain, nor clouds, but an eternal spring. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2, 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_. ――_Lucan_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A mountain of Mysia, called the Mysian Olympus, a name which it still preserves.――――Another in Elis.――――Another in Arcadia.――――Another in the island of Cyprus, now _Santa Croce_. Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia and of Cilicia to be the same.――――A town on the coast of Lycia. =Olympusa=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Olynthus=, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, on the isthmus of the peninsula of Pallene. It became famous for its flourishing situation, and for its frequent disputes with the Athenians and Lacedæmonians, and with king Philip, who destroyed it, and sold the inhabitants for slaves. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.――_Plutarch_, _de Cohibenda Ira_, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 127.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9. =Olyras=, a river near Thermopylæ, which, as the mythologists report, attempted to extinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules was consumed. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Olyzon=, a town of Thessaly. =Omarius=, a Lacedæmonian sent to Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Ombi= and =Tentyra=, two neighbouring cities of Egypt, whose inhabitants were always in discord one with another. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 35. =Ombri.= _See:_ ♦Umbria. ♦ ‘Umbri’ replaced with ‘Umbria’ to match listing =Omŏle=, or =Homŏle=, a mountain of Thessaly. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 675.――――There were some festivals called _Homoleia_, which were celebrated in Bœotia in honour of Jupiter, surnamed _Homoleius_. =Omophagia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus. The word signifies _the eating of raw flesh_. _See:_ Dionysia. =Omphăle=, a queen of Lydia, daughter of Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who, at his death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Omphale had been informed of the great exploits of Hercules, and wished to see so illustrious a hero. Her wish was soon gratified. After the murder of Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, and was ordered to be sold as a slave, that he might recover his health, and the right use of his senses. Mercury was commissioned to sell him, and Omphale bought him, and restored him to liberty. The hero became enamoured of his mistress, and the queen favoured his passion, and had a son by him, whom some call Agelaus, and others Lamon. From this son were descended Gyges and Crœsus; but this opinion is different from the account which makes these Lydian monarchs spring from Alcæus, a son of Hercules by Malis, one of the female servants of Omphale. Hercules is represented by the poets as so desperately enamoured of the queen that, to conciliate her esteem, he spins by her side among her women, while she covers herself with the lion’s skin, and arms herself with the club of the hero, and often strikes him with her sandals for the uncouth manner with which he holds the distaff, &c. Their fondness was mutual. As they once travelled together, they came to a grotto on mount Tmolus, where the queen dressed herself in the habit of her lover, and obliged him to appear in a female garment. After they had supped, they both retired to rest in different rooms, as a sacrifice on the morrow to Bacchus required. In the night, Faunus, or rather Pan, who was enamoured of Omphale, introduced himself into the cave. He went to the bed of the queen, but the lion’s skin persuaded him that it was the dress of Hercules, and therefore he repaired to the bed of Hercules, in hopes to find there the object of his affection. The female dress of Hercules deceived him, and he laid himself down by his side. The hero was awakened, and kicked the intruder into the middle of the cave. The noise awoke Omphale, and Faunus was discovered lying on the ground, greatly disappointed and ashamed. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 305, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 17. =Omphălos=, a place of Crete, sacred to Jupiter, on the borders of the river Triton. It received its name from the umbilical cord (ὀμφαλος) of Jupiter, which fell there soon after his birth. _Diodorus._ =Omphis=, a king of India, who delivered himself up to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12. =Onæum=, or =Oæneum=, a promontory and town of Dalmatia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19. =Onārus=, a priest of Bacchus, who is supposed to have married Ariadne after she had been abandoned by Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Onasĭmus=, a sophist of Athens, who flourished in the reign of Constantine. =Onātas=, a famous statuary of Ægina son of Micon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 42. =Onchemītes=, a wind which blows from Onchesmus, a harbour of Epirus, towards Italy. The word is sometimes spelt _Anchesites_ and _Anchemites_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 2. ――_Ptolemæus._ =Onchestus=, a town of Bœotia, founded by Onchestus, a son of Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26. =Oneion=, a place of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25. =Onesicrĭtus=, a cynic philosopher of Ægina, who went with Alexander into Asia, and was sent to the Indian Gymnosophists. He wrote a history of the king’s life, which has been censured for the romantic, exaggerated, and improbable narrative it gives. It is asserted that Alexander, upon reading it, said that he should be glad to come to life again for some time, to see what reception the historian’s work met with. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10. =Onesĭmus=, a Macedonian nobleman, treated with great kindness by the Roman emperors. He wrote an account of the life of the emperor Probus, and of Carus, with great precision and elegance. =Onesippus=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._ =Onesius=, a king of Salamis, who revolted from the Persians. =Onetorĭdes=, an Athenian officer, who attempted to murder the garrison which Demetrius had stationed at Athens, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Onium=, a place of Peloponnesus, near Corinth. =Onoba=, a town near the columns of Hercules. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Onobala=, a river of Sicily. =Onochŏnus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 196. =Onomacrĭtus=, a soothsayer of Athens. It is generally believed that the Greek poem on the Argonautic expedition, attributed to Orpheus, was written by Onomacritus. The elegant poems of Musæus are also, by some, supposed to be the production of his pen. He flourished about 516 years before the christian era, and was expelled from Athens by Hipparchus, one of the sons of Pisistratus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 6. ――――A Locrian, who wrote concerning laws, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_. =Onomarchus=, a Phocian, son of Euthycrates and brother of Philomelus, whom he succeeded, as general of his countrymen, in the sacred war. After exploits of valour and perseverance, he was defeated and slain in Thessaly by Philip of Macedon, who ordered his body to be ignominiously hung up, for the sacrilege offered to the temple of Delphi. He died 353 B.C. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 4. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A man to whose care Antigonus entrusted the keeping of Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_. =Onomastorĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian ambassador sent to Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Onomastus=, a freedman of the emperor Otho. _Tacitus._ =Onophas=, one of the seven Persians who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. _Ctesias._――――An officer in the expedition of Xerxes against Greece. =Onosander=, a Greek writer, whose book _De Imperatoris Institutione_ has been edited by Schwebel, with a French translation, folio, Nuremberg, 1752. =Onythes=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 514. =Opalia=, festivals celebrated by the Romans, in honour of Ops, on the 14th of the calends of January. =Ophēlas=, a general of Cyrene, defeated by Agathocles. =Opheltes=, a son of Lycurgus king of Thrace. He is the same as Archemorus. _See:_ Archemorus.――――The father of Euryalus, whose friendship with Nisus is proverbial. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 201.――――One of the companions of Acœtes, changed into a dolphin by Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 8. =Ophensis=, a town of Africa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 50. =Ophiădes=, an island on the coast of Arabia, so called from the great number of serpents found there. It belonged to the Egyptian kings, and was considered valuable for the topaz it produced. _Diodorus_, bk. 3. =Ophias=, a patronymic given to Combe, as daughter of Ophius, an unknown person. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 382. =Ophioneus=, was an ancient soothsayer in the age of Aristodemus. He was born blind. =Ophis=, a small river of Arcadia, which falls into the Alpheus. =Ophiūsa=, the ancient name of Rhodes.――――A small island near Crete. ――――A town of Sarmatia.――――An island near the Baleares, so called from the number of serpents which it produced (ὀφις, _serpens_). It is now called _Formentera_. =Ophrynium=, a town of Troas on the Hellespont. Hector had a grove there. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Opĭci=, the ancient inhabitants of Campania, from whose mean occupations the word _Opicus_ has been used to express disgrace. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 207. =Opilius=, a grammarian who flourished about 94 years before Christ. He wrote a book called _Libri Musarum_. =Lucius Opimius=, a Roman who made himself consul in opposition to the interests and efforts of the Gracchi. He showed himself a most inveterate enemy to Caius Gracchus and his adherents, and behaved, during his consulship, like a dictator. He was accused of bribery, and banished. He died of want at Dyrrachium. _Cicero_, _For Sestius_, _For Plancius_, & _Against Piso_.――_Plutarch._――――A Roman, who killed one of the Cimbri in single combat.――――A rich usurer at Rome in the age of Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 142. =Opis=, a town on the Tigris, afterwards called Antiochia. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 2.――――A nymph who was among Diana’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, lis. 532 & 867.――――A town near the mouth of the Tigris.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 343. =Opĭter=, a Roman consul, &c. =Opitergīni=, a people near Aquileia, on the Adriatic. Their chief city was called _Opitergum_, now _Oderso_. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 416. =Opītes=, a native of Argos, killed by Hector in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_. =Oppia=, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her incontinence. =Oppia lex=, by Caius Oppius the tribune, A.U.C. 540. It required that no woman should wear above half an ounce of gold, have party-coloured garments, or be carried in any city or town, or to any place within a mile’s distance, unless it was to celebrate some sacred festivals or solemnities. This famous law, which was made while Annibal was in Italy, and while Rome was in distressed circumstances, created discontent, and, 18 years after, the Roman ladies petitioned the assembly of the people that it might be repealed. Cato opposed it strongly, and made many satirical reflections upon the women for their appearing in public to solicit votes. The tribune Valerius, who had presented their petition to the assembly, answered the objections of Cato, and his eloquence had such an influence on the minds of the people, that the law was instantly abrogated with the unanimous consent of all the _comitia_, Cato alone excepted. _Livy_, bks. 33 & 34.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3. =Oppiānus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the second century. His father’s name was Agesilaus, and his mother’s Zenodota. He wrote some poems, celebrated for their elegance and sublimity. Two of his poems are now extant, five books on fishing called _alieuticon_, and four on hunting called _cynegeticon_. The emperor Caracalla was so pleased with his poetry, that he gave him a piece of gold for every verse of his cynegeticon; from which circumstance the poem received the name of the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died of the plague in the 30th year of his age. His countrymen raised statues to his honour, and engraved on his tomb that the gods had hastened to call back Oppian in the flower of youth, only because he had already excelled all mankind. The best edition of his works is that of Schneider, 8vo, Strasbourg, 1776. =Oppidius=, a rich old man introduced by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 168, as wisely dividing his possessions among his two sons, and warning them against those follies and that extravagance which he believed he saw rising in them. =Caius Oppius=, a friend of Julius Cæsar, celebrated for his life of Scipio Africanus, and of Pompey the Great. In the latter he paid not much regard to historical facts, and took every opportunity to defame Pompey, to extol the character of his patron Cæsar. In the age of Suetonius, he was deemed the true author of the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish wars, which some attribute to Cæsar, and others to Aulus Hirtius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 53. ――――An officer sent by the Romans against Mithridates. He met with ill success, and was sent in chains to the king, &c.――――A Roman who saved his aged father from the dagger of the triumvirate. =Ops= (_opis_), a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, the same as the Rhea of the Greeks, who married Saturn, and became mother of Jupiter. She was known among the ancients by the different names of _Cybele_, _Bona Dea_, _Magna Mater_, _Thya_, _Tellus_, _Proserpina_, and even of _Juno_ and _Minerva_; and the worship which was paid to these apparently several deities was offered merely to one and the same person, mother of the gods. The word _Ops_ seems to be derived from _Opus_; because the goddess, who is the same as the earth, gives nothing without _labour_. Tatius built her a temple at Rome. She was generally represented as a matron, with her right hand opened, as if offering assistance to the helpless, and holding a loaf in her left hand. Her festivals were called _Opalia_, &c. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Tibullus_, poem 4, li. 68.――_Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 6. =Optātus=, one of the fathers, whose works were edited by Du Pin, folio, Paris, 1700. =Optĭmus Maximus=, epithets given to Jupiter to denote his greatness, omnipotence, and supreme goodness. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 25. =Opus= (_opuntis_), a city of Locris, on the Asopus, destroyed by an earthquake. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7. =Ora=, a town in India, taken by Alexander.――――One of Jupiter’s mistresses. =Oracŭlum=, an answer of the gods to the questions of men, or the place where those answers were given. Nothing is more famous than the ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, Rome, &c. They were supposed to be the will of the gods themselves, and they were consulted, not only upon every important matter, but even in the affairs of private life. To make peace or war, to introduce a change of government, to plant a colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice, to marry, were sufficient reasons to consult the will of the gods. Mankind, in consulting them, showed that they wished to pay implicit obedience to the command of the divinity, and, when they had been favoured with an answer, they acted with more spirit and with more vigour, conscious that the undertaking had met with the sanction and approbation of heaven. In this, therefore, it will not appear wonderful that so many places were sacred to oracular purposes. The small province of Bœotia could once boast of her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same number. Not only the chief of the gods gave oracles, but, in process of time, heroes were admitted to enjoy the same privileges; and the oracles of a Trophonius and an Antinous were soon able to rival the fame of Apollo and of Jupiter. The most celebrated oracles of antiquity were those of Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Ammon, &c. _See:_ Dodona, Delphi, Ammon. The temple of Delphi seemed to claim a superiority over the other temples; its fame was once more extended, and its riches were so great, that not only private persons, but even kings and numerous armies, made it an object of plunder and of rapine. The manner of delivering oracles was different. A priestess at Delphi [_See:_ Pythia] was permitted to pronounce the oracles of the god, and her delivery of the answers was always attended with acts of apparent madness and desperate fury. Not only women but even doves, were the ministers of the temple of Dodona; and the suppliant votary was often startled to hear his questions readily answered by the decayed trunk or the spreading branches of a neighbouring oak. Ammon conveyed his answers in a plain and open manner; but Amphiaraus required many ablutions and preparatory ceremonies, and he generally communicated his oracles to his suppliants in dreams and visions. Sometimes the first words that were heard, after issuing from the temple, were deemed the answers of the oracles, and sometimes the nodding or shaking of the head of the statue, the motions of fishes in a neighbouring lake, or their reluctance in accepting the food which was offered to them, were as strong and valid as the most express and the minutest explanations. The answers were also sometimes given in verse, or written on tablets, but their meaning was always obscure, and often the cause of disaster to such as consulted them. Crœsus, when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was told that, if he crossed the Halys, he should destroy a great empire; he supposed that that empire was the empire of his enemy, but unfortunately it was his own. The words of _Credo te, Æacida, Romanos vincere posse_, which Pyrrhus received when he wished to assist the Tarentines against the Romans, by a favourable interpretation for himself, proved his ruin. Nero was ordered by the oracle of Delphi to beware of 73 years; but the pleasing idea that he should live to that age, rendered him careless, and he was soon convinced of his mistake, when Galba, in his 73rd year, had the presumption to dethrone him. It is a question among the learned whether the oracles were given by the inspiration of evil spirits, or whether they proceeded from the imposture of the priests. Imposture, however, and forgery cannot long flourish, and falsehood becomes its own destroyer; and, on the contrary, it is well known how much confidence an enlightened age, therefore, much more the credulous and the superstitious, place upon dreams and romantic stories. Some have strongly believed that all the oracles of the earth ceased at the birth of Christ, but the supposition is false. It was, indeed, the beginning of their decline; but they remained in repute, and were consulted, though perhaps not so frequently, till the fourth century, when christianity began to triumph over paganism. The oracles often suffered themselves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it is well known that Lysander failed in the attempt. Herodotus, who first mentioned the corruption which often prevailed in the oracular temples of Greece and Egypt, has been severely treated for his remarks by the historian Plutarch. Demosthenes is also a witness of the corruption, and he observed that the oracles of Greece were servilely subservient to the will and pleasure of Philip king of Macedon, as he beautifully expresses it by the word φιλιππιζειν. If some of the Greeks, and other European and Asiatic countries, paid so much attention to oracles, and were so fully persuaded of their veracity, and even divinity, many of their leading men and of their philosophers were apprised of their deceit, and paid no regard to the command of priests, whom money could corrupt, and interposition silence. The Egyptians showed themselves the most superstitious of mankind, by their blind acquiescence to the imposition of the priests, who persuaded them that the safety and happiness of their life depended upon the mere motions of an ox, or the tameness of a crocodile. _Homer_, _Iliad_; _Odyssey_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.――_Strabo_, bks. 5, 7, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_; _Agesilaus_; _De Herodoti Malignitate_.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_ bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 37. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lysander_. ――_Aristophanes_, _Knights_ & _Wealth_.――_Demosthenes_, _Philippics_. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1. =Oræa=, a small country of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30. ――――Certain solemn sacrifices of fruits offered in the four seasons of the year, to obtain mild and temperate weather. They were offered to the goddesses who presided over the seasons, who attended upon the sun, and who received divine worship at Athens. =Orasus=, a man who killed Ptolemy the son of Pyrrhus. =Orates=, a river of European Scythia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 47. As this river is not now known, Vossius reads Cretes, a river which is found in Scythia. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 4, li. 719. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 4. =Orbelus=, a mountain of Thrace or Macedonia. =Orbĭlius Pupillus=, a grammarian of Beneventum, who was the first instructor of the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the consulship of Cicero, and there, as a public teacher, acquired more fame than money. He was naturally of a severe disposition, of which his pupils often felt the effects. He lived almost to his 100th year, and lost his memory some time before his death. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_, ch. 9.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 71. =Orbitanium=, a town of the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20. =Orbōna=, a mischievous goddess at Rome, who, as it was supposed, made children die. Her temple at Rome was near that of the gods Lares. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Orcădes=, islands on the northern coasts of Britain, now called the _Orkneys_. They were unknown till Britain was discovered to be an island by Agricola, who presided there as governor. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.――_Juvenal_ satire 2, li. 161. =Orchālis=, an eminence of Bœotia, near Haliartus, called also Alopecos. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_. =Orchămus=, a king of Assyria, father of Leucothoe by Eurynome. He buried his daughter alive for her amours with Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 212. =Orchia lex=, by Orchius the tribune, A.U.C. 566. It was enacted to limit the number of guests that were to be admitted at an entertainment; and it also enforced that, during supper, which was the chief meal among the Romans, the doors of every house should be left open. =Orchomĕnus=, or =Orchomĕnum=, a town of Bœotia, at the west of the lake Copais. It was anciently called _Minyeia_, and from that circumstance the inhabitants were often called _Minyans_ of Orchomenos. There was at Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Graces, who were from thence called the Orchomenian goddesses. The inhabitants founded Teos in conjunction with the Ionians, under the sons of Codrus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――A town of Arcadia, at the north of Mantinea. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A town of Thessaly, with a river of the same name. _Strabo._――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia, who gave his name to a city of Arcadia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.――――A son of Minyas king of Bœotia, who gave the name of Orchomenians to his subjects. He died without issue, and the crown devolved to Clymenus the son of Presbon, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36. =Orcus=, one of the names of the god of hell, the same as Pluto, though confounded by some with Charon. He had a temple at Rome. The word _Orcus_ is generally used to signify the infernal regions. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 29, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 502, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 116. =Orcynia=, a place of Cappadocia, where Eumenes was defeated by Antigonus. =Ordessus=, a river of Scythia, which falls into the Ister. _Herodotus._ =Ordovices=, the people of North Wales in Britain, mentioned by _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 53. =Oreădes=, nymphs of the mountains (ὀρος, _mons_), daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. Some call them Orestiades, and give them Jupiter for father. They generally attended upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 504. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 787. =Oreas=, a son of Hercules and Chryseis. =Orestæ=, a people of Epirus. They received their name from Orestes, who fled to Epirus when cured of his insanity. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 249.――――Of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 34. =Orestes=, a son of ♦Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When his father was cruelly murdered by Clytemnestra and Ægisthus, young Orestes was saved from his mother’s dagger by means of his sister Electra, called Laodicea by Homer, and he was privately conveyed to the house of Strophius, who was king of Phocis, and who had married a sister of Agamemnon. He was tenderly treated by Strophius, who educated him with his son Pylades. The two young princes soon became acquainted, and, from their familiarity, arose the most inviolable attachment and friendship. When Orestes was arrived to the years of manhood, he visited Mycenæ, and avenged his father’s death by assassinating his mother Clytemnestra, and her adulterer Ægisthus. The manner in which he committed this murder is variously reported. According to Æschylus he was commissioned by Apollo to avenge his father, and, therefore, he introduced himself, with his friend Pylades, at the court of Mycenæ, pretending to bring the news of the death of Orestes from king Strophius. He was at first received with coldness, and when he came into the presence of Ægisthus, who wished to inform himself of the particulars, he murdered him, and soon after Clytemnestra shared the adulterer’s fate. Euripides and Sophocles mention the same circumstance. Ægisthus was assassinated after Clytemnestra, according to Sophocles; and, in Euripides, Orestes is represented as murdering the adulterer, while he offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This murder, as the poet mentions, irritates the guards, who were present, but Orestes appeases their fury by telling them who he is, and immediately he is acknowledged king of the country. Afterwards he stabs his mother, at the instigation of his sister Electra, after he has upbraided her for her infidelity and cruelty to her husband. Such meditated murders receive the punishment which, among the ancients, was always supposed to attend parricide. Orestes is tormented by the Furies, and exiles himself to Argos, where he is still pursued by the avengeful goddesses. Apollo himself purifies him, and he is acquitted by the unanimous opinion of the Areopagites, whom Minerva herself instituted on this occasion, according to the narration of the poet Æschylus, who flatters the Athenians in his tragical story, by representing them as passing judgment even upon the gods themselves. According to Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the murder, not at Delphi, but at Trœzene, where still was seen a large stone at the entrance of Diana’s temple, upon which the ceremonies of purification had been performed by nine of the principal citizens of the place. There was also, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a temple dedicated to the Furies, near which Orestes cut off one of his fingers with his teeth in a fit of insanity. These different traditions are confuted by Euripides, who says that Orestes, after the murder of his mother, consulted the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he was informed that nothing could deliver him from the persecutions of the Furies, if he did not bring into Greece Diana’s statue, which was in the Taurica Chersonesus, and which, as it is reported by some, had fallen down from heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. The king of the Chersonesus always sacrificed on the altars of the goddess all such as entered the borders of his country. Orestes and his friend were both carried before Thoas the king of the place, and they were doomed to be sacrificed. Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana’s temple, and it was her office to immolate these strangers. The intelligence that they were Grecians delayed the preparations, and Iphigenia was anxious to learn something about a country which had given her birth. _See:_ Iphigenia. She even interested herself in their misfortunes, and offered to spare the life of one of them provided he would convey letters to Greece from her hand. This was a difficult trial; never was friendship more truly displayed, according to the words of Ovid, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 2: _Ire jubet Pylades carum moriturus Orestem, Hic negat; inque vicem pugnat uterque mori._ At last Pylades gave way to the pressing entreaties of his friend, and consented to carry the letters of Iphigenia to Greece. These were addressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore, these circumstances soon led to a total discovery of the connections of the priestess with the man whom she was going to immolate. Iphigenia was convinced that he was her brother Orestes, and, when the causes of their journey had been explained, she resolved, with the two friends, to fly from Chersonesus, and to carry away the statue of Diana. Their flight was discovered, and Thoas prepared to pursue them; but Minerva interfered, and told him that all had been done by the will and approbation of the gods. Some suppose that Orestes came to Cappadocia from Chersonesus, and that there he left the statue of Diana at Comana. Others contradict this tradition, and, according to Pausanias, the statue of Diana Orthia was the same as that which had been carried away from the Chersonesus. Some also suppose that Orestes brought it to Aricia, in Italy, where Diana’s worship was established. After these celebrated adventures, Orestes ascended the throne of Argos, where he reigned in perfect security, and married Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his sister to his friend Pylades. The marriage of Orestes with Hermione is a matter of dispute among the ancients. All are agreed that she had been promised to the son of Agamemnon, but Menelaus had married her to Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, who had shown himself so truly interested in his cause during the Trojan war. The marriage of Hermione with Neoptolemus displeased Orestes; he remembered that she had been early promised to him, and therefore he resolved to recover her by force or artifice. This he effected by causing Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or assassinating him himself. According to Ovid’s epistle of Hermione to Orestes, Hermione had always been faithful to her first lover, and even it was by her persuasion that Orestes removed her from the house of Neoptolemus. Hermione was dissatisfied with the partiality of Neoptolemus for Andromache, and her attachment for Orestes was increased. Euripides, however, and others, speak differently of Hermione’s attachment to Neoptolemus: she loved him so tenderly, that she resolved to murder Andromache, who seemed to share, in a small degree, the affection of her husband. She was ready to perpetrate the horrid deed when Orestes came into Epirus, and she was easily persuaded by the foreign prince to withdraw herself, in her husband’s absence, from a country which seemed to contribute so much to her sorrows. Orestes, the better to secure the affections of Hermione, assassinated Neoptolemus [_See:_ Neoptolemus], and retired to his kingdom of Argos. His old age was crowned with peace and security, and he died in the 90th year of his age, leaving his throne to his son Tisamenes by Hermione. Three years after, the Heraclidæ recovered the Peloponnesus, and banished the descendants of Menelaus from the throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, as some suppose, by the bite of a serpent; and the Lacedæmonians, who had become his subjects at the death of Menelaus, were directed by an oracle to bring his bones to Sparta. They were some time after discovered at Tegea, and his stature appeared to be seven cubits, according to the traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others. The friendship of Orestes and of Pylades became proverbial, and the two friends received divine honours among the Scythians, and were worshipped in temples. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 3. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 9 & 13.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8; _Ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15; _Ibis_.――_Euripides_; _Orestes_; _Andromache_, &c. _Iphigeneia_. ――_Sophocles_, _Electra_, &c.――_Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_; _Agamemnon_, &c.――_Horodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 69.――_Hyginus_, fables 120 & 261. ――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 6, &c.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 33.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 304; bk. 4, li. 530.――_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, li. 1374.――――A son of Achelaus. _Apollodorus._――――A man sent as ambassador, by Attila king of the Huns, to the emperor Theodosius. He was highly honoured at the Roman court, and his son Augustulus was the last emperor of the western empire.――――A governor of Egypt under the Roman emperors.――――A robber of Athens who pretended madness, &c. _Aristophanes_, _Acharnians_, li. 1166.――――A general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 108. ♦ ‘Agememnon’ replaced with ‘Agamemnon’ =Oresteum=, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles from Sparta. It was founded by Orestheus, a son of Lycaon, and originally called _Oresthesium_, and afterwards _Oresteum_, from Orestes the son of Agamemnon, who resided there for some time after the murder of Clytemnestra. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Euripides._ =Orestīdæ=, the descendants or subjects of Orestes the son of Agamemnon. They were driven from the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, and came to settle in a country which, from them, was called _Orestida_, at the south-west of Macedonia. Some suppose that that part of Greece originally received its name from Orestes, who fled and built there a city, which gave its founder’s name to the whole province. _Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 31. =Aurelia Orestilla=, a mistress of Catiline. _Cicero_, ♦_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 8, ch. 7. ♦ ‘ad. Div. 7,’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends, bk. 8’ =Orestis=, or =Orestida=, a part of Macedonia. _Cicero_, _On the Responses of the Haruspices_, ch. 16. =Orĕtæ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on the Euxine sea. =Oretāni=, a people of Spain, whose capital was _Oretum_, now _Oreto_. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 11; bk. 35, ch. 7. =Oretillia=, a woman who married Caligula, by whom she was soon after banished. =Orēum=, one of the principal towns of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 6. =Orga=, or =Orgas=, a river of Phrygia, falling into the Mæander. _Strabo._――_Pliny._ =Orgessum=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27. =Orgetŏrix=, one of the chief men of the Helvetii, while Cæsar was in Gaul. He formed a conspiracy against the Romans, and, when accused, he destroyed himself. _Cæsar._ =Orgia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus. They are the same as the _Bacchanalia_, _Dionysia_, &c., which were celebrated by the ancients to commemorate the triumph of Bacchus in India. _See:_ Dionysia. =Oribăsus=, a celebrated physician, greatly esteemed by the emperor Julian, in whose reign he flourished. He abridged the works of Galenus, and of all the most respectable writers on physic, at the request of the emperor. He accompanied Julian into the east, but his skill proved ineffectual in attempting to cure the fatal wound which his benefactor had received. After Julian’s death, he fell into the hands of the barbarians. The best edition of his works is that of Dundas, 4to, Leiden, 1745.――――One of Actæon’s dogs, _ab_ ὀρος, _mons_, and (βαινω, _scando_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_. =Orĭcum=, or =Orĭcus=, a town of Epirus, on the Ionian sea, founded by a colony from Colchis, according to Pliny. It was called _Dardania_, because Helenus and Andromache, natives of Troy or Dardania, reigned over the country after the Trojan war. It had a celebrated harbour, and was greatly esteemed by the Romans on account of its situation, but it was not well defended. The tree which produces the turpentine grew there in abundance. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 136.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 40.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 187. =Oriens=, in ancient geography, is taken for all the most eastern parts of the world, such as Parthia, India, Assyria, &c. =Origen=, a Greek writer, as much celebrated for the easiness of his manners, his humility, and modesty, as for his learning and the sublimity of his genius. He was surnamed _Adamantus_, from his assiduity; and became so rigid a christian that he made himself a eunuch, by following the literal sense of a passage in the Greek testament, which speaks of the voluntary eunuchs of Christ. He suffered martyrdom in his 69th year, A.D. 254. His works were excellent and numerous, and contained a number of homilies, commentaries on the Holy Scriptures, and different treatises, besides the _Hexapla_, so called from its being divided into six columns, the first of which contained the Hebrew text, the second the same text in Greek characters, the third the Greek version of the Septuagint, the fourth that of Aquila, the fifth that of Symmachus, and the sixth Theodotion’s Greek version. This famous work first gave the hint for the compilation of our Polyglot Bibles. The works of Origen have been learnedly edited by the Benedictine monks, though the whole is not yet completed, in 4 vols., folio, Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The Hexapla was published in 8vo, at Lipscomb, 1769, by Carl Friedrich Bahrdt. =Orīgo=, a courtesan in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 55. =Orinus=, a river of Sicily. =Oriobătes=, a general of Darius at the battle of Arbela, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4. =Orīon=, a celebrated giant sprung from the urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. These three gods, as they travelled over Bœotia, met with great hospitality from Hyrieus, a peasant of the country, who was ignorant of their dignity and character. They were entertained with whatever the cottage afforded, and, when Hyrieus had discovered that they were gods, because Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter’s cup with wine, after he had served it before the rest, the old man welcomed them by the voluntary sacrifice of an ox. Pleased with his piety, the gods promised to grant him whatever he required, and the old man, who had lately lost his wife, to whom he had promised never to marry again, desired them that, as he was childless, they would give him a son without another marriage. The gods consented, and they ordered him to bury in the ground the skin of the victim, into which they had all three made water. Hyrieus did as they commanded, and when, nine months after, he dug for the skin, he found in it a beautiful child, whom he called _Urion, ab urinâ_. The name was changed into Orion, by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid says, _Perdidit antiquum littera prima sonum_. Orion soon rendered himself celebrated, and Diana took him among her attendants, and even became deeply enamoured of him. His gigantic stature, however, displeased Œnopion king of Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he demanded in marriage. The king, not to deny him openly, promised to make him his son-in-law as soon as he delivered his island from wild beasts. This task, which Œnopion deemed impracticable, was soon performed by Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. Œnopion, on pretence of complying, intoxicated his illustrious guest, and put out his eyes on the seashore, where he had laid himself down to sleep. Orion, finding himself blind when he awoke, was conducted by the sound to a neighbouring forge, where he placed one of the workmen on his back, and by his directions, went to a place where the rising sun was seen with the greatest advantage. Here he turned his face towards the luminary, and, as it is reported, he immediately recovered his eyesight, and hastened to punish the perfidious cruelty of Œnopion. It is said that Orion was an excellent workman in iron, and that he fabricated a subterraneous palace for Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had inspired with love, carried him away to the island of Delos, to enjoy his company with the greater security; but Diana, who was jealous of this, destroyed Orion with her arrows. Some say that Orion had provoked Diana’s resentment, by offering violence to Opis, one of her female attendants, or, according to others, because he had attempted the virtue of the goddess herself. According to Ovid, Orion died of the bite of a scorpion, which the earth produced, to punish his vanity in boasting that there was not on earth any animal which he could not conquer. Some say that Orion was the son of Neptune and Euryale, and that he had received from his father the privilege and power of walking over the sea without wetting his feet. Others made him son of Terra, like the rest of the giants. He had married a nymph called Sida before his connection with the family of Œnopion; but Sida was the cause of her own death, by boasting herself fairer than Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion was a celebrated hunter, superior to the rest of mankind by his strength and uncommon stature. He built the port of Zancle, and fortified the coast of Sicily against the frequent inundations of the sea, by heaping a mound of earth, called Pelorum, on which he built a temple to the gods of the sea. After death, Orion was placed in heaven, where one of the constellations still bears his name. The constellation of Orion, placed near the feet of the bull, is composed of 17 stars, in the form of a man holding a sword, which has given occasion to the poets often to speak of Orion’s sword. As the constellation of Orion, which rises about the 9th day of March, and sets about the 21st of June, is generally supposed to be accompanied, at its rising, with great rains and storms, it has acquired the epithet of _aquosus_, given it by Virgil. Orion was buried in the island of Delos, and the monument which the people of Tanagra in Bœotia showed, as containing the remains of this celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. The daughters of Orion distinguished themselves as much as their father; and when the oracle had declared that Bœotia should not be delivered from a dreadful pestilence before two of Jupiter’s children were immolated on the altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, and voluntarily sacrificed themselves for the good of their country. Their names were Menippe and Metioche. They had been carefully educated by Diana, and Venus and Minerva had made them very rich and valuable presents. The deities of hell were struck at the patriotism of the two females, and immediately two stars were seen to arise from the earth, which still smoked with the blood, and they were placed in the heavens in the form of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies were burned by the Thebans, and from their ashes arose two persons whom the gods soon after changed into constellations. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5, li. 121; bk. 11, li. 309.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 517.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 8 & 13; _Fasti_, bk. 5, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 125, & _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 44, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 3, odes 4 & 27; _Epodes_, poem 10, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c.――_Catullus_, _Carmina_.――_Palæphatus_, bk. 1.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriae_, ch. 20. =Orissus=, a prince of Spain, who put Hamilcar to flight, &c. =Orisulla Livia=, a Roman matron, taken away from Piso, &c. =Orītæ=, a people of India, who submitted to Alexander, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 15. =Orithyia=, a daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens by Praxithea. She was courted and carried away by Boreas king of Thrace, as she crossed the Ilissus, and became mother of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetus, and Calais. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Apollonius_, bk. 3, ch. 15. ――_Orpheus._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 706; _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 5, ch. 19.――――One of the Nereides.――――A daughter of Cecrops, who bore Europus to Macedon. ――――One of the Amazons, famous for her warlike and intrepid spirit. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Orĭtias=, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 8. =Oriundus=, a river of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31. =Ormĕnus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Cercaphus. He built a town which was called Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 448.――――A man who settled at Rhodes.――――A son of Eurypylus, &c. =Ornea=, a town of Argolis, famous for a battle fought there between the Lacedæmonians and Argives. _Diodorus._ =Orneates=, a surname of Priapus, at Ornea. =Orneus=, a centaur, son of Ixion and the Cloud. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 302.――――A son of Erechtheus king of Athens, who built Ornea in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25. =Ornithiæ=, a wind blowing from the north in the spring, and so called from the appearance of birds (ὀρνιθες, _aves_). _Columella_, bk. 11, ch. 2. =Ornītron=, a town of Phœnicia between Tyre and Sidon. =Ornitus=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 677. =Ornospădes=, a Parthian, driven from his country by Artabanus. He assisted Tiberius, and was made governor of Macedonia, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 37. =Ornytion=, a son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, father of Phocus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17. =Ornytus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 173. =Oroanda=, a town of Pisidia, now Haviran. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18. =Orobia=, a town of Eubœa. =Orobii=, a people of Italy, near Milan. =Orōdes=, a prince of Parthia, who murdered his brother Mithridates, and ascended his throne. He defeated Crassus the Roman triumvir, and poured melted gold down the throat of his fallen enemy, to reproach him for his avarice and ambition. He followed the interest of Cassius and Brutus at Philippi. It is said that, when Orodes became old and infirm, his 30 children applied to him, and disputed in his presence their right to the succession. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained the crown from his father, and to hasten him out of the world, he attempted to poison him. The poison had no effect; and Phraates, still determined on his father’s death, strangled him with his own hands, about 37 years before the christian era. Orodes had then reigned about 50 years. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――――Another king of Parthia, murdered for his cruelty. _Josephus_, bk. 18, _Jewish Antiquities_.――――A son of Artabanus king of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 33.――――One of the friends of Æneas in Italy, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 732, &c. =Orœtes=, a Persian governor of Sardis, famous for his cruel murder of Polycrates. He died B.C. 521. _Herodotus._ =Oromĕdon=, a lofty mountain in the island of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7. ――――A giant. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 48. =Orontas=, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent to Cyprus, where he made peace with Evagoras, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7. ♦=Orontes=, a satrap of Mysia, B.C. 385, who rebelled from Artaxerxes, &c. _Polyænus._――――A governor of Armenia. _Polyænus._――――A king of the Lycians during the Trojan war, who followed Æneas, and perished in a shipwreck. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 117; bk. 6, li. 34. ――――A river of Syria (now _Asi_), rising in Cœlosyria, and falling, after a rapid and troubled course, into the Mediterranean, below Antioch. According to Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts concerning it, the Orontes disappeared under ground for the space of five miles. The word _Oronteus_ is often used as Syrius. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 248.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20. ♦ ‘Orantes’ replaced with ‘Orontes’ =Orophernes=, a man who seized the kingdom of Cappadocia. He died B.C. 154. =Orōpus=, a town of Bœotia, on the borders of Attica, near the Euripus, which received its name from Oropus, a son of Macedon. It was the frequent cause of quarrels between the Bœotians and the Athenians, whence some have called it one of the cities of Attica, and was at last confirmed in the possession of the Athenians by Philip king of Macedon. Amphiaraus had a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――A small town of Eubœa.――――Another in Macedonia. =Orosius=, a Spanish writer, A.D. 416, who published a universal history, in seven books, from the creation to his own time, in which, though learned, diligent, and pious, he betrayed a great ignorance of the knowledge of historical facts, and of chronology. The best edition is that of Havercamp, 4to, Leiden, 1767. =Orospeda=, a mountain of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Orpheus=, a son of Œager by the muse Calliope. Some suppose him to be the son of Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. He received a lyre from Apollo, or, according to some, from Mercury, upon which he played with such a masterly hand, that even the most rapid rivers ceased to flow, the savage beasts of the forest forgot their wildness, and the mountains moved to listen to his song. All nature seemed charmed and animated, and the nymphs were his constant companions. Eurydice was the only one who made a deep impression on the melodious musician, and their nuptials were celebrated. Their happiness, however, was short; Aristaeus became enamoured of Eurydice, and, as she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, that was lurking in the grass, bit her foot, and she died of the poisonous wound. Her loss was severely felt by Orpheus, and he resolved to recover her, or perish in the attempt. With his lyre in his hand, he entered the infernal regions, and gained an easy admission to the palace of Pluto. The king of hell was charmed with the melody of his strains; and, according to the beautiful expressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still, Tantalus forgot his perpetual thirst, and even the Furies relented. Pluto and Proserpine were moved with his sorrow, and consented to restore him Eurydice, provided he forbore looking behind till he had come to the extremest borders of hell. The conditions were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was already in sight of the upper regions of the air, when he forgot his promises, and turned back to look at his long-lost Eurydice. He saw her, but she instantly vanished from his eyes. He attempted to follow her, but he was refused admission; and the only comfort he could find, was to soothe his grief at the sound of his musical instrument, in grottoes, or on the mountains. He totally separated himself from the society of mankind; and the Thracian women, whom he had offended by his coldness to their amorous passion, or, according to others, by his unnatural gratifications and impure indulgencies, attacked him while they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, and after they had torn his body to pieces, they threw his head into the Hebrus, which still articulated the words “Eurydice! Eurydice” as it was carried down the stream into the Ægean sea. Orpheus was one of the Argonauts, of which celebrated expedition he wrote a poetical account, still extant. This is doubted by Aristotle, who says, according to Cicero, that there never existed an Orpheus, but that the poems which pass under his name are the compositions of a Pythagorean philosopher named Cecrops. According to some of the moderns, the _Argonautica_, and the other poems attributed to Orpheus, are the production of the pen of Onomacritus, a poet who lived in the age of Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. Pausanias, however, and Diodorus Siculus, speak of Orpheus as a great poet and musician, who rendered himself equally celebrated by his knowledge of the art of war, by the extent of his understanding, and by the laws which he enacted. Some maintain that he was killed by a thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria in Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. The inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb was in their city, and the people of mount Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the same honour, and further observed, that the nightingales, which built their nests near his tomb, sang with greater melody than all other birds. Orpheus, as some report, after death received divine honours, the muses gave an honourable burial to his remains, and his lyre became one of the constellations in the heavens. The best edition of Orpheus is that of Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1764. _Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 645; _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 14, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 1, &c.; bk. 11, fable 1.――_Plato_, _Republic_, bk. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 1, odes 13 & 35. ――_Orpheus._ =Orphĭca=, a name by which the orgies of Bacchus were called, because they had been introduced in Europe from Egypt by Orpheus. =Orphne=, a nymph of the infernal regions, mother of Ascalaphus by Acheron. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 542. =Orsedĭce=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus._ =Orseis=, a nymph who married Hellen. _Apollodorus._ =Orsillus=, a Persian who fled to Alexander, when Bessus murdered Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Orsilŏchus=, a son of Idomeneus, killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war, &c. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13, li. 260.――――A son of the river Alpheus.――――A Trojan killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, lis. 636 & 690. =Orsīnes=, one of the officers of Darius at the battle of Arbela. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1. =Orsippus=, a man of Megara, who was prevented from obtaining a prize at the Olympic games, because his clothes were entangled as he ran. This circumstance was the cause that, for the future, all the combatants were obliged to appear naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44. =Marcus Ortalus=, a grandson of Hortensius, who was induced to marry by a present from Augustus, who wished that ancient family not to be extinguished. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_. =Orthagŏras=, a man who wrote a treatise on India, &c. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_.――――A musician in the age of Epaminondas.――――A tyrant of Sicyon, who mingled severity with justice in his government. The sovereign authority remained upwards of 100 years in his family. =Orthæa=, a daughter of Hyacinthus. _Apollodorus._ =Orthe=, a town of Magnesia. _Pliny._ =Orthia=, a surname of Diana at Sparta. In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be whipped. _See:_ Diamastigosis. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_, &c. =Orthosia=, a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 25.――――Of Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20. =Orthrus=, or =Orthos=, a dog which belonged to Geryon, from which and the Chimæra sprung the Sphinx and the Nemæan lion. He had two heads, and was sprung from the union of Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed by Hercules. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 310.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Ortōna.= _See:_ Artona. =Ortygia=, a grove near Ephesus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 16. ――――A small island of Sicily, within the bay of Syracuse, which formed once one of the four quarters of that great city. It was in this island that the celebrated fountain Arethusa arose. Ortygia is now the only part remaining of the once famed Syracuse, about two miles in circumference, and inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has suffered, like the towns on the eastern coast, by the eruptions of Ætna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 694.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 403.――――An ancient name of the island of Delos. Some suppose that it received this name from Latona, who fled thither when changed into a quail (ὀρτυξ) by Jupiter, to avoid the pursuit of Juno. Diana was called _Ortygia_, as being born there; as also Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 651; _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 692.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 124. =Ortygius=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 573. =Orus=, or =Horus=, one of the gods of the Egyptians, son of Osiris and Isis. He assisted his mother in avenging his father, who had been murdered by Typhon. Orus was skilled in medicine, he was acquainted with futurity, and he made the good and the happiness of his subjects the sole object of his government. He was the emblem of the sun among the Egyptians, and he was generally represented as an infant, swathed in variegated clothes. In one hand he held a staff, which terminated in the head of a hawk, in the other a whip with three thongs. _Herodotus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――The first king of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30. =Oryander=, a satrap of Persia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7. =Oryx=, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25. =Osaces=, a Parthian general, who received a mortal wound from Cassius. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 20. =Osca=, a town of Spain, now _Huesca_, in Arragon. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 10. =Oschophŏria=, a festival observed by the Athenians. It receives its name ἀπο του φερειν τας ὀσχας, _from carrying boughs hung up with grapes_, called ὀσχαι. Its original institution is thus mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. Theseus, at his return from Crete, forgot to hang out the white sail by which his father was to be apprised of his success. This neglect was fatal to Ægeus, who threw himself into the sea and perished. Theseus no sooner reached the land, than he sent a herald to inform his father of his safe return, and in the mean time he began to make the sacrifices which he vowed when he first set sail from Crete. The herald, on his entrance into the city, found the people in great agitation. Some lamented the king’s death, while others, elated at the sudden news of the victory of Theseus, crowned the herald with garlands in demonstration of their joy. The herald carried back the garlands on his staff to the sea-shore, and after he had waited till Theseus had finished his sacrifice, he related the melancholy story of the king’s death. Upon this, the people ran in crowds to the city, showing their grief by cries and lamentations. From that circumstance, therefore, at the feast of the Oschophoria, not the herald but his staff is crowned with garlands, and all the people that are present always exclaim ἐλελευ, ιου, ιου, the first of which expresses haste, and the other a consternation or depression of spirits. The historian further mentions that Theseus, when he went to Crete, did not take with him the usual number of virgins, but that, instead of two of them, he filled up the number with two youths of his acquaintance, whom he made pass for women, by disguising their dress, and by using them to the ointment and perfumes of women, as well as by a long and successful imitation of their voice. The imposition succeeded; their sex was not discovered in Crete, and when Theseus had triumphed over the Minotaur, he, with these two youths, led a procession with branches in their hands, in the same habit which is still used at the celebration of the Oschophoria. The branches which were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of Ariadne, or because they returned in autumn when the grapes were ripe. Besides this procession, there was also a race exhibited, in which only young men whose parents were both alive were permitted to engage. It was usual for them to run from the temple of Bacchus to that of Minerva, which was on the sea-shore. The place where they stopped was called ὀσχοφοριον, because the _boughs_ which they carried in their hands were deposited there. The reward of the conqueror was a cup called τεντα πλοα, _five-fold_, because it contained a mixture of five different things――wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Osci=, a people between Campania and the country of the Volsci, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. Some suppose that they are the same as the _Opici_, the word Osci being a diminutive or abbreviation of the other. The language, the plays, and ludicrous expressions of this nation, are often mentioned by the ancients, and from their indecent tendency some suppose the word _obscænum_ (_quasi oscenum_) is derived. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 730. =Oscius=, a mountain, with a river of the same name, in Thrace. _Thucydides._ =Oscus=, a general of the fleet of the emperor Otho. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, bk. 17. =Osi=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, chs. 28 & 43. =Osinius=, a king of Clusium, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 655. =Osīris=, a great deity of the Egyptians, son of Jupiter and Niobe. All the ancients greatly differ in their opinions concerning this celebrated god, but they all agree that, as king of Egypt, he took particular care to civilize his subjects, to polish their morals, to give them good and salutary laws, and to teach them agriculture. After he had accomplished a reform at home, Osiris resolved to go and spread cultivation in the other parts of the earth. He left his kingdom to the care of his wife Isis, and of her faithful minister Hermes or Mercury. The command of his troops at home was left to the trust of Hercules, a warlike officer. In this expedition Osiris was accompanied by his brother Apollo, and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. His march was through Æthiopia, where his army was increased by the addition of the Satyrs, a hairy race of monsters, who made dancing and playing on musical instruments their chief study. He afterwards passed through Arabia, and visited the greatest part of the kingdoms of Asia and Europe, where he enlightened the minds of men by introducing among them the worship of the gods, and a reverence for the wisdom of a supreme being. At his return home Osiris found the minds of his subjects roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had raised seditions, and endeavoured to make himself popular. Osiris, whose sentiments were always of the most pacific nature, endeavoured to convince his brother of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the attempt. Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment and cut his body to pieces, which were divided among the associates of his guilt. Typhon, according to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a coffer and threw him into the Nile. The inquiries of Isis discovered the body of her husband on the coast of Phœnicia, where it had been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon stole it as it was being carried into Memphis, and he divided it amongst his companions, as was before observed. This cruelty incensed Isis; she revenged her husband’s death, and, with her son Orus, she defeated Typhon and the partisans of his conspiracy. She recovered the mangled pieces of her husband’s body, the genitals excepted, which the murderer had thrown into the sea; and to render him all the honour which his humanity deserved, she made as many statues of wax as there were mangled pieces of his body. Each statue contained a piece of the flesh of the dead monarch; and Isis, after she had summoned in her presence, one by one, the priests of all the different deities in her dominions, gave them each a statue, intimating that in doing that she had preferred them to all the other communities of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn oath that they would keep secret that mark of her favour, and endeavour to show their sense of it by establishing a form of worship and paying divine honours to their prince. They were further directed to choose whatever animals they pleased to represent the person and the divinity of Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay the greatest reverence to that representative of divinity, and to bury it when dead with the greatest solemnity. To render their establishment more popular, each sacerdotal body had a certain portion of land allotted to them to maintain them, and to defray the expenses which necessarily attended their sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part of the body of Osiris which had not been recovered was treated with more particular attention by Isis, and she ordered that it should receive honours more solemn, and at the same time more mysterious, than the other members. _See:_ Phallica. As Osiris had particularly instructed his subjects in cultivating the ground, the priests chose the ox to represent him, and paid the most superstitious veneration to that animal. _See:_ Apis. Osiris, according to the opinion of some mythologists, is the same as the sun, and the adoration which is paid by different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c., is the same as that which Osiris received in the Egyptian temples. Isis also after death received divine honours as well as her husband, and as the ox was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, so the cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. Nothing can give a clearer idea of the power and greatness of Osiris than this inscription, which has been found on some ancient monuments: _Saturn, the youngest of all the gods, was my father: I am Osiris, who conducted a large and numerous army as far as the deserts of India, and travelled over the greatest part of the world, and visited the streams of the Ister, and the remote shores of the ocean, diffusing benevolence to all the inhabitants of the earth_. Osiris was generally represented with a cap on his head like a mitre, with two horns; he held a stick in his left hand, and in his right a whip with three thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head of a hawk, as that bird, from its quick and piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. _Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 144. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 323.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 3.――_Lucian_, _de Syria Dea_.――_Pliny_, bk. 8.――――A Persian general, who lived 450 B.C.――――A friend of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 458. =Osismii=, a people of Gaul in Britany. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34. =Osphăgus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39. =Osrhoēne=, a country of Mesopotamia, which received this name from one of its kings called Osrhoes. =Ossa=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. It was formerly joined to mount Olympus, but Hercules, as some report, separated them, and made between them the celebrated valley of Tempe. This separation of the two mountains was more probably effected by an earthquake, which happened, as fabulous accounts represent, about 1885 years before the christian era. Ossa was one of those mountains which the giants, in their wars against the gods, heaped up one on the other to scale the heavens with more facility. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 155; bk. 2, li. 225; bk. 7, li. 224; _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 307; bk. 3, li. 441.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Lucan_, bks. 1 & 6.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 281.――――A town of Macedonia. =Osteōdes=, an island near the Lipari isles. =Ostia=, a town built on the mouth of the river Tiber by Ancus Martius king of Rome, about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had a celebrated harbour, and was so pleasantly situated, that the Romans generally spent a part of the year there as in a country seat. There was a small tower in the port like the Pharos of Alexandria, built upon the wreck of a large ship which had been sunk there, and which contained the obelisks of Egypt, with which the Roman emperors intended to adorn the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the sand and mud deposited by the Tiber had choked the harbour, and added much to the size of the small islands, which sheltered the ships at the entrance of the river. Ostia, and her harbour called _Portus_, became gradually separated, and are now at a considerable distance from the sea. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Suetonius._――_Pliny._ =Ostorius Scapŭla=, a man made governor of Britain. He died A.D. 55. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 23.――――Another, who put himself to death when accused before Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 48.――――Sabinus, a man who accused Soranus, in Nero’s reign. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 33. =Ostracine=, a town of Egypt on the confines of Palestine. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 12. =Osymandyas=, a magnificent king of Egypt in a remote period. =Otacilius=, a Roman consul sent against the Carthaginians, &c. =Otānes=, a noble Persian, one of the seven who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. It was through him that the usurpation was first discovered. He was afterwards appointed by Darius over the sea-coast of Asia Minor, and took Byzantium. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70, &c. =Otho Marcus Salvius=, a Roman emperor descended from the ancient kings of Etruria. He was one of Nero’s favourites, and as such he was raised to the highest offices of the state, and made governor of Pannonia by the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from Rome, lest Nero’s love for Poppæa should prove his ruin. After Nero’s death Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new emperor; but when he did not gain his point, and when Galba had refused to adopt him as his successor, he resolved to make himself absolute, without any regard to the age and dignity of his friend. The great debts which he had contracted encouraged his avarice, and he caused Galba to be assassinated, and he made himself emperor. He was acknowledged by the senate and the Roman people, but the sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany rendered his situation precarious, and it was mutually resolved that their respective right to the empire should be decided by arms. Otho obtained three victories over his enemies, but in a general engagement near Brixellum, his forces were defeated, and he stabbed himself when all hopes of success were vanished, after a reign of about three months, on the 20th of April, A.D. 69. It has been justly observed that the last moments of Otho’s life were those of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers who lamented his fortunes, and he expressed his concern for their safety, when they earnestly solicited to pay him the last friendly offices before he stabbed himself, and he observed that it was better that one man should die, than that all should be involved in ruin for his obstinacy. His nephew was pale and distressed, fearing the anger and haughtiness of the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, and observed that Vitellius would be kind and affectionate to the friends and relations of Otho, since Otho was not ashamed to say, that in the time of their greatest enmity the mother of Vitellius had received every friendly treatment from his hand. He also burnt the letters which, by falling into the hands of Vitellius, might provoke his resentment against those who had favoured the cause of an unfortunate general. These noble and humane sentiments of a man who was the associate of Nero’s shameful pleasures, and who stained his hand in the blood of his master, have appeared to some wonderful, and passed for the features of policy, and not of a naturally virtuous and benevolent heart. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Suetonius._――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 50, &c. ――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 90.――――Roscius, a tribune of the people, who, in Cicero’s consulship, made a regulation to permit the Roman knights at public spectacles to have the 14 first rows after the seats of the senators. This was opposed with virulence by some, but Cicero ably defended it, &c. _Horace_, epode 4, li. 10.――――The father of the Roman emperor Otho was the favourite of Claudius. =Othryădes=, one of the 300 Spartans who fought against 300 Argives, when those two nations disputed their respective right to Thyrea. Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and Othryades, survived the battle. The Argives went home to carry the news of their victory, but Othryades, who had been reckoned among the number of the slain, on account of his wounds, recovered himself and carried some of the spoils, of which he had stripped the Argives, into the camp of his countrymen; and after he had raised a trophy, and had written with his own blood, the word _vici_ on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling to survive the death of his countrymen. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela Minora_.――――A patronymic given to Pantheus the Trojan priest of Apollo, from his father Othryas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 319. =Othryoneus=, a Thracian who came to the Trojan war in hopes of marrying Cassandra. He was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13. =Othrys=, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, in Thessaly, the residence of the Centaurs. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 129.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 675. =Otreus=, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus and brother to Hecuba. =Otrœda=, a small town on the confines of Bithynia. =Otus= and =Ephialtes=, sons of Neptune. _See:_ Aloides. =Otys=, a prince of Paphlagonia, who revolted from the Persians to Agesilaus. _Xenophon._ =Ovia=, a Roman lady, wife of Cneaus Lollius. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 21. =Publius Ovīdius Naso=, a celebrated Roman poet, born at Sulmo on the 20th of March, about 43 B.C. As he was intended for the bar, his father sent him early to Rome, and removed him to Athens in the 16th year of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence was great, but the father’s expectations were frustrated; his son was born a poet, and nothing could deter him from pursuing his natural inclination, though he was often reminded that Homer lived and died in the greatest poverty. Everything he wrote was expressed in poetical numbers, as he himself says, _et quod tentabam scribere versus erat_. A lively genius and a fertile imagination soon gained him admirers; the learned became his friends; Virgil, Propertius, Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him with their correspondence, and Augustus patronized him with the most unbounded liberality. These favours, however, were but momentary, and the poet was soon after banished to Tomos, on the Euxine sea, by the emperor. The true cause of this sudden exile is unknown. Some attribute it to a shameful amour with Livia the wife of Augustus, while others support that it arose from the knowledge which Ovid had of the unpardonable incest of the emperor with his daughter Julia. These reasons are, indeed, merely conjectural; the cause was of a very private and very secret nature, of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak, as it arose from error and not from criminality. It was, however, something improper in the family and court of Augustus, as these lines seem to indicate. _Cur aliquid vidi? Cur noxia lumina feci? Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi est? Inscius Actæon vidit sine veste Dianam; Præda fuit canibus non minus ille suis._ Again, _Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector, Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum._ And in another place, _Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen et error, Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi est._ In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pusillanimity, and however afflicted and distressed his situation was, yet the flattery and impatience which he showed in his writings are a disgrace to his pen, and expose him more to ridicule than pity. Though he prostituted his pen and his time to adulation, yet the emperor proved deaf to all entreaties, and refused to listen to his most ardent friends at Rome who wished for the return of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly wished for a Brutus to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, continued his flattery even to meanness; and, when the emperor died, he was so mercenary as to consecrate a temple to the departed tyrant on the shores of the Euxine, where he regularly offered frankincense every morning. Tiberius proved as regardless as his predecessor to the entreaties which were made for Ovid, and the poet died in the seventh or eighth year of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, A.D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the year 1508 of the christian era, the following epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern kingdom of Austria: _Hic situs est vates quem Divi Cæsaris ira. Augusti patriâ cedere jussit humo. Sæpe miser voluit patriis occumbere terris, Sed frustra! Hunc illi fata dedere locum._ This, however, is an imposition, to render celebrated an obscure corner of the world, which never contained the bones of Ovid. The greatest part of Ovid’s poems are remaining. His _Metamorphoses_, in 15 books, are extremely curious, on account of the many different mythological facts and traditions which they relate, but they can have no claim to an epic poem. In composing this the poet was more indebted to the then existing traditions, and to the theogony of the ancients, than to the powers of his own imagination. His _Fasti_ were divided into 12 books, the same number as the constellations in the zodiac; but of these, six have perished, and the learned world have reason to lament the loss of a poem which must have thrown so much light upon the religious rites and ceremonies, festivals and sacrifices, of the ancient Romans, as we may judge from the six that have survived the ravages of time and barbarity. His _Tristia_, which are divided into five books, contain much elegance and softness of expression, as also his _Elegies_ on different subjects. The _Heroides_ are nervous, spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is excellent, the language varied, but the expressions are often too wanton and indelicate, a fault which is common in his compositions. His three books of _Amorum_, and the same number _de Arte Amandi_, with the other _de Remedio Amoris_, are written with great elegance, and contain many flowery descriptions; but the doctrine which they hold forth is dangerous, and they are to be read with caution, as they seem to be calculated to corrupt the heart, and sap the foundations of virtue and morality. His _Ibis_, which is written in imitation of a poem of Callimachus, of the same name, is a satirical performance. Besides these, there are extant some fragments of other poems, and among these some of a tragedy called _Medea_. The talents of Ovid as a dramatic writer have been disputed, and some have observed that he, who is so often void of sentiment, was not born to shine as a tragedian. Ovid has attempted perhaps too many sorts of poetry at once. On whatever he has written, he has totally exhausted the subject, and left nothing unsaid. He everywhere paints nature with a masterly hand, and gives strength to the most vulgar expressions. It has been judiciously observed, that his poetry, after his banishment from Rome, was destitute of that spirit and vivacity which we admire in his other compositions. His _Fasti_ are perhaps the best written of all his poems, and after them we may fairly rank his love verses, his _Heroides_, and, after all, his _Metamorphoses_, which were not totally finished when Augustus sent him into banishment. His _Epistles from Pontus_ are the language of an abject and pusillanimous flatterer. However critics may censure the indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is to be acknowledged that his poetry contains great sweetness and elegance, and, like that of Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the mind. Ovid married three wives, but of the last alone he speaks with fondness and affection. He had only one daughter, but by which of his wives is unknown; and she herself became mother of two children, by two husbands. The best editions of Ovid’s works are those of Burman, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1727; of Leiden, 1670, in 8vo, and of Utrecht, in 12mo, 4 vols., 1713. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bks. 3 & 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Martial_, bks. 3 & 8.――――A man who accompanied his friend Cæsonius when banished from Rome by Nero. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 43. =Ovinia lex= was enacted to permit the censors to elect and admit among the number of the senators the best and the worthiest of the people. =Ovinius=, a freedman of Vatinius, the friend of Cicero, &c. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――Quintus, a Roman senator, punished by Augustus for disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra. _Eutropius_, bk. 1. =Oxathres=, a brother of Darius, greatly honoured by Alexander, and made one of his generals. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――Another Persian, who favoured the cause of Alexander. _Curtius._ =Oxidătes=, a Persian whom Darius condemned to death. Alexander took him prisoner, and some time after made him governor of Media. He became oppressive, and was removed. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8. =Oximes=, a people of European Sarmatia. =Oxionæ=, a nation of Germans, whom superstitious traditions represented as having the countenance human, and the rest of the body like that of beasts. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46. =Oxus=, a large river of Bactriana, now _Gihon_, falling into the east of the Caspian sea. _Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 6.――――Another in Scythia. =Oxyares=, a king of Bactriana, who surrendered to Alexander. =Oxycānus=, an Indian prince in the age of Alexander, &c. =Oxydrăcæ=, a nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 4. =Oxy̆lus=, a leader of the Heraclidæ, when they recovered the Peloponnesus. He was rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――――A son of Mars and Protogenia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Oxynthes=, a king of Athens, B.C. 1149. He reigned 12 years. =Oxypŏrus=, a son of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Oxyrynchus=, a town of Egypt on the Nile. _Strabo._ =Ozīnes=, a Persian imprisoned by Craterus, because he attempted to revolt from Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10. =Ozŏlæ=, or =Ozŏli=, a people who inhabited the eastern parts of Ætolia, which were called _Ozolea_. This tract of territory lay at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended about 12 miles northward. They received their name from the _bad stench_ (ὀζη) of their bodies and of their clothing, which was the raw hides of wild beasts, or from the offensive smell of the body of Nessus the Centaur, which after death was left to putrefy in the country without the honours of a burial. Some derive it with more propriety from the stench of the stagnated waters in the neighbouring lakes and marshes. According to a fabulous tradition, they received their name from a very different circumstance. During the reign of a son of Deucalion, a bitch brought into the world a stick instead of whelps. The stick was planted in the ground by the king, and it grew up to a large vine and produced grapes, from which the inhabitants of the country were called _Ozolæ_, not from ὀζειν, _to smell bad_, but from ὀζος, _a branch or sprout_. The name of Ozolæ, on account of its indelicate signification, highly displeased the inhabitants, and they exchanged it soon for that of Ætolians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32. P =Pacatianus Titus Julius=, a general of the Roman armies, who proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of Philip’s reign. He was soon after defeated, A.D. 249, and put to death, &c. =Paccius=, an insignificant poet in the age of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 12. =Paches=, an Athenian, who took Mitylene, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 4. =Păchīnus=, or =Pachynus=, now _Passaro_, a promontory of Sicily, projecting about two miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, at the south-east corner of the island, with a small harbour of the same name. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 699.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25. =Marcus Paconius=, a Roman put to death by Tiberius, &c. _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 61.――――A stoic philosopher, son of the preceding. He was banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired from Rome with the greatest composure and indifference. _Arrian_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Pacŏrus=, the eldest of the 30 sons of Orodes king of Parthia, sent against Crassus, whose army he defeated, and whom he took prisoner. He took Syria from the Romans and supported the republican party of Pompey, and of the murderers of Julius Cæsar. He was killed in a battle by Ventidius Bassus, B.C. 39, on the same day (9th of June) that Crassus had been defeated. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6, li. 9.――――A king of Parthia, who made a treaty of alliance with the Romans, &c.――――Another, intimate with king Decebalus. =Pactōlus=, a celebrated river of Lydia, rising in mount Tmolus, and falling into the Hermus after it has watered the city of Sardes. It was in this river that Midas washed himself when he turned into gold whatever he touched, and from that circumstance it ever after rolled golden sands, and received the name of _Chrysorrhoas_. It is called Tmolus by Pliny. Strabo observes that it had no golden sands in his age. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 142.――_Strabo_, bk. 18.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 86.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 110. ――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 8. =Pactyas=, a Lydian entrusted with the care of the treasures of Crœsus at Sardes. The immense riches which he could command, corrupted him, and, to make himself independent, he gathered a large army. He laid siege to the citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one of the Persian generals soon put him to flight. He retired to Cumæ and afterwards to Lesbos, where he was delivered into the hands of Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 154, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35. =Pactye=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. =Pactyes=, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephesus. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Pācŭvius Marcus=, a native of Brundusium, son of the sister of the poet Ennius, who distinguished himself by his skill in painting, and by his poetical talents. He wrote satires and tragedies which were represented at Rome, and of some of which the names are preserved, as Peribœa, Hermione, Atalanta, Ilione, Teucer, Antiope, &c. Orestes was considered as the best finished performance; the style, however, though rough and without either purity or elegance, deserved the commendation of Cicero and Quintilian, who perceived strong rays of genius and perfection frequently beaming through the clouds of the barbarity and ignorance of the times. The poet in his old age retired to Tarentum, where he died in his 90th year, about 131 years before Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 scattered lines are preserved in the collections of Latin poets. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 27.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 56.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 10. =Padæi=, an Indian nation, who devoured their sick before they died. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 99. =Padinum=, now _Bondeno_, a town on the Po, where it begins to branch into different channels. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Pădua=, a town called also _Patavium_, in the country of the Venetians, founded by Antenor immediately after the Trojan war. It was the native place of the historian Livy. The inhabitants were once so powerful, that they could levy an army of 20,000 men. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 251. =Padus= (now called the _Po_), a river in Italy, known also by the name of _Eridanus_, which forms the northern boundary of the territories of Italy. It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the highest mountains of the Alps, and after it has collected in its course the waters of above 30 rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction into the Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of which only, the Plana or Volano, and the Padusa, were formed by nature. It was formerly said that it rolled gold dust in its sand, which was carefully searched by the inhabitants. The consuls Caius Flaminius Nepos and Publius Furius Philus were the first Roman generals who crossed it. The Po is famous for the death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, was thrown down there by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 680.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 2. =Padūsa=, the most southern mouth of the Po, considered by some writers as the Po itself. _See:_ Padus. It was said to abound in swans, and from it there was a cut to the town of Ravenna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 455. =Pæan=, a surname of Apollo, derived from the word _pæan_, a hymn which was sung in his honour, because he had killed the serpent Python, which had given cause to the people to exclaim _Io Pæan!_ The exclamation of Io Pæan! was made use of in speaking to the other gods, as it often was a demonstration of joy. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 171. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 358; bk. 14, li. 720.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 18. =Pædaretus=, a Spartan who, on not being elected in the number of the 300 sent on an expedition, &c., declared that, instead of being mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men better than himself could be found in Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_. =Pædius=, a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar in Spain, who proposed a law to punish with death all such as were concerned in the murder of his patron, &c. =Pæmāni=, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed to have dwelt in the country at the west of Luxemburg. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Pæon=, a Greek historian. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A celebrated physician who cured the wounds which the gods received during the Trojan war. From him, physicians are sometimes called _Pæonii_, and herbs serviceable in medicinal processes, _Pæoniæ herbæ_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 769.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 535. =Pæŏnes=, a people of Macedonia, who inhabited a small part of the country called _Pæonia_. Some believe that they were descended from a Trojan colony. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 13, &c. ♦=Pæŏnia=, a country of Macedonia at the west of the Strymon. It received its name from Pæon, a son of Endymion, who settled there. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 51; bk. 45, ch. 29.――――A small town of Attica. ♦ ‘Peŏnia’ replaced with ‘Pæŏnia’ =Pæŏnĭdes=, a name given to the daughters of Pierus, who were defeated by the Muses, because their mother was a native of Pæonia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, last fable. =Pæos=, a small town of Arcadia. =Pæsos=, a town of the Hellespont, called also _Apæsos_, situated at the north of Lampsacus. When it was destroyed, the inhabitants migrated to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were of Milesian origin. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Homer_ _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Pæstum=, a town of Lucania, called also _Neptunia_ and _Posidonia_ by the Greeks, where the soil produced roses which blossomed twice a year. The ancient walls of the town, about three miles in extent, are still standing, and likewise venerable remains of temples and porticoes. The _Sinus Pæstanus_ on which it stood is now called the gulf of _Salerno_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 119.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708; _ex Ponto_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 28. =Pætovium=, a town of Pannonia. =Pætus Cæcinna=, the husband of Arria. _See:_ Arria.――――A governor of Armenia, under Nero.――――A Roman who conspired with Catiline against his country.――――A man drowned as he was going to Egypt to collect money. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 5. =Pagæ=, a town of Megaris,――――of Locris. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3. =Păgăsæ=, or =Păgăsa=, a town of Magnesia, in Macedonia, with a harbour and a promontory of the same name. The ship Argo was built there, as some suppose, and, according to Propertius, the Argonauts set sail from that harbour. From that circumstance not only the ship Argo, but also the Argonauts themselves, were ever after distinguished by the epithet of _Pagasæus_. Pliny confounds Pagasæ with Demetrias, but they are different, and the latter was peopled by the inhabitants of the former, who preferred the situation of Demetrias for its conveniences. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 1; bk. 8, li. 349. ――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 715; bk. 6, li. 400.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20, li. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Apollodorus Rhodius_, bk. 1, li. 238, &c. =Păgăsus=, a Trojan killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 670. =Pagræ=, a town of Syria, on the borders of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Pagus=, a mountain of Æolia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5. =Palācium=, or =Palātium=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――A small village on the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards built. =Palæ=, a town at the south of Corsica, now _St. Bonifacio_. =Palæa=, a town of Cyprus,――――of Cephallenia. =Palæapŏlis=, a small island on the coast of Spain. _Strabo._ =Palæmon=, or =Palemon=, a sea deity, son of Athamas and Ino. His original name was _Melicerta_, and he assumed that of Palæmon, after he had been changed into a sea deity by Neptune. _See:_ Melicerta. ――――A noted grammarian at Rome in the age of Tiberius, who made himself ridiculous by his arrogance and luxury. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 451.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 86.――――A son of Neptune, who was amongst the Argonauts. _Apollodorus._ =Palæpăphos=, the ancient town of Paphos in Cyprus, adjoining to the new. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Palæpharsālus=, the ancient town of Pharsalus in Thessaly. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 48. =Palæphătus=, an ancient Greek philosopher, whose age is unknown, though it can be ascertained that he flourished between the times of Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote five books _de incredibilibus_, of which only the first remains, and in it he endeavours to explain fabulous and mythological traditions by historical facts. The best edition of Palæphatus is that of Johann Friedrich Fischer, in 8vo, Lipscomb, 1773.――――An heroic poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on the creation of the world.――――A disciple of Aristotle, born at Abydos. ――――An historian of Egypt. =Palepŏlis=, a town of Campania, built by a Greek colony, where Naples afterwards was erected. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22. =Palæste=, a village of Epirus near Oricus, where Cæsar first landed with his fleet. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 460. =Palæstīna=, a province of Syria, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 606.――_Strabo_, bk. 16. =Palæstīnus=, an ancient name of the river Strymon. =Palætyrus=, the ancient town of Tyre on the continent. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Pălămēdes=, a Grecian chief, son of Nauplius king of Eubœa by Clymene. He was sent by the Greek princes, who were going to the Trojan war, to bring Ulysses to the camp, who, to withdraw himself from the expedition, pretended insanity, and, the better to impose upon his friends, used to harness different animals to a plough, and to sow salt instead of barley into the furrows. The deceit was soon perceived by Palamedes; he knew that the regret to part from his wife Penelope, whom he had lately married, was the only reason of the pretended insanity of Ulysses; and to demonstrate this, Palamedes took Telemachus, whom Penelope had lately brought into the world, and put him before the plough of his father. Ulysses showed that he was not insane, by turning the plough a different way not to hurt his child. This having been discovered, Ulysses was obliged to attend the Greek princes to the war, but an immortal enmity arose between Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of Ithaca resolved to take every opportunity to distress him: and when all his expectations were frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe one of his servants, and to make him dig a hole in his master’s tent, and there conceal a large sum of money. After this Ulysses forged a letter in Phrygian characters, which king Priam was supposed to have sent to Palamedes. In the letter the Trojan king seemed to entreat Palamedes to deliver into his hands the Grecian army, according to the conditions which had been previously agreed upon, when he received the money. This forged letter was carried, by means of Ulysses, before the princes of the Grecian army. Palamedes was summoned, and he made the most solemn protestations of innocence. But all was in vain; the money that was discovered in his tent served only to corroborate the accusation, and he was found guilty by all the army, and stoned to death. Homer is silent about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and Pausanias mentions that it had been reported by some, that Ulysses and Diomedes had drowned him in the sea as he was fishing on the coast. Philostratus, who mentions the tragical story above related, adds that Achilles and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on the sea-shore, and that they raised upon it a small chapel, where sacrifices were regularly offered by the inhabitants of Troas. Palamedes was a learned man as well as a soldier, and, according to some, he completed the alphabet of Cadmus by the addition of the four letters θ, ξ, χ, φ, during the Trojan war. To him, also, is attributed the invention of dice and backgammon; and it is said he was the first who regularly ranged an army in a line of battle, and who placed sentinels round a camp, and excited their vigilance and attention by giving them a watchword. _Hyginus_, fables 95, 105, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, lis. 56 & 308.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 4, li. 205.――_Philostratus_, bk. 10, ch. 6.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_. ――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 75.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56. =Palantia=, a town of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Pălātīnus mons=, a celebrated hill, the largest of the seven hills on which Rome was built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the first foundation of the capital of Italy, in a quadrangular form, and there also he kept his court, as well as Tullus Hostilius and Augustus, and all the succeeding emperors, from which circumstance the word _Palatium_ has ever since been applied to the residence of a monarch or prince. The Palatine hill received its name from the goddess _Pales_, or from the _Palatini_, who originally inhabited the place, or from _balare_ or _palare_, the bleatings of sheep, which were frequent there, or perhaps from the word _palantes_, wandering, because Evander, when he came to settle in Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and made them all one society. There were some games celebrated in honour of Augustus, and called Palatine, because kept on the hill. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 53.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 709.――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 822.――_Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 23.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 71. ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 1.――――Apollo, who was worshipped on the Palatine hill, was also called _Palatinus_. His temple there had been built, or rather repaired, by Augustus, who had enriched it with a library, valuable for the various collections of Greek and Latin manuscripts which it contained, as also for the Sibylline books deposited there. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 17. =Palantium=, a town of Arcadia. =Palēis=, or =Palæ=, a town in the island of Cephallenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15. =Pales=, the goddess of sheepfolds and of pastures among the Romans. She was worshipped with great solemnity at Rome, and her festivals, called _Palilia_, were celebrated the very day that Romulus began to lay the foundation of the city of Rome. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, lis. 1 & 294.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 722, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Palfurius Sura=, a writer, removed from the senate by Domitian, who suspected him of attachment to Vitellius, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53. =Palibothra=, a city of India, supposed now to be _Patna_, or, according to others, _Allahabad_. _Strabo_, bk. 15. =Palīci=, or =Palisci=, two deities, sons of Jupiter by Thalia, whom Æschylus calls Ætna, in a tragedy which is now lost, according to the words of Macrobius. The nymph Ætna, when pregnant, entreated her lover to remove her from the pursuit of Juno. The god concealed her in the bowels of the earth, and when the time of her delivery was come, the earth opened, and brought into the world two children, who received the name of Palici, ἀπο του παλιν ἰκεσθαι, _because they came again into the world from the bowels of the earth_. These deities were worshipped with great ceremonies by the Sicilians, and near their temple were two small lakes of sulphureous water, which were supposed to have sprung out of the earth at the same time that they were born. Near these pools it was usual to take the most solemn oaths, by those who wished to decide controversies and quarrels. If any of the persons who took the oaths perjured themselves, they were immediately punished in a supernatural manner; and those whose oath, by the deities of the place, was sincere, departed unhurt. The Palici had also an oracle, which was consulted upon great emergencies, and which rendered the truest and most unequivocal answers. In a superstitious age, the altars of the Palici were stained with the blood of human sacrifices, but this barbarous custom was soon abolished, and the deities were satisfied with their usual offerings. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 585.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 506.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 219. =Palīlia=, a festival celebrated by the Romans, in honour of the goddess Pales. The ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and leaping over them. No sacrifices were offered, but the purifications were made with the smoke of horses’ blood, and with the ashes of a calf that had been taken from the belly of his mother, after it had been sacrificed, and with the ashes of beans. The purification of the flocks was also made with the smoke of sulphur, of the olive, the pine, the laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards made to the goddess. This festival was observed on the 21st of April, and it was during the celebration that Romulus first began to build his city. Some call this festival Parilia _quasi a pariendo_, because the sacrifices were offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the flocks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 774; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 721, &c.; bk. 6, li. 257.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 19.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 87. =Pălĭnūrus=, a skilful pilot of the ship of Æneas. He fell into the sea in his sleep, and was three days exposed to the tempests and the waves of the sea, and at last came safe to the sea-shore near Velia, where the cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him to obtain his clothes. His body was left unburied on the sea-shore, and as, according to the religion of the ancient Romans, no person was suffered to cross the Stygian lake before 100 years were elapsed, if his remains had not been decently buried, we find Æneas, when he visited the infernal regions, speaking to Palinurus, and assuring him, that though his bones were deprived of a funeral, yet the place were his body was exposed should soon be adorned with a monument and bear his name, and accordingly a promontory was called Palinurus, now _Palinuro_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 513; bk. 5, li. 840, &c.; bk. 6, li. 341.――_Ovid_, _de Remedia Amoris_, li. 577.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo._――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 28. =Paliscōrum=, or =Palīcōrum stagnum=, a sulphureous pool in Sicily. _See:_ Palici. =Paliurus=, now _Nahil_, a river of Africa, with a town of the same name at its mouth, at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean. _Strabo_, bk. 17. =Pallădes=, certain virgins of illustrious parents, who were consecrated to Jupiter by the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that they should prostitute themselves, an infamous custom which was considered as a purification, during which they were publicly mourned, and afterwards they were permitted to marry. _Strabo_, bk. 17. =Pallădium=, a celebrated statue of Pallas. It was about three cubits high, and represented the goddess as sitting and holding a pike in her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It fell down from heaven near the tent of Ilus, as that prince was building the citadel of Ilium. Some, nevertheless, suppose that it fell at Pessinus in Phrygia, or, according to others, Dardanus received it as a present from his mother Electra. There are some authors who maintain that the Palladium was made with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but Apollodorus seems to say that it was no more than a piece of clock-work, which moved of itself. However discordant the opinions of ancient authors be about this famous statue, it is universally agreed that on its preservation depended the safety of Troy. This fatality was well known to the Greeks during the Trojan war, and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it away. They effected their purpose; and if we rely upon the authority of some authors, they were directed how to carry it away by Helenus the son of Priam, who proved in this unfaithful to his country, because his brother Deiphobus, at the death of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was enamoured. Minerva was displeased with the violence which was offered to her statue, and, according to Virgil, the Palladium itself appeared to have received life and motion, and by the flashes which started from its eyes, and its sudden springs from the earth, it seemed to show the resentment of the goddess. The true Palladium, as some authors observe, was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but only one of the statues of similar size and shape, which were placed near it, to deceive whatever sacrilegious persons attempted to steal it. The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was conveyed safe from Troy to Italy by Æneas, and it was afterwards preserved by the Romans with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the temple of Vesta, a circumstance which none but the vestal virgins knew. _Herodian_, bk. 1, ch. 14, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 442, &c.; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 336.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 166; bk. 9, li. 151.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Lucan_, bk. 9.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 139. =Palladius=, a Greek physician, whose treatise on fevers was edited 8vo, Leiden, 1745.――――A learned Roman under Adrian, &c. =Pallantēum=, a town of Italy, or perhaps more properly a citadel built by Evander, on mount Palatine, from whence its name originates. Virgil says it was called after Pallas the grandfather of Evander; but Dionysius derives its name from Palantium, a town of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, lis. 54 & 341. =Pallantia=, a town of _Spain_, now _Palencia_, on the river Cea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Pallantias=, a patronymic of Aurora, as being related to the giant Pallas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 12. =Pallantides=, the 50 sons of Pallas the son of Pandion and the brother of Ægeus. They were all killed by Theseus the son of Ægeus, whom they opposed when he came to take possession of his father’s kingdom. This opposition they showed in hopes of succeeding to the throne, as Ægeus left no children except Theseus, whose legitimacy was even disputed, as he was born at Trœzene. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 22. =Pallas= (ădis), a daughter of Jupiter, the same as Minerva. The goddess received this name either because she killed the giant _Pallas_, or perhaps from the spear which she seems to _brandish_ in her hands (παλλειν). For the functions, power, and character of the goddess, _See:_ Minerva. =Pallas= (antis), a son of king Evander, sent with some troops to assist Æneas. He was killed by Turnus the king of the Rutuli, after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 104, &c.――――One of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He was killed by Minerva, who covered herself with his skin, whence, as some suppose, she is called Pallas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph Styx, by whom he had Victory, Valour, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A son of Lycaon.――――A son of Pandion, father of Clytus and Butes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 17.――_Apollodorus._――――A freedman of Claudius, famous for the power and the riches he obtained. He advised the emperor, his master, to marry Agrippina, and to adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was by his means, and those of Agrippina, that the death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero was raised to the throne. Nero forgot to whom he was indebted for the crown. He discarded Pallas, and some time after caused him to be put to death, that he might make himself master of his great riches, A.D. 61. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 53. =Pallēne=, a small peninsula of Macedonia, formerly called _Phlegra_, situate above the bay of Thermæ on the Ægean sea, and containing five cities, the principal of which is called Pallene. It was in this place, according to some of the ancients, that an engagement happened between the gods and the giants. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45; bk. 45, ch. 30.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 391.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 357.――――A village of Attica, where Minerva had a temple, and where the Pallantides chiefly resided. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 1, 161.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Pallenses=, a people of Cephallenia, whose chief town was called Pala or Palæa. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.――_Polybius_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Palma=, a governor of Syria. =Palmaria=, a small island opposite Tarracina in Latium. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6. =Palmȳra=, the capital of _Palmyrene_, a country on the eastern boundaries of Syria, now called _Theudemor_, or _Tadmor_. It is famous for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia and Odenatus, in the reign of the emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and the splendour and magnificence of its porticoes, temples, and palaces, are now frequently examined by the curious and the learned. _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 26 & 30. =Palphurius=, one of the flatterers of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53. =Palumbinum=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 45. =Pamīsos=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 129.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――Another of Messenia in Peloponnesus. =Pammēnes=, an Athenian general, sent to assist Megalopolis against the Mantineans, &c.――――An astrologer.――――A learned Grecian, who was preceptor to Brutus. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97, _Orator_, ch. 9. =Pammon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba. _Apollodorus._ =Pampa=, a village near Tentyra in Thrace. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 76. =Pamphĭlus=, a celebrated painter of Macedonia in the age of Philip, distinguished above his rivals by a superior knowledge of literature, and the cultivation of those studies which taught him to infuse more successfully grace and dignity into his pieces. He was founder of the school for painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which was observed not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children of noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting. Apelles was one of his pupils. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Pamphos=, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived before Hesiod’s age. =Pamphy̆la=, a Greek woman who wrote a general history in 33 books, in Nero’s reign. This history, so much commended by the ancients, is lost. =Pamphy̆lia=, a province of Asia Minor, anciently called _Mopsopia_, and bounded on the south by a part of the Mediterranean, called the _Pamphylian sea_, west by Lycia, north by Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. It abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, and was peopled by a Grecian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 26.――_Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 23 & 40. =Pan= was the god of shepherds, of huntsmen, and of all the inhabitants of the country. He was the son of Mercury by Dryope, according to Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter and Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, &c., support that he was the son of Mercury and Penelope the daughter of Icarius, and that the god gained the affections of the princess under the form of a goat, as she tended her father’s flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage with the king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that Penelope became mother of Pan during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and that he was the offspring of all the suitors that frequented the palace of Penelope, whence he received the name of _Pan_, which signifies _all_ or _everything_. Pan was a monster in appearance; he had two small horns on his head, his complexion was ruddy, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet were those of a goat. The education of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse, according to Homer, terrified at the sight of such a monster, fled away and left him. He was wrapped up in the skin of beasts by his father, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods long entertained themselves with the oddity of his appearance. Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, and gave him the name of Pan. The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the woods and the most rugged mountains were his habitation. He invented the flute with seven reeds, which he called _Syrinx_, in honour of a beautiful nymph of the same name, to whom he attempted to offer violence, and who was changed into a reed. He was continually employed in deceiving the neighbouring nymphs, and often with success. Though deformed in his shape and features, yet he had the good fortune to captivate Diana, and of gaining her favour, by transforming himself into a beautiful white goat. He was also enamoured of a nymph of the mountains called Echo, by whom he had a son called Lynx. He also paid his addresses to Omphale queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what manner he was received. _See:_ Omphale. The worship of Pan was well established, particularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles on mount Lycæus. His festivals, called by the Greeks _Lycæa_, were brought to Italy by Evander, and they were well known at Rome by the name of the Lupercalia. _See:_ Lupercalia. The worship, and the different functions of Pan, are derived from the mythology of the ancient Egyptians. This god was one of the eight great gods of the Egyptians, who ranked before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans called _Consentes_. He was worshipped with the greatest solemnity over all Egypt. His statues represented him as a goat, not because he was really such, but this was done for mysterious reasons. He was the emblem of fecundity, and they looked upon him as the principle of all things. His horns, as some observe, represented the rays of the sun, and the brightness of the heavens was expressed by the vivacity and the ruddiness of his complexion. The star which he wore on his breast was the symbol of the firmament, and his hairy legs and feet denoted the inferior parts of the earth, such as the woods and plants. Some suppose that he appeared as a goat because, when the gods fled into Egypt, in their war against the giants, Pan transformed himself into a goat, an example which was immediately followed by all the deities. Pan, according to some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the chief of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions that, in the reign of Tiberius, an extraordinary voice was heard near the Echinades, in the Ionian sea, which exclaimed that the great Pan was dead. This was readily believed by the emperor, and the astrologers were consulted; but they were unable to explain the meaning of so supernatural a voice, which probably proceeded from the imposition of one of the courtiers who attempted to terrify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of Mendes, which word also signifies a _goat_, there was a sacred goat kept with the most ceremonious sanctity. The death of this animal was always attended with the greatest solemnities, and, like that of another Apis, became the cause of a universal mourning. As Pan usually terrified the inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that kind of fear which often seizes men, and which is only ideal and imaginary, has received from him the name of _panic fear_. This kind of terror has been exemplified not only in individuals, but in numerous armies, such as that of Brennus, which was thrown into the greatest consternation at Rome, without any cause or plausible reason. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 396; bk. 2, li. 277; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 689.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 17; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343; _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 392.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 142. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 327. ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 5. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 46 & 145, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 10.――_Homer_, _Hymn to Pan_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_, Dialogue of Pan and Hermes (Mercury).――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4. =Pănăcēa=, a goddess, daughter of Æsculapius, who presided over health. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 918.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11, &c. =Panætius=, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 138 B.C. He studied at Athens for some time, of which he refused to become a citizen, observing, that a good and modest man ought to be satisfied with one country. He came to Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils Lælius and Scipio the second Africanus. To the latter he was attached by the closest ties of friendship and partiality; he attended him in his expeditions, and partook of all his pleasures and amusements. To the interest of their countryman at Rome, the Rhodians were greatly indebted for their prosperity and the immunities which they for some time enjoyed. Panætius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, whose merit can be ascertained from the encomiums which Cicero bestows upon it. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1; _Academica_, bk. 2, ch. 2; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 46.――――A tyrant of Leontini in Sicily, B.C. 613. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Panætolium=, a general assembly of the Ætolians. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 29; bk. 35, ch. 32. =Panares=, a general of Crete, defeated by Metellus, &c. =Panariste=, one of the waiting-women of Berenice the wife of king Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Panathenæa=, festivals in honour of Minerva the patroness of Athens. They were first instituted by Erechtheus or Orpheus, and called _Athenæa_, but Theseus afterwards renewed them, and caused them to be celebrated and observed by all the tribes of Athens, which he had united into one, and from this reason the festivals received their name. Some suppose that they are the same as the Roman _Quinquatria_, as they are often called by that name among the Latins. In the first years of the institution, they were observed only during one day, but afterwards the time was prolonged, and the celebration was attended with greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals were two; the _great Panathenæa_ (μεγαλα), which were observed every fifth year, beginning on the 22nd of the month called _Hecatombæon_, or the 7th of July; and the _lesser Panathenæa_ (μικρα), which were kept every third year, or rather annually, beginning on the 20th or 21st of the month called _Thargelion_, corresponding to the 5th or 6th day of the month of May. In the lesser festivals there were three games conducted by 10 presidents chosen from the 10 tribes of Athens, who continued four years in office. On the evening of the first day there was a race with torches, in which men on foot, and afterwards on horseback, contended. The same was also exhibited in the greater festivals. The second combat was gymnical, and exhibited a trial of strength and bodily dexterity. The last was a musical contention, first instituted by Pericles. In the songs they celebrated the generous undertaking of Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the Pisistratidæ, and of Thrasybulus, who delivered Athens from its 30 tyrants. Phrynis of Mitylene was the first who obtained the victory by playing upon the harp. There were, besides, other musical instruments, on which they played in concert, such as flutes, &c. The poets contended in four plays, called from their number τετραλογια. The last of these was a satire. There was also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight. Whoever obtained the victory in any of these games was rewarded with a vessel of oil, which he was permitted to dispose of in whatever manner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any other person to transport that commodity. The conqueror also received a crown of the olives which grew in the groves of Academus, and were sacred to Minerva, and called μορειαι, from μορος, _death_, in remembrance of the tragical end of Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his own legs when he attempted to cut down the olive which had given the victory to Minerva in preference to his father, when these two deities contended about giving a name to Athens. Some suppose that the word is derived from μερος, _a part_, because these olives were given by contribution by all such as attended at the festivals. There was also a dance called _Pyrrhichia_, performed by young boys in armour, in imitation of Minerva, who thus expressed her triumph over the vanquished Titans. Gladiators were also introduced when Athens became tributary to the Romans. During the celebration no person was permitted to appear in dyed garments, and if any one transgressed he was punished according to the discretion of the president of the games. After these things, a sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in which every one of the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and the whole was concluded by an entertainment for all the company with the flesh that remained from the sacrifice. In the greater festivals, the same rites and ceremonies were usually observed, but with more solemnity and magnificence. Others were also added, particularly the procession, in which Minerva’s sacred πεπλος, or _garment_, was carried. This garment was woven by a select number of virgins, called ἐργαστικαι, from ἐργον, _work_. They were superintended by two of the ἀρρηφοροι, or young virgins, not above 17 years of age nor under 11, whose garments were white and set off with ornaments of gold. Minerva’s _peplus_ was of a white colour, without sleeves, and embroidered with gold. Upon it were described the achievements of the goddess, particularly her victories over the giants. The exploits of Jupiter and the other gods were also represented there, and from that circumstance men of courage and bravery are said to be ἀξιοι πεπλου, worthy to be portrayed on Minerva’s sacred garment. In the procession of the _peplus_, the following ceremonies were observed. In the _ceramicus_, without the city, there was an engine built in the form of a ship, upon which Minerva’s garment was hung as a sail, and the whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some have supposed, but by subterraneous machines, to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from thence to the citadel, where the _peplus_ was placed upon Minerva’s statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or strewed with flowers, which was called πλακις. Persons of all ages, of every sex and quality, attended the procession, which was led by old men and women carrying olive branches in their hands, from which reason they were called θαλλοφοροι, _bearers of green boughs_. Next followed men of full age with shields and spears. They were attended by the μετοικοι, or _foreigners_, who carried small boats as a token of their foreign origin, and from that account they were called σκαφηφοροι, _boat-bearers_. After them came the women, attended by the wives of the foreigners, called ὑδριαφοροι, because they carried _water-pots_. Next to these came young men crowned with millet and singing hymns to the goddess, and after them followed select virgins of the noblest families, called κανηφοροι, _basket-bearers_, because they carried baskets, in which were certain things necessary for the celebration, with whatever utensils were also requisite. These several necessaries were generally in the possession of the chief manager of the festival called ἀρχιθεωρος, who distributed them when occasion offered. The virgins were attended by the daughters of the foreigners, who carried umbrellas and little seats, from which they were named διφρηφοροι, _seat-carriers_. The boys, called παιδαμικοι, as it may be supposed, led the rear, clothed in coats generally worn at processions. The necessaries for this and every other festival were prepared in a public hall erected for that purpose, between the Piræan gate and the temple of Ceres. The management and the care of the whole was entrusted to the ὑομοφυλακες, or people employed in seeing the rites and ceremonies properly observed. It was also usual to set all prisoners at liberty, and to present golden crowns to such as had deserved well of their country. Some persons were also chosen to sing some of Homer’s poems, a custom which was first introduced by Hipparchus the son of Pisistratus. It was also customary in this festival, and every other quinquennial festival, to pray for the prosperity of the Platæans, whose services had been so conspicuous at the battle of Marathon. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, _Arcadia_, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Panchæa=, =Panchēa=, or =Panchaia=, an island of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Triphylius had a magnificent temple.――――A part of Arabia Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which it produced. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 139; bk. 4, li. 379; _The Gnat_, li. 87.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 309, &c. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 417. =Panda=, two deities at Rome, who presided, one over the openings of roads, and the other over the openings of towns. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 22. =Pandama=, a girl of India favoured by Hercules, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1. =Pandaria=, or =Pandataria=, a small island of the Tyrrhene sea. =Pandărus=, a son of Lycaon, who assisted the Trojans in their war against the Greeks. He went to the war without a chariot, and therefore he generally fought on foot. He broke the truce which had been agreed upon between the Greeks and Trojans, and wounded Menelaus and Diomedes, and showed himself brave and unusually courageous. He was at last killed by Diomedes; and Æneas, who then carried him in his chariot, by attempting to revenge his death, nearly perished by the hands of the furious enemy. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 35. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 112.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 495.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Servius_, _Aeneid_, bk. 5, li. 495 ff.――――A son of Alcanor, killed with his brother Bitias by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 735.――――A native of Crete, punished with death for being accessary to the theft of Tantalus. What this theft was is unknown. Some, however, suppose that Tantalus stole the ambrosia and the nectar from the tables of the gods to which he had been admitted, or that he carried away a dog which watched Jupiter’s temple in Crete, in which crime Pandarus was concerned, and for which he suffered. Pandarus had two daughters, Camiro and Clytia, who were also deprived of their mother by a sudden death, and left without friends or protectors. Venus had compassion upon them, and she fed them with milk, honey, and wine. The goddesses were all equally interested in their welfare. Juno gave them wisdom and beauty, Diana a handsome figure and regular features, and Minerva instructed them in whatever domestic accomplishment can recommend a wife. Venus wished to make their happiness still more complete; and when they were come to nubile years, the goddess prayed Jupiter to grant them kind and tender husbands. But in her absence the Harpies carried away the virgins and delivered them to the Eumenides, to share the punishment which their father suffered. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Pindar._ =Pandărus=, or =Pandareus=, a man who had a daughter called Philomela. She was changed into a nightingale, after she had killed, by mistake, her son Itylus, whose death she mourned in the greatest melancholy. Some suppose him to be the same as Pandion king of Athens. =Pandataria=, an island on the coast of Lucania, now called _Santa Maria_. =Pandates=, a friend of Datames at the court of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_. =Pandemia=, a surname of Venus, expressive of her great power over the affections of mankind. =Pandēmus=, one of the surnames of the god of love among the Egyptians and the Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of whom was the vulgar, called Pandemus, and another of a purer and more celestial origin. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_. =Pandia=, a festival at Athens established by Pandion, from whom it received its name, or because it was observed in honour of Jupiter, who can τα παντα διγευειν, _move and turn all things_ as he pleases. Some suppose that it concerned the moon, because it does παντοτε ἰεναι, _moves incessantly_, by showing itself day and night, rather than the sun, which never appears but in the day-time. It was celebrated after the Dionysia, because Bacchus is sometimes taken for the Sun or Apollo, and therefore the brother, or, as some will have it, the son, of the moon. =Pandīon=, a king of Athens, son of Erichthon and Pasithea, who succeeded his father, B.C. 1437. He became father of Procne and Philomela, Erechtheus and Butes. During his reign, there was such an abundance of corn, wine, and oil, that it was publicly reported that Bacchus and Minerva had personally visited Attica. He waged a successful war against Labdacus king of Bœotia, and gave his daughter Procne in marriage to Tereus king of Thrace, who had assisted him. The treatment which Philomela received from her brother-in-law Tereus [_See:_ Philomela] was the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and he died through excess of sorrow, after a reign of 40 years.――――There was also another Pandion, son of Cecrops II. by Metiaduca, who succeeded to his father, B.C. 1307. He was driven from his paternal dominions, and fled to Pylas king of Megara, who gave him his daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned his crown to him. Pandion became father of four children, called from him _Pandionidæ_, Ægeus, Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The eldest of these children recovered his father’s kingdom. Some authors have confounded the two Pandions together in such an indiscriminate manner, that they seem to have been only one and the same person. Many believe that Philomela and Procne were the daughters, not of Pandion I., but of Pandion II. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 676.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 48.――――A son of Phineus and Cleopatra, deprived of his eyesight by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A son of Ægyptus and Hephæstina. ――――A king of the Indies in the age of Augustus. =Pandōra=, a celebrated woman, the first mortal female that ever lived, according to the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was made with clay by Vulcan at the request of Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety and artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a wife. When this woman of clay had been made by the artist, and received life, all the gods vied in making her presents. Venus gave her beauty and the art of pleasing, the Graces gave her the power of captivating, Apollo taught her how to sing, Mercury instructed her in eloquence, and Minerva gave her the most rich and splendid ornaments. From all these valuable presents, which she had received from the gods, the woman was called _Pandora_, which intimates that she had received _every_ necessary _gift_, παν δωρον. Jupiter after this gave her a beautiful box, which she was ordered to present to the man who married her; and by the commission of the god, Mercury conducted her to Prometheus. The artful mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as he had always distrusted Jupiter, as well as the rest of the gods, since he had stolen fire away from the sun to animate his man of clay, he sent away Pandora without suffering himself to be captivated by her charms. His brother Epimetheus was not possessed of the same prudence and sagacity. He married Pandora, and when he opened the box which she presented to him, there issued from it a multitude of evils and distempers, which dispersed themselves all over the world, and which, from that fatal moment, have never ceased to afflict the human race. Hope was the only one who remained at the bottom of the box, and it is she alone who has the wonderful power of easing the labours of man, and of rendering his troubles and his sorrows less painful in life. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Works and Days_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was sister to Protogenia, who sacrificed herself for her country at the beginning of the Bœotian war. =Pandōrus=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens. =Pandosia=, a town in the country of the Brutii, situate on a mountain. Alexander king of the Molossi died there. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A town of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Pandrŏsos=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. She was the only one of the sisters who had not the fatal curiosity to open a basket which Minerva had entrusted to their care [_See:_ Erichthonius], for which sincerity a temple was raised to her near that of Minerva, and a festival instituted in her honour, called _Pandrosia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 738.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c. =Panenus=, or =Panæus=, a celebrated painter who was for some time engaged in painting the battle of Marathon. _Pliny_, bk. 35. =Pangæus=, a mountain of Thrace, anciently called _Mons Caraminus_, and joined to mount Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus. It was inhabited by four different nations. It was on this mountain that Lycurgus the Thracian king was torn to pieces, and that Orpheus called the attention of the wild beasts, and of the mountains and woods, to listen to his song. It abounded in gold and silver mines. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 113.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 462.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 739. ――_Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 679; bk. 7, li. 482. =Paniasis=, a man who wrote a poem upon Hercules, &c. _See:_ Panyasis. =Panionium=, a place at the foot of mount Mycale, near the town of Ephesus in Asia Minor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was in this place that all the states of Ionia assembled, either to consult for their own safety and prosperity, or to celebrate festivals, or to offer a sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence the name πανιωγιον, _all Ionia_. The deputies of the 12 Ionian cities which assembled there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Lebedos, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Phocæa, Teos, Chios, Samos, and Erythræ. If the bull offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was accounted an omen of the highest favour, as the sound was particularly acceptable to the god of the sea, as in some manner it resembled the roaring of the waves of the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 148, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17. =Panius=, a place at Cœlo-Syria, where Antiochus defeated Scopas, B.C. 198. =Pannŏnia=, a large country of Europe, bounded on the east by Upper Mœsia, south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and north by the Danube. It was divided by the ancients into Lower and Upper Pannonia. The inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and were first invaded by Julius Cæsar, and conquered in the reign of Tiberius. Philip and his son Alexander some ages before had successively conquered it. Sirmium was the ancient capital of all Pannonia, which contains the modern provinces of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Windisch, March, with part of Servia, and of the kingdoms of Hungary and Austria. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 95; bk. 6, li. 220.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 109.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 49.――_Strabo_, bks. 4 & 7.――_Jornandes._――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 20. =Panolbius=, a Greek poet, mentioned by Suidas. =Panomphæus=, a surname of Jupiter, either because he was worshipped by every nation on earth, or because he heard the prayers and the supplications which were addressed to him, or because the rest of the gods derived from him their knowledge of futurity (πας _omnis_, ὀμφη _vox_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 198.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8. =Panŏpe=, or =Panŏpēa=, one of the Nereides, whom sailors generally invoked in storms. Her name signifies, _giving every assistance, or seeing everything_. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 251.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 825.――――One of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A town of Phocis, called also Panopeus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 344.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 27; _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 580. =Panŏpes=, a famous huntsman among the attendants of Acestes king of Sicily, who was one of those that engaged in the games exhibited by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 300. =Panŏpeus=, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, who accompanied Amphitryon when he made war against the Teleboans. He was father to Epeus, who made the celebrated wooden horse at the siege of Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of Phocis, between Orchomenos and the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Panopion=, a Roman saved from death by the uncommon fidelity of his servant. When the assassins came to murder him as being proscribed, the servant exchanged clothes with his master, and let him escape by a back door. He afterwards went into his master’s bed, and suffered himself to be killed, as if Panopion himself. _Valerius Maximus._ =Panopŏlis=, _the city of Pan_, a town of Egypt, called also _Chemmis_. Pan had there a temple, where he was worshipped with great solemnity, and represented in a statue _fascino longissimo et erecto_. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. =Panoptes=, a name of Argus, from the power of his eyes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Panormus=, now called _Palermo_, a town of Sicily, built by the Phœnicians, on the north-west part of the island, with a good and capacious harbour. It was the strongest hold of the Carthaginians in Sicily, and it was at last taken with difficulty by the Romans. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 262.――――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――A town of Ionia, near Ephesus, ――――Another in Crete,――――in Macedonia,――――Achaia,――――Samos.――――A Messenian who insulted the religion of the Lacedæmonians. _See:_ Gonippus. =Panotii=, a people of Scythia, said to have very large ears. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Pansa Cætronianus Vibius=, a Roman consul who, with Aulus Hirtius, pursued the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and was killed in a battle near Mutina. On his death-bed he advised young Octavius to unite his interest with that of Antony, if he wished to revenge the death of Julius Cæsar, and from his friendly advice soon after rose the celebrated second triumvirate. Some suppose that Pansa was put to death by Octavius himself, or, through him, by the physician Glicon, who poured poison into the wounds of his patient. Pansa and Hirtius were the two last consuls who enjoyed the dignity of chief magistrates of Rome with full power. The authority of the consuls afterwards dwindled into a shadow. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 46.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_ bk. 3, poem 5.――_Plutarch_ & _Appian_. =Pantagnostus=, a brother of Polycrates tyrant of Samos. _Polyænus_, bk. 1. =Pantagyas=, a small river on the eastern coast of Sicily, which falls into the sea, after running a short space in rough cascades over rugged stones and precipices. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 689. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 232.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 471. =Pantaleon=, a king of Pisa, who presided at the Olympic games, B.C. 664, after excluding the Eleans, who on that account expunged the Olympiad from the Fasti, and called it the second Anolympiad. They had called for the same reason the eighth the first Anolympiad, because the Pisæans presided.――――An Ætolian chief. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 15. =Pantanus lacus=, the lake of _Lesina_, is situate in Apulia at the mouth of the Freuto. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Pantauchus=, a man appointed over Ætolia by Demetrius, &c. _Plutarch._ =Panteus=, a friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta, &c. _Plutarch._ =Panthides=, a man who married Italia the daughter of Themistocles. =Panthea=, the wife of Abradates, celebrated for her beauty and conjugal affection. She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refused to visit her, not to be ensnared by the power of her personal charms. She killed herself on the body of her husband, who had been slain in a battle, &c. _See:_ Abradates. _Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_.――_Suidas._――――The mother of Eumæus the faithful servant of Ulysses. =Pantheon=, a celebrated temple at Rome, built by Agrippa, in the reign of Augustus, and dedicated to all the gods, whence the name πας θεος. It was struck with lightning some time after, and partly destroyed. ♦Adrian repaired it, and it still remains at Rome, converted into a christian temple, the admiration of the curious. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 16, ch. 10. ♦ ‘Adarin’ replaced with ‘Adrian’ =Pantheus=, or =Panthus=, a Trojan, son of Othryas the priest of Apollo. When his country was burnt by the Greeks, he followed the fortune of Æneas, and was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 429. =Panthoĭdes=, a patronymic of Euphorbus the son of Panthous. Pythagoras is sometimes called by that name, as he asserted that he was Euphorbus during the Trojan war. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28, li. 10. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 161.――――A Spartan general killed by Pericles at the battle of Tanagra. =Panticăpæum=, now _Kerche_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, built by the Milesians, and governed some time by its own laws, and afterwards subdued by the kings of Bosphorus. It was, according to Strabo, the capital of the European Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great died there. _Pliny._――_Strabo._ =Panticăpes=, a river of European Scythia, which falls into the Borysthenes, supposed to be the _Samara_ of the moderns. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 54. =Pantilius=, a buffoon, ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 78. =Panyăsis=, an ancient Greek, uncle to the historian Herodotus. He celebrated Hercules in one of his poems, and the Ionians in another, and was universally esteemed. _Athenæus_, bk. 2. =Panyăsus=, a river of Illyricum, falling into the Adriatic, near Dyrrhachium. _Ptolemy._ =Papæus=, a name of Jupiter among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4. =Păphāges=, a king of Ambracia, killed by a lioness deprived of her whelps. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 502. =Paphia=, a surname of Venus, because the goddess was worshipped at Paphos.――――An ancient name of the island of Cyprus. =Paphlăgŏnia=, now _Penderachia_, a country of Asia Minor, situate at the west of the river Halys, by which it was separated from Cappadocia. It was divided on the west from the Bithynians, by the river Parthenius. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 72.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Mela._――_Pliny._――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 9. =Paphos=, now _Bafo_, a famous city of the island of Cyprus, founded, as some suppose, about 1184 years before Christ, by Agapenor, at the head of a colony from Arcadia. The goddess of beauty was particularly worshipped there, and all male animals were offered on her altars, which, though 100 in number, daily smoked with the profusion of Arabian frankincense. The inhabitants were very effeminate and lascivious, and the young virgins were permitted by the laws of the place to get a dowry by prostitution. _Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 96.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 419, &c.; bk. 10, li. 51, &c. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30, li. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 62; _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Paphus=, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue which had been changed into a woman by Venus. _See:_ Pygmalion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 297. =Papia lex=, _de peregrinis_, by Papius the tribune, A.U.C. 688, which required that all strangers should be driven away from Rome. It was afterwards confirmed and extended by the Junian law.――――Another, called _Papia Poppæa_, because it was enacted by the tribunes Marcus Papius Mutilus and Quintus Poppæus Secundus, who had received consular power from the consuls for six months. It was called the Julian law, after it had been published by order of Augustus, who himself was of the Julian family. _See:_ Julia lex, _de Maritandis ordinibus_.――――Another, to empower the high priest to choose 20 virgins for the service of the goddess Vesta.――――Another, in the age of Augustus. It gave the patron a certain right to the property of his client, if he had left a specified sum of money, or if he had not three children. =Papiānus=, a man who proclaimed himself emperor some time after the Gordians. He was put to death. =Papias=, an early christian writer, who first propagated the doctrine of the Millennium. There are remaining some historical fragments of his. =Papinianus=, a writer, A.D. 212. _See:_ Æmylius Papinianus. =Papinius=, a tribune who conspired against Caligula.――――A man who destroyed himself, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 49. =Pāpĭria=, the wife of Paulus Æmylius. She was divorced. _Plutarch._ =Papiria lex=, by Papirius Carbo, A.U.C. 621. It required that, in passing or rejecting laws in the _comitia_, the votes should be given on tablets.――――Another, by the tribune Papirius, which enacted that no person should consecrate any edifice, place, or thing, without the consent and permission of the people. _Cicero_, _On his House_, ch. 50.――――Another, A.U.C. 563, to diminish the weight, and increase the value of the Roman _as_.――――Another, A.U.C. 421, to give the freedom of the city to the citizens of Acerræ.――――Another, A.U.C. 623. It was proposed, but not passed. It recommended the right of choosing a man tribune of the people as often as he wished. =Pāpĭrius=, a centurion engaged to murder Piso the proconsul of Africa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――――A patrician, chosen _rex sacrorum_, after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.――――A Roman who wished to gratify his unnatural desires upon the body of one of his slaves called Publilius. The slave refused, and was inhumanly treated. This called for the interference of justice, and a decree was made which forbade any person to be detained in fetters, but only for a crime that deserved such a treatment, and only till the criminal had suffered the punishment which the laws directed. Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods, and not the person, of their debtors. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 28.――――Carbo, a Roman consul who undertook the defence of Opimius, who was accused of condemning and putting to death a number of citizens on mount Aventinus, without the formalities of a trial. His client was acquitted.――――Cursor, a man who first erected a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B.C. 293; from which time the days began to be divided into hours.――――A dictator who ordered his master of horse to be put to death, because he had fought and conquered the enemies of the republic without his consent. The people interfered, and the dictator pardoned him. Cursor made war against the Sabines and conquered them, and also triumphed over the Samnites. His great severity displeased the people. He flourished about 320 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 14.――――One of his family surnamed _Prætextatus_, from an action of his whilst he wore the _prætexta_, a certain gown for young men. His father, of the same name, carried him to the senate-house, where affairs of the greatest importance were then in debate before the senators. The mother of young Papirius wished to know what had passed in the senate; but Papirius, unwilling to betray the secrets of that august assembly, amused his mother by telling her that it had been considered whether it would be more advantageous to the republic to give two wives to one husband, than two husbands to one wife. The mother of Papirius was alarmed, and she communicated the secret to the other Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, they assembled in the senate, petitioning that one woman might have two husbands, rather than one husband two wives. The senators were astonished at this petition, but young Papirius unravelled the whole mystery, and from that time it was made a law among the senators, that no young man should for the future be introduced into the senate-house, except Papirius. This law was carefully observed till the age of Augustus, who permitted children of all ages to hear the debates of the senators. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――Carbo, a friend of Cinna and Marius. He raised cabals against Sylla and Pompey, and was at last put to death by order of Pompey, after he had rendered himself odious by a tyrannical consulship, and after he had been proscribed by Sylla.――――A consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri. ――――Crassus, a dictator who triumphed over the Samnites.――――A consul murdered by the Gauls, &c.――――A son of Papirius Cursor, who defeated the Samnites, and dedicated a temple to Romulus Quirinus.――――Maso, a consul who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and reduced them into the form of a province. At his return to Rome, he was refused a triumph, upon which he introduced a triumphal procession, and walked with his victorious army to the capitol, wearing a crown of myrtle upon his head. His example was afterwards followed by such generals as were refused a triumph by the Roman senate. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――The family of the Papirii was patrician, and long distinguished for its services to the state. It bore the different surnames of _Crassus_, _Cursor_, _Mugillanus_, _Maso_, _Prætextatus_, and _Pætus_, of which the three first branches became the most illustrious. =Pappia lex=, was enacted to settle the rights of husbands and wives, if they had no children.――――Another, by which a person less than 50 years old could not marry another of 60. =Pappus=, a philosopher and mathematician of Alexandria, in the reign of Theodosius the Great. =Papyrius.= _See:_ Papirius. =Parabyston=, a tribunal of Athens, where causes of inferior consequences were tried by 11 judges. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40. =Paradīsus=, a town of Syria or Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23. ――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――In the plains of Jericho there was a large palace, with a garden beautifully planted with trees, and called _Balsami Paradisus_. =Parætacæ=, or =Taceni=, a people between Media and Persia, where Antigonus was defeated by Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26. =Parætonium=, a town of Egypt at the west of Alexandria, where Isis was worshipped. The word _Parætonius_ is used to signify Egyptian, and is sometimes applied to Alexandria, which was situate in the neighbourhood. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 295; bk. 10, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 712; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 7. =Parăli=, a division of the inhabitants of Attica. They received this name from their being near the _sea coast_, παρα and ἁλς. =Parălus=, a friend of Dion, by whose assistance he expelled Dionysius. ――――A son of Pericles. His premature death was greatly lamented by his father. _Plutarch._ =Parasia=, a country at the east of Media. =Parasius=, a son of Philonomia by a shepherd. He was exposed on Erymanthus by his mother, with his twin brother Lycastus. Their lives were preserved. =Parcæ=, powerful goddesses, who presided over the birth and the life of mankind. They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, daughters of Nox and Erebus, according to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and Themis, according to the same poet in another poem. Some make them daughters of the sea. Clotho, the youngest of the sisters, presided over the moment in which we are born, and held a distaff in her hand; Lachesis spun out all the events and actions of our life; and Atropos, the eldest of the three, cut the thread of human life with a pair of scissors. Their different functions are well expressed in this ancient verse: _Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat._ The name of the Parcæ, according to Varro, is derived _a partu_ or _parturiendo_, because they presided over the birth of men; and by corruption the word _parca_ is formed from _parta_ or _partus_: but, according to Servius, they are called so by antiphrasis, _quod nemini parcant_. The power of the Parcæ was great and extensive. Some suppose that they were subjected to none of the gods but Jupiter, while others support that even Jupiter himself was obedient to their commands; and, indeed, we see the father of the gods, in Homer’s Iliad, unwilling to see Patroclus perish, yet obliged, by the superior power of the Fates, to abandon him to his destiny. According to the more received opinion, they were the arbiters of the life and death of mankind, and whatever good or evil befalls us in the world, immediately proceeds from the Fates or Parcæ. Some make them ministers of the king of hell, and represent them as sitting at the foot of his throne; others represent them as placed on radiant thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes spangled with stars, and wearing crowns on their heads. According to Pausanias, the names of the Parcæ were different from those already mentioned. The most ancient of all, as the geographer observes, was Venus Urania, who presided over the birth of men; the second was Fortune; Ilythia was the third. To these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who often disputes with Atropos the right of cutting the thread of human life. The worship of the Parcæ was well established in some cities of Greece, and though mankind were well convinced that they were inexorable, and that it was impossible to mitigate them, yet they were eager to show a proper respect to their divinity, by raising them temples and statues. They received the same worship as the Furies, and their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black sheep, during which solemnity the priests were obliged to wear garlands of flowers. The Parcæ were generally represented as three old women with chaplets made with wool, and interwoven with the flowers of the narcissus. They were covered with a white robe, and fillet of the same colour, bound with chaplets. One of them held a distaff, another the spindle, and the third was armed with scissors, with which she cut the thread which her sisters had spun. Their dress is differently represented by some authors. Clotho appears in a variegated robe, and on her head is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff in her hand, reaching from heaven to earth. The robe which Lachesis wore was variegated with a great number of stars, and near her were placed a variety of spindles. Atropos was clothed in black; she held scissors in her hand, with clues of thread of different sizes, according to the length and shortness of the lives, whose destinies they seemed to contain. Hyginus attributes to them the invention of these Greek letters, α, β, η, τ, υ, and others call them the secretaries of heaven, and the keepers of the archives of eternity. The Greeks call the Parcæ by the different names of μοιρα, αἰσα, κηρ, εἰμαρμενη, which are expressive of their power and of their inexorable decrees. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield of Heracles_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40; bk. 3, ch. 11; bk. 5, ch. 15.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20; _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――_Theocritus._――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_. ――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 10.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem 10; _Nemean_, poem 7.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Plutarch_, _de Faciæ Quæ in Orbe Lunæ Apparet_.――_Hyginus_, in preface to fables & fable 277.――_Varro._――_Orpheus_, hymn 58.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Lycophron_ & Tzetzes, &c. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 533.――_Lucan_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4; _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6. =Parentalia=, a festival annually observed at Rome in honour of the dead. The friends and relations of the deceased assembled on the occasion, when sacrifices were offered, and banquets provided. Æneas first established it. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 544. =Parentium=, a port and town of Istria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19. =Păris=, the son of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba, also called _Alexander_. He was destined, even before his birth, to become the ruin of his country; and when his mother, in the first month of her pregnancy, had dreamed that she should bring forth a torch which should set fire to her palace, the soothsayers foretold the calamities which might be expected from the imprudence of her future son, and which would end in the destruction of Troy. Priam, to prevent so great and so alarming an evil, ordered his slave Archelaus to destroy the child as soon as born. The slave, either touched with humanity, or influenced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but was satisfied to expose him on mount Ida, where the shepherds of the place found him, and educated him as their own son. Some attribute the preservation of his life, before he was found by the shepherds, to the motherly tenderness of a she-bear which suckled him. Young Paris, though educated among shepherds and peasants, gave early proofs of courage and intrepidity, and from his care in protecting the flocks of mount Ida against the rapacity of the wild beasts, he obtained the name of Alexander (_helper_ or _defender_). He gained the esteem of all the shepherds, and his graceful countenance and manly deportment recommended him to the favour of Œnone, a nymph of Ida, whom he married, and with whom he lived with the most perfect tenderness. Their conjugal peace was soon disturbed. At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the goddess of discord, who had not been invited to partake of the entertainment, showed her displeasure by throwing into the assembly of the gods who were at the celebration of the nuptials, a golden apple on which were written the words _Detur pulchriori_. All the goddesses claimed it as their own: the contention at first became general, but at last only three, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to dispute their respective right to beauty. The gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair of so tender and so delicate a nature, appointed Paris to adjudge the prize of beauty to the fairest of the goddesses, and indeed the shepherd seemed properly qualified to decide so great a contest, as his wisdom was so well established, and his prudence and sagacity so well known. The goddesses appeared before their judge without any covering or ornament, and each tried by promises and entreaties to gain the attention of Paris, and to influence his judgment. Juno promised him a kingdom; Minerva, military glory; and Venus, the fairest woman in the world for his wife, as Ovid expresses it, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 118, _Udaque cum regnum; belli daret altera laudem; Tyndaridis conjux, tertia dixit, eris._ After he had heard their several claims and promises, Paris adjudged the prize to Venus, and gave her the golden apple, to which, perhaps, she seemed entitled as the goddess of beauty. This decision of Paris in favour of Venus drew upon the judge and his family the resentment of the two other goddesses. Soon after Priam proposed a contest among his sons and other princes, and promised to reward the conqueror with one of the finest bulls of mount Ida. His emissaries were sent to procure the animal, and it was found in the possession of Paris, who reluctantly yielded it up. The shepherd was desirous of obtaining again this favourite animal, and he went to Troy and entered the list of the combatants. He was received with the greatest applause, and obtained the victory over his rivals, Nestor the son of Neleus; Cycnus son of Neptune; Polites, Helenus, and Deiphobus sons of Priam. He also obtained a superiority over Hector himself, and the prince, enraged to see himself conquered by an unknown stranger, pursued him closely, and Paris must have fallen a victim to his brother’s resentment, had he not fled to the altar of Jupiter. This sacred retreat preserved his life, and Cassandra the daughter of Priam, struck with the similarity of the features of Paris with those of her brothers, inquired his birth and his age. From these circumstances she soon discovered that he was her brother, and as such she introduced him to her father and to his children. Priam acknowledged Paris as his son, forgetful of the alarming dream which had influenced him to meditate his death, and all jealousy ceased among the brothers. Paris did not long suffer himself to remain inactive; he equipped a fleet, as if willing to redeem Hesione, his father’s sister, whom Hercules had carried away and obliged to marry Telamon the son of Æacus. This was the pretended motive of his voyage, but the causes were far different. Paris recollected that he was to be the husband of the fairest of women; and if he had been led to form those expectations while he was an obscure shepherd of Ida, he had now every plausible reason to see them realized, since he was acknowledged son of the king of Troy. Helen was the fairest woman of the age, and Venus had promised her to him. On these grounds, therefore, he visited Sparta, the residence of Helen, who had married Menelaus. He was received with every mark of respect, but he abused the hospitality of Menelaus, and while the husband was absent in Crete, Paris persuaded Helen to elope with him and fly to Asia. Helen consented, and Priam received her into his palace without difficulty, as his sister was then detained in a foreign country, and as he wished to show himself as hostile as possible to the Greeks. This affair was soon productive of serious consequences. When Menelaus had married Helen, all her suitors had bound themselves by a solemn oath to protect her person, and to defend her from every violence [_See:_ Helena], and therefore the injured husband reminded them of their engagements, and called upon them to recover Helen. Upon this all Greece took up arms in the cause of Menelaus; Agamemnon was chosen general of all the combined forces, and a regular war was begun. _See:_ Troja. Paris, meanwhile, who had refused Helen to the petitions and embassies of the Greeks, armed himself with his brothers and subjects to oppose the enemy; but the success of the war was neither hindered nor accelerated by his means. He fought with little courage, and at the very sight of Menelaus, whom he had so recently injured, all his resolution vanished, and he retired from the front of the army, where he walked before like a conqueror. In a combat with Menelaus, which he undertook at the persuasion of his brother Hector, Paris must have perished, had not Venus interfered, and stolen him from the resentment of his adversary. He nevertheless wounded, in another battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Diomedes, and, according to some opinions, he killed with one of his arrows the great Achilles. _See:_ Achilles. The death of Paris is differently related; some suppose that he was mortally wounded by one of the arrows of Philoctetes, which had been once in the possession of Hercules, and that when he found himself languid on account of his wounds, he ordered himself to be carried to the feet of Œnone, whom he had basely abandoned, and who, in the years of his obscurity, had foretold him that he would solicit her assistance in his dying moments. He expired before he came into the presence of Œnone, and the nymph, still mindful of their former loves, threw herself upon his body, and stabbed herself to the heart, after she had plentifully bathed it with her tears. According to some authors, Paris did not immediately go to Troy when he left the Peloponnesus, but he was driven on the coast of Egypt, where Proteus, who was king of the country, detained him, and when he heard of the violence which had been offered to the king of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court, and permitted Paris to retire. _See:_ Helena. _Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 1, 3, & 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_. ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 5, 16, & 17.――_Quintus Calabrus [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 10, li. 290.――_Horace_, ode 3.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Hyginus_, fables 92 & 273.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.――_Lycophron_. & _Tzetzes_ on _Lycophron_.――――A celebrated player at Rome, in the good graces of the emperor Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 19, &c. =Parisădes=, a king of Pontus in the age of Alexander the Great. ――――Another, king of Bosphorus. =Parīsii=, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul, now called _Paris_, the capital of the kingdom of France. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 3. =Parisus=, a river of Pannonia, falling into the Danube. _Strabo._ =Parium=, now _Camanar_, a town of Asia Minor, on the Propontis, where Archilochus was born, as some say. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5. =Parma=, a town of Italy, near Cremona, celebrated for its wool, and now for its cheese. The poet Cassius and the critic Macrobius were born there. It was made a Roman colony, A.U.C. 569. The inhabitants are called _Parmenenses_ and _Parmani_. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 55. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 4, li. 3.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 14, li. 3.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 7, ch. 31.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 43, li. 4; bk. 3, ltr. 13, li. 8 & ltr. 14, li. 155. =Parmenĭdes=, a Greek philosopher of Elis, who flourished about 505 years before Christ. He was son of Pyres of Elis, and the pupil of Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, according to some. He maintained that there were only two elements, fire and the earth; and he taught that the first generation of men was produced from the sun. He first discovered that the earth was round, and habitable only in the two temperate zones, and that it was suspended in the centre of the universe, in a fluid lighter than air, so that all bodies left to themselves fell on its surface. There were, as he supposed, only two sorts of philosophy,――one founded on reason, and the other on opinion. He digested this unpopular system in verses, of which a few fragments remain. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Parmenio=, a celebrated general in the armies of Alexander, who enjoyed the king’s confidence, and was more attached to his person as a man than as a monarch. When Darius king of Persia offered Alexander all the country which lies at the west of the Euphrates, with his daughter Statira in marriage, and 10,000 talents of gold, Parmenio took occasion to observe that he would, without hesitation, accept of these conditions, if he were Alexander. “So would I, were I Parmenio,” replied the conqueror. This friendship, so true and inviolable, was sacrificed to a moment of resentment and suspicion; and Alexander, who had too eagerly listened to a light and perhaps a false accusation, ordered Parmenio and his son to be put to death, as if guilty of treason against his person. Parmenio was in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 330. He died in the greatest popularity, and it has been judiciously observed, that Parmenio obtained many victories without Alexander, but Alexander not one without Parmenio. _Curtius_, bk. 7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Parnassus=, a mountain of Phocis, anciently called _Larnassos_, from the _boat_ of Deucalion (λαρναξ), which was carried there in the universal deluge. It received the name of Parnassus from Parnassus the son of Neptune by Cleobula, and was sacred to the Muses, and to Apollo and Bacchus. The soil was barren, but the valleys and the green woods that covered its sides, rendered it agreeable, and fit for solitude and meditation. Parnassus is one of the highest mountains of Europe, and it is easily seen from the citadel of Corinth, though at the distance of about 80 miles. According to the computation of the ancients, it is one day’s journey round. At the north of Parnassus, there is a large plain, about eight miles in circumference. The mountain, according to the poets, had only two tops, called _Hyampea_ and _Tithorea_, on one of which the city of Delphi was situated, and thence it was called _Biceps_. _Strabo_, bks. 8, 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 317; bk. 2, li. 221; bk. 5, li. 278.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 71; bk. 3, li. 173.――_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 16.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 311.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 23, li. 13; bk. 3, poem 11, li. 54.――――A son of Neptune, who gave his name to a mountain of Phocis. =Parnes= (etis), a mountain of Africa, abounding in vines. _Statius_, bk. 12, _Thebaid_, li. 620. =Parnessus=, a mountain of Asia near Bactriana. _Dionysius Periegeta_, li. 737. =Parni=, a tribe of the Scythians, who invaded Parthia. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Paron= and =Heraclides=, two youths who killed a man who had insulted their father. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_. =Paropamisus=, a ridge of mountains at the north of India, called the _Stony Girdle_, or Indian Caucasus. _Strabo_, bk. 15. =Paropus=, now _Colisano_, a town at the north of Sicily, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. _Polybius_, bk. 1, ch. 24. =Paroreia=, a town of Thrace, near mount Hæmus. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 27. ――――A town of Peloponnesus.――――A district of Phrygia Magna. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Paros=, a celebrated island among the Cyclades, about 7½ miles distant from Naxos, and 28 from Delos. According to Pliny, it is half as large as Naxos, that is, about 36 or 37 miles in circumference, a measure which some of the moderns have extended to 50 and even 80 miles. It has borne the different names of _Pactia_, _Minoa_, _Hiria_, _Demetrias_, _Zacynthus_, _Cabarnis_, and _Hyleassa_. It received the name of Paros, which it still bears, from Paros, a son of Jason, or, as some maintain, of Parrhasius. The island of Paros was rich and powerful, and well known for its famous marble, which was always used by the best statuaries. The best quarries were those of Marpesus, a mountain where still caverns of the most extraordinary depth are seen by modern travellers, and admired as the sources from whence the ♦labyrinth of Egypt and the porticoes of Greece received their splendour. According to Pliny, the quarries were so uncommonly deep, that, in the clearest weather, the workmen were obliged to use lamps, from which circumstance the Greeks have called the marble _Lychnites_, worked by the light of lamps. Paros is also famous for the fine cattle which it produces, and for its partridges, and wild pigeons. The capital city was called Paros. It was first peopled by the Phœnicians, and afterwards a colony of Cretans settled in it. The Athenians made war against it, because it had assisted the Persians in the invasion of Greece, and took it, and it became a Roman province in the age of Pompey. Archilochus was born there. The _Parian_ marbles, perhaps better known by the appellation of _Arundelian_, were engraved in this island in capital letters, B.C. 264, and, as a valuable chronicle, preserved the most celebrated epochas of Greece, from the year 1582 B.C. These valuable pieces of antiquity were procured originally by M. de Peirisc, a Frenchman, and afterwards purchased by the earl of Arundel, by whom they were given to the university of Oxford, where they are still to be seen. Prideaux published an account of all the inscriptions in 1676. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_ & _Alcibiades_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 593; _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 34.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 419; bk. 7, li. 466. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 36, ch. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5, & _Thucydides_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 19, li. 6. ♦ ‘labryrinth’ replaced with ‘labyrinth’ =Parphŏrus=, a native of Colophon, who, at the head of a colony, built a town at the foot of Ida, which was abandoned for a situation nearer his native city. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Parrhăsia=, a town of Arcadia, founded by Parrhasius the son of Jupiter. The Arcadians are sometimes called _Parrhasians_, and Arcas _Parrhasis_, and Carmenta, Evander’s mother, _Parrhasiadea_. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 237.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 333.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 315; _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 618; _Tristia_, bk. 1, li. 190.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Parrhăsius=, a famous painter, son of Evenor of Ephesus, in the age of Zeuxis, about 415 years before Christ. He was a great master of his profession, and particularly excelled in strongly expressing the violent passions. He was blessed with a great genius, and much invention, and he was particularly happy in his designs. He acquired himself great reputation by his pieces, but by none more than that in which he allegorically represented the people of Athens with all the injustice, the clemency, the fickleness, timidity, the arrogance and inconsistency, which so eminently characterized that celebrated nation. He once entered the lists against Zeuxis, and when they had produced their respective pieces, the birds came to pick with the greatest avidity the grapes which ♦Zeuxis had painted. Immediately Parrhasius exhibited his piece, and Zeuxis said, “Remove your curtain, that we may see the painting.” The curtain was the painting, and Zeuxis acknowledged himself conquered, by exclaiming, “Zeuxis has deceived birds, but Parrhasius has deceived Zeuxis himself”. Parrhasius grew so vain of his art, that he clothed himself in purple, and wore a crown of gold, calling himself the king of painters. He was lavish in his own praises, and by his vanity too often exposed himself to the ridicule of his enemies. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_; _Quomodo Adolescens Poetas Audire Debeat_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8.――――A son of Jupiter, or, according to some, of Mars, by a nymph called Philonomia. ♦ ‘Xeuxis’ replaced with ‘Zeuxis’ =Parthamisiris=, a king of Armenia, in the reign of Trajan. =Parthāon=, a son of Agenor and Epicaste, who married Euryte daughter of Hippodamus, by whom he had many children, among whom were Œneus and Sterope. Parthaon was brother to Demonice, the mother of Evenus by Mars, and also to Molus, Pylus, and Thestius. He is called Portheus by Homer, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. ――_Hyginus_, fables 129 & 239.――――A son of Peripetus and father of Aristas. _Pausanias_, bk. 8. =Parthĕniæ= and =Parthĕnii=, a certain number of desperate citizens of Sparta. During the Messenian war, the Spartans were absent from their city for the space of 10 years, and it was unlawful for them to return, as they had bound themselves by a solemn oath not to revisit Sparta before they had totally subdued Messenia. This long absence alarmed the Lacedæmonian women, as well as the magistrates. The Spartans were reminded by their wives, that if they continued in their resolution, the state must at last decay for want of citizens, and when they had duly considered this embassy, they empowered all the young men in the army, who had come to the war while yet under age, and who therefore were not bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, and, by a familiar and promiscuous intercourse with all the unmarried women of the state, to raise a future generation. It was carried into execution, and the children that sprang from this union were called Partheniæ, or _sons of virgins_ (παρθενος). The war with Messenia was some time after ended, and the Spartans returned victorious; but the cold indifference with which they looked upon the Partheniæ was attended with serious consequences. The Partheniæ knew they had no legitimate fathers, and no inheritance, and that therefore their life depended upon their own exertions. This drove them almost to despair. They joined with the Helots, whose maintenance was as precarious as their own, and it was mutually agreed to murder all the citizens of Sparta, and to seize their possessions. This massacre was to be done at a general assembly, and the signal was the throwing of a cap in the air. The whole, however, was discovered through the diffidence and apprehensions of the Helots; and when the people had assembled, the Partheniæ discovered that all was known, by the voice of a crier, who proclaimed that no man should throw up his cap. The Partheniæ, though apprehensive of punishment, were not visibly treated with greater severity; their calamitous condition was attentively examined, and the Spartans, afraid of another conspiracy, and awed by their numbers, permitted them to sail for Italy, with Phalantus their ringleader at their head. They settled in Magna Græcia, and built Tarentum, about 707 years before Christ. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, on _Laconia_, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_. =Parthĕnias=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing by Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――The ancient name of Samos. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Parthĕnion=, a mountain of Peloponnesus at the north of Tegea. _Pausanias._ =Parthĕnius=, a river of Paphlagonia, which, after separating Bithynia, falls into the Euxine sea, near Sesamum. It received its name either because the _virgin_ Diana (παρθενος) bathed herself there, or perhaps it received it from the purity and mildness of its waters. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 104.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――――A mountain of Arcadia, which was said to abound in tortoises. Here Telephus had a temple. Atalanta was exposed on its top and brought up there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 54.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A favourite of the emperor Domitian. He conspired against his imperial master, and assisted to murder him. ――――A river of European Sarmatia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 49.――――A friend of Æneas killed in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 748.――――A Greek writer, whose romance, _de Amatoriis Affectionibus_ has been edited in 12mo, Basil, 1531. =Parthĕnon=, a temple of Athens, sacred to Minerva. It was destroyed by the Persians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles in a more magnificent manner, and still exists. All the circumstances which related to the birth of Minerva were beautifully and minutely represented in bas-relief, on the front of the entrance. The statue of the goddess, 26 cubits high, and made of gold and ivory, passed for one of the masterpieces of Phidias. _Pliny_, bk. 34. =Parthĕnŏpæus=, a son of Meleager and Atalanta, or, according to some, of Milanion and another Atalanta. He was one of the seven chiefs who accompanied Adrastus the king of Argos in his expedition against Thebes. He was killed by Amphidicus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 9, ch. 19.――――A son of Talaus. =Parthĕnŏpe=, one of the Sirens.――――A daughter of Stymphalus. _Apollodorus._――――A city of Campania, afterwards called Neapolis, or _the new city_, when it had been beautified and enlarged by a colony from Eubœa. It is now called _Naples_. It received the name of Parthenope from one of the Sirens, whose body was found on the sea-shore there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 564.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 5.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 167.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 33. =Parthia=, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the west by Media, south by Carmania, north by Hyrcania, and east by Aria, &c., containing, according to Ptolemy, 25 large cities, the most capital of which was called _Hecatompylos_, from its _hundred gates_. Some suppose that the present capital of the country is built on the ruins of Hecatompylos. According to some authors, the Parthians were Scythians by origin, who made an invasion on the more southern provinces of Asia, and at last fixed their residence near Hyrcania. They long remained unknown and unnoticed, and became successively tributary to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians. When Alexander invaded Asia, the Parthians submitted, like the other dependent provinces of Persia, and they were for some time under the power of Eumenes, Antigonus, Seleucus, Nicanor, and Antiochus, till the rapacity and oppression of Agathocles, a lieutenant of the latter, roused their spirit, and fomented rebellion. Arsaces, a man of obscure origin, but blessed with great military powers, placed himself at the head of his countrymen, and laid the foundation of the Parthian empire, about 250 years before the christian era. The Macedonians attempted in vain to recover it; a race of active and vigilant princes, who assumed the surname of _Arsacides_, from the founder of their kingdom, increased its power, and rendered it so formidable, that, while it possessed 18 kingdoms between the Caspian and Arabian seas, it even disputed the empire of the world with the Romans, and could never be subdued by that nation, which had seen no people on earth unconquered by their arms. It remained a kingdom till the reign of Artabanus, who was killed about the year 229 of the christian era, and from that time it became a province of the newly re-established kingdom of Persia, under Artaxerxes. The Parthians were naturally strong and warlike, and were esteemed the most expert horsemen and archers in the world. The peculiar custom of discharging their arrows while they were retiring full speed, has been greatly celebrated by the ancients, particularly by the poets, who all observe that their flight was more formidable than their attacks. This manner of fighting, and the wonderful address and dexterity with which it was performed, gained them many victories. They were addicted much to drinking, and to every manner of lewdness, and their laws permitted them to raise children even by their mothers and sisters. _Strabo_, bks. 2, 6, &c.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11. ――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 31, &c.; _Æneid_ bk. 7, li. 606.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, &c., _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 580.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 5. ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 25.――_Polybius_, bk. 5, &c.――_Marcellinus._ ――_Herodian_, bk. 3, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 230; bk. 6, li. 50; bk. 10, li. 53.――_Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 19, li. 11; bk. 2, ode 13, li. 17. =Parthini=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 29, ltr. 12; bk. 33, ch. 34; bk. 44, ch. 30.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 19.――_Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 40. =Parthytēne=, a province of Parthia, according to Ptolemy, though some authors support that it is the name of Parthia itself. =Parysădes=, a king of Pontus, B.C. 310. _Diodorus._――――A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who flourished 284 B.C. =Parysătis=, a Persian princess, wife of Darius Ochus, by whom she had Artaxerxes, Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. She was so extremely partial to her younger son, that she committed the greatest cruelties to encourage his ambition, and she supported him with all her interest in his rebellion against his brother Memnon. The death of Cyrus at the battle of Cunaxa, was revenged with the grossest barbarity, and Parysatis sacrificed to her resentment all such as she found concerned in his fall. She also poisoned Statira the wife of her son Artaxerxes, and ordered one of the eunuchs of the court to be flayed alive, and his skin to be stretched on two poles before her eyes, because he had, by order of the king, cut off the hand and the head of Cyrus. These cruelties offended Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother to be confined in Babylon; but they were soon after reconciled, and Parysatis regained all her power and influence till the time of her death. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――_Ctesiphon._ =Pasargada=, a town of Persia, near Carmania, founded by Cyrus on the very spot where he had conquered Astyages. The kings of Persia were always crowned there, and the Pasargadæ were the noblest families of Persia, in the number of which were the Achæmenides. _Strabo_, bk. 15. ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 26.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Paseas=, a tyrant in Sicyon in Peloponnesus, father to Abantidas, &c. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_. =Pasicles=, a grammarian, &c. =Pasicrătes=, a king of part of the island of Cyprus. _Plutarch._ =Pasiphae=, a daughter of the Sun and of Perseis, who married Minos king of Crete. She disgraced herself by her unnatural passion for a bull, which, according to some authors, she was enabled to gratify by means of the artist Dædalus. This celebrated bull had been given to Minos by Neptune, to be offered on his altars, but as the monarch refused to sacrifice the animal on account of his beauty, the god revenged his disobedience by inspiring Pasiphæ with an unnatural love for it. This fabulous tradition, which is universally believed by the poets, who observe that the Minotaur was the fruit of this infamous commerce, is refuted by some writers, who suppose that the infidelity of Pasiphæ to her husband was betrayed in her affection for an officer called Taurus; and that Dædalus, by permitting his house to be the asylum of the two lovers, was looked upon as accessary to the gratification of Pasiphæ’s lust. From this amour with Taurus, as it is further remarked, the queen became mother of twins, and the name of _Minotaurus_ arises from the resemblance of the children to the husband and the lover of Pasiphæ. Minos had four sons by Pasiphæ, Castreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and Androgeus, and three daughters, Hecate, Ariadne, and Phædra. _See:_ Minotaurus. _Plato_, _Minos_. ――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 24.――_Hyginus_, fable 40.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 4, lis. 57 & 165. =Pasithea=, one of the Graces, also called Aglaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.――――One of the Nereides. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Atlas. =Pasitĭgris=, a name given to the river Tigris. _Strabo_, bk. 15. ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20. =Passaron=, a town of Epirus, where, after sacrificing to Jupiter, the kings swore to govern according to law, and the people to obey and to defend the country. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Livy_, bk. 45, chs. 26 & 33. =Passiēnus=, a Roman who reduced Numidia, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_. ――――Paulus, a Roman knight, nephew to the poet Propertius, whose elegiac compositions he imitated. He likewise attempted lyric poetry, and with success, and chose for his model the writings of Horace. _Pliny_, ltrs. 6 & 9.――――Crispus, a man distinguished as an orator, but more as the husband of Domitia, and afterwards of Agrippina, Nero’s mother, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 20. =Pasus=, a Thessalian in Alexander’s army, &c. =Patala=, a harbour at the mouth of the Indus, in an island called _Patale_. The river here begins to form a Delta like the Nile. Pliny places this island within the torrid zone. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 73. ――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Arrian_, bk. 6, ch. 17. =Pătăra= (orum), now _Patera_, a town of Lycia, situate on the eastern side of the mouth of the river Xanthus, with a capacious harbour, a temple, and an oracle of Apollo, surnamed _Patareus_, where was preserved and shown, in the age of Pausanias, a brazen cap, which had been made by the hands of Vulcan, and presented by the god to Telephus. The god was supposed by some to reside for the six winter months at Patara, and the rest of the year at Delphi. The city was greatly embellished by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who attempted in vain to change its original name into that of his wife Arsinoe. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 41.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 14, li. 64.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 516. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15. =Pătăvium=, a city of Italy, at the north of the Po, on the shores of the Adriatic, now called _Padua_, and once said to be capable of sending 20,000 men into the field. _See:_ Padua. It is the birthplace of Livy, from which reason some writers have denominated _Patavinity_ those peculiar expressions and provincial dialect, which they seem to discover in the historian’s style, not strictly agreeable to the purity and refined language of the Roman authors who flourished in or near the Augustan age. _Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 17, li. 8. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, chs. 5, 56; bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2; bk. 41, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Patercŭlus=, a Roman, whose daughter Sulpicia was pronounced the chastest matron at Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 35.――――Velleius, an historian. _See:_ Velleius. =Patizithes=, one of the Persian Magi, who raised his brother to the throne because he resembled Smerdis the brother of Cambyses, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 61. =Patmos=, one of the Cyclades, with a small town of the same name, situate at the south of Icaria, and measuring 30 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, or only 18, according to modern travellers. It has a large harbour, near which are some broken columns, the most ancient in that part of Greece. The Romans generally banished their culprits there. It is now called _Palmosa_. _Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Patræ=, an ancient town at the north-west of Peloponnesus, anciently called _Aroe_. Diana had there a temple, and a famous statue of gold and ivory. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 417.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 29.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Patro=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._――――An epicurean philosopher intimate with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ch. 1. =Pātrōcles=, an officer of the fleet of Seleucus and Antiochus. He discovered several countries, and it is said that he wrote a history of the world. _Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17. =Patrocli=, a small island on the coast of Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Pātrōclus=, one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war, son of Menœtius by Sthenele, whom some call Philomela, or Polymela. The accidental murder of Clysonymus the son of Amphidamus, in the time of his youth, obliged him to fly from Opus, where his father reigned. He retired to the court of Peleus king of Phthia, where he was kindly received, and where he contracted the most intimate friendship with Achilles the monarch’s son. When the Greeks went to the Trojan war, Patroclus also accompanied them at the express command of his father, who had visited the court of Peleus, and he embarked with 10 ships from Phthia. He was the constant companion of Achilles, and he lodged in the same tent; and when his friend refused to appear in the field of battle, because he had been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus imitated his example, and by his absence was the cause of the overthrow of the Greeks. But at last Nestor prevailed upon him to return to the war, and Achilles permitted him to appear in his armour. The valour of Patroclus, together with the terror which the sight of the arms of Achilles inspired, soon routed the victorious armies of the Trojans, and obliged them to fly within their walls for safety. He would have broken down the walls of the city; but Apollo, who interested himself for the Trojans, placed himself to oppose him, and Hector, at the instigation of the god, dismounted from his chariot to attack him, as he attempted to strip one of the Trojans whom he had slain. The engagement was obstinate, but at last Patroclus was overpowered by the valour of Hector, and the interposition of Apollo. His arms became the property of the conqueror, and Hector would have severed his head from his body had not Ajax and Menelaus intervened. His body was at last recovered and carried to the Grecian camp, where Achilles received it with the bitterest lamentations. His funeral was observed with the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed near the burning pile 12 young Trojans, besides four of his horses, and two of his dogs, and the whole was concluded by the exhibition of funeral games, in which the conquerors were liberally rewarded by Achilles. The death of Patroclus, as it is described by Homer, gave rise to new events; Achilles forgot his resentment against Agamemnon, and entered the field to avenge the fall of his friend, and his anger was gratified only by the slaughter of Hector, who had more powerfully kindled his wrath by appearing at the head of the Trojan armies in the armour which had been taken from the body of Patroclus. The patronymic of _Actorides_ is often applied to Patroclus, because Actor was father to Menœtius. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Homer_, bk. 9, _Iliad_, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fables 97 & 275.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 273.――――A son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――An officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus. =Patron=, an Arcadian at the games exhibited by Æneas in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 298. =Patrous=, a surname of Jupiter among the Greeks, represented by his statues as having three eyes, which some suppose to signify that he reigned in three different places, in heaven, on earth, and in hell. _Pausanias_, bk. 2. =Patulcius=, a surname of Janus, which he received _a pateo_, because the doors of his temple were always open in the time of war. Some suppose that he received it because he presided over gates, or because the year began by the celebration of his festivals. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 129. =Paventia=, a goddess who presided over terror at Rome, and who was invoked to protect her votaries from its effects. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Paula=, the first wife of the emperor Heliogabalus. She was daughter of the prefect of the pretorian guards. The emperor divorced her, and Paula retired to solitude and obscurity with composure. =Paulīna=, a Roman lady who married Saturninus, a governor of Syria, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace was disturbed, and violence was offered to her virtue by a young man called Mundus, who was enamoured of her, and who had caused her to come to the temple of Isis by means of the priests of the goddess, who declared that Anubis wished to communicate to her something of moment. Saturninus complained to the emperor of the violence which had been offered to his wife, and the temple of Isis was overturned and Mundus banished, &c. _Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 18, ch. 4.――――The wife of the philosopher Seneca, who attempted to kill herself when Nero had ordered her husband to die. The emperor, however, prevented her, and she lived some few years after in the greatest melancholy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 63, &c.――――A sister of the emperor Adrian.――――The wife of the emperor Maximinus. =Paulīnus Pompeius=, an officer in Nero’s reign, who had the command of the German armies, and finished the works on the banks of the Rhine, which Drusus had begun 63 years before. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 53.――_Suetonius._――――A Roman general, the first who crossed mount Atlas with an army. He wrote a history of this expedition in Africa, which is lost. Paulinus also distinguished himself in Britain, &c. He followed the arms of Otho against Vitellius. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1. ――――Valerius, a friend of Vespasian.――――Julius, a Batavian nobleman, put to death by Fonteius Capito, on pretence of rebellion. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Paulus Æmylius=, a Roman, son of the Æmylius who fell at Cannæ, was celebrated for his victories, and received the surname of _Macedonicus_ from his conquest of Macedonia. In the early part of life he distinguished himself by his uncommon application, and by his fondness for military discipline. His first appearance in the field was attended with great success, and the barbarians that had revolted in Spain were reduced with the greatest facility under the power of the Romans. In his first consulship his arms were directed against the Ligurians, whom he totally subjected. His applications for a second consulship proved abortive; but when Perseus the king of Macedonia had declared war against Rome, the abilities of Paulus were remembered, and he was honoured with the consulship about the 60th year of his age. After this appointment he behaved with uncommon vigour, and soon a general engagement was fought near Pydna. The Romans obtained the victory, and Perseus saw himself deserted by all his subjects. In two days the conqueror made himself master of all Macedonia, and soon after the fugitive monarch was brought into his presence. Paulus did not exult over his fallen enemy; but when he had gently rebuked him for his temerity in attacking the Romans, he addressed himself in a pathetic speech to the officers of his army who surrounded him, and feelingly enlarged on the instability of fortune, and the vicissitude of all human affairs. When he had finally settled the government of Macedonia with 10 commissioners from Rome, and after he had sacked 70 cities of Epirus, and divided the booty amongst his soldiers, Paulus returned to Italy. He was received with the usual acclamations, and though some of the seditious soldiers attempted to prevent his triumphal entry into the capital, yet three days were appointed to exhibit the fruits of his victories. Perseus, with his wretched family, adorned the triumph of the conqueror, and as they were dragged through the streets before the chariot of Paulus, they drew tears of compassion from the people. The riches which the Romans derived from this conquest were immense, and the people were freed from all taxes till the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa; but while every one of the citizens received some benefit from the victories of Paulus, the conqueror himself was poor, and appropriated for his own use nothing of the Macedonian treasures except the library of Perseus. In the office of censor, to which he was afterwards elected, Paulus behaved with the greatest moderation, and at his death, which happened about 168 years before the christian era, not only the Romans, but their very enemies, confessed, by their lamentations, the loss which they had sustained. He had married Papiria, by whom he had two sons, one of whom was adopted by the family of Maximus, and the other by that of Scipio Africanus. He had also two daughters, one of whom married a son of Cato, and the other Ælius Tubero. He afterwards divorced Papiria; and when his friends wished to reprobate his conduct in doing so, by observing that she was young and handsome, and that she had made him father of a fine family, Paulus replied, that the shoe which he then wore was new and well made, but that he was obliged to leave it off, though no one but himself, as he said, knew where it pinched him. He married a second wife, by whom he had two sons, whose sudden death exhibited to the Romans, in the most engaging view, their father’s philosophy and stoicism. The elder of these sons died five days before Paulus triumphed over Perseus, and the other three days after the public ♦procession. This domestic calamity did not shake the firmness of the conqueror; yet before he retired to a private station, he harangued the people, and in mentioning the severity of fortune upon his family, he expressed his wish that every evil might be averted from the republic by the sacrifice of the domestic prosperity of an individual. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Livy_, bks. 43, 44, &c. _Justin_, bk. 33, ch. 1, &c.――――Samosatenus, an author in the reign of Gallienus. ――――Maximus. _See:_ Maximus Fabius.――――Ægineta, a Greek physician whose work was edited _apud_, _Aldus Manutius_, Venice, folio, 1528. ――――Lucius Æmylius, a consul, who, when opposed to Annibal in Italy, checked the rashness of his colleague Varro, and recommended an imitation of the conduct of the great Fabius, by harassing and not facing the enemy in the field. His advice was rejected, and the battle of Cannæ, so glorious to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon followed. Paulus was wounded, but when he might have escaped from the slaughter, by accepting a horse generously offered by one of his officers, he disdained to fly, and perished by the darts of the enemy. _Horace_, ode 12, li. 38.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 39.――――Julius, a Latin poet in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. He wrote some poetical pieces, recommended by Aulus Gellius. ♦ ‘processsion’ replaced with ‘procession’ =Pāulus.= _See:_ Æmylius. =Pavor=, an emotion of the mind which received divine honours among the Romans, and was considered of a most tremendous power, as the ancients swore by her name in the most solemn manner. Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome, was the first who built her temples, and raised altars to her honour, as also to Pallor the goddess of paleness. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 17. =Pausanias=, a Spartan general, who greatly signalized himself at the battle of Platæa, against the Persians. The Greeks were very sensible of his services, and they rewarded his merit with the tenth of the spoils taken from the Persians. He was afterwards set at the head of the Spartan armies, and extended his conquests in Asia; but the haughtiness of his behaviour created him many enemies, and the Athenians soon obtained a superiority in the affairs of Greece. Pausanias was dissatisfied with his countrymen, and he offered to betray Greece to the Persians, if he received in marriage, as the reward of his perfidy, the daughter of their monarch. His intrigues were discovered by means of a youth, who was entrusted with his letters to Persia, and who refused to go, on the recollection that such as had been employed in that office before had never returned. The letters were given to the Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of Pausanias laid open. He fled for safety to a temple of Minerva, and as the sanctity of the place screened him from the violence of his pursuers, the sacred building was surrounded with heaps of stones, the first of which was carried there by the indignant mother of the unhappy man. He was starved to death in the temple, and died about 471 years before the christian era. There was a festival, and solemn games instituted in his honour, in which only free-born Spartans contended. There was also an oration spoken in his praise, in which his actions were celebrated, particularly the battle of Platæa, and the defeat of Mardonius. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Plutarch_, _Aristeides_ & _Themistocles_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 9.――――A favourite of Philip king of Macedonia. He accompanied the prince in an expedition against the Illyrians, in which he was killed.――――Another, at the court of king Philip, very intimate with the preceding. He was grossly and unnaturally abused by Attalus, one of the friends of Philip, and when he complained of the injuries he had received, the king in some measure disregarded his remonstrances, and wished them to be forgotten. This incensed Pausanias; he resolved to revenge himself, and when he had heard from his master Hermocrates the sophist that the most effectual way to render himself illustrious was to murder a person who had signalized himself by uncommon actions, he stabbed Philip as he entered a public theatre. After this bloody action he attempted to make his escape to his chariot, which waited for him at the gate of the city, but he was stopped accidentally by the twig of a vine, and fell down. Attalus, Perdiccas, and other friends of Philip, who pursued him, immediately fell upon him and despatched him. Some support that Pausanias committed this murder at the instigation of Olympias the wife of Philip, and of her son Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――――A king of Macedonia, deposed by Amyntas, after a year’s reign. _Diodorus._――――Another, who attempted to seize upon the kingdom of ♦Macedonia, from which he was prevented by Iphicrates the Athenian.――――A friend of Alexander the Great, made governor of Sardis.――――A physician in the age of Alexander. _Plutarch._――――A celebrated orator and historian, who settled at Rome, A.D. 170, where he died in a very advanced age. He wrote a history of Greece, in 10 books, in the Ionic dialect, in which he gives, with great precision and geographical knowledge, an account of the situation of its different cities, their antiquities, and the several curiosities which they contained. He has also interwoven mythology in his historical account, and introduced many fabulous traditions and superstitious stories. In each book the author treats of a separate country, such as Attica, Arcadia, Messenia, Elis, &c. Some suppose that he gave a similar description of Phœnicia and Syria. There was another Pausanias, a native of Cæsarea in Cappadocia, who wrote some declamations, and who is often confounded with the historian of that name.――――The best edition of Pausanias is that of Khunius, folio, Lipscomb, 1696.――――A Lacedæmonian, who wrote a partial account of his country.――――A statuary of Apollonia, whose abilities were displayed in adorning Apollo’s temple at Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9. ――――A king of Sparta, of the family of the Eurysthenidæ, who died 397 B.C., after a reign of 14 years. ♦ ‘Macedona’ replaced with ‘Macedonia’ =Pausias=, a painter of Sicyon, the first who understood how to apply colours to wood or ivory by means of fire. He made a beautiful painting of his mistress Glycere, whom he represented as sitting on the ground, and making garlands with flowers, and from this circumstance the picture, which was bought afterwards by Lucullus for two talents, received the name of _Stephanoplocon_. Some time after the death of Pausias, the Sicyonians were obliged to part with the pictures which they possessed to deliver themselves from an enormous debt, and Marcus Scaurus the Roman bought them all, in which were those of Pausias, to adorn the theatre, which had been built during his edileship. Pausias lived about 350 years before Christ. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11. =Pausily̆pus=, a mountain near Naples, which receives its name from the beauty of its situation, (παυω λυπη, _cessare facio dolor_). The natives show there the tomb of Virgil, and regard it with the highest veneration. There were near some fish-ponds belonging to the emperor. The mountain is now famous for a subterraneous passage near half a mile in length, and 22 feet in breadth, which affords a safe and convenient passage to travellers. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 4, li. 52.――_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Seneca_, ltrs. 5 & 57. =Pax=, an allegorical divinity among the ancients. The Athenians raised her a statue, which represented her as holding Plutus the god of wealth in her lap, to intimate that peace gives rise to prosperity and to opulence; and they were the first who erected an altar to her honour after the victories obtained by Timotheus over the Lacedæmonian power, though Plutarch asserts it had been done after the conquests of Cimon over the Persians. She was represented among the Romans with the horn of plenty, and also carrying an olive branch in her hand. The emperor Vespasian built her a celebrated temple at Rome, which was consumed by fire in the reign of Commodus. It was customary for men of learning to assemble in that temple, and even to deposit their writings there, as in a place of the greatest security. Therefore when it was burnt, not only books, but also many valuable things, jewels, and immense treasures, were lost in the general conflagration. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timotheus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16. =Paxos=, a small island between Ithaca and the Echinades in the Ionian sea. =Peas=, a shepherd, who, according to some, set on fire the pile on which Hercules was burnt. The hero gave him his bow and arrows. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Pedæus=, an illegitimate son of Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7. =Pedācia=, a woman of whom Horace, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 39, speaks of as a contemptible character. =Pedāni.= _See:_ Pedum. =Pedānius=, a prefect of Rome, killed by one of his slaves for having denied him his liberty, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42. =Pedasa= (orum), a town of Caria, near Halicarnassus. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 30. =Pedăsus=, a son of Bucolion the son of Laomedon. His mother was one of the Naiades. He was killed in the Trojan war by Euryalus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 21.――――One of the four horses of Achilles. As he was not immortal like the other three, he was killed by Sarpedon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.――――A town near Pylos in the Peloponnesus. =Pediadis=, a part of Bactriana, through which the Oxus flows. _Polybius._ =Pedias=, the wife of Cranaus. =Pedius Blæsus=, a Roman, accused by the people of Cyrene of plundering the temple of Æsculapius. He was condemned under Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 18.――――A nephew of Julius Cæsar, who commanded one of his legions in Gaul, &c.――――Poplicola, a lawyer in the age of Horace. His father was one of Julius Cæsar’s heirs, and became consul with Augustus after Pansa’s death. =Pedo=, a lawyer, patronized by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 129. ――――Albinovanus. _See:_ Albinovanus. =Pedianus Asconius=, flourished A.D. 76. =Pedum=, a town of Latium, about 10 miles from Rome, conquered by Camillus. The inhabitants were called _Pedani_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39; bk. 8, chs. 13 & 14.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 4, li. 2. =Pegæ=, a fountain at the foot of mount Arganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylas fell. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20, li. 33. =Pegăsĭdes=, a name given to the Muses from the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain which Pegasus had raised from the ground, by striking it with his foot. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 27. =Pēgăsis=, a name given to Œnone by Ovid, _Heroides_, poem 5, because she was daughter of the _river_ (πηγη) Cebrenus. =Pegăsium stagnum=, a lake near Ephesus, which arose from the earth when Pegasus struck it with his foot. =Pegăsus=, a winged horse sprung from the blood of Medusa, when Perseus had cut off her head. He received his name from his being born, according to Hesiod, near the _sources_ (πηγη) of the ocean. As soon as born he left the earth, and flew up into heaven, or rather, according to Ovid, he fixed his residence on mount Helicon, where, by striking the earth with his foot, he instantly raised a fountain, which has been called Hippocrene. He became the favourite of the Muses; and being afterwards tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he was given to Bellerophon to conquer the Chimæra. No sooner was this fiery monster destroyed, than Pegasus threw down his rider, because he was a mortal, or rather, according to the more received opinion, because he attempted to fly to heaven. This act of temerity in Bellerophon was punished by Jupiter, who sent an insect to torment Pegasus, which occasioned the melancholy fall of his rider. Pegasus continued his flight up to heaven, and was placed among the constellations by Jupiter. Perseus, according to Ovid, was mounted on the horse Pegasus, when he destroyed the sea monster which was going to devour Andromeda. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 282.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 11, li. 20. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 179.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4.――_Lycophron_, li. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 12, chs. 3 & 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 785.――_Hyginus_, fable 57. =Pelăgo=, a eunuch, one of Nero’s favourites, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 59. =Pelăgon=, a man killed by a wild boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 360.――――A son of Asopus and Metope.――――A Phocian, one of whose men conducted Cadmus, and showed him where, according to the oracle, he was to build a city. =Pelagonia=, one of the divisions of Macedonia at the north. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 31, ch. 28. =Pelarge=, a daughter of Potneus, who re-established the worship of Ceres in Bœotia. She received divine honours after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 25. =Pelasgi=, a people of Greece, supposed to be one of the most ancient in the world. They first inhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus, which from them received the name of _Pelasgia_, and about 1883 years before the christian era they passed into Æmonia, and were afterwards dispersed in several parts of Greece. Some of them fixed their habitation in Epirus, others in Crete, others in Italy, and others in Lesbos. From these different changes of situation in the Pelasgians, all the Greeks are indiscriminately called Pelasgians, and their country Pelasgia, though, more properly speaking, it should be confined to Thessaly, Epirus, and Peloponnesus, in Greece. Some of the Pelasgians, that had been driven from Attica, settled at Lemnos, where some time after they carried some Athenian women, whom they had seized in an expedition on the coast of Attica. They raised some children by these captive females, but they afterwards destroyed them with their mothers, through jealousy, because they differed in manners as well as language from them. This horrid murder was attended by a dreadful pestilence, and they were ordered, to expiate their crime, to do whatever the Athenians commanded them. This was to deliver their possessions into their hands. The Pelasgians seem to have received their name from Pelasgus, the first king and founder of their nation. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――_Flaccus._――_Seneca_, _Medea_ & _Agamemnon_. =Pelasgia=, or =Pelasgiotis=, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are called _Pelasgi_ or _Pelasgiotæ_. Every country of Greece, and all Greece in general, is indiscriminately called Pelasgia, though the name should be more particularly confined to a part of Thessaly, situate between the Peneus, the Aliacmon, and the Sperchius. The maritime borders of this part of Thessaly were afterwards called _Magnesia_, though the sea or its shore still retained the name of _Pelasgicus Sinus_, now the gulf of _Volo_. Pelasgia is also one of the ancient names of Epirus, as also of Peloponnesus. _See:_ Pelasgi. =Pelasgus=, a son of Terra, or, according to others, of Jupiter and Niobe, who reigned in Sicyon, and gave his name to the ancient inhabitants of Peloponnesus. =Pĕlēthrŏnii=, an epithet given to the Lapithæ, because they inhabited the town of _Pelethronium_, at the foot of mount Pelion in Thessaly; or because one of their number bore the name of Pelethronius. It is to them that mankind is indebted for the invention of the bit with which they tamed their horses with so much dexterity. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 115.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 452. ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 387. =Peleus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Æacus and Endeis the daughter of Chiron. He married Thetis, one of the Nereides, and was the only one among mortals who married an immortal. He was accessary to the death of his brother Phocus, and on that account he was obliged to leave his father’s dominions. He retired to the court of Eurytus the son of Actor, who reigned at Phthia, or according to the less received opinion of Ovid, he fled to Ceyx king of Trachinia. He was purified of his murder by Eurytus, with the usual ceremonies, and the monarch gave him his daughter Antigone in marriage. Some time after this Peleus and Eurytus went to the chase of the Calydonian boar, where the father-in-law was accidentally killed by an arrow which his son-in-law had aimed at the beast. This unfortunate event obliged him to banish himself from the court of Phthia, and he retired to Iolchos, where he was purified of the murder of Eurytus, by Acastus the king of the country. His residence at Iolchos was short; Astydamia the wife of Acastus became enamoured of him, and when she found him insensible to her passionate declaration, she accused him of attempts upon her virtue. The monarch partially believed the accusations of his wife, but not to violate the laws of hospitality, by putting him instantly to death, he ordered his officers to conduct him to mount Pelion, on pretence of hunting, and there to tie him to a tree, that he might become the prey of the wild beasts of the place. The orders of Acastus were faithfully obeyed; but Jupiter, who knew the innocence of his grandson Peleus, ordered Vulcan to set him at liberty. As soon as he had been delivered from danger, Peleus assembled his friends to punish the ill-treatment which he had received from Acastus. He forcibly took Iolchos, drove the king from his possessions, and put to death the wicked Astydamia. After the death of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, of whose superior charms Jupiter himself had been enamoured. His pretensions however, were rejected, and, as he was a mortal, the goddess fled from him with the greatest abhorrence; and the more effectually to evade his inquiries, she generally assumed the shape of a bird, or of a tree, or of a tigress. Peleus became more animated from her refusal; he offered a sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus informed him that to obtain Thetis he must surprise her while she was asleep in her grotto, near the shores of Thessaly. This advice was immediately followed, and Thetis, unable to escape from the grasp of Peleus, at last consented to marry him. Their nuptials were celebrated with the greatest solemnity, and all the gods attended, and made them each the most valuable presents. The goddess of discord was the only one of the deities who was not present, and she punished this seeming neglect by throwing an apple into the midst of the assembly of the gods, with the inscription of _Detur pulchriori_. _See:_ Discordia. From the marriage of Peleus and Thetis was born Achilles, whose education was early entrusted to the Centaur Chiron, and afterwards to Phœnix the son of Amyntor. Achilles went to the Trojan war, at the head of his father’s troops, and Peleus gloried in having a son who was superior to all the Greeks in valour and intrepidity. The death of Achilles was the source of grief to Peleus; and Thetis, to comfort her husband, promised him immortality, and ordered him to retire into the grottos of the island of Leuce, where he would see and converse with the manes of his son. Peleus had a daughter called Polydora, by Antigone. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 482.――_Euripides_, _Andromache_.――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_ [poem 64].――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 5; _Fasti_, bk. 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fables 7 & 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 54. =Peliădes=, the daughters of Pelias. _See:_ Pelias. =Pelias=, the twin brother of Neleus, was son of Neptune, by Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus. His birth was concealed from the world by his mother, who wished her father to be ignorant of her incontinence. He was exposed in the woods, but his life was preserved by shepherds, and he received the name of _Pelias_, from a spot of the colour of _lead_ in his face. Some time after this adventure, Tyro married Cretheus, son of Æolus king of Iolchos, and became mother of three children, of whom Æson was the eldest. Meantime Pelias visited his mother, and was received in her family; and, after the death of Cretheus, he unjustly seized the kingdom, which belonged to the children of Tyro, by the deceased monarch. To strengthen himself in his usurpation, Pelias consulted the oracle, and when he was told to beware of one of the descendants of Æolus, who should come to his court with one foot shod, and the other bare, he privately removed the son of Æson, after he had publicly declared that he was dead. These precautions proved abortive. Jason the son of Æson, who had been educated by Chiron, returned to Iolchos, when arrived to years of maturity; and as he had lost one of his shoes in crossing the river Anaurus, or the Evenus, Pelias immediately perceived that this was the person whom he was advised so much to dread. His unpopularity prevented him from acting with violence against a stranger, whose uncommon dress and commanding aspect had raised admiration in his subjects. But his astonishment was excited when he saw Jason arrive at his palace, with his friends and his relations, and boldly demand the kingdom which he usurped. Pelias was conscious that his complaints were well founded, and therefore, to divert his attention, he told him that he would voluntarily resign the crown to him if he went to Colchis to avenge the death of Phryxus the son of Athamas, whom Æetes had cruelly murdered. He further observed that the expedition would be attended with the greatest glory, and that nothing but the infirmities of old age had prevented him himself from vindicating the honour of his country, and the injuries of his family by punishing the assassin. This, so warmly recommended, was as warmly accepted by the young hero, and his intended expedition was made known all over Greece. _See:_ Jason. During the absence of Jason, in the Argonautic expedition, Pelias murdered Æson and all his family; but, according to the more received opinion of Ovid, Æson was still living when the Argonauts returned, and he was restored to the vigour of youth by the magic of Medea. This sudden change in the vigour and the constitution of Æson astonished all the inhabitants of Iolchos, and the daughters of Pelias, who had received the patronymic of _Peliades_, expressed their desire to see their father’s infirmities vanish by the same powerful arts. Medea, who wished to avenge the injuries which her husband Jason had received from Pelias, raised the desires of the Peliades, by cutting an old ram to pieces, and boiling the flesh in a cauldron, and afterwards turning it into a fine young lamb. After they had seen this successful experiment, the Peliades cut their father’s body to pieces, after they had drawn all the blood from his veins, on the assurance that Medea would replenish them by her incantations. The limbs were immediately put into a cauldron of boiling water, but Medea suffered the flesh to be totally consumed, and refused to give the Peliades the promised assistance, and the bones of Pelias did not even receive a burial. The Peliades were four in number, Alceste, Pisidice, Pelopea, and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus adds Medusa. Their mother’s name was Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias, or Philomache, the daughter of Amphion. After this parricide, the Peliades fled to the court of Admetus, where Acastus the son-in-law of Pelias pursued them, and took their protector prisoner. The Peliades died, and were buried in Arcadia. _Hyginus_, fables 12, 13, & 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fables 3 & 4; _Heroides_, poem 12, li. 129.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A Trojan chief wounded by Ulysses during the Trojan war. He survived the ruin of his country, and followed the fortune of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 431. ――――The ship Argo is called _Pelias arbor_, built of the trees of mount Pelion.――――The spear of Achilles. _See:_ Pelion. =Pelīdes=, a patronymic of Achilles, and of Pyrrhus, as being descended from Peleus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 264. =Pēligni=, a people of Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines and Marsi, and had Corfinium and Sulmo for their chief towns. The most expert magicians were among the Peligni, according to Horace. _Livy_, bk. 8, chs. 6 & 29; bk. 9, ch. 41.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 42.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 8. =Pelignus=, a friend of the emperor Claudius, made governor of Cappadocia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 49. =Pelinæus=, a mountain of Chios. =Pelinnæum=, or =Pelinna=, a town of Macedonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14. ――_Livy_, bk. 36, chs. 10 & 14. =Pelion= and =Pelios=, a celebrated mountain of Thessaly, whose top is covered with pine trees. In their wars against the gods, the giants, as the poets mention, placed mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale the heavens with more facility. The celebrated spear of Achilles, which none but the hero could wield, had been cut down on this mountain, and was thence called _Pelias_. It was a present from his preceptor Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs, had fixed his residence here. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 155; bk. 13, li. 199.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 281; bk. 3, li. 94.――_Seneca_, _Hercules_ & _Medea_. =Pelium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 40. =Pella=, a celebrated town of Macedonia, on the Ludias, not far from the Sinus Thermaicus, which became the capital of the country after the ruin of Edessa. Philip king of Macedonia was educated there, and Alexander the Great was born there, whence he is often called _Pellæus juvenis_. The tomb of the poet Euripides was in the neighbourhood. The epithet _Pellæus_ is often applied to Egypt or Alexandria, because the Ptolemies, kings of the country, were of Macedonian origin. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 85.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 60; bk. 8, lis. 475 & 607; bk. 9, lis. 1016 & 1073; bk. 10, li. 55. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 41. =Pellāne=, a town of Laconia, with a fountain whose waters have a subterraneous communication with the waters of another fountain. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Pellēne=, a town of Achaia, in the Peloponnesus, at the west of Sicyon, famous for its wool. It was built by the giant Pallas, or, according to others, by Pellen of Argos, son of Phorbas, and was the country of Proteus the sea-god. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26. ――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 14. =Pĕlŏpēa=, or =Pĕlŏpīa=, a daughter of Thyestes the brother of Atreus. She had a son by her father, who had offered her violence in a wood, without knowing that she was his own daughter. Some suppose that Thyestes purposely committed the incest, as the oracle had informed him that his wrongs should be avenged, and his brother destroyed, by a son who should be born from him and his daughter. This proved too true. Pelopea afterwards married her uncle Atreus, who kindly received in his house his wife’s illegitimate child, called Ægysthus, because preserved by goats (αἰγες) when exposed in the mountains. Ægysthus became his uncle’s murderer. _See:_ Ægysthus. _Hyginus_, fable 87, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 359.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_. =Pelŏpēia=, a festival observed by the people of Elis in honour of Pelops. It was kept in imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed to Pelops in a trench, as it was usual, when the manes and the infernal gods were the objects of worship. =Pelŏpīa=, a daughter of Niobe.――――A daughter of Pelias.――――The mother of Cycnus. =Pelopĭdas=, a celebrated general of Thebes, son of Hippoclus. He was descended of an illustrious family, and was remarkable for his immense possessions, which he bestowed with great liberality to the poor and necessitous. Many were the objects of his generosity; but when Epaminondas had refused to accept his presents, Pelopidas disregarded all his wealth, and preferred before it the enjoyment of his friend’s conversation and of his poverty. From their friendship and intercourse the Thebans derived the most considerable advantages. No sooner had the interest of Sparta prevailed at Thebes, and the friends of liberty and national independence been banished from the city, than Pelopidas, who was in the number of the exiles, resolved to free his country from foreign slavery. His plan was bold and animated, and his deliberations were slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas, who had been left by the tyrants at Thebes, as being in appearance a worthless and insignificant philosopher, animated the youths of the city, and at last Pelopidas, with 11 of his associates, entered Thebes, and easily massacred the friends of the tyranny, and freed the country from foreign masters. After this successful enterprise, Pelopidas was unanimously placed at the head of the government; and so confident were the Thebans of his abilities as a general and a magistrate, that they successively re-elected him 13 times to fill the honourable office of governor of Bœotia. Epaminondas shared with him the sovereign power, and it was to their valour and prudence that the Thebans were indebted for a celebrated victory at the battle of Leuctra. In a war which Thebes carried on against Alexander tyrant of Pheræ, Pelopidas was appointed commander; but his imprudence, in trusting himself unarmed into the enemy’s camp, nearly proved fatal to him. He was taken prisoner, but Epaminondas restored him to liberty. The perfidy of Alexander irritated him, and he was killed bravely fighting in a celebrated battle in which his troops obtained the victory, B.C. 364 years. He received an honourable burial. The Thebans showed their sense for his merit by their lamentations; they sent a powerful army to revenge his death on the destruction of the tyrant of Pheræ; and his relations and his children were presented with immense donations by the cities of Thessaly. Pelopidas is admired for his valour, as he never engaged an enemy without obtaining the advantage. The impoverished state of Thebes before his birth, and after his fall, plainly demonstrates the superiority of his genius and of his abilities; and it has been justly observed, that with Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and the independence of the Thebans rose and set. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_. ――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Polybius._ =Peloponnesiăcum bellum=, a celebrated war which continued for 27 years between the Athenians and the inhabitants of Peloponnesus with their respective allies. It is the most famous and the most interesting of all the wars which have happened between the inhabitants of Greece; and for the minute and circumstantial description which we have of the events and revolutions which mutual animosity produced, we are indebted more particularly to the correct and authentic writings of Thucydides and of Xenophon. The circumstances which gave birth to this memorable war are these. The power of Athens, under the prudent and vigorous administration of Pericles, was already extended over Greece, and it had procured itself many admirers and more enemies, when the Corcyreans, who had been planted by a Corinthian colony, refused to pay their founders those marks of respect and reverence which among the Greeks every colony was obliged to pay to its mother country. The Corinthians wished to punish that infidelity; and when the people of Epidamnus, a considerable town on the Adriatic, had been invaded by some of the barbarians of Illyricum, the people of Corinth gladly granted to the Epidamnians that assistance which had in vain been solicited from the Corcyreans, their founders and their patrons. The Corcyreans were offended at the interference of Corinth in the affairs of their colony; they manned a fleet, and obtained a victory over the Corinthian vessels which had assisted the Epidamnians. The subsequent conduct of the Corcyreans, and their insolence to some of the Elians, who had furnished a few ships to the Corinthians, provoked the Peloponnesians, and the discontent became general. Ambassadors were sent by both parties to Athens to claim its protection, and to justify these violent proceedings. The greatest part of the Athenians heard their various reasonings with moderation and with compassion; but the enterprising ambition of Pericles prevailed, and when the Corcyreans had reminded the people of Athens, that in all the states of Peloponnesus they had to dread the most malevolent enemies, and the most insidious of rivals, they were listened to with attention, and were promised support. This step was no sooner taken, than the Corinthians appealed to the other Grecian states, and particularly to the Lacedæmonians. Their complaints were accompanied by those of the people of Megara and of Ægina, who bitterly inveighed against the cruelty, injustice, and insolence of the Athenians. This had due weight with the Lacedæmonians, who had long beheld with concern and with jealousy the ambitious power of the Athenians, and they determined to support the cause of the Corinthians. However, before they proceeded to hostilities, an embassy was sent to Athens, to represent the danger of entering into a war with the most powerful and flourishing of all the Grecian states. This alarmed the Athenians, but when Pericles had eloquently spoken of the resources and the actual strength of the republic, and of the weakness of the allies, the clamours of his enemies were silenced, and the answer which was returned to the Spartans was taken as a declaration of war. The Spartans were supported by all the republics of the Peloponnesus, except Argos and part of Achaia, besides the people of Megara, Bœotia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas, Ambracia, and Anactorium. The Platæans, the Lesbians, Carians, Chians, Messenians, Acarnanians, Zacynthians, Corcyreans, Dorians, and Thracians, were the friends of the Athenians, with all the Cyclades, except Eubœa, Samos, Melos, and Thera. The first blow had already been struck, May 7, B.C. 431, by an attempt of the Bœotians to ♦surprise Platæa; and therefore Archidamus king of Sparta, who had in vain recommended moderation to the allies, entered Attica at the head of an army of 60,000 men, and laid waste the country by fire and sword. Pericles, who was at the head of the government, did not attempt to oppose them in the field; but a fleet of 150 ships set sail, without delay, to ravage the coasts of the Peloponnesus. Megara was also depopulated by an army of 20,000 men, and the campaign of the first year of the war was concluded in celebrating, with the most solemn pomp, the funerals of such as had nobly fallen in battle. The following year was remarkable for a pestilence which raged in Athens, and which destroyed the greatest part of the inhabitants. The public calamity was still heightened by the approach of the Peloponnesian army on the borders of Attica, and by the ♠unsuccessful expedition of the Athenians against Epidaurus and in Thrace. The pestilence which had carried away so many of the Athenians proved also fatal to Pericles, and he died about two years and six months after the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. The following years did not give rise to decisive events; but the revolt of Lesbos from the alliance of the Athenians was productive of fresh troubles. Mitylene the capital of the island was recovered, and the inhabitants treated with the greatest cruelty. The island of Corcyra became also the seat of new seditions, and those citizens who had been carried away prisoners by the Corinthians, and for political reasons treated with lenity, and taught to despise the alliance of Athens, were no sooner returned home, than they raised commotions and endeavoured to persuade their countrymen to join the Peloponnesian confederates. This was strongly opposed; but both parties obtained by turns the superiority, and massacred, with the greatest barbarity, all those who obstructed their views. Some time after Demosthenes the Athenian general invaded Ætolia, where his arms were attended with the greatest success. He also fortified Pylos in the Peloponnesus, and gained so many advantages over the confederates, that they sued for peace, which the insolence of Athens refused. The fortune of the war soon after changed, and the Lacedæmonians, under the prudent conduct of Brasidas, made themselves masters of many valuable places in Thrace. But this victorious progress was soon stopped by the death of their general, and that of Cleon the Athenian commander; and the pacific disposition of Nicias, who was now at the head of Athens, made overtures of peace and universal tranquillity. Plistoanax the king of the Spartans wished them to be accepted; but the intrigues of the Corinthians prevented the discontinuation of the war, and therefore hostilities began anew. But while war was carried on with various success in different parts of Greece, the Athenians engaged in a new expedition; they yielded to the persuasive eloquence of Gorgias of Leontium, and the ambitious views of Alcibiades, and sent a fleet of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian states against the tyrannical power of Syracuse, B.C. 416. This was warmly opposed by Nicias; but the eloquence of Alcibiades prevailed, and a powerful fleet was sent against the capital of Sicily. These vigorous though impolitic measures of the Athenians were not viewed with indifference by the confederates. Syracuse, in her distress, implored the assistance of Corinth, and Gylippus was sent to direct her operations, and to defend her against the power of her enemies. The events of battles were dubious, and though the Athenian army was animated by the prudence and intrepidity of Nicias, and the more hasty courage of Demosthenes, yet the good fortune of Syracuse prevailed; and after a campaign of two years of bloodshed, the fleets of Athens were totally ruined, and the few soldiers that survived the destructive siege, made prisoners of war. So fatal a blow threw the people of Attica into consternation and despair, and while they sought for resources at home, they severely felt themselves deprived of support abroad, their allies were alienated by the intrigues of the enemy, and rebellion was fomented in their dependent states and colonies on the Asiatic coast. The threatened ruin, however, was timely averted, and Alcibiades, who had been treated with cruelty by his countrymen, and who had for some time resided in Sparta, and directed her military operations, now exerted himself to defeat the designs of the confederates, by inducing the Persians to espouse the cause of his country. But in a short time after, the internal tranquillity of Athens was disturbed, and Alcibiades, by wishing to abolish the democracy, called away the attention of his fellow-citizens from the prosecution of a war which had already cost them so much blood. This, however, was but momentary; the Athenians soon after obtained a naval victory, and the Peloponnesian fleet was defeated by Alcibiades. The Athenians beheld with rapture the success of their arms; but when their fleet, in the absence of Alcibiades, had been defeated and destroyed near Andros by Lysander the Lacedæmonian admiral, they showed their discontent and mortification by eagerly listening to the accusations which were brought against their naval leader, to whom they gratefully had acknowledged themselves indebted for their former victories. Alcibiades was disgraced in the public assembly, and 10 commanders were appointed to succeed him in the management of the republic. This change of admirals, and the appointment of Callicratidas to succeed Lysander, whose office had expired with the revolving year, produced new operations. The Athenians fitted out a fleet, and the two nations decided their superiority near Arginusæ, in a naval battle. Callicratidas was killed, and the Lacedæmonians conquered, but the rejoicings which the intelligence of this victory occasioned were soon stopped, when it was known that the wrecks of some of the disabled ships of the Athenians, and the bodies of the slain, had not been saved from the sea. The admirals were accused in the tumultuous assembly, and immediately condemned. Their successors in office were not so prudent, but they were more unfortunate in their operations. Lysander was again placed at the head of the Peloponnesian forces, instead of Eteonicus, who had succeeded to the command at the death of Callicratidas. The age and the experience of this general seemed to promise something decisive, and indeed an opportunity was not long wanting for the display of his military character. The superiority of the Athenians over that of the Peloponnesians, rendered the former insolent, proud, and negligent, and when they had imprudently forsaken their ships to indulge their indolence, or pursue their amusements on the sea-shore at Ægospotamus, Lysander attacked their fleet, and his victory was complete. Of 180 sail, only nine escaped, eight of which fled, under the command of Conon, to the island of Cyprus, and the other carried to Athens the melancholy news of the defeat. The Athenian prisoners were all massacred; and when the Peloponnesian conquerors had extended their dominion over the states and communities of Europe and Asia, which formerly acknowledged the power of Athens, they returned home to finish the war by the reduction of the capital of Attica. The siege was carried on with vigour, and supported with firmness, and the first Athenian who mentioned capitulation to his countrymen, was instantly sacrificed to the fury and the indignation of the populace, and all the citizens unanimously declared, that the same moment would terminate their independence and their lives. This animated language, however, was not long continued; the spirit of faction was not yet extinguished at Athens; and it proved, perhaps, more destructive to the public liberty, than the operations and assaults of the Peloponnesian besiegers. During four months, negotiations were carried on with the Spartans by the aristocratical part of the Athenians, and at last it was agreed that to establish the peace, the fortifications of the Athenian harbours must be demolished, together with the long walls which joined them to the city; all their ships, except 12, were to be surrendered to the enemy; they were to resign every pretension to their ancient dominions abroad; to recall from banishment all the members of the late aristocracy; to follow the Spartans in war, and, in the time of peace, to frame their constitution according to the will and the prescriptions of their Peloponnesian conquerors. The terms were accepted, and the enemy entered the harbour, and took possession of the city, that very day on which the Athenians had been accustomed to celebrate the anniversary of the immortal victory which their ancestors had obtained over the Persians about 76 years before, near the island of Salamis. The walls and fortifications were instantly levelled with the ground, and the conquerors observed, that in the demolition of Athens, succeeding ages would fix the era of Grecian freedom. The day was concluded with a festival, and the recitation of one of the tragedies of Euripides, in which the misfortunes of the daughter of Agamemnon, who was reduced to misery, and banished from her father’s kingdom, excited a kindred sympathy in the bosom of the audience, who melted into tears at the recollection that one moment had likewise reduced to misery and servitude the capital of Attica, which was once called the common patroness of Greece, and the scourge of Persia. This memorable event happened about 404 years before the christian era, and 30 tyrants were appointed by Lysander over the government of the city. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Plutarch_, _Lysander_, _Pericles_, _Alcibiades_, _Nicias_, & _Agesilaus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11, &c.――_Aristophanes._――_Thucydides._――_Plato._――_Aristotle._ ――_Lycias._――_Isocrates._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lysander_, _Alcibiades_, &c.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 24. ♦ ‘supprise’ replaced with ‘surprise’ ♠ ‘unsuccesful’ replaced with ‘unsuccessful’ =Peloponnēsus=, a celebrated peninsula which comprehends the most southern parts of Greece. It received its name from Pelops, who settled there, as the name indicates (πηλοπος νησος, _the island of Pelops_). It had been called before _Argia_, _Pelasgia_, and _Argolis_, and in its form, it has been observed by the moderns, highly to resemble the leaf of the plane tree. Its present name is _Morea_, which seems to be derived either from the Greek word μορεα, or the Latin _morus_, which signifies a _mulberry tree_, which is found there in great abundance. The ancient Peloponnesus was divided into six different provinces, Messenia, Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, Achaia propria, and Argolis, to which some add Sicyon. These provinces all bordered on the sea-shore, except Arcadia. The Peloponnesus was conquered, some time after the Trojan war, by the Heraclidæ or descendants of Hercules, who had been forcibly expelled from it. The inhabitants of this peninsula rendered themselves illustrious, like the rest of the Greeks, by their genius, their fondness for the fine arts, the cultivation of learning, and the profession of arms, but in nothing more than by a celebrated war, which they carried on against Athens and her allies for 27 years, and which from them received the name of the Peloponnesian war. _See:_ Peloponnesiacum bellum. The Peloponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in length, and 140 in breadth, and about 563 miles in circumference. It was separated from Greece by the narrow isthmus of Corinth, which, as being only five miles broad, Demetrius, Cæsar, Nero, and some others, attempted in vain to cut, to make a communication between the bay of Corinth, and the Saronicus sinus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides._ ――_Diodorus_, bk. 12, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21; bk. 8, ch. 1. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 40. =Pelopēa mœnia=, is applied to the cities of Greece, but more particularly to Mycenæ and Argos, where the descendants of Pelops reigned. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 193. =Pelops=, a celebrated prince, son of Tantalus king of Phrygia. His mother’s name was Euryanassa, or, according to others, Euprytone, or Eurystemista, or Dione. He was murdered by his father, who wished to try the divinity of the gods who had visited Phrygia, by placing on their table the limbs of his son. The gods perceived his perfidious cruelty, and they refused to touch the meat, except Ceres, whom the recent loss of her daughter had rendered melancholy and inattentive. She ate one of the shoulders of Pelops, and therefore, when Jupiter had compassion on his fate, and restored him to life, he placed a shoulder of ivory instead of that which Ceres had devoured. This shoulder had an uncommon power, and it could heal by its very touch every complaint, and remove every disorder. Some time after, the kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros king of Troy, on pretence that he had carried away his son Ganymedes. This rape had been committed by Jupiter himself; the war, nevertheless, was carried on, and Tantalus, defeated and ruined, was obliged to fly with his son Pelops, and to seek a shelter in Greece. This tradition is confuted by some, who support that Tantalus did not fly into Greece, as he had been some time before confined by Jupiter in the infernal regions for his impiety, and therefore Pelops was the only one whom the enmity of Tros persecuted. Pelops came to Pisa, where he became one of the suitors of Hippodamia the daughter of king Œnomaus, and he entered the lists against the father, who promised his daughter only to him who could outrun him in a chariot race. Pelops was not terrified at the fate of the 13 lovers, who before him had entered the course against Œnomaus, and had, according to the conditions proposed, been put to death when conquered. He previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, and therefore he easily obtained the victory. _See:_ Œnomaus. He married Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the reward of his perfidy. According to some authors, Pelops had received some winged horses from Neptune, with which he was enabled to outrun Œnomaus. When he had established himself on the throne of Pisa, Hippodamia’s possession, he extended his conquests over the neighbouring countries, and from him the peninsula, of which he was one of the monarchs, received the name of Peloponnesus. Pelops, after death, received divine honours, and he was as much revered above all the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter was above the rest of the gods. He had a temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter, where Hercules consecrated to him a small portion of land, and offered to him a sacrifice. The place where this sacrifice had been offered was religiously observed, and the magistrates of the country yearly, on coming upon office, made there an offering of a black ram. During the sacrifice, the soothsayer was not allowed, as at other times, to have a share of the victim, but he alone who furnished the wood was permitted to take the neck. The wood for sacrifices, as may be observed, was always furnished by some of the priests to all such as offered victims, and they received a price equivalent to what they gave. The white poplar was generally used in the sacrifices made to Jupiter and to Pelops. The children of Pelops by Hippodamia were Pitheus, Trœzen, Atreus, Thyestes, &c., besides some by concubines. The time of his death is unknown, though it is universally agreed that he survived for some time Hippodamia. Some suppose that the Palladium of the Trojans was made with the bones of Pelops. His descendants were called _Pelopidæ_. Pindar, who, in his first Olympic, speaks of Pelops, confutes the traditions of his ivory shoulder, and says that Neptune took him up to heaven to become the cup-bearer to the gods, from which he was expelled, when the impiety of Tantalus wished to make mankind partake of the nectar and the entertainments of the gods. Some suppose that Pelops first instituted the Olympic games in honour of Jupiter, and to commemorate the victory which he had obtained over Œnomaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18. ――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 7. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 404, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 9, 82, & 83. =Pelor=, one of the men who sprang from the teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5. =Peloria=, a festival observed by the Thessalians, in commemoration of the news which they received by one Pelorious, that the mountains of Tempe had been separated by an earthquake, and that the waters of the lake which lay there stagnated, had found a passage into the Alpheus, and left behind a vast, pleasant, and most delightful plain, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 3. =Pelōrus= (_v._ is-dis, _v._ ias-iados), now Cape _Faro_, one of the three great promontories of Sicily, on whose top is erected a tower to direct the sailor on his voyage. It lies near the coast of Italy, and received its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which carried away Annibal from Italy. This celebrated general, as it is reported, was carried by the tides into the straits of Charybdis, and as he was ignorant of the coast, he asked the pilot of his ship the name of the promontory, which appeared at a distance. The pilot told him it was one of the capes of Sicily, but Annibal gave no credit to his information, and murdered him on the spot, on the apprehension that he would betray him into the hands of the Romans. He was, however, soon convinced of his error, and found that the pilot had spoken with great fidelity; and therefore, to pay honour to his memory, and to atone for his cruelty, he gave him a magnificent funeral, and ordered that the promontory should bear his name, and from that time it was called Pelorus. Some suppose that this account is false, and they observe that it bore that name before the age of Annibal. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, lis. 411 & 687.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 350; bk. 13, li. 727; bk. 15, li. 706. =Peltæ=, a town of Phrygia. =Pelūsium=, now _Tineh_, a town of Egypt, situate at the entrance of one of the mouths of the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is about 20 stadia from the sea, and it has received the name of _Pelusium_ from the lakes and marshes (♦πυλος) which are in its neighbourhood. It was the key of Egypt on the side of Phœnicia, as it was impossible to enter the Egyptian territories without passing by Pelusium, and therefore on that account it was always well fortified and garrisoned, as it was of such importance for the security of the country. It produced lentils, and was celebrated for the linen stuffs made there. It is now in ruins. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Columella_, bk. 5, ch. 10. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 25.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 466; bk. 9, li. 83; bk. 10, li. 53.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 19; bk. 45, ch. 11. ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 228. ♦ ‘πμλος’ replaced with ‘πυλος’ =Pĕnātes=, certain inferior deities among the Romans, who presided over houses and the domestic affairs of families. They were called _Penates_, because they were generally placed in the innermost and most secret parts of the house, _in Penitissimâ ædium parte, quod_, as Cicero says, _penitus insident_. The place ♦where they stood was afterwards called _penetralia_, and they themselves received the name of _Penetrales_. It was in the option of every master of a family to choose his Penates, and therefore Jupiter, and some of the superior gods, are often invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. According to some, the gods Penates were divided into four classes; the first comprehended all the celestial, the second the sea-gods, the third the gods of hell, and the last all such heroes as had received divine honours after death. The Penates were originally the manes of the dead, but when superstition had taught mankind to pay uncommon reverence to the statues and images of their deceased friends, their attention was soon exchanged for regular worship, and they were admitted by their votaries to share immortality and power over the world, with a Jupiter or a Minerva. The statues of the Penates were generally made with wax, ivory, silver, or earth, according to the affluence of the worshipper, and the only offerings they received were wine, incense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice of lambs, sheep, goats, &c. In the early ages of Rome, human sacrifices were offered to them; but Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins, abolished this unnatural custom. When offerings were made to them, their statues were crowned with garlands, poppies, or garlic, and besides the monthly day that was set apart for their worship, their festivals were celebrated during the Saturnalia. Some have confounded the Lares and the Penates, but they were different. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27; _Against Verres_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1. ♦ ‘were’ replaced with ‘where’ =Pendalium=, a promontory of Cyprus. =Pēneia=, or =Penēis=, an epithet applied to Daphne, as daughter of Peneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452. =Penelius=, one of the Greeks killed in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 494.――――A son of Hippalmus among the Argonauts. =Pēnĕlŏpe=, a celebrated princess of Greece, daughter of Icarius, and wife of Ulysses king of Ithaca. Her marriage with Ulysses was celebrated about the same time that Menelaus married Helen, and she retired with her husband to Ithaca, against the inclination of her father, who wished to detain her at Sparta, her native country. She soon after became mother of Telemachus, and was obliged to part with great reluctance from her husband, whom the Greeks obliged to go to the Trojan war. _See:_ Palamedes. The continuation of hostilities for 10 years made her sad and melancholy; but when Ulysses did not return like the other princes of Greece at the conclusion of the war, her fears and her anxieties were increased. As she received no intelligence of his situation, she was soon beset by a number of importuning suitors, who wished her to believe that her husband was shipwrecked, and that therefore, she ought no longer to expect his return, but forget his loss, and fix her choice and affections on one of her numerous admirers. She received their addresses with coldness and disdain; but as she was destitute of power, and a prisoner, as it were, in their hands, she yet flattered them with hopes and promises, and declared that she would make choice of one of them, as soon as she had finished a piece of tapestry, on which she was employed. The work was done in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their eager expectations, by undoing in the night what she had done in the daytime. This artifice of Penelope has given rise to the proverb of _Penelope’s web_, which is applied to whatever labour can never be ended. The return of Ulysses, after an absence of 20 years, however, delivered her from her fears and from her dangerous suitors. Penelope is described by Homer as a model of female virtue and chastity, but some more modern writers dispute her claims to modesty and continence, and they represent her as the most debauched and voluptuous of her sex. According to their opinions, therefore, she liberally gratified the desires of her suitors, in the absence of her husband, and had a son whom she called Pan, as if to show that he was the offspring of all her admirers. Some, however, suppose that Pan was son of Penelope by Mercury, and that he was born before his mother’s marriage with Ulysses. The god, as it is said, deceived Penelope, under the form of a beautiful goat, as she was tending her father’s flocks on one of the mountains of Arcadia. After the return of Ulysses, Penelope had a daughter, who was called Ptoliporthe; but if we believe the traditions that were long preserved at Mantinea, Ulysses repudiated his wife for her incontinence during his absence, and Penelope fled to Sparta, and afterwards to Mantinea, where she died and was buried. After the death of Ulysses, according to Hyginus, she married Telegonus, her husband’s son by Circe, by order of the goddess Minerva. Some say that her original name was Arnea, or Amirace, and that she was called Penelope, when some river birds called Penelopes had saved her from the waves of the sea, when her father had exposed her. Icarius had attempted to destroy her, because the oracles had told him that his daughter by Peribœa would be the most dissolute of her sex, and a disgrace to his family. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1; _Metamorphoses_.――_Aristotle_, _History of Animals_, bk. 8.――_Hyginus_, fable 127.――_Aristophanes_, _The Birds_. ――_Pliny_, bk. 37. =Pēneus=, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Pindus, and falling into the Thermean gulf, after a wandering course between mount Ossa and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. It received its name from Peneus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. The Peneus anciently inundated the plains of Thessaly, till an earthquake separated the mountains Ossa and Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of Tempe, where the waters formerly stagnated. From this circumstance, therefore, it obtained the name of Arexes, _ab_ ἀρασσω, _scindo_. Daphne the daughter of the Peneus, according to the fables of the mythologists, was changed into a laurel on the banks of this river. This tradition arises from the quantity of laurels which grow near the Peneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――Also a small river of Elis in Peloponnesus, better known under the name of Araxes. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24. ――_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 11. =Penidas=, one of Alexander’s friends, who went to examine Scythia under pretence of an embassy. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 6. =Penīnæ alpes=, a certain part of the Alps. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. =Pentapŏlis=, a town of India.――――A part of Africa near Cyrene. It received this name on account of the _five cities_ which it contained, Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais, or Barce, and Apollonia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――Also part of Palestine, containing the five cities of Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron. =Pentelĭcus=, a mountain of Attica, where were found quarries of beautiful marble. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32. =Penthesĭlēa=, a queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars by Otrera, or Orithya. She came to assist Priam in the last years of the Trojan war, and fought against Achilles, by whom she was slain. The hero was so struck with the beauty of Penthesilea, when he stripped her of her arms, that he even shed tears for having too violently sacrificed her to his fury. Thersites laughed at the partiality of the hero, for which ridicule he was instantly killed. Lycophron says that Achilles slew Thersites because he had put out the eyes of Penthesilea when she was yet alive. The scholiast of Lycophron differs from that opinion, and declares, that it was commonly believed that Achilles offered violence to the body of Penthesilea when she was dead, and that Thersites was killed because he had reproached the hero for this infamous action, in the presence of all the Greeks. The death of Thersites so offended Diomedes that he dragged the body of Penthesilea out of the camp, and threw it into the Scamander. It is generally supposed that Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon before he fought with her, and that she had by him a son called Cayster. _Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 31. ――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 495; bk. 11, li. 662.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Lycophron_, _Cassandra_, li. 995, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 112. =Pentheus=, son of Echion and Agave, was king of Thebes in Bœotia. His refusal to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus was attended with the most fatal consequences. He forbade his subjects to pay adoration to this new god; and when the Theban women had gone out of the city to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, Pentheus, apprised of the debauchery which attended the solemnity, ordered the god himself, who conducted the religious multitude, to be seized. His orders were obeyed with reluctance, but when the doors of the prison in which Bacchus had been confined opened of their own accord, Pentheus became more irritated, and commanded his soldiers to destroy the whole band of the bacchanals. This, however, was not executed, for Bacchus inspired the monarch with the ardent desire of seeing the celebration of the orgies. Accordingly, he hid himself in a wood on mount Cithæron, from whence he could see all the ceremonies unperceived. But here his curiosity soon proved fatal; he was descried by the bacchanals, and they all rushed upon him. His mother was the first who attacked him, and her example was instantly followed by her two sisters, Ino and Autonoe, and his body was torn to pieces. Euripides introduces Bacchus among his priestesses, when Pentheus was put to death; but Ovid, who relates the whole in the same manner, differs from the Greek poet only in saying, that not Bacchus himself, but one of his priests, was present. The tree on which the bacchanals found Pentheus, was cut down by the Corinthians, by order of the oracle, and with it two statues of the god of wine were made, and placed in their forum. _Hyginus_, fable 184.――_Theocritus_, poem 26.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fables 7, 8, & 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 469.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.――_Seneca_, _Phœnissæ_ & _Hippolytus_. =Penthĭlus=, a son of Orestes by Erigone the daughter of Ægysthus, who reigned conjointly with his brother Tisamenus at Argos. He was driven some time after from his throne by the Heraclidæ, and he retired to Achaia, and thence to Lesbos, where he planted a colony. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Paterculus_ bk. 1, ch. 1. =Penthylus=, a prince of Paphos, who assisted Xerxes with 12 ships. He was seized by the Greeks, to whom he communicated many important things concerning the situation of the Persians, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 195. =Pepărēthos=, a small island of the Ægean sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about 20 miles in circumference. It abounded in olives, and its wines have always been reckoned excellent. They were not, however, palatable before they were seven years old. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 470.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 58. =Pephnos=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Pephrēdo=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was born with white hair, and thence surnamed Graia. She had a sister called Enyo. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270.――_Apollodorus._ =Peræa=, or =Beræa=, a country of Judæa, near Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――――A part of Caria, opposite to Rhodes. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 21. =Perasippus=, an ambassador sent to Darius by the Lacedæmonians, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Percōpe=, or =Percote=, a city which assisted Priam during the Trojan war. _See:_ Percote. =Percosius=, a man acquainted with futurity. He attempted in vain to dissuade his two sons from going to the Trojan war by telling them that they should perish there. =Percōte=, a town on the Hellespont, between Abydos and Lampsacus, near the sea-shore. Artaxerxes gave it to Themistocles, to maintain his wardrobe. It is sometimes called Percope. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 117. ――_Homer._ =Perdiccas=, the fourth king of Macedonia, B.C. 729, was descended from Temenus. He increased his dominions by conquest, and in the latter part of his life, he showed his son Argeus where he wished to be buried, and told him, that as long as the bones of his descendants and successors on the throne of Macedonia were laid in the same grave, so long would the crown remain in their family. These injunctions were observed till the time of Alexander, who was buried out of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bks. 7 & 8.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2. ――――Another, king of Macedonia, son of Alexander. He reigned during the Peloponnesian war, and assisted the Lacedæmonians against Athens. He behaved with great courage on the throne, and died B.C. 413, after a long reign of glory and independence, during which he had subdued some of his barbarian neighbours.――――Another, king of Macedonia, who was supported on his throne by Iphicrates the Athenian against the intrusions of Pausanias. He was killed in a war against the Illyrians, B.C. 360. _Justin_, bk. 7, &c.――――One of the friends and favourites of Alexander the Great. At the king’s death he wished to make himself absolute; and the ring which he had received from the hand of the dying Alexander, seemed in some measure to favour his pretensions. The better to support his claims to the throne, he married Cleopatra the sister of Alexander, and strengthened himself by making a league with Eumenes. His ambitious views were easily discovered by Antigonus, and the rest of the generals of Alexander, who all wished, like Perdiccas, to succeed to the kingdom and honours of the deceased monarch. Antipater, Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with Antigonus against him, and after much bloodshed on both sides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by his own officers, about 321 years before the christian era. Perdiccas had not the prudence and the address which were necessary to conciliate the esteem and gain the attachment of his fellow-soldiers, and this impropriety of his conduct alienated the heart of his friends, and at last proved his destruction. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Diodorus_, bks. 17 & 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 10.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12. =Perdix=, a young Athenian, son of the sister of Dædalus. He invented the saw, and seemed to promise to become a greater artist than had ever been known. His uncle was jealous of his rising fame, and he threw him down from the top of a tower and put him to death. Perdix was changed into a bird which bears his name. _Hyginus_, fables 39 & 274.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 220, &c. =Perenna.= _See:_ Anna. =Perennis=, a favourite of the emperor Commodus. He is described by some as a virtuous and impartial magistrate, while others paint him as a cruel, violent, and oppressive tyrant, who committed the greatest barbarities to enrich himself. He was put to death for aspiring to the empire. _Herodian._ =Pereus=, a son of Elatus and Laodice, grandson of Arcas. He left only one daughter, called Neæra, who was mother of Auge, and of Cepheus and Lycurgus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4. =Perga=, a town of Pamphylia. _See:_ Perge, _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 57. =Pergămus= (Pergama plural), the citadel of the city of Troy. The word is often used for Troy. It was situated in the most elevated part of the town, on the shores of the river Scamander. Xerxes mounted to the top of this citadel when he reviewed his troops as he marched to invade Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 43.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 466, &c. =Pergamus=, now _Pergamo_, a town of Mysia, on the banks of the Caycus. It was the capital of a celebrated empire called the kingdom of Pergamus, which was founded by Philæterus, a eunuch, whom Lysimachus, after the battle of Ipsus, had entrusted with the treasures which he had obtained in the war. Philæterus made himself master of the treasures and of Pergamus, in which they were deposited, B.C. 283, and laid the foundation of an empire, over which he himself presided for 20 years. His successors began to reign in the following order: His nephew Eumenes ascended the throne 263 B.C.; Attalus, 241; ♦Eumenes II., 197; Attalus Philadelphus, 159; Attalus Philomator, 138, who, B.C. 133, left the Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as he had no children. The right of the Romans, however, was disputed by a usurper, who claimed the empire as his own, and Aquilius the Roman general was obliged to conquer the different cities one by one, and to gain their submission by poisoning the waters which were conveyed to their houses till the whole was reduced into the form of a dependent province. The capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was famous for a library of 200,000 volumes, which had been collected by the different monarchs who had reigned there. This noble collection was afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleopatra, with the permission of Antony, and it adorned and enriched the Alexandrian library, till it was most fatally destroyed by the Saracens, A.D. 642. Parchment was first invented and made use of at Pergamus, to transcribe books, as Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbidden the exportation of papyrus from his kingdom, in order to prevent Eumenes from making a library as valuable and as choice as that of Alexandria. From this circumstance parchment has been called _charta pergamena_. Galenus the physician and Apollodorus the mythologist were born there. Æsculapius was the chief deity of the country. _Pliny_, bks. 5 & 15.――_Isidorus_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 11; bk. 31, ch. 46. ――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 21; bk. 13, ch. 11.――――A son of Neoptolemus and Andromache, who, as some suppose, founded Pergamus in Asia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11. ♦ ‘Enmenes’ replaced with ‘Eumenes’ =Perge=, a town of Pamphylia, where Diana had a magnificent temple, whence her surname of Pergæa. Apollonius the geometrician was born there. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Pergus=, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 386. =Perĭander=, a tyrant of Corinth, son of Cypselus. The first years of his government were mild and popular, but he soon learnt to become oppressive, when he had consulted the tyrant of Sicily, about the surest way of reigning. He received no other answer but whatever explanation he wished to place on the Sicilian tyrant’s having, in the presence of his messenger, plucked, in a field, all the ears of corn which seemed to tower above the rest. Periander understood the meaning of this answer. He immediately surrounded himself with a numerous guard, and put to death the richest and most powerful citizens of Corinth. He was not only cruel to his subjects, but his family also were objects of his vengeance. He committed incest with his mother, and put to death his wife Melissa, upon false accusation. He also banished his son Lycophron to the island of Corcyra, because the youth pitied and wept at the miserable end of his mother, and detested the barbarities of his father. Periander died about 585 years before the christian era, in his 80th year, and by the meanness of his flatterers, he was reckoned one of the seven wise men of Greece. Though he was tyrannical, yet he patronized the fine arts; he was fond of peace, and he showed himself the friend and the protector of genius and of learning. He used to say that a man ought solemnly to keep his word, but not to hesitate to break it if ever it clashed with his interest. He said also, that not only crimes ought to be punished, but also every wicked and corrupt thought. _Diogenes Laërtius_ in _Lives_.――_Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2.――――A tyrant of Ambracia, whom some rank with the seven wise men of Greece, and not the tyrant of Corinth.――――A man distinguished as a physician, but contemptible as a poet. _Plutarch._――_Lucan._ =Periarchus=, a naval commander of Sparta, conquered by Conon. _Diodorus._ =Peribœa=, the second wife of Œneus king of Calydon, was daughter of Hipponous. She became mother of Tydeus. Some suppose that Œneus debauched her, and afterwards married her. _Hyginus_, fable 69.――――A daughter of Alcathous, sold by her father on suspicion that she was courted by Telamon, son of Æacus king of Ægina. She was carried to Cyprus, where Telamon the founder of Salamis married her, and she became mother of Ajax. She also married Theseus, according to some. She is also called Eribœa. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 17 & 42. ――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――The wife of Polybus king of Corinth, who educated Œdipus as her own child.――――A daughter of Eurymedon, who became mother of Nausithous by Neptune.――――The mother of Penelope, according to some authors. =Peribomius=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 16. =Perĭcles=, an Athenian of a noble family, son of Xanthippus and Agariste. He was naturally endowed with great powers, which he improved by attending the lectures of Damon, of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under these celebrated masters, he became a commander, a statesman, and an orator, and gained the affections of the people by his uncommon address and well-directed liberality. When he took a share in the administration of public affairs, he rendered himself popular by opposing Cimon, who was the favourite of the nobility; and to remove every obstacle which stood in the way of his ambition, he lessened the dignity and the power of the court of the Areopagus, which the people had been taught for ages to respect and to venerate. He also attacked Cimon, and caused him to be banished by the ostracism. Thucydides also, who had succeeded Cimon on his banishment, shared the same fate, and Pericles remained for 15 years the sole minister, and, as it may be said, the absolute sovereign of a republic which always showed itself so jealous of her liberties, and which distrusted so much the honesty of her magistrates. In his ministerial capacity Pericles did not enrich himself, but the prosperity of Athens was the object of his administration. He made war against the Lacedæmonians, and restored the temple of Delphi to the care of the Phocians, who had been illegally deprived of that honourable trust. He obtained a victory over the Sicyonians near Nemæa, and waged a successful war against the inhabitants of Samos, at the request of his favourite mistress, Aspasia. The Peloponnesian war was fomented by his ambitious views [_See:_ Peloponnesiacum bellum], and when he had warmly represented the flourishing state, the opulence, and actual power of his country, the Athenians did not hesitate a moment to undertake a war against the most powerful republics of Greece, a war which continued for 27 years, and which was concluded by the destruction of their empire, and the demolition of their walls. The arms of the Athenians were for some time crowned with success; but an unfortunate expedition raised clamours against Pericles, and the enraged populace attributed all their losses to him, and to make atonement for their ill success, they condemned him to pay 50 talents. This loss of popular favour by republican caprice, did not so much affect Pericles as the recent death of all his children; and when the tide of unpopularity was passed by, he condescended to come into the public assembly, and to view with secret pride the contrition of his fellow-citizens, who universally begged his forgiveness for the violence which they had offered to his ministerial character. He was again restored to all his honours, and if possible invested with more power and more authority than before; but the dreadful pestilence which had diminished the number of his family proved fatal to him, and about 429 years before Christ in his 70th year, he fell a sacrifice to that terrible malady which robbed Athens of so many of her citizens. Pericles was for 40 years at the head of the administration, 25 with others, and 15 alone; and the flourishing state of the empire during his government gave occasion to the Athenians publicly to lament his loss, and venerate his memory. As he was expiring, and seemingly senseless, his friends that stood around his bed expatiated with warmth on the most glorious actions of his life, and the victories which he had won, when he suddenly interrupted their tears and conversation, by saying that, in mentioning the exploits that he had achieved, and which were common to him with all generals, they had forgotten to mention a circumstance which reflected far greater glory upon him as a minister, a general, and above all, as a man. “It is,” says he, “that not a citizen in Athens has been obliged to put on mourning on my account.” The Athenians were so pleased with his eloquence that they compared it to thunder and lightning, and, as to another father of the gods, they gave him the surname of Olympian. The poets, his flatterers, said that the goddess of persuasion, with all her charms and attractions, dwelt upon his tongue. When he marched at the head of the Athenian armies, Pericles observed that he had the command of a free nation that were Greeks, and citizens of Athens. He also declared, that not only the hand of a magistrate, but also his eyes and his tongue, should be pure and undefiled. Yet great and venerable as his character may appear, we must not forget the follies of Pericles. His vicious partiality for the celebrated courtesan Aspasia subjected him to the ridicule and the censure of his fellow-citizens; but if he triumphed over satire and malevolent remarks, the Athenians had occasion to execrate the memory of a man who by his example corrupted the purity and innocence of their morals, and who made licentiousness respectable, and the indulgence of every impure desire the qualification of the soldier as well as of the senator. Pericles lost all his legitimate children by the pestilence, and to call a natural son by his own name he was obliged to repeal a law which he had made against spurious children, and which he had enforced with great severity. This son, called Pericles, became one ♦of the 10 generals who succeeded Alcibiades in the administration of affairs, and, like his colleagues, he was condemned to death by the Athenians, after the unfortunate battle of Arginusæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 25. ――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 9.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 10. ――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Thucydides._ ♦ duplicate ‘of’ removed =Periclymĕnus=, one of the 12 sons of Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed by Hercules. He was one of the Argonauts, and had received from Neptune his grandfather the power of changing himself into whatever shape he pleased. _Apollodorus._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 556. =Peridia=, a Theban woman, whose son was killed by Turnus in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 515. =Periegētes Dionysius=, a poet. _See:_ Dionysius. =Periēres=, a son of Æolus, or, according to others, of Cynortas. _Apollodorus._――――The charioteer of Menœceus. _Apollodorus._ =Perigĕnes=, an officer of Ptolemy, &c. =Perigŏne=, a woman who had a son called Melanippus by Theseus. She was daughter of Synnis the famous robber, whom Theseus killed. She married Deioneus the son of Eurytus, by consent of Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25. =Perilāus=, an officer in the army of Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 10.――――A tyrant of Argos. =Perilēus=, a son of Icarius and Peribœa. =Perilla=, a daughter of Ovid the poet. She was extremely fond of poetry and literature. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 1. =Perillus=, an ingenious artist at Athens, who made a brazen bull for Phalaris tyrant of Agrigentum. This machine was fabricated to put criminals to death by burning them alive, and it was such that their cries were like the roaring of a bull. When Perillus gave it to Phalaris, the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor, and cruelly put him to death by lighting a slow fire under the belly of the bull. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 653; _Ibis_, li. 439.――――A lawyer and usurer in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 75. =Perimēde=, a daughter of Æolus, who married Achelous.――――The wife of Licymnius.――――A woman skilled in the knowledge of herbs and of enchantments. _Theocritus_, poem 2. =Perimēla=, a daughter of Hippodamus, thrown into the sea for receiving the addresses of the Achelous. She was changed into an island in the Ionian sea, and became one of the Echinades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 690. =Perinthia=, a play of Menander’s. _Terence_, _Andria_, prologue, li. 9. =Pĕrinthus=, a town of Thrace, on the Propontis, anciently surnamed _Mygdonica_. It was afterwards called _Heraclea_, in honour of Hercules, and now _Erekli_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 30. =Peripatetĭci=, a sect of philosophers at Athens, disciples to Aristotle. They derived this name from the place where they were taught, called _Peripaton_, in the Lyceum, or because they received the philosopher’s lectures as they _walked_ (περιπατουντες). The Peripatetics acknowledged the dignity of human nature, and placed their _summum bonum_, not in the pleasures of passive sensation, but in the due exercise of the moral and intellectual faculties. The habit of this exercise, when guided by reason, constituted the highest excellence of man. The philosopher contended that our own happiness chiefly depends upon ourselves, and though he did not require in his followers that self-command to which others pretended, yet he allowed a moderate degree of perturbation, as becoming human nature, and he considered a certain sensibility of passion totally necessary, as by resentment we are enabled to repel injuries, and the smart which past calamities have inflicted renders us careful to avoid the repetition. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 2, &c. =Perĭphas=, a man who attempted, with Pyrrhus, Priam’s palace, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 476.――――A son of Ægyptus, who married Actæa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――One of the Lapithæ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 449.――――One of the first kings of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some authors. =Periphēmus=, an ancient hero of Greece, to whom Solon sacrificed at Salamis, by order of the oracle. ♦=Periphētes=, a robber of Attica, son of Vulcan, destroyed by Theseus. He is also called Corynetes. _Hyginus_, fable 38.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5. ♦ ‘Periphātes’ replaced with ‘Periphētes’ Resorted in alphebetical order. =Perisades=, a people of Illyricum. =Peristhĕnes=, a son of Ægyptus, who married Electra. _Apollodorus._ =Peritanus=, an Arcadian who enjoyed the company of Helen after her elopement with Paris. The offended lover punished the crime by mutilation, whence mutilated persons were called Peritani in Arcadia. _Ptolemy Hephæstion_, bk. 1, near the beginning. =Peritas=, a favourite dog of Alexander the Great, in whose honour the monarch built a city. =Peritonium=, a town of Egypt, on the western side of the Nile, esteemed of great importance, as being one of the keys of the country. Antony was defeated there by Caius Gallus the lieutenant of Augustus. =Permessus=, a river of Bœotia, rising in mount Helicon, and flowing all round it. It received its name from Permessus, the father of a nymph called Aganippe, who also gave her name to one of the fountains of Helicon. The river Permessus, as well as the fountain Aganippe, were sacred to the Muses. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 8. =Pero=, or =Perone=, a daughter of Neleus king of Pylos by Chloris. Her beauty drew many admirers, but she married Bias son of Amythaon, because he had by the assistance of his brother Melampus [_See:_ Melampus], and according to her father’s desire, recovered some oxen which Hercules had stolen away; and she became mother of Talaus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 284.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 2, li. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――――A daughter of Cimon, remarkable for her filial affection. When her father had been sent to prison, where his judges had condemned him to starve, she supported his life by giving him the milk of her breasts, as to her own child. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4. =Peroe=, a fountain of Bœotia, called after Peroe, a daughter of the Asopus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4. =Perola=, a Roman who meditated the death of Hannibal in Italy. His father Pacuvius dissuaded him from assassinating the Carthaginian general. =Perpenna Marcus=, a Roman who conquered Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner. He died B.C. 130.――――Another, who joined the rebellion of Sertorius, and opposed Pompey. He was defeated by Metellus, and some time after he had the meanness to assassinate Sertorius, whom he had invited to his house. He fell into the hands of Pompey, who ordered him to be put to death. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――――A Greek who obtained the consulship at Rome. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Perperēne=, a place of Phrygia, where, as some suppose, Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to Venus. _Strabo_, bk. 5. =Perranthes=, a hill of Epirus, near Ambracia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 4. =Perrhæbia=, a part of Thessaly situate on the borders of the Peneus, extending between the town of Atrax and the vale of Tempe. The inhabitants were driven from their possessions by the Lapithæ, and retired into Ætolia, where part of the country received the name of _Perrhæbia_. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 33――_Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 34; bk. 39, ch. 34. =Persa=, or =Perseis=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Æetes, Circe, and Pasiphae by Apollo. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3. =Persæ=, the inhabitants of Persia. _See:_ Persia. =Persæus=, a philosopher intimate with Antigonus, by whom he was appointed over the Acrocorinth. He flourished B.C. 274. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Zeno of Citium_. =Persēe=, a fountain near Mycenæ, in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16. =Persēis=, one of the Oceanides.――――A patronymic of Hecate, as daughter of Perses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 69. =Persĕphŏne=, a daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, called also Proserpine. _See:_ Proserpina.――――The mother of Amphion by Jasus. =Persĕpŏlis=, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire. It was laid in ruins by Alexander after the conquest of Darius. The reason of this is unknown. Diodorus says that the sight of about 800 Greeks, whom the Persians had shamefully mutilated, so irritated Alexander, that he resolved to punish the barbarity of the inhabitants of Persepolis, and of the neighbouring country, by permitting his soldiers to plunder their capital. Others suppose that Alexander set it on fire at the instigation of Thias, one of his courtesans, when he had passed the day in drinking and in riot and debauchery. The ruins of Persepolis, now _Estakar_, or _Tehel-Minar_, still astonish the modern traveller by their grandeur and magnificence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17, &c. ――_Arrian._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 14. =Perses=, a son of Perseus and Andromeda. From him the Persians, who were originally called _Cephenes_, received their name. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61.――――A king of Macedonia. _See:_ Perseus. =Perseus=, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had confined his daughter in a brazen tower to prevent her becoming a mother, because he was to perish, according to the words of an oracle, by the hands of his daughter’s son, Perseus was no sooner born [_See:_ Danae] than he was thrown into the sea with his mother Danae. The hopes of Acrisius were frustrated; the slender boat which carried Danae and her son was driven by the winds on the coasts of the island of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, where they were found by a fisherman called Dictys, and carried to Polydectes the king of the place. They were treated with great humanity, and Perseus was entrusted to the care of the priests of Minerva’s temple. His rising genius and manly courage, however, soon displeased Polydectes, and the monarch, who wished to offer violence to Danae, feared the resentment of her son. Yet Polydectes resolved to remove every obstacle. He invited all his friends to a sumptuous entertainment, and it was requisite that all such as came should present the monarch with a beautiful horse. Perseus was in the number of the invited, and the more particularly so, as Polydectes knew that he could not receive from him the present which he expected from all the rest. Nevertheless, Perseus, who wished not to appear inferior to the others in magnificence, told the king that as he could not give him a horse, he would bring him the head of Medusa, the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. The offer was doubly agreeable to Polydectes, as it would remove Perseus from Seriphos, and on account of its seeming impossibility, the attempt might perhaps end in his ruin. But the innocence of Perseus was patronized by the gods. Pluto lent him his helmet, which had the wonderful power of making its bearer invisible; Minerva gave him her buckler, which was as resplendent as glass; and he received from Mercury wings and the talaria, with a short dagger, made of diamonds, and called _herpe_. According to some it was from Vulcan, and not from Mercury, that he received the _herpe_, which was in form like a scythe. With these arms Perseus began his expedition, and traversed the air, conducted by the goddess Minerva. He went to the Graiæ, the sisters of the Gorgons, who, according to the poets, had wings like the Gorgons, but only one eye and one tooth between them all, of which they made use, each in her turn. They were three in number, according to Æschylus and Apollodorus; or only two, according to Ovid and Hesiod. With Pluto’s helmet, which rendered him invisible, Perseus was enabled to steal their eye and their tooth while they were asleep, and he returned them only when they had informed him where their sisters the Gorgons resided. When he had received every necessary information, Perseus flew to the habitation of the Gorgons, which was situate beyond the western ocean, according to Hesiod and Apollodorus; or in Libya, according to Ovid and Lucan; or in the deserts of Asiatic Scythia, according to Æschylus. He found these monsters asleep; and as he knew that if he fixed his eyes upon them, he should be instantly changed into a stone, he continually looked on his shield, which reflected all the objects as clearly as the best of glasses. He approached them, and with a courage which the goddess Minerva supported, he cut off Medusa’s head with one blow. The noise awoke the two immortal sisters, but Pluto’s helmet rendered Perseus invisible, and the attempts of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa’s death proved fruitless; the conqueror made his way through the air, and from the blood which dropped from Medusa’s head sprang all those innumerable serpents which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. Chrysaor also, with the golden sword, sprung from these drops of blood, as well as the horse Pegasus, which immediately flew through the air, and stopped on mount Helicon, where he became the favourite of the Muses. Meantime Perseus had continued his journey across the deserts of Libya; but the approach of night obliged him to alight in the territories of Atlas king of Mauritania. He went to the monarch’s palace, where he hoped to find a kind reception by announcing himself as the son of Jupiter, but in this he was disappointed. Atlas recollected that, according to an ancient oracle, his gardens were to be robbed of their fruit by one of the sons of Jupiter, and therefore he not only refused Perseus the hospitality which he demanded, but he even offered violence to his person. Perseus, finding himself inferior to his powerful enemy, showed him Medusa’s head, and instantly Atlas was changed into a large mountain which bore the same name in the deserts of Africa. On the morrow Perseus continued his flight, and as he passed across the territories of Libya, he discovered, on the coasts of Æthiopia, the naked Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He was struck at the sight, and offered her father Cepheus to deliver her from instant death, if he obtained her in marriage as a reward of his labours. Cepheus consented, and immediately Perseus raised himself in the air, flew towards the monster, which was advancing to devour Andromeda, and he plunged his dagger in ♦its right shoulder, and destroyed it. This happy event was attended with the greatest rejoicings. Perseus raised three altars to Mercury, Jupiter, and Pallas, and after he had offered the sacrifice of a calf, a bullock, and a heifer, the nuptials were celebrated with the greatest festivity. The universal joy, however, was soon disturbed. Phineus, Andromeda’s uncle, entered the palace with a number of armed men, and attempted to carry away the bride, whom he had courted and admired long before the arrival of Perseus. The father and mother of Andromeda interfered, but in vain; a bloody battle ensued, and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself at last with the same arms which proved fatal to Atlas. He showed the Gorgon’s head to his adversaries, and they were instantly turned to stone, each in the posture and attitude in which he then stood. The friends of Cepheus, and such as supported Perseus, shared not the fate of Phineus, as the hero had previously warned them of the power of Medusa’s head, and of the services which he received from it. Soon after this memorable adventure Perseus retired to Seriphos, at the very moment that his mother Danae fled to the altar of Minerva, to avoid the pursuit of Polydectes, who attempted to offer her violence. Dictys, who had saved her from the sea, and who, as some say, was the brother of Polydectes, defended her against the attempts of her enemies, and therefore Perseus, sensible of his merit, and of his humanity, placed him on the throne of Seriphos, after he had with Medusa’s head turned into stones the wicked Polydectes, and the officers who were the associates of his guilt. He afterwards restored to Mercury his talaria and his wings, to Pluto his helmet, to Vulcan his sword, and to Minerva her shield; but as he was more particularly indebted to the goddess of wisdom for her assistance and protection, he placed the Gorgon’s head on her shield, or rather, according to the more received opinion, on her ægis. After he had finished these celebrated exploits, Perseus expressed a wish to return to his native country; and accordingly he embarked for the Peloponnesus, with his mother and Andromeda. When he reached the Peloponnesian coasts he was informed that Teutamias king of Larissa was then celebrating funeral games in honour of his father. This intelligence drew him to Larissa to signalize himself in throwing the quoit, of which, according to some, he was the inventor. But here he was attended by an evil fate, and had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit which he had thrown in the air. This was no other than his grandfather Acrisius, who, on the first intelligence that his grandson had reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his kingdom of Argos to the court of his friend and ally Teutamias, to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle which had obliged him to treat his daughter with so much barbarity. Some suppose, with Pausanias, that Acrisius had gone to Larissa to be reconciled to his grandson, whose fame had been spread in every city of Greece; and Ovid maintains that the grandfather was under the strongest obligations to his son-in-law, as through him he had received his kingdom, from which he had been forcibly driven by the sons of his brother Prœtus. This unfortunate murder greatly depressed the spirits of Perseus: by the death of Acrisius he was entitled to the throne of Argos, but he refused to reign there; and to remove himself from a place which reminded him of the parricide which he had unfortunately committed, he exchanged his kingdom for that of Tirynthus, and the maritime coast of Argolis, where Megapenthes the son of Prœtus then reigned. When he had finally settled in this part of the Peloponnesus, he determined to lay the foundations of a new city, which he made the capital of his dominions, and which he called _Mycenæ_, because the pommel of his sword, called by the Greeks _myces_, had fallen there. The time of his death is unknown, yet it is universally agreed that he received divine honours like the rest of the ancient heroes. He had statues at Mycenæ, and in the island of Seriphos, and the Athenians raised him a temple, in which they consecrated an altar in honour of Dictys, who had treated Danae and her infant son with so much paternal tenderness. The Egyptians also paid particular honour to his memory, and asserted that he often appeared among them wearing shoes two cubits long, which was always interpreted as a sign of fertility. Perseus had by Andromeda, Alceus, Sthenelus, Nestor, Electryon, and Gorgophone, and after death, according to some mythologists, he became a constellation in the heavens. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 91.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 3, ch. 17, &c.――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 4, li. 1509.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9, li. 442.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 16; bk. 5, fable 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 668.――_Hyginus_, fable 64.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270, & _Shield of Heracles_.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 7, & _Olympian_, bk. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9.――_Propertius_, bk. 2.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――_Tzetzes_, on _Lycophron_, ch. 17. ――――A son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A writer who published a treatise on the republic of Sparta.――――A philosopher, disciple to Zeno. _See:_ Persæus. ♦ ‘his’ replaced with ‘its’ =Perseus=, or =Perses=, a son of Philip king of Macedonia. He distinguished himself, like his father, by his enmity to the Romans, and when he had made sufficient preparations, he declared war against them. His operations, however, were slow and injudicious; he wanted courage and resolution, and though he at first obtained some advantage over the Roman armies, yet his avarice and his timidity proved destructive to his cause. When Paulus was appointed to the command of the Roman armies in Macedonia, Perseus showed his inferiority by his imprudent encampments, and when he had at last yielded to the advice of his officers, who recommended a general engagement, and drawn up his forces near the walls of Pydna, B.C. 168, he was the first who ruined his own cause, and, by flying as soon as the battle was begun, he left the enemy masters of the field. From ♦Pydna, Perseus fled to Samothrace, but he was soon discovered in his obscure retreat, and brought into the presence of the Roman conqueror, where the meanness of his behaviour exposed him to ridicule, and not to mercy. He was carried to Rome, and dragged along the streets of the city to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. His family was also exposed to the sight of the Roman populace, who shed tears on viewing in their streets, dragged like a slave, a monarch who had once defeated their armies, and spread alarm all over Italy, by the greatness of his military preparations, and by his bold undertakings. Perseus died in prison, or, according to some, he was put to a shameful death the first year of his captivity. He had two sons, Philip and Alexander, and one daughter, whose name is not known. Alexander, the younger of these, was hired to a Roman carpenter, and led the greatest part of his life in obscurity, till his ingenuity raised him to notice. He was afterwards made secretary to the senate. _Livy_, bk. 40, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 33, ch. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Æmilius Paulus_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 39. ♦ ‘Pydua’ replaced with ‘Pydna’ =Persia=, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, which, in its ancient state, extended from the Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, and from Pontus to the shores of Arabia, above 2000 miles. As a province, Persia was but small, and according to the description of Ptolemy, it was bounded on the north by Media, west by Susiana, south by the Persian gulf, and east by Carmania. The empire of Persia, or the Persian monarchy, was first founded by Cyrus the Great, about 559 years before the christian era, and under the succeeding monarchs it became one of the most considerable and powerful kingdoms of the earth. The kings of Persia began to reign in the following order: Cyrus, B.C. 559; Cambyses 529; and, after the usurpation of Smerdis for seven months, Darius, 521; Xerxes the Great, 485; Artabanus seven months, and Artaxerxes Longimanus, 464; Xerxes II., 425; Sogdianus seven months, 424; Darius II., or Nothus, 423; Artaxerxes II., or Memnon, 404; Artaxerxes III., or Ochus, 358; Arses, or Arogus, 337; and Darius III., or Codomanus, 335, who was conquered by Alexander the Great, 331. The destruction of the Persian monarchy by the Macedonians was easily effected, and from that time Persia became tributary to the Greeks. After the death of Alexander, when the Macedonian empire was divided among the officers of the deceased conqueror, Seleucus Nicanor made himself master of the Persian provinces, till the revolt of the Parthians introduced new revolutions in the east. Persia was partly reconquered from the Greeks, and remained tributary to the Parthians for near 500 years. After this the sovereignty was again placed into the hands of the Persians, by the revolt of Artaxerxes, a common soldier, A.D. 229, who became the founder of the second Persian monarchy, which proved so inimical to the power of the Roman emperors. In their national character, the Persians were warlike, they were early taught to ride, and to handle the bow, and by the manly exercises of hunting, they were inured to bear the toils and fatigues of a military life. Their national valour, however, soon degenerated, and their want of employment at home soon rendered them unfit for war. In the reign of Xerxes, when the empire of Persia was in its most flourishing state, a small number of Greeks were enabled repeatedly to repel for three successive days an almost innumerable army. This celebrated action, which happened at Thermopylæ, shows in a strong light the superiority of the Grecian soldiers over the Persians, and the battles that before, and a short time after, were fought between the two nations at Marathon, Salamis, Platæa, and Mycale, are again an incontestible proof that these Asiatics had more reliance upon their numbers and upon the splendour and richness of their arms, than upon the valour and the discipline of their troops. Their custom, too prevalent among the eastern nations, of introducing luxury into the camp, proved also in some measure destructive to their military reputation, and the view which the ancients give us of the army of Xerxes, of his cooks, stage-dancers, concubines, musicians, and perfumers, is no very favourable sign of the sagacity of a monarch, who, by his nod, could command millions of men to flock to his standard. In their religion the Persians were very superstitious; they paid the greatest veneration to the sun, the moon, and the stars, and they offered sacrifices to fire, but the supreme Deity was never represented by statues among them. They permitted polygamy, and it was no incest among them to marry a sister or a mother. In their punishments they were extremely severe, even to barbarity. The monarch always appeared with the greatest pomp and dignity; his person was attended by a guard of 15,000 men, and he had besides a body of 10,000 chosen horsemen, called _immortal_. He styled himself, like the rest of the eastern monarchs, the king of kings, as expressive of his greatness and his power. The Persians were formerly called _Cephenes_, _Achæmenians_, and _Artæi_, and they are often confounded with the Parthians by the ancient poets. They received the name of Persians from Perses the son of Perseus and Andromeda, who is supposed to have settled among them. Persepolis was the capital of the country. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 14; bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_, _Alexander_, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 2, ch. 15. ――_Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125, &c. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Marcellinus_, ch. 23. =Persĭcum mare=, or =Persicus sinus=, a part of the Indian ocean on the coast of Persia and Arabia, now called the gulf of _Balgora_. =Persis=, a province of Persia, bounded by Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the Persian gulf. It is often taken for Persia itself. =Aulus Persius Flaccus=, a Latin poet of Volaterræ. He was of an equestrian family, and he made himself known by his intimacy with the most illustrious Romans of the age. The early part of his life was spent in his native town, and at the age of 16 he was removed to Rome, where he studied philosophy under Cornutus the celebrated stoic. He also received the instructions of Palemon the grammarian, and Virginius the rhetorician. Naturally of a mild disposition, his character was unimpeached, his modesty remarkable, and his benevolence universally admired. He distinguished himself by his satirical humour, and made the faults of the orators and poets of his age, the subject of his poems. He did not even spare Nero, and the more effectually to expose the emperor to ridicule, he introduced into his satires some of his verses. The _torva mimalloneis implerunt cornua bombis_, with the three following verses, are Nero’s, according to some. But though he was so severe upon the vicious and ignorant, he did not forget his friendship for Cornutus, and he showed his regard for his character and abilities by making mention of his name with great propriety in his satires. It was by the advice of his learned preceptor that he corrected one of his poems in which he had compared Nero to Midas, and at his representation he altered the words _Auriculas asini Mida rex habet_, into _Auriculas asini quis non habet_? Persius died in the 30th year of his age, A.D. 62, and left all his books, which consisted of 700 volumes, and a large sum of money, to his preceptor; but Cornutus only accepted the books, and returned the money to the sisters and friends of the deceased. The satires of Persius are six in number, blamed by some for obscurity of style and of language. But though they may appear almost unintelligible to some, it ought to be remembered that they were read with pleasure and with avidity by his contemporaries, and that the only difficulties which now appear to the moderns, arise from their not knowing the various characters which they described, the vices which they lashed, and the errors which they censured. The satires of Persius are generally printed with those of Juvenal, the best editions of which will be found to be by Hennin, 4to, Leiden, 1695, and by Hawkey, 12mo, Dublin, 1746. The best edition of Persius, separate, is that of Meric Casaubon, 12mo, London, 1647. _Martial._ ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Augustine_, _de Magistro_, ch. 9. ――_Lactantius._――――A man whose quarrel with Rupilius is mentioned in a ridiculous manner by Horace, satire 7. He is called _Hybrida_, as being son of a Greek by a Roman woman. =Pertĭnax Publius Helvius=, a Roman emperor after the death of Commodus. He was descended from an obscure family, and, like his father, who was either a slave or the son of a manumitted slave, he for some time followed the mean employment of drying wood and making charcoal. His indigence, however, did not prevent him from receiving a liberal education, and indeed he was for some time employed in teaching a number of pupils the Greek and the Roman languages in Etruria. He left this laborious profession for a military life, and by his valour and intrepidity, he gradually rose to offices of the highest trust in the army, and was made consul by Marcus Aurelius for his eminent services. He was afterwards entrusted with the government of Mœsia, and at last he presided over the city of Rome as governor. When Commodus was murdered, Pertinax was universally selected to succeed to the imperial throne, and his refusal, and the plea of old age and increasing infirmities, did not prevent his being saluted emperor and Augustus. He acquiesced with reluctance, but his mildness, his economy, and the popularity of his administration, convinced the senate and the people of the prudence and the justice of their choice. He forbade his name to be inscribed on such places or estates as were part of the imperial domain, and exclaimed that they belonged not to him, but to the public. He melted all the silver statues which had been raised to his vicious predecessor, and he exposed to public sale all his concubines, his horses, his arms, and all the instruments of his pleasure and extravagance. With the money raised from these he enriched the empire, and was enabled to abolish all the taxes which Commodus had laid on the rivers, ports, and highways through the empire. This patriotic administration gained him the affection of the worthiest and most discerning of his subjects, but the extravagant and luxurious raised their clamours against him, and when Pertinax attempted to introduce among the pretorian guards that discipline which was so necessary to preserve the peace and tranquillity of Rome, the flames of rebellion were kindled, and the minds of the soldiers totally alienated. Pertinax was apprised of this mutiny, but he refused to fly at the hour of danger. He scorned the advice of his friends who wished him to withdraw from the impending storm, and he unexpectedly appeared before the seditious pretorians, and without fear or concern, boldly asked them whether they, who were bound to defend the person of their prince and emperor, were come to betray him and to shed his blood. His undaunted assurance and his intrepidity would have had the desired effect, and the soldiers had already begun to retire, when one of the most seditious advanced and darted his javelin at the emperor’s breast, exclaiming, “The soldiers send you this.” The rest immediately followed the example, and Pertinax, muffling up his head, and calling upon Jupiter to avenge his death, remained unmoved, and was instantly dispatched. His head was cut off, and carried upon the point of a spear as in triumph to the camp. This happened on the 28th of March, A.D. 193. Pertinax reigned only 87 days, and his death was the more universally lamented, as it proceeded from a seditious tumult, and robbed the Roman empire of a wise, virtuous, and benevolent emperor. _Dio Cassius._ ――_Herodian._――_Capitol._ =Pertunda=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the consummation of marriage. Her statue was generally placed in the bridal chamber. _Varro_, in _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 6, ch. 9. =Perŭsia=, now _Perugia_, an ancient town of Etruria on the Tiber, built by Ocnus. Lucius Antonius was besieged there by Augustus, and obliged to surrender. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 41. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 74.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 10, chs. 30 & 37. =Pescennius.= _See:_ Niger.――――A man intimate with Cicero. =Pessīnus= (untis), a town of Phrygia, where Atys, as some suppose, was buried. It is particularly famous for a temple and a statue of the goddess Cybele, who was from thence called _Pessinuntia_. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 29, chs. 10 & 11. =Petălia=, a town of Eubœa. =Petălus=, a man killed by Perseus at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 115. =Petelia=, or =Petellia=, a town. _See:_ Petilia. =Petelīnus lacus=, a lake near one of the gates of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 20. =Peteon=, a town of Bœotia. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 333. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Peteus=, a son of Orneus, and grandson of Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and became father of Menestheus, who went with the Greeks to the Trojan war. He is represented by some of the ancients as a monster, half a man and half a beast. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 35. =Petilia=, now _Strongoli_, a town of Magna Græcia, the capital of Lucania, built or perhaps only repaired by Philoctetes, who, after his return from the Trojan war, left his country Melibœa, because his subjects had revolted. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 20. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 402.――_Strabo_, bk. 6. =Petilia lex=, was enacted by Petilius the tribune to make an inquiry and know how much money had been obtained from the conquests over king Antiochus. =Petilii=, two tribunes who accused Scipio Africanus of extortion. He was acquitted. =Petīlius=, a pretor who persuaded the people of Rome to burn the books which had been found in Numa’s tomb, about 400 years after his death. His advice was followed. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A plebeian decemvir, &c.――――A governor of the capitol, who stole away the treasures entrusted to his care. He was accused, but, though guilty, he was acquitted, as being the friend of Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 94. =Petosīrīs=, a celebrated mathematician of Egypt. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 580. =Petra=, the capital town of Arabia Petræa. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A town of Sicily, near Hybla, whose inhabitants are called _Petrini_ and _Petrenses_.――――A town of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 22.――――Another of Pieria in Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 26.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 39.――――An elevated place near Dyrrachium, _Lucan_, bk. 6, lis. 16 & 70.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 40.――――Another in Elis.――――Another near Corinth. =Petræa=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A part of Arabia, which has Syria at the east, Egypt on the west, Palestine on the north, and Arabia Felix at the south. This part of Arabia was rocky, whence it has received its name. It was for the most part also covered with barren sands, and was interspersed with some fruitful spots. Its capital was called Petra. =Petreius=, a Roman soldier who killed his tribune during the Cimbrian wars, because he hesitated to attack the enemy. He was rewarded for his valour with a crown of grass. _Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 6.――――A lieutenant of Caius Antonius, who defeated the troops of Catiline. He took the part of Pompey against Julius Cæsar. When Cæsar had been victorious in every part of the world, Petreius, who had retired into Africa, attempted to destroy himself by fighting with his friend king Juba in single combat. Juba was killed first, and Petreius obliged one of his slaves to run him through. _Sallust_, _Catilinæ Coniuratio_.――_Appian._――_Cæsar_, bk. 1, _Civil War_.――――A centurion in Cæsar’s army in Gaul, &c. Some read Petronius. =Petrĭnum=, a town of Campania. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 5, li. 5. =Petrocorii=, the inhabitants of the modern town of Perigord in France. _Cæsar_, bk. 7, _Gallic War_, ch. 75. =Petronia=, the wife of Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 64. =Petrōnius=, a governor of Egypt, appointed to succeed Gallus. He behaved with great humanity to the Jews, and made war against Candace queen of Æthiopia. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A favourite of Nero, put to death by Galba.――――A governor of Britain.――――A tribune killed in Parthia with Crassus.――――A man banished by Nero to the Cyclades, when Piso’s conspiracy was discovered. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.――――A governor of Britain in Nero’s reign. He was put to death by Galba’s orders.――――Maximus, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Maximus.――――Arbiter, a favourite of the emperor Nero, and one of the ministers and associates of all his pleasures and his debauchery. He was naturally fond of pleasure and effeminate, and he passed his whole nights in revels and the days in sleep. He indulged himself in all the delights and gaieties of life; but though he was the most voluptuous of the age, yet he moderated his pleasures, and wished to appear curious and refined in luxury and extravagance. Whatever he did seemed to be performed with an air of unconcern and negligence; he was affable in his behaviour, and his witticisms and satirical remarks appeared artless and natural. He was appointed proconsul of Bithynia, and afterwards he was rewarded with the consulship; in both of which honourable employments he behaved with all the dignity which became one of the successors of a Brutus or a Scipio. With his office he laid down his artificial gravity, and gave himself up to the pursuit of pleasure; the emperor became more attached to him, and seemed fonder of his company; but he did not long enjoy the imperial favours. Tigellinus, likewise one of Nero’s favourites, jealous of his fame, accused him of conspiring against the emperor’s life. The accusation was credited, and Petronius immediately resolved to withdraw himself from Nero’s punishment by a voluntary death. This was performed in a manner altogether unprecedented, A.D. 66. Petronius ordered his veins to be opened; but without the eagerness of terminating his agonies, he had them closed at intervals. Some time after they were opened, and as if he wished to die in the same careless and unconcerned manner as he had lived, he passed his time in discoursing with his friends upon trifles, and listened with the greatest avidity to love verses, amusing stories, or laughable epigrams. Sometimes he manumitted his slaves or punished them with stripes. In this ludicrous manner he spent his last moments, till nature was exhausted; and before he expired he wrote an epistle to the emperor, in which he had described with a masterly hand his nocturnal extravagances, and the daily impurities of his actions. This letter was carefully sealed, and after he had conveyed it privately to the emperor, Petronius broke his signet, that it might not after his death become a snare to the innocent. Petronius distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by his luxury and voluptuousness. He is the author of many elegant but obscene compositions still extant, among which is a poem on the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar, superior in some respects to the Pharsalia of Lucan. There is also the feast of _Trimalcion_, in which he paints with too much licentiousness the pleasures and the debaucheries of a corrupted court and of an extravagant monarch; reflections on the instability of human life; a poem on the vanity of dreams; another on the education of the Roman youth; two treatises, &c. The best editions of Petronius are those of Burman, 4to, Utrecht, 1709, and Reinesius, 8vo, 1731. =Pettius=, a friend of Horace, to whom the poet addressed his eleventh epode. =Petus=, an architect. _See:_ Satyrus. =Peuce=, a small island at the mouth of the Danube. The inhabitants are called _Peucæ_ and _Peucini_. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 202.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Peucestes=, a Macedonian set over Egypt by Alexander. He received Persia at the general division of the Macedonian empire at the king’s death. He behaved with great cowardice after he had joined himself to Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch._――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――An island which was visited by the Argonauts at their return from the conquest of the golden fleece. =Peucĕtia=, a part of Magna Græcia in Italy, at the north of the bay of Tarentum, between the Apennines and Lucania, called also _Mesapia_ and _Calabria_. It received its name from Peucetus the son of Lycaon, of Arcadia. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 513.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13. =Peucīni=, a nation of Germany, called also _Basternæ_. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46. =Peucolāus=, an officer who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander’s life. _Curtius_, bk. 6.――――Another, set over Sogdiana. _Curtius_, bk. 7. =Pexodōrus=, a governor of Caria, who offered to give his daughter in marriage to Aridæus the illegitimate son of Philip. _Plutarch._ =Phacium=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13; bk. 36, ch. 13. =Phacūsa=, a town of Egypt on the eastern mouth of the Nile. =Phæa=, a celebrated sow which infested the neighbourhood of Cromyon. It was destroyed by Theseus as he was travelling from Trœzene to Athens to make himself known to his father. Some suppose that the boar of Calydon sprung from this sow. Phæa, according to some authors, was no other than a woman who prostituted herself to strangers, whom she murdered and afterwards plundered. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Phæācia=, an island of the Ionian sea, near the coast of Epirus, anciently called _Scheria_, and afterwards _Corcyra_. The inhabitants, called _Phæaces_, were a luxurious and dissolute people, from which reason a glutton was generally stigmatized by the epithet of _Phæax_. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on the coast of Phæacia, Alcinous was then king of the island, whose gardens have been greatly celebrated. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 719.――_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 13. =Phæax=, an inhabitant of the island of Phæacia. _See:_ Phæacia.――――A man who sailed with Theseus to Crete.――――An Athenian who opposed Alcibiades in his administration. =Phæcasia=, one of the Sporades in the Ægean. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Phædĭmus=, one of Niobe’s children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A Macedonian general who betrayed Eumenes to Antigonus.――――A celebrated courier of Greece. _Statius_, bk. 6. =Phædon=, an Athenian put to death by the 30 tyrants. His daughters, to escape the oppressors and preserve their chastity, threw themselves together into a well.――――A disciple of Socrates. He had been seized by pirates in his younger days, and the philosopher, who seemed to discover something uncommon and promising in his countenance, bought his liberty for a sum of money, and ever after esteemed him. Phædon, after the death of Socrates, returned to Elis his native country, where he founded a sect of philosophers called _Elean_. The name of Phædon is affixed to one of the dialogues of Plato. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――An archon at Athens, when the Athenians were directed by the oracle to remove the bones of Theseus to Attica. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Phædra=, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, who married Theseus, by whom she became mother of Acamas and Demophoon. They had already lived for some time in conjugal felicity, when Venus, who hated all the descendants of Apollo, because that god had discovered her amours with Mars, inspired Phædra with an unconquerable passion for Hippolytus the son of Theseus, by the Amazon Hippolyte. This shameful passion Phædra long attempted to stifle, but in vain; and therefore, in the absence of Theseus, she addressed Hippolytus with all the impatience of a desponding lover. Hippolytus rejected her with horror and disdain; but Phædra, incensed on account of the reception she had met, resolved to punish his coldness and refusal. At the return of Theseus she accused Hippolytus of attempts upon her virtue. The credulous father listened to the accusation, and without hearing the defence of Hippolytus, he banished him from his kingdom, and implored Neptune, who had promised to grant three of his requests, to punish him in some exemplary manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, his horses were suddenly terrified by a huge sea-monster, which Neptune had sent on the shore. He was dragged through precipices and over rocks, and he was trampled under the feet of his horses, and crushed under the wheels of his chariot. When the tragical end of Hippolytus was known at Athens, Phædra confessed her crime, and hung herself in despair, unable to survive one whose death her wickedness and guilt had occasioned. The death of Hippolytus, and the infamous passion of Phædra, are the subject of one of the tragedies of Euripides, and of Seneca. Phædra was buried at Trœzene, where her tomb was still seen in the age of the geographer Pausanias, near the temple of Venus, which she had built to render the goddess favourable to her incestuous passion. There was near her tomb a myrtle, whose leaves were all full of small holes, and it was reported that Phædra had done this with a hair-pin, when the vehemence of her passion had rendered her melancholy and almost desperate. She was represented in a painting in Apollo’s temple at Delphi, as suspended by a cord, and balancing herself in the air, while her sister Ariadne stood near to her, and fixed her eyes upon her; a delicate idea, by which the genius of the artist intimated her melancholy end. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 22; bk. 2, ch. 32.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 47 & 243.――_Euripides_, _Hippolytus_ & _Seneca_, _Phædra_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 445.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 4. =Phædria=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35. =Phædrus=, one of the disciples of Socrates. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1.――――An Epicurean philosopher.――――A Thracian who became one of the freedmen of the emperor Augustus. He translated into iambic verses the fables of Æsop, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. They are divided into five books, valuable for their precision, purity, elegance, and simplicity. They remained long buried in oblivion, till they were discovered in the library of St. Remi, at Rheims, and published by Peter Pithou, a Frenchman, at the end of the 16th century. Phædrus was for some time persecuted by Sejanus, because this corrupt minister believed that he was satirized and abused in the encomiums which the poet everywhere pays to virtue. The best editions of Phædrus are those of Burman, 4to, Leyden, 1727; Hoogstraten, 4to, Amsterdam, 1701; and Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754. =Phædy̆ma=, a daughter of Otanes, who first discovered that Smerdis, who had ascended the throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, was an impostor. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 69. =Phæmonōe=, a priestess of Apollo. =Phænarēte=, the mother of the philosopher Socrates. She was a midwife by profession. =Phænias=, a peripatetic philosopher, disciple of Aristotle. He wrote a history of tyrants. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Phænna=, one of the two Graces, worshipped at Sparta, together with her sister Clita. Lacedæmon first paid them particular honour. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35. =Phænnis=, a famous prophetess in the age of Antiochus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15. =Phæsana=, a town of Arcadia. =Phæstum=, a town of Crete. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 296. ――――Another of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 56, ch. 13. =Phaĕton=, a son of the sun, or Phœbus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was son of Cephalus and Aurora, according to Hesiod and Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Aurora, according to Apollodorus. He is, however, more generally acknowledged to be the son of Phœbus and Clymene. Phaeton was naturally of a lively disposition, and a handsome figure. Venus became enamoured of him, and entrusted him with the care of one of her temples. This distinguishing favour of the goddess rendered him vain and aspiring; and when Epaphus the son of Io had told him to check his pride, that he was not the son of Phœbus, Phaeton resolved to know his true origin, and at the instigation of his mother, he visited the palace of the sun. He begged Phœbus, that if he really were his father, he would give him incontestible proofs of his paternal tenderness, and convince the world of his legitimacy. Phœbus swore by the Styx that he would grant him whatever he required, and no sooner was the oath uttered, than Phaeton demanded of him to drive his chariot for one day. Phœbus represented the impropriety of such a request, and the dangers to which it would expose him; but in vain; and, as the oath was inviolable, and Phaeton unmoved, the father instructed his son how he was to proceed in his way through the regions of the air. His explicit directions were forgotten, or little attended to; and no sooner had Phaeton received the reins from his father, than he betrayed his ignorance and incapacity to guide the chariot. The flying horses became sensible of the confusion of their driver, and immediately departed from the usual track. Phaeton repented too late of his rashness, and already heaven and earth were threatened with a universal conflagration, when Jupiter, who had perceived the disorder of the horses of the sun, struck the rider with one of his thunderbolts, and hurled him headlong from heaven into the river Po. His body, consumed with fire, was found by the nymphs of the place, and honoured with a decent burial. His sisters mourned his unhappy end, and were changed into poplars by Jupiter. _See:_ Phaetontiades. According to the poets, while Phaeton was unskilfully driving the chariot of his father, the blood of the Æthiopians was dried up, and their skin became black, a colour which is still preserved among the greatest part of the inhabitants of the torrid zone. The territories of Libya were also parched up, according to the same tradition, on account of their too great vicinity to the sun; and ever since, Africa, unable to recover her original verdure and fruitfulness, has exhibited a sandy country, and uncultivated waste. According to those who explain this poetical fable, Phaeton was a Ligurian prince, who studied astronomy, and in whose age the neighbourhood of the Po was visited with uncommon heats. The horses of the sun are called _Phaetontis equi_, either because they were guided by Phaeton, or from the Greek word (φαεθων), which expresses the splendour and lustre of that luminary. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 105.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 985.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 17; bk. 2, fable 1, &c.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 11.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Apollodorus._――_Hyginus_, fable 156. =Phaĕtontiădes=, or =Phaetontides=, the sisters of Phaeton, who were changed into poplars by Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 346. _See:_ Heliades. =Phaetūsa=, one of the Heliades changed into poplars, after the death of their brother Phaeton. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 346. =Phæus=, a town of Peloponnesus. =Phagesia=, a festival among the Greeks, observed during the celebration of the Dionysia. It received its name from the good _eating_ and living that then universally prevailed, φαγειν. =Phalacrine=, a village of the Sabines, where Vespasian was born. _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 2. =Phalæ=, wooden towers at Rome, erected in the circus. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 589. =Phalæcus=, a general of Phocis against the Bœotians, killed at the battle of Cheronæa. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Phalæsia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35. =Phalanna=, a town of Perrhæbia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54. =Phalanthus=, a Lacedæmonian, who founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the Partheniæ. His father’s name was Aracus. As he went to Italy he was shipwrecked on the coast, and carried to shore by a dolphin, and from that reason there was a dolphin placed near his statute in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. _See:_ Partheniæ. He received divine honours after death. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, li. 11.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11, li. 16.――――A town and mountain of the same name in Arcadia. _Persius_, bk. 8, ch. 35. =Phălăris=, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who made use of the most excruciating torments to punish his subjects on the smallest suspicion. Perillus made him a brazen bull, and when he had presented it to Phalaris, the tyrant ordered the inventor to be seized, and the first experiment to be made on his body. These cruelties did not long remain unrevenged; the people of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth year of his reign, and put him to death in the same manner as he had tortured Perillus and many of his subjects after him, B.C. 552. The brazen bull of Phalaris was carried by Amilcar to Carthage; but when that city was taken by Scipio, it was delivered again to the inhabitants of Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now some letters extant written by a certain Abaris to Phalaris, with their respective answers, but they are supposed by some to be spurious. The best edition is that of the learned Boyle, Oxford, 1718. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 12; _De Officiis_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 663. ――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 81.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Diodorus._ ――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 762. =Phalarium=, a citadel of Syracuse, where Phalaris’s bull was placed. =Phalărus=, a river of Bœotia, falling into the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34. =Phalcidon=, a town of Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 4. =Phaleas=, a philosopher and legislator, &c. _Aristotle._ =Phalēreus Demetrius.= _See:_ Demetrius. =Phaleria=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 15. =Phalēris=, a Corinthian who led a colony to Epidamnus from Corcyra. =Phalēron=, or =Phalerum=, or =Phalera= (orum), or =Phalerus portus=, an ancient harbour of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city, which, for its situation and smallness, was not very fit for the reception of many ships.――――A place of Thessaly. =Phalērus=, a son of Alcon, one of the Argonauts. _Orpheus._ =Phalias=, a son of Hercules and Heliconis daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._ =Phallĭca=, festivals observed by the Egyptians in honour of Osiris. They receive their name from φαλλος _simulachrum ligneum membri virilis_. The institution originated in this: After the murder of Osiris, Isis was unable to recover among the other limbs the privities of her husband; and therefore, as she paid particular honour to every part of his body, she distinguished that which was lost with more honour, and paid it more attention. Its representation, called _phallus_, was made with wood, and carried during the sacred festivals which were instituted in honour of Osiris. The people held it in the greatest veneration; it was looked upon as an emblem of fecundity, and the mention of it among the ancients never conveyed any impure thought or lascivious reflection. The festivals of the _phallus_ were imitated by the Greeks, and introduced into Europe by the Athenians, who made the procession of the _phallus_ part of the celebration of the Dionysia of the god of wine. Those that carried the _phallus_, at the end of a long pole, were called _phallophori_. They generally appeared among the Greeks, besmeared with the dregs of wine, covered with skins of lambs, and wearing on their heads a crown of ivy. _Lucian_, _de Syria Dea_.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Phalysius=, a citizen of Naupactum, who recovered his sight by reading a letter sent him by Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, final chapter. =Phanæus=, a promontory of the island of Chios, famous for its wines. It was called after a king of the same name, who reigned there. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 43.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 98. =Phanaræa=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo._ =Phanas=, a famous Messenian, &c., who died B.C. 682. =Phanes=, a man of Halicarnassus, who fled from Amasis king of Egypt, to the court of Cambyses king of Persia, whom he advised, when he invaded Egypt, to pass through Arabia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Phaneta=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 28. =Phanŏcles=, an elegiac poet of Greece, who wrote a poem on that unnatural sin of which Socrates is accused by some. He supported that Orpheus had been the first who disgraced himself by that filthy indulgence. Some of his fragments are remaining. _Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 6. =Phanodēmus=, an historian who wrote on the antiquities of Attica. =Phantasia=, a daughter of Nicarchus of Memphis, in Egypt. Some have supposed that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, and another on the return of Ulysses to Ithaca, from which compositions Homer copied the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, when he visited Memphis, where they were deposited. =Phanus=, a son of Bacchus, who was among the Argonauts. _Apollodorus._ =Phaon=, a boatman of Mitylene in Lesbos. He received a small box of ointment from Venus, who had presented herself to him in the form of an old woman, to be carried over into Asia, and as soon as he had rubbed himself with what the box contained, he became one of the most beautiful men of his age. Many were captivated with the charms of Phaon, and, among others, Sappho the celebrated poetess. Phaon gave himself up to the pleasures of Sappho’s company; but, however, he soon conceived a disdain for her, and Sappho, mortified at his coldness, threw herself into the sea. Some say that Phaon was beloved by the goddess of beauty, who concealed him for some time among lettuces. Ælian says that Phaon was killed by a man whose bed he was defiling. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 21.――_Palæphatus_, _de Incredibilia_, ch. 49.――_Athenæus._ ――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Mortuorum_, bk. 9. =Phara=, a town of Africa, burnt by Scipio’s soldiers. =Pharacĭdes=, a general of the Lacedæmonian fleet, who assisted Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily against the Carthaginians. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. =Pharæ=, or =Pheræ=, a town of Crete.――――Another in Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. _See:_ Pheræ. =Pharasmănes=, a king of Iberia, in the reign of Antoninus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 33. =Pharax=, a Lacedæmonian officer, who attempted to make himself absolute in Sicily.――――A Thessalian, whose son, called Cyanippus, married a beautiful woman, called Leuconoe, who was torn to pieces by his dogs. _Parthenius._ =Pharis=, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants are called _Pharitæ_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 30.――――A son of Mercury and Philodamea, who built Pharæ in Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. =Pharmecūsa=, an island of the Ægean sea, where Julius Cæsar was seized by some pirates. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 4.――――Another, where was shown Circe’s tomb. _Strabo._ =Pharnabāzus=, a satrap of Persia, son of a person of the same name, B.C. 409. He assisted the Lacedæmonians against the Athenians, and gained their esteem by his friendly behaviour and support. His conduct, however, towards Alcibiades, was of the most perfidious nature, and he did not scruple to betray to his mortal enemies the man whom he had long honoured with his friendship. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades._――_Plutarch._――――An officer under Eumenes.――――A king of Iberia. =Pharnăce=, a town of Pontus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――――The mother of Cinyras king of Pontus. _Suidas._ =Pharnăces=, a son of Mithridates king of Pontus, who favoured the Romans against his father. He revolted against Mithridates, and even caused him to be put to death, according to some accounts. In the civil wars of Julius Cæsar and Pompey, he interested himself for neither of the contending parties; upon which Cæsar turned his army against him, and conquered him. It was to express the celerity of his operations in conquering Pharnaces, that the victorious Roman made use of these words, _Veni, vidi, vici_. _Florus_, bk. 3.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 37.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 55.――――A king of Pontus, who made war with Eumenes, B.C. 181.――――A king of Cappadocia.――――A librarian of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_. =Pharnapātes=, a general of Orodes king of Parthia, killed in a battle by the Romans. =Pharnaspes=, the father of Cassandra the mother of Cambyses. =Pharnus=, a king of Media, conquered by Ninus king of Assyria. =Pharos=, a small island in the bay of Alexandria, about seven furlongs distant from the continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore with a causeway by Dexiphanes, B.C. 284, and upon it was built a celebrated tower, in the reign of Ptolemy Soter and Philadelphus, by Sostratus the son of Dexiphanes. This tower, which was called the tower of Pharos, and which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world, was built with white marble, and could be seen at the distance of 100 miles. On the top, fires were constantly kept to direct sailors in the bay, which was dangerous and difficult of access. The building of this tower cost the Egyptian monarch 800 talents, which were equivalent to above 165,000_l._ English, if Attic, or if Alexandrian, double that sum. There was this inscription upon it, _King Ptolemy to the Gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors_; but Sostratus the architect, wishing to claim all the glory, engraved his own name upon the stones, and afterwards filled the hollow with mortar, and wrote the above-mentioned inscription. When the mortar had decayed by time, Ptolemy’s name disappeared, and the following inscription then became visible: _Sostratus the Cnidian, son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors_. The word _Pharius_ is often used as Egyptian. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 636; bk. 3, li. 260; bk. 6, li. 308; bk. 9, li. 1005, &c.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 635.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, chs. 31 & 85; bk. 36, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 11.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 102.――――A watch-tower near Capreæ.――――An island on the coast of Illyricum, now called _Lesina_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――――The emperor Claudius ordered a tower to be built at the entrance of the port of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors, and it likewise bore the name of _Pharos_, an appellation afterwards given to every other edifice which was raised to direct the course of sailors, either with lights, or by signals. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 76. ――_Suetonius._ =Pharsălus=, now _Farsa_, a town of Thessaly, in whose neighbourhood is a large plain called _Pharsalia_, famous for a battle which was fought there between Julius Cæsar and Pompey, in which the former obtained the victory. In that battle, which was fought on the 12th of May, B.C. 48, Cæsar lost about 200 men, or, according to others, 1200. Pompey’s loss was 15,000, or 25,000 according to others, and 24,000 of his army were made prisoners of war by the conqueror. _Lucan_, bk. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_. ――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_.――_Dio Cassius._ ――――That poem of Lucan, in which he gives an account of the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, bears the name of Pharsalia. _See:_ Lucanus. =Pharte=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._ =Pharus=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 322. =Pharusii=, or =Phaurusii=, a people of Africa, beyond Mauritania. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4. =Pharybus=, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Ægean sea. It is called by some Baphyrus. =Pharycadon=, a town of Macedonia, on the Peneus. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Pharyge=, a town of Locris. =Phasēlis=, a town of Pamphylia, at the foot of mount Taurus, which was long the residence of pirates. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, ch. 251.――_Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, bk. 2, ch. 19. =Phasiana=, a country of Asia, near the river Phasis. The inhabitants called _Phasiani_, are of Egyptian origin. =Phasias=, a patronymic given to Medea, as being born near the Phasis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7. =Phasis=, a son of Phœbus and Ocyroe.――――A river of Colchis, rising in the mountains of Armenia, now called _Faoz_, and falling into the east of the Euxine. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, who entered it after a long and perilous voyage, from which reason all dangerous voyages have been proverbially intimated by the words of _sailing to the Phasis_. There were on the banks of the Phasis a great number of large birds, of which, according to some of the ancients, the Argonauts brought some to Greece, and which were called on that account _pheasants_. The Phasis was reckoned by the ancients one of the largest rivers of Asia. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 48.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 62.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 44. ――_Orpheus._ =Phassus=, a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._ =Phauda=, a town of Pontus. =Phavorīnus=, a writer, the best edition of whose Greek Lexicon is that in folio, Venice, 1712. =Phayllus=, a tyrant of Ambracia.――――The brother of Onomarchus of Phocis, &c. _See:_ Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 2. =Phea=, or =Pheia=, a town of Elis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7. =Phecadum=, an inland town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41. =Phegeus=, or =Phlegeus=, a companion of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 765.――――Another, likewise killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 371, &c.――――A priest of Bacchus, the father of Alphesibœa, who purified Alcmæon of his mother’s murder, and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was afterwards put to death by the children of Alcmæon by Callirhoe, because he had ordered Alcmæon to be killed when he had attempted to recover a collar which he had given to his daughter. _See:_ Alcmæon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 412. =Phellia=, a river of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20. =Phelloe=, a town of Achaia near Ægira, where Bacchus and Diana each had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26. =Phellus=, a place of Attica.――――A town of Elis, near Olympia. _Strabo._ =Phemius=, a man introduced by Homer as a musician among Penelope’s suitors. Some say that he taught Homer, for which the grateful poet immortalized his name. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A man who, according to some, wrote an account of the return of the Greeks from the Trojan war. The word is applied by Ovid, _Amores_, bk. 3, li. 7, indiscriminately to any person who excels in music. =Phemonoe=, a priestess of Apollo, who is supposed to have invented heroic verses. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6. =Phenēum=, a town of Arcadia, whose inhabitants, called _Pheneatæ_, worshipped Mercury. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3. =Pheneus=, a town with a lake of the same name in Arcadia, whose waters were unwholesome in the night and wholesome in the daytime. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 165. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 332.――――A son of Melas, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus._ =Pheræ=, a town of Thessaly, where the tyrant Alexander reigned, whence he was called _Pheræus_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _de Officis_.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 321.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――A town of Attica.――――Another in Laconia in Peloponnesus. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 30. =Pheræus=, a surname of Jason, as being a native of Pheræ. =Pheraules=, a Persian whom Cyrus raised from poverty to affluence. He afterwards gave up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity in retirement. _Xenophon_, _Cyropaedia_. =Pherĕclus=, one of the Greeks during the Trojan war. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15.――――A pilot of the ship of Theseus, when he went to Crete. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Pherēcrătes=, a comic poet of Athens, in the age of Plato and Aristophanes. He is supposed to have written 21 comedies, of which only a few verses remain. He introduced living characters on the stage, but never abused the liberty which he had taken, either by satire or defamation. He invented a sort of verse, which from him has been called _Pherecratian_. It consisted of the three last feet of an hexameter verse, of which the first was always a spondee, as for instance, the third verse of Horace’s bk. 1, ode 5, _Grato Pyrrha sub antro._――――Another, descended from Deucalion. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_. =Pherecȳdes=, a philosopher of Scyros, disciple of Pittacus, one of the first who delivered his thoughts in prose. He was acquainted with the periods of the moon, and foretold eclipses with the greatest accuracy. The doctrine of the immortality of the soul was first supported by him, as also that of the metempsychosis. Pythagoras was one of his disciples, remarkable for his esteem and his attachment to his learned master. When Pherecydes lay dangerously ill in the island of Delos, Pythagoras hastened to give him every assistance in his power, and when all his efforts had proved ineffectual, he buried him, and after he had paid him the last offices, he retired to Italy. Some, however, suppose, that Pherecydes threw himself down from a precipice as he was going to Delphi, or, according to others, he fell a sacrifice to the lousy disease, B.C. 515, in the 85th year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Lactantius [Placidus]._――――An historian of Leros, surnamed the Athenian. He wrote a history of Attica, now lost, in the age of Darius Hystaspes.――――A tragic poet. =Pherendates=, a Persian set over Egypt by Artaxerxes. =Pherephate=, a surname of Proserpine, from the production of corn. =Pheres=, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, who built Pheræ in Thessaly, where he reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he had Admetus and Lycurgus. _Apollodorus._――――A son of Medea, stoned to death by the Corinthians, on account of the poisonous clothes which he had given to Glauce, Creon’s daughter. _See:_ Medea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3. ――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Halesus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 413. =Pheretias=, a patronymic of Admetus son of Pheres. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 291. =Pheretīma=, the wife of Battus king of Cyrene, and mother of Arcesilaus. After her son’s death, she recovered the kingdom by means of Amasis king of Egypt, and to avenge the murder of Arcesilaus, she caused all his assassins to be crucified round the walls of Cyrene, and she cut off the breasts of their wives, and hung them up near the bodies of their husbands. It is said that she was devoured alive by worms, a punishment which, according to some of the ancients, was inflicted by Providence for her unparalleled cruelties. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 204, &c. =Pherinum=, a town of Thessaly. =Pheron=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Sesostris. He was blind, and he recovered his sight by washing his eyes, according to the directions of the oracle, in the urine of a woman who had never had any unlawful connexions. He tried his wife first, but she appeared to have been faithless to his bed, and she was burnt with all those whose urine could not restore sight to the king. He married the woman whose urine proved beneficial. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 111. =Pherūsa=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Phiăle=, one of Diana’s nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――――A celebrated courtesan. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 238. =Phialia=, or =Phigalia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Phiălus=, a king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Phicores=, a people near the Palus Mæotis. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19. =Phidias=, a celebrated statuary of Athens, who died B.C. 432. He made a statue of Minerva, at the request of Pericles, which was placed in the Pantheon. It was made with ivory and gold, and measured 39 feet in height. His presumption raised him many enemies, and he was accused of having carved his own image and that of Pericles on the shield of the statue of the goddess, for which he was banished from Athens by the clamorous populace. He retired to Elis, where he determined to revenge the ill-treatment he had received from his countrymen, by making a statue which should eclipse the fame of that of Minerva. He was successful in the attempt; and the statue he made of Jupiter Olympius was always reckoned the best of all his pieces, and has passed for one of the wonders of the world. The people of Elis were so sensible of his merit, and of the honour he had done to their city, that they appointed his descendants to the honourable office of keeping clean that magnificent statue, and of preserving it from injury. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Pericles_. =Phidilē=, a woman. _See:_ ♦Phidyle. ♦ ‘Phidyle’ not referenced in the text. =Phidippĭdes= a celebrated courier, who ran from Athens to Lacedæmon, about 152 English miles, in two days, to ask of the Lacedæmonians assistance against the Persians. The Athenians raised a temple to his memory. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 105.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades._ =Phiditia=, a public entertainment at Sparta, where much frugality was observed, as the word (φειδιτια, from φειδομαι, _parco_) denotes. Persons of all ages were admitted; the younger frequented it as a school of temperance and sobriety, where they were trained to good manners and useful knowledge, by the example and discourse of their elders. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 34. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Phidon=, a man who enjoyed the sovereign power at Argos, and is supposed to have invented scales and measures, and coined silver at Ægina. He died B.C. 854. _Aristotle._――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127. ――――An ancient legislator at Corinth. =Phidy̆re=, a female servant of Horace, to whom he addressed bk. 3, ode 23. =Phigalei=, a people of Peloponnesus, near Messenia. They were naturally fond of drinking, and negligent of domestic affairs. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 39. =Phila=, the eldest daughter of Antipater, who married Craterus. She afterwards married Demetrius, and when her husband had lost the kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned herself. _Plutarch._――――A town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 67; bk. 44, chs. 2 & 34.――――An island called also ♦Phila. ♦ ‘Phla’ replaced with ‘Phila’ =Philadelphia=, now _Alahasher_, a town of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――――Another, in Cilicia,――――Arabia,――――-Syria. =Philadelphus=, a king of Paphlagonia, who followed the interest of Marcus Antony.――――The surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt, by antiphrasis, because he destroyed all his brothers. _See:_ Ptolemæus II. ♦=Philæ=, a town and island of Egypt, above the smaller cataract, but placed opposite Syene by _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9. Isis was worshipped there. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 313.――_Seneca_, _Quæstiones Naturales_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――One of the Sporades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. ♦ ‘Phile’ replaced with ‘Philæ’ =Philæni=, two brothers of Carthage. When a contest arose between the Cyreneans and Carthaginians, about the extent of their territories, it was mutually agreed that, at a stated hour, two men should depart from each city, and that, wherever they met, there they should fix the boundaries of their country. The Philæni accordingly departed from Carthage, and met the Cyreneans, when they had advanced far into their territories. This produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans supported that the Philæni had left Carthage before the appointment, and that therefore they must retire or be buried in the sand. The Philæni refused, upon which they were overpowered by the Cyreneans, and accordingly buried in the sand. The Carthaginians, to commemorate the patriotic deeds of the Philæni, who had sacrificed their lives that the extent of their country might not be diminished, raised two altars on the place where their bodies had been buried, which they called _Philænorum aræ_. These altars were the boundaries of the Carthaginian dominions, which on the other side extended as far as the columns of Hercules, which is about 2000 miles, or, according to the accurate observations of the moderns, only 1420 geographical miles. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 704. =Philænis=, or =Phileris=, a courtesan. _See:_ Phileris. =Philæus=, a son of Ajax, by Lyside the daughter of Coronus, one of the Lapithæ. Miltiades, as some suppose, was descended from him.――――A son of Augeas, who upbraided his father for not granting what Hercules justly claimed for cleaning his stables. _See:_ Augeas. He was placed upon his father’s throne by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Philammon=, a celebrated musician, son of Apollo and Chione.――――A man who murdered Arsinoe, and who was slain by her female attendants. =Philanthus=, a son of Prolaus of Elis, killed at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Philarchus=, a hero who gave assistance to the Phocians when the Persians invaded Greece. =Philēmon=, a Greek comic poet, contemporary with Menander. He obtained some poetical prizes over Menander, not so much by the merit of his composition, as by the intrigues of his friends. Plautus imitated some of his comedies. He lived to his 97th year, and died, as it is reported, of laughing, on seeing an ass eat figs, B.C. 274.――――His son, who bore the same name, wrote 54 comedies, of which some few fragments remain, which do not seem to entitle him to great rank among the Greek comic writers. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12――_Quintilian_, bk. 10.――_Plutarch_, _de Cohibenda Ira_.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A poor man of Phrygia. _See:_ Baucis.――――An illegitimate son of Priam. =Philēne=, a town of Attica between Athens and Tanagra. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 102. =Philēris=, an immodest woman, whom Philocrates the poet lampooned. _Martial_, bk. 7. =Philĕros=, a town of Macedonia. _Pliny._ =Philesius=, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks after the battle of Cunaxa. =Philetærus=, a eunuch made governor of Pergamus by Lysimachus. He quarrelled with Lysimachus, and made himself master of Pergamus, where he laid the foundations of a kingdom called the kingdom of Pergamus, B.C. 283. He reigned there for 20 years, and at his death he appointed his nephew Eumenes as his successor. _Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A Cretan general who revolted from Seleucus, and was conquered, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4. =Philētas=, a grammarian and poet of Cos, in the reign of king Philip, and of his son Alexander the Great. He was made preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus. The elegies and epigrams which he wrote have been greatly commended by the ancients, and some fragments of them are still preserved in Athenæus. He was so small and slender, according to the improbable accounts of Ælian, that he always carried pieces of lead in his pockets, to prevent being blown away by the wind. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, poem 5. ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 1.――――An historian. =Philetius=, a faithful steward of Ulysses, who, with Eumeus, assisted him in destroying the suitors, who had not only insulted the queen, but wasted the property of the absent monarch. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20, &c. =Philĭdas=, a friend of Pelopidas, who favoured the conspiracy formed to expel the Spartans from Thebes. He received the conspirators in his own house. =Philides=, a dealer in horses in the age of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_. =Philinna=, a courtesan, mother of Aridæus, by Philip the father of Alexander. =Philīnus=, a native of Agrigentum, who fought with Annibal against the Romans. He wrote a partial history of the Punic wars. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――_Polybius._ =Philippei=, or =Phillippi=, certain pieces of money coined in the reign of Philip of Macedonia, and with his image. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 284.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 52; bk. 37, ch. 59; bk. 39, chs. 5 & 7. =Philippi=, a town of Macedonia, anciently called _Datos_, and situate at the east of the Strymon on a rising ground, which abounds with springs and water. It was called Philippi after Philip king of Macedonia, who fortified it against the incursions of the barbarians of Thrace, and became celebrated for two battles which were fought there in October, B.C. 42, at the interval of about 20 days, between Augustus and Antony, and the republican forces of Brutus and Cassius, in which the former obtained the victory. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 284.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 45.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 7. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.――_Appian_, bk. 2, _Civil Wars_. ――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 490. ――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 2. =Philippĭdes=, a comic poet in Alexander’s age.――――A courier, called also Phidippides. =Philippŏpŏlis=, a town of Thrace, near the Hebrus, built by Philip the father of Alexander. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 53.――――Of Thessaly, called Philippi. =Philippus I.=, son of Argæus, succeeded his father on the throne of Macedonia, and reigned 38 years, B.C. 640.――――The second of that name was the fourth son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. He was sent to Thebes as a hostage by his father, where he learnt the art of war under Epaminondas, and studied with the greatest care the manners and the pursuits of the Greeks. He was recalled to Macedonia, and at the death of his brother Perdiccas, he ascended the throne as guardian and protector of the youthful years of his nephew. His ambition, however, soon discovered itself, and he made himself independent. The valour of a prudent general, and the policy of an experienced statesman, seemed requisite to ensure his power. The neighbouring nations, ridiculing the youth and inexperience of the new king of Macedonia, appeared in arms, but Philip soon convinced them of their error. Unable to meet them as yet in the field of battle, he suspended their fury by presents, and soon turned his arms against Amphipolis, a colony tributary to the Athenians. Amphipolis was conquered, and added to the kingdom of Macedonia, and Philip meditated no less than the destruction of a republic which had rendered itself so formidable to the rest of Greece, and had even claimed submission from the princes of Macedonia. His designs, however, were as yet immature, and before he could make Athens an object of conquest, the Thracians and the Illyrians demanded his attention. He made himself master of a Thracian colony, to which he gave the name of Philippi, and from which he received the greatest advantages on account of the golden mines in the neighbourhood. In the midst of his political prosperity, Philip did not neglect the honour of his family. He married Olympias, the daughter of Neoptolemus king of the Molossi; and when, some time after he became father of Alexander, the monarch, conscious of the inestimable advantages which arise from the lessons, the example, and the conversation of a learned and virtuous preceptor, wrote a letter with his own hand to the philosopher Aristotle, and begged him to retire from his usual pursuits, and to dedicate his whole time to the instruction of the young prince. Everything seemed now to conspire to his aggrandizement, and historians have observed, that Philip received in one day the intelligence of three things which could gratify the most unbounded ambition, and flatter the hopes of the most aspiring monarch: the birth of a son, an honourable crown at the Olympic games, and a victory over the barbarians of Illyricum. But all these increased rather than satiated his ambition; he declared his inimical sentiments against the power of Athens, and the independence of all Greece, by laying siege to Olynthus, a place which, on account of its situation and consequence, would prove most injurious to the interests of the Athenians, and most advantageous to the intrigues and military operations of every Macedonian prince. The Athenians, roused by the eloquence of Demosthenes, sent 17 vessels and 2000 men to the assistance of Olynthus, but the money of Philip prevailed over all their efforts. The greatest part of the citizens suffered themselves to be bribed by the Macedonian gold, and Olynthus surrendered to the enemy, and was instantly reduced to ruins. His successes were as great in every part of Greece; he was declared head of the Amphictyonic council, and was entrusted with the care of the sacred temple of Apollo at Delphi. If he was recalled to Macedonia, it was only to add fresh laurels to his crown, by victories over his enemies in Illyricum and Thessaly. By assuming the mask of a moderator and peacemaker he gained confidence, and in attempting to protect the Peloponnesians against the encroaching power of Sparta, he rendered his cause popular, and by ridiculing the insults that were offered to his person as he passed through Corinth, he displayed to the world his moderation and philosophic virtues. In his attempts to make himself master of Eubœa, Philip was unsuccessful; and Phocion, who despised his gold as well as his meanness, obliged him to evacuate an island whose inhabitants were as insensible to the charms of money, as they were unmoved at the horrors of war, and the bold efforts of a vigilant enemy. From Eubœa he turned his arms against the Scythians, but the advantages which he obtained over this indigent nation were inconsiderable, and he again made Greece an object of plunder and rapine. He advanced far into Bœotia, and a general engagement was fought at Chæronea. The fight was long and bloody, but Philip obtained the victory. His behaviour after the battle reflects great disgrace upon him as a man, and as a monarch. In the hour of festivity, and during the entertainment which he had given to celebrate the trophies he had won, Philip sallied from his camp, and with the inhumanity of a brute he insulted the bodies of the slain, and exulted over the calamities of the prisoners of war. His insolence, however, was checked when Demades, one of the Athenian captives, reminded him of his meanness, by exclaiming, “Why do you, O king, act the part of a Thersites, when you can represent with so much dignity the elevated character of an Agamemnon?” The reproof was felt; Demades received his liberty, and Philip learned how to gain popularity even among his fallen enemies, by relieving their wants and easing their distresses. At the battle of Chæronea the independence of Greece was extinguished; and Philip, unable to find new enemies in Europe, formed new enterprises, and meditated new conquests. He was nominated general of the Greeks against the Persians, and was called upon as well from inclination as duty to revenge those injuries which Greece had suffered from the invasions of Darius and of Xerxes. But he was stopped in the midst of his warlike preparations; he was stabbed by Pausanius as he entered the theatre, at the celebration of the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra. This murder has given rise to many reflections upon the causes which produced it; and many who consider the recent repudiation of Olympias, and the resentment of Alexander, are apt to investigate the causes of his death in the bosom of his family. The ridiculous honours which Olympias paid to her husband’s murderer strengthened the suspicion, yet Alexander declared that he invaded the kingdom of Persia to revenge his father’s death upon the Persian satraps and princes, by whose immediate intrigues the assassination had been committed. The character of Philip is that of a sagacious, artful, prudent, and intriguing monarch: he was brave in the field of battle, eloquent and dissimulating at home; and he possessed the wonderful art of changing his conduct according to the disposition and caprice of mankind, without ever altering his purpose, or losing sight of his ambitious aims. He possessed much perseverance, and in the execution of his plans he was always vigorous. The hand of an assassin prevented him from achieving the boldest and the most extensive of his undertakings; and he might have acquired as many laurels, and conquered as many nations, as his son Alexander did in the succeeding reign, and the kingdom of Persia might have been added to the Macedonian empire, perhaps with greater moderation, with more glory, and with more lasting advantages. The private character of Philip lies open to censure, and raises indignation. The admirer of his virtues is disgusted to find him amongst the most abandoned prostitutes, and disgracing himself by the most unnatural crimes and lascivious indulgencies, which can make even the most debauched and the most profligate to blush. He was murdered in the 47th year of his age, and the 24th of his reign, about 336 years before the christian era. His reign is become uncommonly interesting, and his administration a matter of instruction. He is the first monarch whose life and actions are described with peculiar accuracy and historical faithfulness. Philip was the father of Alexander the Great and of Cleopatra by Olympias; he had also by Audaca, an Illyrian, Cyna, who married Amyntas the son of Perdiccas, Philip’s elder brother; by Nicasipolis, a Thessalian, Nicæa, who married Cassander; by Philinna, a Larissæan dancer, Aridæus, who reigned some time after Alexander’s death; by Cleopatra the niece of Attalus, Caranus and Europa, who were both murdered by Olympias; and Ptolemy the first king of Egypt by Arsinoe, who in the first month of her pregnancy was married to Lagus. _Demosthenes_, _Philippics_ & _Olynthiacs_.――_Justin_ 7, &c. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, _Demosthenes_, & _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Isocrates_, _ad Philippum_.――_Curtius_, bk. 1, &c.――_Æschines._――_Pausanias_, _Bœotia_, &c.――――The last king of Macedonia, of that name, was son of Demetrius. His infancy, at the death of his father, was protected by Antigonus, one of his friends, who ascended the throne, and reigned for 12 years, with the title of independent monarch. When Antigonus died, Philip recovered his father’s throne, though only 15 years of age, and he early distinguished himself by his boldness and his ambitious views. His cruelty, however, to Aratus, soon displayed his character in its true light; and to the gratification of every vice, and every extravagant propensity, he had the meanness to sacrifice this faithful and virtuous Athenian. Not satisfied with the kingdom of Macedonia, Philip aspired to become the friend of Annibal, and wished to share with him the spoils which the distresses and continual loss of the Romans seemed soon to promise. But his expectations were frustrated; the Romans discovered his intrigues, and though weakened by the valour and artifice of the Carthaginian, yet they were soon enabled to meet him in the field of battle. The consul Lævinus entered without delay his territories of Macedonia, and after he had obtained a victory over him near Apollonia, and reduced his fleet to ashes, he compelled him to sue for peace. This peaceful disposition was not permanent, and when the Romans discovered that he had assisted their immortal enemy Annibal with men and money they appointed Titus Quinctius Flaminius to punish his perfidy, and the violation of the treaty. The Roman consul, with his usual expedition, invaded Macedonia; and in a general engagement which was fought near Cynocephale, the hostile army was totally defeated, and the monarch saved his life with difficulty by flying from the field of battle. Destitute of resources, without friends either at home or abroad, Philip was obliged to submit to the mercy of the conqueror, and to demand peace by his ambassadors. It was granted with difficulty. The terms were humiliating; but the poverty of Philip obliged him to accept the conditions, however disadvantageous and degrading to his dignity. In the midst of these public calamities the peace of his family was disturbed; and Perses, the eldest of his sons by a concubine, raised seditions against his brother Demetrius, whose condescension and humanity had gained popularity among the Macedonians, and who, from his residence at Rome as a hostage, had gained the good graces of the senate, and by the modesty and innocence of his manners, had obtained forgiveness from that venerable body for the hostilities of his father. Philip listened with too much avidity to the false accusation of Perses; and when he heard it asserted that Demetrius wished to rob him of his crown, he no longer hesitated to punish with death so unworthy and so ungrateful a son. No sooner was Demetrius sacrificed to credulity, than Philip became convinced of his cruelty and rashness, and, to punish the perfidy of Perses, he attempted to make Antigonus, another son, his successor on the Macedonian throne. But he was prevented from executing his purpose by death, in the 42nd year of his reign, 179 years before the christian era. The assassin of Demetrius succeeded his father; and with the same ambition, with the same rashness and oppression, renewed the war against the Romans till his empire was destroyed and Macedonia became a Roman province. Philip has been compared with his great ancestor of the same name; but though they possessed the same virtues, the same ambition, and were tainted with the same vices, yet the father of Alexander was more sagacious and more intriguing, and the son of Demetrius was more suspicious, more cruel, and more implacable; and according to the pretended prophecy of one of the Sibyls, Macedonia was indebted to one Philip for her rise and consequence among nations, and under another Philip she lamented the loss of her power, her empire, and her dignity. _Polybius_, bk. 16, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 29, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Livy_, bk. 31, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Orosius_, bk. 4, ch. 20.――――Marcus Julius, a Roman emperor, of an obscure family in Arabia, from which he was surnamed _Arabian_. From the lowest rank in the army he gradually rose to the highest offices, and when he was made general of the pretorian guards he assassinated Gordian to make himself emperor. To establish himself with more certainty on the imperial throne, he left Mesopotamia a prey to the continual invasions of the Persians, and hurried to Rome, where his election was universally approved by the senate and the Roman people. Philip rendered his cause popular by his liberality and profusion; and it added much to his splendour and dignity that the Romans during his reign commemorated the foundation of their city, a solemnity which was observed but once every 100 years, and which was celebrated with more pomp and more magnificence than under the preceding reigns. The people were entertained with games and spectacles, the theatre of Pompey was successively crowded during three days and three nights, and 2000 gladiators bled in the circus at once, for the amusement and pleasure of a gazing populace. His usurpation, however, was short; Philip was defeated by Decius, who had proclaimed himself emperor in Pannonia, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers near Verona, in the 45th year of his age, and the 5th of his reign, A.D. 249. His son, who bore the same name, and who had shared with him the imperial dignity, was also massacred in the arms of his mother. Young Philip was then in the 12th year of his age, and the Romans lamented in him the loss of rising talents, of natural humanity, and endearing virtues. _Aurelius Victor._――_Zosimus._――――A native of Acarnania, physician to Alexander the Great. When the monarch had been suddenly taken ill, after bathing in the Cydnus, Philip undertook to remove the complaint when the rest of the physicians believed that all medical assistance would be ineffectual. But as he was preparing his medicine, Alexander received a letter from Parmenio, in which he was advised to beware of his physician Philip, as he had conspired against his life. The monarch was alarmed; and when Philip presented him the medicine, he gave him Parmenio’s letter to peruse, and began to drink the potion. The serenity and composure of Philip’s countenance, as he read the letter, removed every suspicion from Alexander’s breast, and he pursued the directions of his physician, and in a few days recovered. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 3.――_Arrian_, bk. 2.――――A son of Alexander the Great, murdered by order of Olympias.――――A governor of Sparta.――――A son of Cassander. ――――A man who pretended to be the son of Perses, that he might lay claim to the kingdom of Macedonia. He was called _Pseudophilippus_. ――――A general of Cassander, in Ætolia.――――A Phrygian, made governor of Jerusalem by Antiochus, &c.――――A son of Herod the Great, in the reign of Augustus.――――A brother of Alexander the Great, called also Aridæus. _See:_ Aridæus.――――A freedman of Pompey the Great. He found his master’s body deserted on the sea-shore, in Egypt, and he gave it a decent burial, with the assistance of an old Roman soldier, who had fought under Pompey.――――The father-in-law of the emperor Augustus. ――――A Lacedæmonian who wished to make himself absolute in Thebes. ――――An officer made master of Parthia, after the death of Alexander the Great.――――A king of part of Syria, son of Antiochus Gryphus.――――A son of Antipater in the army of Alexander.――――A brother of Lysimachus, who died suddenly after hard walking and labour.――――An historian of Amphipolis.――――A Carthaginian, &c.――――A man who wrote a history of Caria.――――A native of Megara, &c.――――A native of Pamphylia, who wrote a diffuse history from the creation down to his own time. It was not much valued. He lived in the age of Theodosius II. =Philiscus=, a famous sculptor, whose statues of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Muses, and a naked Apollo, were preserved in the portico belonging to Octavia.――――A Greek comic poet. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9. ――――An Athenian who received Cicero when he fled to Macedonia.――――An officer of Artaxerxes, appointed to make peace with the Greeks. =Philistion=, a comic poet of Nicæa in the age of Socrates. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 41.――――A physician of Locris. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 7, ch. 12. =Philistus=, a musician of Miletus.――――A Syracusan, who, during his banishment from his native country, wrote a history of Sicily, in 12 books, which was commended by some, though condemned for inaccuracy by Pausanias. He was afterwards sent against the Syracusans by Dionysius the younger, and he killed himself when overcome by the enemy, 356 B.C. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13. =Phillo=, an Arcadian maid, by whom Hercules had a son. The father, named Alcimedon, exposed his daughter, but she was saved by means of her lover, who was directed to the place where she was doomed to perish, by the chirping of a magpie, which imitated the plaintive cries of a child. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12. =Philo=, a Jewish writer of Alexandria, A.D. 40, sent as ambassador from his nation to Caligula. He was unsuccessful in his embassy, of which he wrote an entertaining account; and the emperor, who wished to be worshipped as a god, expressed his dissatisfaction with the Jews, because they refused to place his statues in their temples. He was so happy in his expressions, and elegant in his variety, that he has been called the Jewish Plato, and the book which he wrote on the sufferings of the Jews in the reign of Caius, met with such unbounded applause in the Roman senate, where he read it publicly, that he was permitted to consecrate it in the public libraries. His works were divided into three parts, of which the first related to the creation of the world, the second spoke of sacred history, and in the third the author made mention of the laws and customs of the Jewish nation. The best edition of Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols., folio, London, 1742.――――A man who fell in love with his daughter, called Proserpine, as she was bathing. He had by her a son, Mercurius Trismegistus.――――A man who wrote an account of a journey to Arabia.――――A philosopher who followed the doctrines of Carneades, B.C. 100.――――Another philosopher of Athens, tutor to Cicero.――――A grammarian in the first century. ――――An architect of Byzantium, who flourished about three centuries before the christian era. He built a dock at Athens, where ships were drawn in safety, and protected from storms. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A Greek christian writer, whose work was edited at Rome, 4to, 1772.――――A dialectic philosopher, 260 B.C. =Philobœotus=, a mountain of Bœotia. _Plutarch._ =Philochorus=, a man who wrote a history of Athens in 17 books, a catalogue of the archons, two books of olympiads, &c. He died B.C. 222. =Philŏcles=, one of the admirals of the Athenian fleet, during the Peloponnesian war. He recommended to his countrymen to cut off the right hand of such of the enemies as were taken, that they might be rendered unfit for service. His plan was adopted by all the 10 admirals except one; but their expectations were frustrated, and instead of being conquerors, they were totally defeated at Ægospotamos by Lysander, and Philocles, with 3000 of his countrymen, was put to death, and denied the honours of a burial. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――A general of Ptolemy king of Egypt.――――A comic poet. ――――Another, who wrote tragedies at Athens. =Philocrātes=, an Athenian, famous for his treachery, &c.――――A writer who published a history of Thessaly.――――A servant of Caius Gracchus. ――――A Greek orator. =Philoctētes=, son of Pœan and Demonassa, was one of the Argonauts, according to Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer and particular friend of Hercules. He was present at the death of Hercules, and because he had erected the burning pile on which the hero was consumed, he received from him the arrows which had been dipped in the gall of the hydra, after he had bound himself by a solemn oath not to betray the place where his ashes were deposited. He had no sooner paid the last office to Hercules, than he returned to Melibœa, where his father reigned. From thence he visited Sparta, where he became one of the numerous suitors of Helen, and soon after, like the rest of those princes who had courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and who had bound themselves to protect her from injury, he was called upon by Menelaus to accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war, and he immediately set sail from Melibœa with seven ships, and repaired to Aulis, the general rendezvous of the combined fleet. He was here prevented from joining his countrymen, and the offensive smell which arose from a wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, at the instigation of Ulysses, to remove him from the camp, and he was accordingly carried to the island of Lemnos, or, as others say, to Chryse, where Phimachus the son of Dolophion was ordered to wait upon him. In this solitary retreat he was suffered to remain for some time, till the Greeks, on the tenth year of the Trojan war, were informed by the oracle that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules, which were then in the possession of Philoctetes. Upon this Ulysses, accompanied by Diomedes, or, according to others, by Pyrrhus, was commissioned by the rest of the Grecian army to go to Lemnos, and to prevail upon Philoctetes to come and finish the tedious siege. Philoctetes recollected the ill-treatment which he had received from the Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, and therefore he not only refused to go to Troy, but he even persuaded Pyrrhus to conduct him to Melibœa. As he embarked, the manes of Hercules forbade him to proceed, but immediately to repair to the Grecian camp, where he should be cured of his wounds, and put an end to the war. Philoctetes obeyed, and after he had been restored to his former health by Æsculapius, or, according to some, by Machaon, or Podalirus, he destroyed an immense number of the Trojan enemy, among whom was Paris the son of Priam, with the arrows of Hercules. When by his valour Troy had been ruined, he set sail from Asia, but as he was unwilling to visit his native country, he came to Italy, where, by the assistance of his Thessalian followers, he was enabled to build a town in Calabria, which he called Petilia. Authors disagree about the causes of the wound which Philoctetes received on the foot. The most ancient mythologists support that it was the bite of the serpent which Juno had sent to torment him, because he had attended Hercules in his last moments, and had buried his ashes. According to another opinion, the princes of the Grecian army obliged him to discover where the ashes of Hercules were deposited, and as he had made an oath not to mention the place, he only with his foot struck the ground where they lay, and by this means concluded he had not violated his solemn engagement. For this, however, he was soon after punished, and the fall of one of the poisoned arrows from his quiver upon the foot which had struck the ground, occasioned so offensive a wound, that the Greeks were obliged to remove him from their camp. The sufferings and adventures of Philoctetes are the subject of one of the best tragedies of Sophocles, _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 46. ――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 1.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 14. ――_Seneca_, _Hercules_.――_Sophocles_, _Philoctetes_.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bks. 9 & 10.――_Hyginus_, fables 26, 97, & 102. ――_Diodorus_, bks. 2 & 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 329; bk. 9, li. 234; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 2.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 2.――_Ptolemy_, _Hephæstion_, ch. 6. =Philocyprus=, a prince of Cyprus in the age of Solon, by whose advice he changed the situation of a city, which in gratitude he called Soli. _Plutarch_, _Solon_. =Philodamēa=, one of the Danaides, mother of Phares by Mercury. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22. =Philodēmus=, a poet in the age of Cicero, who rendered himself known by his lascivious and indelicate verses. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 121.――――A comic poet, ridiculed by Aristophanes. =Philodĭce=, a daughter of Inachus, who married Leucippus. =Philolāus=, a son of Minos by the nymph Paria, from whom the island of Paros received its name. Hercules put him to death, because he had killed two of his companions. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A Pythagorean philosopher of Crotona, B.C. 374, who first supported the diurnal motion of the earth round its axis, and its annual motion round the sun. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 39, has ascribed this opinion to the Syracusan philosopher Nicetas, and likewise to Plato; and from this passage some supposed that Copernicus started the idea of the system which he afterwards established. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.――_Plutarch._――――A lawgiver of Thebes. He was a native of Corinth, and of the family of the Bacchiades, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_, final chapter.――――A mechanic of Tarentum.――――A surname of Æsculapius, who had a temple in Laconia, near the Asopus. =Philolŏgus=, a freedman of Cicero. He betrayed his master to Antony, for which he was tortured by Pomponia the wife of Cicero’s brother, and obliged to cut off his own flesh by piece-meal, and to boil and eat it up. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c. =Philomăche=, the wife of Pelias king of Iolchos. According to some writers, she was daughter to Amphion king of Thebes, though she is more generally called Anaxibia daughter of Bias. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Philombrŏtus=, an archon at Athens, in whose age the state was entrusted to Solon, when torn by factions. _Plutarch_, _Solon_. =Philomēdus=, a man who made himself absolute in Phocæa, by promising to assist the inhabitants. _Polyænus._ =Phĭlŏmēla=, a daughter of Pandion king of Athens, and sister to Procne, who had married Tereus king of Thrace. Procne separated from Philomela, to whom she was particularly attached, spent her time in great melancholy till she prevailed upon her husband to go to Athens, and bring his sister to Thrace. Tereus obeyed his wife’s injunctions, but he had no sooner obtained Pandion’s permission to conduct Philomela to Thrace, than he became enamoured of her, and resolved to gratify his passion. He dismissed the guards, whom the suspicions of Pandion had appointed to watch his conduct, and he offered violence to Philomela, and afterwards cut off her tongue, that she might not be able to discover his barbarity, and the indignities which she had suffered. He confined her also in a lonely castle, and after he had taken every precaution to prevent a discovery, he returned to Thrace, and he told Procne that Philomela had died by the way, and that he had paid the last offices to her remains. Procne, at this sad intelligence, put on mourning for the loss of Philomela; but a year had scarcely elapsed before she was secretly informed that her sister was not dead. Philomela, during her captivity, described on a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and the brutality of Tereus, and privately conveyed it to Procne. She was then going to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus when she received it; she disguised her resentment, and as, during the festivals of the god of wine, she was permitted to rove about the country, she hastened to deliver her sister Philomela from her confinement, and she concerted with her on the best measures of punishing the cruelty of Tereus. She murdered her son Itylus, who was in the sixth year of his age, and served him up as food before her husband during the festival. Tereus, in the midst of his repast, called for Itylus, but Procne immediately informed him that he was then feasting on his flesh, and that instant Philomela, by throwing on the table the head of Itylus, convinced the monarch of the cruelty of the scene. He drew his sword to punish Procne and Philomela, but as he was going to stab them to the heart, he was changed into a hoopoe, Philomela into a nightingale, Procne into a swallow, and Itylus into a pheasant. This tragical scene happened at Daulis in Phocis; but Pausanias and Strabo, who mention the whole of the story, are silent about the transformation; and the former observes that Tereus, after this bloody repast, fled to Megara, where he destroyed himself. The inhabitants of the place raised a monument to his memory, where they offered yearly sacrifices, and placed small pebbles instead of barley. It was on this monument that the birds called hoopoes were first seen; hence the fable of his metamorphosis. Procne and Philomela died through excess of grief and melancholy, and as the nightingale’s and swallow’s voice is peculiarly plaintive and mournful, the poets have embellished the fable by supposing that the two unfortunate sisters were changed into birds. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 42; bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 45.――_♦Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fables 9 & 10. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, lis. 15 & 511.――――A daughter of Actor king of the Myrmidons. ♦ ‘Stabo’ replaced with ‘Strabo’ =Philomēlum=, a town of Phrygia. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 20; _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 83. =Philomēlus=, a general of Phocis, who plundered the temple of Delphi, and died B.C. 354. _See:_ Phocis.――――A rich musician. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 5. =Philon=, a general of some Greeks, who settled in Asia. _Diodorus_, bk. 18. =Philonides=, a courier of Alexander, who ran from Sicyon to Elis, 160 miles, in nine hours, and returned the same journey in 15 hours. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 71. =Philonis=, a name of Chione daughter of Dædalion, made immortal by Diana. =Philonoe=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Iobates king of Lycia, who married Bellerophon. _Pliny_, bk. 2. =Philonŏme=, a daughter of Nyctimus king of Arcadia, who threw into the Erymanthus two children whom she had by Mars. The children were preserved, and afterwards ascended their grandfather’s throne. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――――The second wife of Cycnus the son of Neptune. She became enamoured of Tennes, her husband’s son by his first wife Proclea the daughter of Clytius, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she accused him of attempts upon her virtue. Cycnus believed the accusation, and ordered Tennes to be thrown into the sea, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14. =Philonŏmus=, a son of Electryon king of Mycenæ by Anaxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Philonus=, a village of Egypt. _Strabo._ =Philopător=, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt. _See:_ Ptolemæus. =Philophron=, a general who, with 5000 soldiers, defended Pelusium against the Greeks who invaded Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Philopœmen=, a celebrated general of the Achæan league, born at Megalopolis. His father’s name was Grangis. His education was begun and finished under Cassander, Ecdemus, and Demophanes, and he early distinguished himself in the field of battle, and appeared fond of agriculture and a country life. He proposed himself Epaminondas for a model, and he was not unsuccessful in imitating the prudence and the simplicity, the disinterestedness and activity, of this famous Theban. When Megalopolis was attacked by the Spartans, Philopœmen, then in the 30th year of his age, gave the most decisive proofs of his valour and intrepidity. He afterwards assisted Antigonus, and was present in the famous battle in which the Ætolians were defeated. Raised to the rank of chief commander, he showed his ability to discharge that important trust, by killing with his own hand Mechanidas the ♦tyrant of Sparta; and if he was defeated in a naval battle by Nabis, he soon after repaired his losses by taking the capital of Laconia, B.C. 188, and by abolishing the laws of ♠Lycurgus, which had flourished there for such a length of time. Sparta, after its conquest, became tributary to the Achæans, and Philopœmen enjoyed the triumph of having reduced to ruins one of the greatest and the most powerful of the cities of Greece. Some time after the Messenians revolted from the Achæan league, and Philopœmen, who headed the Achæans, unfortunately fell from his horse, and was dragged to the enemy’s camp. ♣Dinocrates the general of the Messenians treated him with great severity; he was thrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink a dose of poison. When he received the cup from the hand of the executioner, Philopœmen asked him how his countrymen had behaved in the field of battle; and when he heard that they had obtained the victory, he drank the whole with pleasure, exclaiming that this was comfortable news. The death of Philopœmen, which happened about 183 years before the christian era, in his 70th year, was universally lamented, and the Achæans, to revenge his fate, immediately marched to Messenia, where Dinocrates, to avoid their resentment, killed himself. The rest of his murderers were dragged to his tomb, where they were sacrificed; and the people of Megalopolis, to show further their great sense of his merit, ordered a bull to be yearly offered on his tomb, and hymns to be sung in his praise, and his actions to be celebrated in a panegyrical oration. He had also statues raised to his memory, which some of the Romans attempted to violate, and to destroy, to no purpose, when Mummius took Corinth. Philopœmen has been justly called by his countrymen the last of the Greeks. _Plutarch_, _ Lives_.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4.――_Polybius._――――A native of Pergamus, who died B.C. 138. ♦ ‘tyant’ replaced with ‘tyrant’ ♠ ‘Lyturgus’ replaced with ‘Lycurgus’ ♣ ‘Dioncrates’ replaced with ‘Dinocrates’ =Phĭlostrătus=, a famous sophist born at Lemnos, or, according to some, at Athens. He came to Rome, where he lived under the patronage of Julia the wife of the emperor Severus, and he was entrusted by the empress with all the papers which contained some account or anecdotes of Apollonius Thyanæus, and he was ordered to review them, and with them to compile a history. The life of Apollonius is written with elegance, but the improbable accounts, the fabulous stories, and the exaggerated details which it gives, render it disgusting. There is, besides, another treatise remaining of his writings, &c. He died A.D. 244. The best edition of his writings is that of Olearius, folio, Lipscomb, 1709.――――His nephew, who lived in the reign of Heliogabalus, wrote an account of sophists.――――A philosopher in the reign of Nero. ――――Another in the age of Augustus. =Philōtas=, a son of Parmenio, distinguished in the battles of Alexander, and at last accused of conspiring against his life. He was tortured and stoned to death, or, according to some, struck through with darts by the soldiers, B.C. 330. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11. ――_Plutarch._――_Arrian._――――An officer in the army of Alexander. ――――Another, who was made master of Cilicia, after Alexander’s death. ――――A physician in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the expenses and the extravagance of this celebrated Roman. _Plutarch._ =Philotĕra=, the mother of Mylo, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Philotĭmus=, a freedman of Cicero. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 3, ch. 9. =Philōtis=, a servant-maid at Rome, who saved her countrymen from destruction. After the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fidenates assembled an army, under the command of Lucius Posthumius, and marched against the capital, demanding all the wives and daughters in the city, as the conditions of peace. This extraordinary demand astonished the senators, and when they refused to comply, Philotis advised them to send all their female slaves disguised in matron’s clothes, and she offered to march herself at the head. Her advice was followed, and when the Fidenates had feasted late in the evening, and were quite intoxicated, and fallen asleep, Philotis lighted a torch as a signal for her countrymen to attack the enemy. The whole was successful, the Fidenates were conquered, and the senate, to reward the fidelity of the female slaves, permitted them to appear in the dress of the Roman matrons. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2. =Philoxĕnus=, an officer of Alexander, who received Cilicia, at the general division of the provinces.――――A son of Ptolemy, who was given to Pelopidas as a hostage.――――A dithyrambic poet of Cythera, who enjoyed the favour of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily for some time, till he offended him by seducing one of his female singers. During his confinement, Philoxenus composed an allegorical poem, called Cyclops, in which he had delineated the character of the tyrant under the name of Polyphemus, and represented his mistress under the name of Galatæa, and himself under that of Ulysses. The tyrant, who was fond of writing poetry, and of being applauded, removed Philoxenus from his dungeon, but the poet refused to purchase his liberty, by saying things unworthy of himself, and applauding the wretched verses of Dionysius, and therefore he was sent to the quarries. When he was asked his opinion at a feast about some verses which Dionysius had just repeated, and which the courtiers had received with the greatest applause, Philoxenus gave no answer, but he ordered the guards that surrounded the tyrant’s table to take him back to the quarries. Dionysius was pleased with his pleasantry and with his firmness, and immediately forgave him. Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about 380 years before Christ. _Plutarch._――――A celebrated musician of Ionia. ――――A painter of Eretria, who made for Cassander an excellent representation of the battle of Alexander with Darius. He was pupil to Nicomachus. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 10.――――A philosopher, who wished to have the neck of a crane, that he might enjoy the taste of his aliments longer, and with more pleasure. _Aristotle_, _Eudemian Ethics_, bk. 3. =Philyllius=, a comic poet. _Athenæus._ =Phily̆ra=, one of the Oceanides, who was met by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to escape from the vigilance of Rhea, changed himself into a horse, to enjoy the company of Philyra by whom he had a son, half a man and half a horse, called Chiron. Philyra was so ashamed of giving birth to such a monster, that she entreated the gods to change her nature. She was metamorphosed into the linden tree, called by her name among the Greeks. _Hyginus_, fable 138.――――The wife of Nauplius. =Philyres=, a people near Pontus. =Phily̆rĭdes=, a patronymic of Chiron the son of Philyra. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550. =Phineus=, a son of Agenor king of Phœnicia, or, according to some, of Neptune, who became king of Thrace, or, as the greater part of the mythologists support, of Bithynia. He married Cleopatra the daughter of Boreas, whom some call Cleobula, by whom he had Plexippus and Pandion. After the death of Cleopatra, he married Idæa the daughter of Dardanus. Idæa, jealous of Cleopatra’s children, accused them of attempts upon their father’s life and crown, or, according to some, of attempts upon her virtue, and they were immediately condemned by Phineus to be deprived of their eyes. This cruelty was soon after punished by the gods. Phineus suddenly became blind, and the Harpies were sent by Jupiter to keep him under continual alarm, and to spoil the meats which were placed on his table. He was some time after delivered from these dangerous monsters by his brothers-in-law Zetes and Calais, who pursued them as far as the Strophades. He also recovered his sight by means of the Argonauts, whom he had received with great hospitality, and instructed in the easiest and speediest way by which they could arrive in Colchis. The causes of the blindness of Phineus are a matter of dispute among the ancients, some supposing that this was inflicted by Boreas, for his cruelty to his grandson, whilst others attribute it to the anger of Neptune, because he had directed the sons of Phryxus how to escape from Colchis to Greece. Many, however, think that it proceeded from his having rashly attempted to develop futurity, while others assert that Zetes and Calais put out his eyes on account of his cruelty to their nephews. The second wife of Phineus is called by some Dia, Eurytia, Danae, and Idothea. Phineus was killed by Hercules. _Argonautica_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 19.――_Orpheus._――_Flaccus._――――The brother of Cepheus king of Æthiopia. He was going to marry his niece Andromeda, when her father Cepheus was obliged to give her up to be devoured by a sea monster, to appease the resentment of Neptune. She was, however, delivered by Perseus, who married her by the consent of her parents, for having destroyed the sea monster. This marriage displeased Phineus; he interrupted the ceremony, and, with a number of attendants, attacked Perseus and his friends. Perseus defended himself, and turned into stone Phineus and his companions, by showing them the Gorgon’s head. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fables 1 & 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 64.――――A son of Melas.――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia.――――A son of Belus and Anchinoe. =Phinta=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 4. =Phinthias=, a fountain where it is said nothing could sink. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2. =Phintia=, a town of Sicily, at the mouth of the Himera. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 83. =Phintias=, called also Pithias, Pinthias, and Phytias, a man famous for his unparalleled friendship for Damon. _See:_ Damon. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3, bk. 10; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 22.――_Diodorus_, bk. 6.――――A tyrant of Agrigentum, B.C. 282. =Phinto=, a small island between Sardinia and Corsica, now _Figo_. =Phla=, a small island in the lake Tritonis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 178. =Phlegelas=, an Indian king beyond the Hydaspes, who surrendered to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 1. =Phlegĕthon=, a river of hell, whose waters were _burning_, as the word φλεγεθω, from which the name is derived, seems to indicate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 550.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 532. ――_Seneca_, Thyestes _Hippolytus_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 564. =Phlegias=, a man of Cyzicus when the Argonauts visited it, &c. _Flaccus._ =Phlegon=, a native of Tralles in Lydia, one of the emperor Adrian’s freedmen. He wrote different treatises on the long-lived, on wonderful things, besides an historical account of Sicily, 16 books on the olympiads, an account of the principal places in Rome, three books of fasti, &c. Of these some fragments remain. His style was not elegant, and he wrote without judgment or precision. His works have been edited by Meursius, 4to, Leiden, 1620.――――One of the horses of the sun. The word signifies _burning_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2. =Phlegra=, or =Phlegræus Campus=, a place of Macedonia, afterwards called _Pallene_, where the giants attacked the gods and were defeated by Hercules. The combat was afterwards renewed in Italy, in a place of the same name near Cumæ. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 538; bk. 9, li. 305.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 151; bk. 12, li. 378; bk. 15, li. 532. ――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 196. =Phlegyæ=, a people of Thessaly. Some authors place them in Bœotia. They received their name from Phlegyas the son of Mars, with whom they plundered and burned the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of them escaped to Phocis, where they settled. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 301.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Phlegyas=, a son of Mars by Chryse daughter of Halmus, was king of the Lapithæ in Thessaly. He was father of Ixion and Coronis, to whom Apollo offered violence. When the father heard that his daughter had been so wantonly abused, he marched an army against Delphi, and reduced the temple of the god to ashes. This was highly resented. Apollo killed Phlegyas and placed him in hell, where a huge stone hangs over his head, and keeps him in continual alarms, by its appearance of falling every moment. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 87.――_Servius_, _Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil_, bk. 6, li. 618. =Phlias=, one of the Argonauts, son of Bacchus and Ariadne. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12. =Phliasia=, a country of Peloponnesus, near Sicyon, of which Phlius was the capital. =Phlius=, (genitive, untis), a town in Peloponnesus, now _Staphlica_, in the territory of Sicyon.――――Another, in Elis.――――Another, in Argolis, now _Drepano_. =Phlœus=, a surname of Bacchus, expressive of his youth and vigour. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_, bk. 5, qu. 8. =Phobētor=, one of the sons of Somnus, and his principal minister. His office was to assume the shape of serpents and wild beasts, to inspire terror into the minds of men, as his name intimates (φοβεω). The other two ministers of Somnus were Phantasia and Morpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 640. =Phobos=, son of Mars, and god of terror among the ancients, was represented with a lion’s head, and sacrifices were offered to him to deprecate his appearance in armies. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_. =Phocæa=, now _Fochia_, a maritime town of Ionia, in Asia Minor, with two harbours, between Cumæ and Smyrna, founded by an Athenian colony. It received its name from Phocus the leader of the colony, or from _phocæ_, _sea calves_, which are found in great abundance in the neighbourhood. The inhabitants, called _Phocæi_ and _Phocæenses_, were expert mariners, and founded many cities in different parts of Europe. They left Ionia, when Cyrus attempted to reduce them under his power, and they came after many adventures into Gaul, where they founded _Massilia_, now Marseilles. The town of Marseilles is often distinguished by the epithet of _Phocaica_, and its inhabitants called _Phocæenses_. Phocæa was declared independent by Pompey, and under the first emperors of Rome it became one of the most flourishing cities of Asia Minor. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34; bk. 37, ch. 31; bk. 38, ch. 39.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 165.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Horace_, epode 16.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Phocenses= and =Phocĭci=, the inhabitants of Phocis in Greece. =Phocilides=, a Greek poet and philosopher of Miletus, about 540 years before the christian era. The poetical piece now extant called νουθετικον, and attributed to him, is not of his composition, but of another poet who lived in the reign of Adrian. =Phocion=, an Athenian, celebrated for his virtues, private as well as public. He was educated in the school of Plato and Xenocrates, and as soon as he appeared among the statesmen of Athens, he distinguished himself by his prudence and moderation, his zeal for the public good, and his military abilities. He often checked the violent and inconsiderate measures of Demosthenes, and when the Athenians seemed eager to make war against Philip king of Macedonia, Phocion observed that war should never be undertaken without the strongest and most certain expectations of success and victory. When Philip endeavoured to make himself master of Eubœa, Phocion stopped his progress, and soon obliged him to relinquish his enterprise. During the time of his administration he was always inclined to peace, though he never suffered his countrymen to become indolent, and to forget the jealousy and rivalship of their neighbours. He was 45 times appointed governor of Athens, and no greater encomium can be passed upon his talents as a minister and statesman, than that he never solicited that high, though dangerous, office. In his rural retreat, or at the head of the Athenian armies, he always appeared barefooted, and without a cloak, whence one of his soldiers had occasion to observe, when he saw him dressed more warmly than usual during a severe winter, that since Phocion wore his cloak it was a sign of the most inclement weather. If he was the friend of temperance and discipline, he was not a less brilliant example of true heroism. Philip, as well as his son Alexander, attempted to bribe him, but to no purpose; and Phocion boasted in being one of the poorest of the Athenians, and in deserving the appellation of _the Good_. It was through him that Greece was saved from an impending war, and he advised Alexander rather to turn his arms against Persia, than to shed the blood of the Greeks, who were either his allies or his subjects. Alexander was so sensible of his merit and of his integrity, that he sent him 100 talents from the spoils which he had obtained from the Persians, but Phocion was too great to suffer himself to be bribed; and when the conqueror had attempted a second time to oblige him, and to conciliate his favour, by offering him the government and possession of five cities, the Athenian rejected the presents with the same indifference, and with the same independent mind. But not totally to despise the favours of the monarch, he begged Alexander to restore to their liberty four slaves that were confined in the citadel of Sardis. Antipater, who succeeded in the government of Macedonia after the death of Alexander, also attempted to corrupt the virtuous Athenian, but with the same success as his royal predecessor; and when a friend had observed to Phocion, that if he could so refuse the generous offers of his patrons, yet he should consider the good of his children, and accept them for their sake, Phocion calmly replied, that if his children were like him they could maintain themselves as well as their father had done, but if they behaved otherwise he declared that he was unwilling to leave them anything which might either supply their extravagancies, or encourage their debaucheries. But virtues like these could not long stand against the insolence and fickleness of an Athenian assembly. When the Piræus was taken, Phocion was accused of treason, and therefore, to avoid the public indignation, he fled for safety to Polyperchon. Polyperchon sent him back to Athens, where he was immediately condemned to drink the fatal poison. He received the indignities of the people with uncommon composure; and when one of his friends lamented his fate, Phocion exclaimed, “This is no more than what I expected; this treatment the most illustrious citizens of Athens have received before me.” He took the cup with the greatest serenity of mind, and as he drank the fatal draught, he prayed for the prosperity of Athens, and bade his friends to tell his son Phocus not to remember the indignities which his father had received from the Athenians. He died about 318 years before the christian era. His body was deprived of a funeral by order of the ungrateful Athenians, and if it was at last interred, it was by stealth, under a hearth, by the hand of a woman who placed this inscription over his bones: _Keep inviolate, O sacred hearth, the precious remains of a good man, till a better day restores them to the monument of their forefathers, when Athens shall be delivered of her frenzy, and shall be more wise_. It has been observed of Phocion, that he never appeared elated in prosperity, or dejected in adversity, he never betrayed pusillanimity by a tear, nor joy by a smile. His countenance was stern and unpleasant, but he never behaved with severity; his expressions were mild, and his rebukes gentle. At the age of 80 he appeared at the head of the Athenian armies like the most active officer, and to his prudence and cool valour in every period of life his citizens acknowledged themselves much indebted. His merits were not buried in oblivion; the Athenians repented of their ingratitude, and honoured his memory by raising him statues, and putting to a cruel death his guilty accusers. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Phocis=, a country of Greece, bounded on the east by Bœotia, and by Locris on the west. It originally extended from the bay of Corinth to the sea of Eubœa, and reached on the north as far as Thermopylæ, but its boundaries were afterwards more contracted. Phocis received its name from Phocus, a son of Ornytion, who settled there. The inhabitants were called _Phocenses_, and from thence the epithet of _Phocicus_ was formed. Parnassus was the most celebrated of the mountains of Phocis, and Delphi was the greatest of its towns. Phocis is rendered famous for a war which it maintained against some of the Grecian republics, and which has received the name of the _Phocian war_. This celebrated war originated in the following circumstances: ――When Philip king of Macedonia had, by his intrigues and well-concerted policy, fomented divisions in Greece, and disturbed the peace of every republic, the Greeks universally became discontented in their situation, fickle in their resolutions, and jealous of the prosperity of the neighbouring states. The Amphictyons, who were the supreme rulers of Greece, and who at that time were subservient to the views of the Thebans, the inveterate enemies of the Phocians, showed the same spirit of fickleness, and, like the rest of their countrymen, were actuated by the same fears, the same jealousy and ambition. As the supporters of religion, they accused the Phocians of impiety for ploughing a small portion of land which belonged to the god of Delphi. They immediately commanded that the sacred field should be laid waste, and that the Phocians, to expiate their crime, should pay a heavy fine to the community. The inability of the Phocians to pay the fine, and that of the Amphictyons to enforce their commands by violence, gave rise to new events. The people of Phocis were roused by the eloquence and the popularity of Philomelus, one of their countrymen, and when this ambitious ringleader had liberally contributed the great riches he possessed for the good of his countrymen, they resolved to oppose the Amphictyonic council by force of arms. He seized the rich temple of Delphi, and employed the treasures which it contained to raise a mercenary army. During two years hostilities were carried on between the Phocians and their enemies, the Thebans and the people of Locris, but no decisive battles were fought; and it can only be observed, that the Phocian prisoners were always put to an ignominious death, as guilty of the most abominable sacrilege and impiety, a treatment which was liberally retaliated on such of the army of the Amphictyons as became the captives of the enemy. The defeat, however, and death of Philomelus for a while checked their successes; but the deceased general was soon succeeded in the command by his brother, called Onomarchus, his equal in boldness and ambition, and his superior in activity and enterprise. Onomarchus rendered his cause popular, the Thessalians joined his army, and the neighbouring states observed at least a strict neutrality, if they neither opposed nor favoured his arms. Philip of Macedonia, who had assisted the Thebans, was obliged to retire from the field with dishonour, but a more successful battle was fought near Magnesia, and the monarch, by crowning the head of his soldiers with laurel, and telling them that they fought in the cause of Delphi and heaven, obtained a complete victory. Onomarchus was slain, and his body exposed on a gibbet; 6000 shared his fate, and their bodies were thrown into the sea, as unworthy of funeral honours, and 3000 were taken alive. This fatal defeat, however, did not ruin the Phocians; Phayllus, the only surviving brother of Philomelus, took the command of their armies, and doubling the pay of his soldiers, he increased his forces by the addition of 9000 men from Athens, Lacedæmon, and Achaia. But all this numerous force at last proved ineffectual; the treasures of the temple of Delphi, which had long defrayed the expenses of the war, began to fail; dissensions arose among the ringleaders of Phocis; and when Philip had crossed the straits of Thermopylæ, the Phocians, relying on his generosity, claimed his protection, and implored him to plead their cause before the Amphictyonic council. His feeble intercession was not attended with success, and the Thebans, the Locrians, and the Thessalians, who then composed the Amphictyonic council, unanimously decreed that the Phocians should be deprived of the privilege of sending members among the Amphictyons. Their arms and their horses were to be sold, for the benefit of Apollo; they were to pay the annual sum of 60,000 talents till the temple of Delphi had been restored to its ancient splendour and opulence; their cities were to be dismantled, and reduced to distinct villages, which were to contain no more than 60 houses each, at the distance of a furlong from one another, and all the privileges and the immunities of which they were stripped, were to be conferred on Philip king of Macedonia, for his eminent services in the ♦prosecution of the Phocian war. The Macedonians were ordered to put these cruel commands into execution. The Phocians were unable to make resistance, and 10 years after they had undertaken the sacred war, they saw their country laid desolate, their walls demolished, and their cities in ruins, by the wanton jealousy of their enemies, and the inflexible cruelty of the Macedonian soldiers, B.C. 348. They were not, however, long under this disgraceful sentence; their well-known valour and courage recommended them to favour, and they gradually regained their influence and consequence by the protection of the Athenians, and the favours of Philip. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18. ――_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Amores_, poem 6, li. 15; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 276.――_Demosthenes._――_Justin_, bk. 8, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_, _Lysander_, _Pericles_, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5. ♦ ‘prosetion’ replaced with ‘prosecution’ =Phocus=, son of Phocion, was dissolute in his manners and unworthy of the virtues of his great father. He was sent to Lacedæmon to imbibe there the principles of sobriety, of temperance, and frugality. He cruelly revenged the death of his father, whom the Athenians had put to death. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_ & _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――――A son of Æacus by Psamathe, killed by Telamon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. ――――A son of Ornytion, who led a colony of Corinthians into Phocis. He cured Antiope, a daughter of Nycteus, of insanity, and married her, and by her became father of Panopeus and Crisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Phocylides=, an ancient poet. _See:_ Phocilides. =Phœbas=, a name applied to the priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 128, &c. =Phœbe=, a name given to Diana, or the moon, on account of the brightness of that luminary. She became, according to Apollodorus, mother of Asteria and Latona. _See:_ Diana.――――A daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, carried away, with her sister Hilaira, by Castor and Pollux, as she was going to marry one of the sons of Aphareus. _See:_ Leucippides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 10. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22. =Phœbeum=, a place near Sparta. =Phœbĭdas=, a Lacedæmonian general sent by the Ephori to the assistance of the Macedonians against the Thracians. He seized the citadel of Thebes; but though he was disgraced and banished from the Lacedæmonian army for this perfidious measure, yet his countrymen kept possession of the town. He died B.C. 377. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pelopidas_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14, &c. =Phœbigĕna=, a surname of Æsculapius, &c., as being descended from Phœbus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, ♦bk. 7, li. 773. ♦ book reference omitted in text =Phœbus=, a name given to Apollo, or the sun. This word expresses the brightness and splendour of that luminary (φοιβος). _See:_ Apollo. =Phœmos=, a lake of Arcadia. =Phœnīce=, or =Phœnīcia=, a country of Asia, at the east of the Mediterranean, whose boundaries have been different in different ages. Some suppose that the names of Phœnicia, Syria, and Palestine are indiscriminately used for one and the same country. Phœnicia, according to Ptolemy, extended on the north as far as the Eleutherus, a small river which falls into the Mediterranean sea, a little below the island of Aradus, and it had Pelusium or the territories of Egypt as its more southern boundary, and Syria on the east. Sidon and Tyre were the most capital towns of the country. The inhabitants were naturally industrious; the invention of letters is attributed to them, and commerce and navigation were among them in the most flourishing state. They planted colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean, particularly Carthage, Hippo, Marseilles, and Utica; and their manufactures acquired such a superiority over those of other nations, that among the ancients, whatever was elegant, great, or pleasing, either in apparel, or domestic utensils, received the epithet of _Sidonian_. The Phœnicians were originally governed by kings. They were subdued by the Persians, and afterwards by Alexander, and remained tributary to his successors and to the Romans. They were called Phœnicians, from Phœnix son of Agenor, who was one of their kings, or, according to others, from the great number of _palm trees_ (θοινικες) which grow in the neighbourhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 42; bk. 5, ch. 58.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 829.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 5, ch. 12. ――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 104; bk. 14, li. 345; bk. 15, li. 288. =Phœnīce=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 12. =Phœnīcia.= _See:_, Phœnice. =Phœnīcus=, a mountain of Bœotia.――――Another in Lycia, called also _Olympus_, with a town of the same name.――――A port of Erythræ. _Livy_, bk. 56, ch. 45. =Phœnicŭsa=, now _Felicudi_, one of the Æolian islands. =Phœnissa=, a patronymic given to Dido, as a native of Phœnicia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 529. =Phœnix=, son of Amyntor king of Argos by Cleobule, or Hippodamia, was preceptor to young Achilles. When his father proved faithless to his wife, on account of his fondness for a concubine called Clytia, Cleobule, jealous of her husband, persuaded her son Phœnix to ingratiate himself into the favours of his father’s mistress. Phœnix easily succeeded, but when Amyntor discovered his intrigues, he drew a curse upon him, and the son was soon after deprived of his sight by divine vengeance. According to some, Amyntor himself put out the eyes of his son, which so cruelly provoked him, that he meditated the death of his father. Reason and piety, however, prevailed over passion, and Phœnix, not to become a parricide, fled from Argos to the court of Peleus king of Phthia. Here he was treated with tenderness. Peleus carried him to Chiron, who restored to him his eyesight, and soon after he was made preceptor to Achilles, his benefactor’s son. He was also presented with the government of many cities, and made king of the Dolopes. He accompanied his pupil to the Trojan war, and Achilles was ever grateful for the instructions and precepts which he had received from Phœnix. After the death of Achilles, Phœnix, with others, was commissioned by the Greeks to return to Greece, to bring to the war young Pyrrhus. This commission he performed with success, and after the fall of Troy, he returned with Pyrrhus, and died in Thrace. He was buried at Æon, or, according to Strabo, near Trachinia, where a small river in the neighbourhood received the name of Phœnix. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, &c.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 259.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 762.――――A son of Agenor, by a nymph who was called Telephassa, according to Apollodorus and Moschus, or, according to others, Epimedusa, Perimeda, or Agriope. He was, like his brothers Cadmus and Cilix, sent by his father in pursuit of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away under the form of a bull, and when his inquiries proved unsuccessful, he settled in a country which, according to some, was from him called _Phœnicia_. From him, as some suppose, the Carthaginians were called _Pœni_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 178.――――The father of Adonis, according to Hesiod.――――A Theban, delivered to Alexander, &c.――――A native of Tenedos, who was an officer in the service of Eumenes. =Pholoe=, one of the horses of Admetus.――――A mountain of Arcadia, near Pisa. It received its name from Pholus the friend of Hercules, who was buried there. It is often confounded with another of the same name in Thessaly, near mount Othrys. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 388; bk. 7, li. 449.――_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Fasti_, li. 273.――――A female servant, of Cretan origin, given with her two sons to Sergestus by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 285. ――――A courtesan in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33, li. 7. =Pholus=, one of the Centaurs, son of Silenus and Melia, or, according to others, of Ixion and the cloud. He kindly entertained Hercules when he was going against the boar of Erymanthus, but he refused to give him wine, as that which he had belonged to the rest of the Centaurs. Hercules, upon this, without ceremony, broke the cask and drank the wine. The smell of the liquor drew the Centaurs from the neighbourhood to the house of Pholus, but Hercules stopped them when they forcibly entered the habitation of his friend, and killed the greatest part of them. Pholus gave the dead a decent funeral, but he mortally wounded himself with one of the arrows which were poisoned with the venom of the hydra, and which he attempted to extract from the body of one of the Centaurs. Hercules, unable to cure him, buried him when dead, and called the mountain where his remains were deposited by the name of _Pholoe_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 456; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_, bks. 3, 6 & 7.――_Statius Thebaid_, bk. 2.――――One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 341. =Phorbas=, a son of Priam and Epithesia, killed during the Trojan war by Menelaus. The god Somnus borrowed his features when he deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the sea near the coast of Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 842.――――A son of Lapithus, who married Hyrmine the daughter of Epeus, by whom he had Actor. Pelops, according to Diodorus, shared his kingdom with Phorbas, who also, says the same historian, established himself at Rhodes, at the head of a colony from Elis and Thessaly, by order of the oracle, which promised, by his means only, deliverance from the numerous serpents which infested the island. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A shepherd of Polybus king of Corinth.――――A man who profaned Apollo’s temple, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 414.――――A king of Argos.――――A native of Cyrene, son of Methion, killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3. =Phorcus=, or =Phorcys=, a sea deity, son of Pontus and Terra, who married his sister Ceto, by whom he had the Gorgons, the dragon that kept the apples of the Hesperides, and other monsters. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus._――――One of the auxiliaries of Priam, killed by Ajax during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17.――――A man whose seven sons assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 328. =Phormio=, an Athenian general, whose father’s name was Asopicus. He impoverished himself to maintain and support the dignity of his army. His debts were some time after paid by the Athenians, who wished to make him their general, an office which he refused, while he had so many debts, observing that it was unbecoming an officer to be at the head of an army, when he knew that he was poorer than the meanest of his soldiers.――――A general of Crotona.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Ephesus, who once gave a lecture upon the duties of an officer, and a military profession. The philosopher was himself ignorant of the subject which he treated, upon which Hannibal the Great, who was one of his auditors, exclaimed that he had seen many doting old men, but never one worse than Phormio. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2.――――An Athenian archon.――――A disciple of Plato, chosen by the people of Elis to make a reformation in their government and their jurisprudence. =Phormis=, an Arcadian who acquired great riches at the court of Gelon and Hiero in Sicily. He dedicated the brazen statue of a mare to Jupiter Olympius in Peloponnesus, which so much resembled nature, that horses came near it, as if it had been alive. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 27. =Phŏrōneus=, the god of a river of Peloponnesus of the same name. He was son of the river Inachus by Melissa, and he was the second king of Argos. He married a nymph called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, and Niobe, the first woman of whom Jupiter became enamoured. Phoroneus taught his subjects the utility of laws, and the advantages of a social life and of friendly intercourse, whence the inhabitants of Argolis are often called _Phoronæi_. Pausanias relates that Phoroneus, with the Cephisus, Asterion, and Inachus, were appointed as umpires in a quarrel between Neptune and Juno, concerning their right of patronizing Argolis. Juno gained the preference, upon which Neptune, in a fit of resentment, dried up all the four rivers, whose decision he deemed partial. He afterwards restored them to their dignity and consequence. Phoroneus was the first who raised a temple to Juno. He received divine honours after death. His temple still existed at Argos, under Antoninus the Roman emperor. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 143. =Phorōnis=, a patronymic of Io the sister of Phoroneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 625. =Phorōnium=, a town of Argolis, built by Phoroneus. =Photīnus=, a eunuch who was prime minister to Ptolemy king of Egypt. When Pompey fled to the court of Ptolemy, after the battle of Pharsalia, Photinus advised his master not to receive him, but to put him to death. His advice was strictly followed. Julius Cæsar some time after visited Egypt, and Photinus raised seditions against him, for which he was put to death. When Cæsar triumphed over Egypt and Alexandria, the pictures of Photinus, and of some of the Egyptians, were carried in the procession at Rome. _Plutarch._ =Photius=, a son of Antonina, who betrayed to Belisarius his wife’s debaucheries.――――A patrician in Justinian’s reign. =Phoxus=, a general of the Phocæans, who burnt Lampsacus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――A tyrant of Chalcis, banished by his subjects, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 4. =Phraates I.=, a king of Parthia, who succeeded Arsaces III., called also Phriapatius. He made war against Antiochus king of Syria, and was defeated in three successive battles. He left many children behind him, but as they were all too young, and unable to succeed to the throne, he appointed his brother Mithridates king, of whose abilities and military prudence he had often been a spectator. _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5. =Phraates II.=, succeeded his father Mithridates as king of Parthia; and made war against the Scythians, whom he called to his assistance against Antiochus king of Syria, and whom he refused to pay, on the pretence that they came too late. He was murdered by some Greek mercenaries, who had been once his captives, and who had enlisted in his army, B.C. 129. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_. =Phraates III.=, succeeded his father Pacorus on the throne of Parthia, and gave one of his daughters in marriage to Tigranes the son of Tigranes king of Armenia. Soon after he invaded the kingdom of Armenia, to make his son-in-law sit on the throne of his father. His expedition was attended with ill success. He renewed a treaty of alliance which his father had made with the Romans. At his return in Parthia, he was assassinated by his sons Orodes and Mithridates. _Justin._ =Phraates IV.=, was nominated king of Parthia by his father Orodes, whom he soon after murdered, as also his own brothers. He made war against Marcus Antony with great success, and obliged him to retire with much loss. Some time after he was dethroned by the Parthian nobility, but he soon regained his power, and drove away the usurper, called Tiridates. The usurper claimed the protection of Augustus the Roman emperor, and Phraates sent ambassadors to Rome to plead his cause, and gain the favour of his powerful judge. He was successful in his embassy: he made a treaty of peace and alliance with the Roman emperor, restored the ensigns and standards which the Parthians had taken from Crassus and Antony, and gave up his four sons with their wives as hostages, till his engagements were performed. Some suppose that Phraates delivered his children into the hands of Augustus to be confined at Rome, that he might reign with greater security, as he knew his subjects would revolt as soon as they found any one of his family inclined to countenance their rebellion, though at the same time they scorned to support the interest of any usurper who was not of the royal house of the Arsacidæ. He was, however, at last murdered by one of his concubines, who placed her son called Phraatices on the throne. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 5. ――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 32. =Phraates=, a prince of Parthia in the reign of Tiberius.――――A satrap of Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 42. =Phraatices=, a son of Phraates IV. He, with his mother, murdered his father, and took possession of the vacant throne. His reign was short; he was deposed by his subjects, whom he had offended by cruelty, avarice, and oppression. =Phradates=, an officer in the army of Darius at the battle of Arbela. =Phragrandæ=, a people of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25. =Phrahates=, the same as Phraates. _See:_ Phraates. =Phranicates=, a general of the Parthian armies, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Phraortes=, succeeded his father Deioces on the throne of Media. He made war against the neighbouring nations, and conquered the greatest part of Asia. He was defeated and killed in a battle by the Assyrians, after a reign of 22 years, B.C. 625. His son Cyaxares succeeded him. It is supposed that the Arphaxad mentioned in Judith is Phraortes. _Pausanias._――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 102.――――A king of India, remarkable for his frugality. _Philostratus._ =Phrasĭcles=, a nephew of Themistocles, whose daughter Nicomacha he married. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_. =Phrasimus=, the father of Praxithea. _Apollodorus._ =Phrasius=, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacrificed on an altar by Busiris king of Egypt. =Phrataphernes=, a general of the Massagetæ, who surrendered to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8.――――A satrap who, after the death of Darius, fled to Hyrcania, &c. _Curtius._ =Phriapatius=, a king of Parthia, who flourished B.C. 195. =Phricium=, a town near Thermopylæ. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 13. =Phrixus=, a river of Argolis. There is also a small town of that name in Elis, built by the Minyæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 148. =Phronĭma=, a daughter of Etearchus king of Crete. She was delivered to a servant to be thrown into the sea, by order of her father, at the instigation of his second wife. The servant was unwilling to murder the child, but as he was bound by an oath to throw her into the sea, he accordingly let her down into the water by a rope, and took her out again unhurt. Phronima was afterwards in the number of the concubines of Polymnestus, by whom she became mother of Battus the founder of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 154. =Phrontis=, son of Onetor, pilot of the ship of Menelaus, after the Trojan war, was killed by Apollo just as the ship reached Sunium. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 282.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25. ――――One of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Phruri=, a Scythian nation. =Phryges=, a river of Asia Minor, dividing Phrygia from Caria, and falling into the Hermus. _Pausanias._ =Phrygia=, a country of Asia Minor, generally divided into Phrygia Major and Minor. Its boundaries are not properly or accurately defined by ancient authors, though it appears that it was situate between Bithynia, Lydia, Cappadocia and Caria. It received its name from the _Bryges_, a nation of Thrace, or Macedonia, who came to settle there, and from their name, by corruption, arose the word _Phrygia_. Cybele was the chief deity of the country, and her festivals were observed with the greatest solemnity. The most remarkable towns, besides Troy, were Laodice, Hierapolis, and Synnada. The invention of the pipe of reeds, and of all sorts of needlework, is attributed to the inhabitants, who are represented by some authors as stubborn, but yielding to correction (hence _Phryx verberatus melior_), as imprudent, effeminate, servile, and voluptuous; and to this _Virgil_ seems to allude. _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617. The Phrygians, like all other nations, were called barbarians by the Greeks; their music (_Phrygii cantus_) was of a grave and solemn nature, when opposed to the brisker and more cheerful Lydian airs. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 429, &c.――_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 18. ――_Flaccus_, bk. 27.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 1, ch. 50.――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73.――――A city of Thrace. =Phryne=, a celebrated prostitute who flourished at Athens about 328 years before the christian era. She was mistress to Praxiteles, who drew her picture. _See:_ Praxiteles. This was one of his best pieces, and it was placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. It is said that Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene after he had seen Phryne on the sea-shore naked, and with dishevelled hair. Phryne became so rich by the liberality of her lovers, that she offered to rebuild, at her own expense, Thebes, which Alexander had destroyed, provided this inscription was placed on the walls: _Alexander diruit, sed meretrix Phryne refecit_. This was refused. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――There was also another of the same name who was accused of impiety. When she saw that she was going to be condemned, she unveiled her bosom, which so influenced her judges, that she was immediately acquitted. _Quintilian_, bk. 2, ch. 15. =Phrynĭcus=, a general of Samos, who endeavoured to betray his country to the Athenians, &c.――――A flatterer at Athens.――――A tragic poet of Athens, disciple to Thespis. He was the first who introduced a female character on the stage. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A comic poet. =Phrynis=, a musician of Mitylene, the first who obtained a musical prize at the Panathenæa at Athens. He added two strings to the lyre, which had always been used with seven by all his predecessors, B.C. 438. It is said that he was originally a cook at the house of Hiero king of Sicily.――――A writer in the reign of Commodus, who made a collection, in 36 books, of phrases and sentences from the best Greek authors, &c. =Phryno=, a celebrated general of Athens, who died B.C. 590. =Phryxus=, a son of ♦Athamas king of Thebes by Nephele. After the repudiation of his mother, he was persecuted with the most inveterate fury by his stepmother Ino, because he was to sit on the throne of Athamas, in preference to the children of a second wife. He was apprised of Ino’s intentions upon his life by his mother Nephele, or, according to others, by his preceptor; and the better to make his escape, he secured part of his father’s treasures, and privately left Bœotia, with his sister Helle, to go to their friend and relation Æetes king of Colchis. They embarked on board a ship, or, according to the fabulous account of the poets and mythologists, they mounted on the back of a ram whose fleece was of gold, and proceeded on their journey through the air. The height to which they were carried made Helle giddy, and she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave her a decent burial on the sea-shore, and after he had called the place Hellespont from her name, he continued his flight, and arrived safe in the kingdom of Æetes, where he offered the ram on the altars of Mars. The king received him with great tenderness, and gave him his daughter Chalciope in marriage. She had by him Phrontis, Melias, Argos, Cylindrus, whom some call Cytorus, Catis, Lorus, and Hellen. Some time after he was murdered by his father-in-law, who envied him the possession of the golden fleece; and Chalciope, to prevent her children from sharing their father’s fate, sent them privately from Colchis to Bœotia, as nothing was to be dreaded there from the jealousy or resentment of Ino, who was then dead. The fable of the flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a ram has been explained by some, who observe that the ship on which he embarked was either called by that name, or carried on her prow the figure of that animal. The fleece of gold is explained by recollecting that Phryxus carried away immense treasures from Thebes. Phryxus was placed among the constellations of heaven after death. The ram which carried him to Asia is said to have been the fruit of Neptune’s amour with Theophane the daughter of Altis. This ram had been given to Athamas by the gods, to reward his piety and religious life, and Nephele procured it for her children, just as they were going to be sacrificed to the jealousy of Ino. The murder of Phryxus was some time after amply revenged by the Greeks. It gave rise to a celebrated expedition which was achieved under Jason and many of the princes of Greece, and which had for its object the recovery of the golden fleece, and the punishment of the king of Colchis for his cruelty to the son of Athamas. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 197.――_Apollodorus_, _Argonautica_. ――_Orpheus._――_Flaccus._――_Strabo._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 188, &c. ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 18; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4.――――A small river of Argolis. ♦ ‘Athmas’ replaced with ‘Athamas’ =Phthia=, a town of Phthiotis, at the east of mount Othrys in Thessaly, where Achilles was born, and from which he is often called _Phthius heros_. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 156.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 38.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――A nymph of Achaia, beloved by Jupiter, who, to seduce her, disguised himself under the shape of a pigeon. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15. ――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Diana. _Apollodorus._ =Phthiōtis=, a small province of Thessaly, between the Pelasgicus sinus, and the Maliacus sinus, Magnesia, and mount Œta. It was also called Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8. =Phya=, a tall and beautiful woman of Attica, whom Pisistratus, when he wished to re-establish himself a third time in his tyranny, dressed like the goddess Minerva, and led to the city on a chariot, making the populace believe that the goddess herself came to restore him to power. The artifice succeeded. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 59. ――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 40. =Phycus= (untis), a promontory near Cyrene, now called _Ras-al-sem_. _Lucan_, bk. 9. =Phylăce=, a town of Thessaly, built by Phylacus. Protesilaus reigned there, from whence he is often called _Phylacides_. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 252.――――A town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――――A town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26. =Phylăcus=, a son of Deion king of Phocis. He married Clymene the daughter of Mynias, and founded Phylace. _Apollodorus._ =Phylarchus=, a Greek biographer, who flourished B.C. 221. He was accused of partiality by _Plutarch_, _Aratus_. =Phylas=, a king of Ephyre, son of Antiochus and grandson of Hercules. =Phyle=, a well-fortified village of Attica, at a little distance from Athens. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Thrasybulus._ =Phyleis=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._ =Phylēus=, one of the Greek captains during the Trojan war.――――A son of Augeas. He blamed his father for refusing to pay Hercules what he had promised him for cleaning his stables. He was placed on his father’s throne by Hercules. =Phylĭra.= _See:_ Philyra. =Phylla=, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and mother of Stratonice the wife of Seleucus. =Phyllalia=, a part of Arcadia.――――A place in Thessaly. =Phylleius=, a mountain, country, and town of Macedonia. _Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1. =Phyllis=, a daughter of Sithon, or, according to others, of Lycurgus king of Thrace, who hospitably received Demophoon the son of Theseus, who, at his return from the Trojan war, had stopped on her coasts. She became enamoured of him, and did not find him insensible to her passion. After some months of mutual tenderness and affection, Demophoon set sail for Athens, where his domestic affairs recalled him. He promised faithfully to return as soon as a month was expired; but either his dislike for Phyllis, or the irreparable situation of his affairs, obliged him to violate his engagement, and the queen, grown desperate on account of his absence, hanged herself, or, according to others, threw herself down a precipice into the sea, and perished. Her friends raised a tomb over her body, where there grew up certain trees, whose leaves at a particular season of the year, suddenly became wet, as if shedding tears for the death of Phyllis. According to an old tradition mentioned by Servius, Virgil’s commentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods into an almond tree, which is called _Phylla_ by the Greeks. Some days after this metamorphosis, Demophoon revisited Thrace, and when he heard of the fate of Phyllis, he ran and clasped the tree, which, though at that time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth and blossomed, as if still sensible of tenderness and love. The absence of Demophoon from the house of Phyllis has given rise to a beautiful epistle of Ovid, supposed to have been written by the Thracian queen, about the fourth month after her lover’s departure. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2; _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 353; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 437.――_Hyginus_, fable 59.――――A country woman introduced in Virgil’s eclogues.――――The nurse of the emperor Domitian. _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 17.――――A country of Thrace, near mount Pangæus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 13. =Phyllius=, a young Bœotian, uncommonly fond of Cygnus the son of Hyria, a woman of Bœotia. Cygnus slighted his passion, and told him that, to obtain a return of affection, he must previously destroy an enormous lion, take alive two large vultures, and sacrifice on Jupiter’s altars a wild bull that infested the country. This he easily effected by means of artifice, and by the advice of Hercules he forgot his partiality for the son of Hyria. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 372.――_Nicander_, _Heteroeumena_, bk. 3.――――A Spartan remarkable for the courage with which he fought against Pyrrhus king of Epirus. =Phyllŏdŏce=, one of Cyrene’s attendant nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 336. =Phyllos=, a country of Arcadia.――――A town of Thessaly near Larissa, where Apollo had a temple. =Phyllus=, a general of Phocis during the Phocian or sacred war against the Thebans. He had assumed the command after the death of his brothers Philomelus and Onomarchus. He is called by some Phayllus. _See:_ Phocis. =Physcella=, a town of Macedonia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Physcion=, a famous rock of Bœotia, which was the residence of the Sphinx, and against which the monster destroyed himself, when his enigmas were explained by Œdipus. _Plutarch._ =Physcoa=, a woman of Elis, mother of Narcæus by Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 16. =Physcon=, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt, from the great prominency of his belly (φνοκη, _venter_). _Athenæus_, bk. 2, ch. 23. =Physcos=, a town of Caria, opposite Rhodes. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Physcus=, a river of Asia falling into the Tigris. The 10,000 Greeks crossed it on their return from Cunaxa. =Phytălĭdes=, the descendants of Phytalus, a man who hospitably received and entertained Ceres, when she visited Attica. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Phyton=, a general of the people of Rhegium, against Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily. He was taken by the enemy and tortured, B.C. 387, and his son was thrown into the sea. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Phyxium=, a town of Elis. =Pia=, or =Pialia=, festivals instituted in honour of Adrian, by the Emperor Antoninus. They were celebrated at Puteoli, on the second year of the Olympiads. =Piăsus=, a general of the Pelasgi. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Picēni=, the inhabitants of Picenum, called also _Picentes_. They received their name from _picus_, a bird by whose auspices they had settled in that part of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 425. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Picentia=, the capital of the Picentini. =Picentīni=, a people of Italy between Lucania and Campania on the Tuscan sea. They are different from the Piceni or Picentes, who inhabited Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 450.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 62. =Picēnum=, or =Picēnus ager=, a country of Italy near the Umbrians and Sabines, on the borders of the Adriatic. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 6; bk. 22, ch. 9; bk. 27, ch. 43.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 313. ――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 272.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 44. =Picra=, a lake of Africa, which Alexander crossed when he went to consult the oracle of Ammon. _Diodorus._ =Pictæ=, or =Picti=, a people of Scythia, called also _Agathyrsæ_. They received this name from their painting their bodies with different colours, to appear more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. A colony of these, according to Servius, Virgil’s commentator, emigrated to the northern parts of Britain, where they still preserved their name and their savage manners, but they are mentioned only by later writers. _Marcellinus_, bk. 27, ch. 18.――_Claudian_, _de Consulatu Honorii_, li. 54.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Pictāvi=, or =Pictŏnes=, a people of Gaul in the modern country of _Poictou_. _Cæsar_, bk. 7, _Gallic War_, ch. 4. =Pictăvium=, a town of Gaul. =Fabius Pictor=, a consul under whom silver was first coined at Rome, A.U.C. 485. =Picumnus= and =Pilumnus=, two deities at Rome, who presided over the auspices that were required before the celebration of nuptials. Pilumnus was supposed to patronize children, as his name seems, in some manner, to indicate, _quod pellat mala infantiæ_. The manuring of lands was first invented by Picumnus, from which reason he is called _Sterquilinius_. Pilumnus is also invoked as the god of bakers and millers, as he is said to have first invented how to grind corn. Turnus boasted of being one of his lineal descendants. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 4.――_Varro._ =Picus=, a king of Latium, son of Saturn, who married Venilia, who is also called Canens, by whom he had Faunus. He was tenderly loved by the goddess Pomona, and he returned a mutual affection. As he was one day hunting in the woods, he was met by Circe, who became deeply enamoured of him, and who changed him into a woodpecker, called by the name of _picus_ among the Latins. His wife Venilia was so disconsolate when she was informed of his death, that she pined away. Some suppose that Picus was the son of Pilumnus, and that he gave out prophecies to his subjects, by means of a favourite woodpecker, from which circumstance originated the fable of his being metamorphosed into a bird. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, lis. 48, 171, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 320, &c. =Pidorus=, a town near mount Athos. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 122. =Pidytes=, a man killed by Ulysses during the Trojan war. =Piĕlus=, a son of Neoptolemus king of Epirus, after his father. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11. =Pĭĕra=, a fountain of Peloponnesus, between Elis and Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 16. =Piĕria=, a small tract of country in Thessaly or Macedonia, from which the epithet of _Pierian_ was applied to the Muses, and to poetical compositions. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 88, li. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8, li. 20.――――A place between Cilicia and Syria.――――One of the wives of Danaus, mother of six daughters, called Actea, Podarce, Dioxippe, Adyte, Ocypete, and Pilarge. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――The wife of Oxylus the son of Hæmon, and mother of Ætolus and Laias. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――――The daughter of Pythas, a Milesian, &c. =Piĕrĭdes=, a name given to the Muses, either because they were born in Pieria, in Thessaly, or because they were supposed by some to be the daughters of Pierus, a king of Macedonia, who settled in Bœotia. ――――Also the daughters of Pierus, who challenged the Muses to a trial in music, in which they were conquered, and changed into magpies. It may perhaps be supposed that the victorious Muses assumed the name of the conquered daughters of Pierus, and ordered themselves to be called Pierides, in the same manner as Minerva was called Pallas because she had killed the giant Pallas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 300. =Piĕris=, a mountain of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29. =Piĕrus=, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred to the Muses, who were from thence, as some imagine, called _Pierides_.――――A rich man of Thessaly, whose nine daughters, called Pierides, challenged the Muses, and were changed into magpies when conquered. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――――A river of Achaia, in Peloponnesus.――――A town of Thessaly. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――――A mountain with a lake of the same name in Macedonia. =Piĕtas=, a virtue which denotes veneration for the deity, and love and tenderness to our friends. It received divine honours among the Romans, and was made one of their gods. Acilius Glabrio first erected a temple to this new divinity, on the spot where a woman had fed with her own milk her aged father, who had been imprisoned by the order of the senate, and deprived of all aliments. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 36. =Pigres= and =Mattyas=, two brothers, &c. _Herodotus._――――The name of three rivers. =Pigrum mare=, a name applied to the Northern sea, from its being frozen. The word _Pigra_ is applied to the Palus Mœotis. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 10, li. 61.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 45. =Pilumnus=, the god of bakers at Rome. _See:_ Picumnus. =Pimpla=, a mountain of Macedonia, with a fountain of the same name, on the confines of Thessaly, near Olympus, sacred to the Muses, who on that account are often called _Pimpleæ_ and _Pimpleades_. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 26, li. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 11, li. 3.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 4, li. 26; _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 36. =Pimprana=, a town on the Indus. _Arrian._ =Pinăre=, an island of the Ægean sea.――――A town of Syria, at the south of mount Amanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 25.――――Of Lycia. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Pinārius= and =Potitius=, two old men of Arcadia, who came with Evander to Italy. They were instructed by Hercules, who visited the court of Evander, how they were to offer sacrifices to his divinity, in the morning, and in the evening, immediately at sunset. The morning sacrifice they punctually performed, but on the evening Potitius was obliged to offer the sacrifice alone, as Pinarius neglected to come till after the appointed time. This negligence offended Hercules, and he ordered that for the future Pinarius and his descendants should preside over the sacrifices, but that Potitius, with his posterity, should wait upon the priests as servants, when the sacrifices were annually offered to him on mount Aventine. This was religiously observed till the age of Appius Claudius, who persuaded the Potitii, by a large bribe, to discontinue their sacred office, and to have the ceremony performed by slaves. For this negligence, as the Latin authors observe, the Potitii were deprived of sight, and the family became a little time after totally extinct. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 269, &c. ――_Victor_, _de Origo Gentis Romanæ_, ch. 8. =Marcus Pinārius Rusca=, a pretor, who conquered Sardinia, and defeated the Corsicans. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2. =Pinarus=, or =Pindus=, now _Delifou_, a river falling into the sea near Issus, after flowing between Cilicia and Syria. _Dionysius Periegeta._ =Pincum=, a town of Mœsia Superior, now _Gradisca_. =Pindărus=, a celebrated lyric poet of Thebes. He was carefully trained from his earliest years to the study of music and poetry, and he was taught how to compose verses with elegance and simplicity, by Myrtis and Corinna. When he was young, it is said that a swarm of bees settled on his lips, and there left some honeycombs as he reposed on the grass. This was universally explained as a prognostic of his future greatness and celebrity, and indeed he seemed entitled to notice when he had conquered Myrtis in a musical conquest. He was not, however, so successful against Corinna, who obtained five times, while he was competitor, a poetical prize, which, according to some, was adjudged rather to the charms of her person, than to the brilliancy of her genius, or the superiority of her composition. In the public assemblies of Greece, where females were not permitted to contend, Pindar was rewarded with the prize, in preference to every other competitor; and as the conquerors at Olympia were the subject of his compositions, the poet was courted by statesmen and princes. His hymns and pæans were repeated before the most crowded assemblies in the temples of Greece; and the priestess of Delphi declared that it was the will of Apollo that Pindar should receive the half of all the first fruit offerings that were annually heaped on his altars. This was not the only public honour which he received; after his death, he was honoured with every mark of respect, even to adoration. His statue was erected at Thebes in the public place where the games were exhibited, and six centuries after it was viewed with pleasure and admiration by the geographer Pausanias. The honours which had been paid to him while alive, were also shared by his posterity; and at the celebration of one of the festivals of the Greeks, a portion of the victim which had been offered in sacrifice, was reserved for the descendants of the poet. Even the most inveterate enemies of the Thebans showed regard for his memory, and the Spartans spared the house which the prince of Lyrics had inhabited, when they destroyed the houses and the walls of Thebes. The same respect was also paid him by Alexander the Great when Thebes was reduced to ashes. It is said that Pindar died at the advanced age of 86, B.C. 435. The greatest part of his works have perished. He had written some hymns to the gods, poems in honour of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, and odes on several victories obtained at the four greatest festivals of the Greeks, the Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian, and Nemean games. Of all these, the odes are the only compositions extant, admired for sublimity of sentiments, grandeur of expression, energy and magnificence of style, boldness of metaphors, harmony of numbers, and elegance of diction. In these odes, which were repeated with the aid of musical instruments, and accompanied by the various inflections of the voice, with suitable attitudes and proper motions of the body, the poet has not merely celebrated the place where the victory was won, but has introduced beautiful episodes, and by unfolding the greatness of his heroes, the dignity of their characters, and the glory of the several republics where they flourished, he has rendered the whole truly beautiful and in the highest degree interesting. Horace has not hesitated to call Pindar inimitable, and this panegyric will not perhaps appear too offensive when we recollect that succeeding critics have agreed in extolling his beauties, his excellence, the fire, animation, and enthusiasm of his genius. He has been censured for his affectation in composing an ode from which the letter S was excluded. The best editions of Pindar are those of Heyne, 4to, Gottingen, 1773; of Glasgow, 12mo, 1774; and of Schmidius, 4to, Witteberg, 1616. _Athenæus._――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 9, ch. 23.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――A tyrant of Ephesus, who killed his master at his own request, after the battle of Philippi. _Plutarch._――――A Theban, who wrote a Latin poem on the Trojan war. =Pindăsus=, a mountain of Troas. =Pindenissus=, a town of Cilicia, on the borders of Syria. Cicero, when proconsul in Asia, besieged it for 25 days and took it. _Cicero_, _For Marcus Cælius_; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ltr. 10. =Pindus=, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, between Thessaly, Macedonia, and Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as being sacred to the Muses and to Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 570. ――_Strabo_, bk. 18.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 674; bk. 6, li. 339.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A town of Doris in Greece, called also Cyphas. It was watered by a small river of the same name which falls into the Cephisus, near Lilæa. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 56. =Pingus=, a river of Mœsia, falling into the Danube. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Pinna=, a town of Italy at the mouth of the Matrinus, south of Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 518. =Pinthias.= _See:_ Phinthias. =Pintia=, a town of Spain, now supposed to be _Valladolid_. =Pion=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who built _Pionia_, near the Caycus in Mysia. It is said that smoke issued from his tomb as often as sacrifices were offered to him. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 18. =Pione=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._ =Piŏnia=, a town of Mysia, near the Caycus. =Piræus=, or =Pyræeus=, a celebrated harbour at Athens, at the mouth of the Cephisus, about three miles distant from the city. It was joined to the town by two walls, in circumference seven miles and a half, and 60 feet high, which Themistocles wished to raise in a double proportion. One of these was built by Pericles, and the other by Themistocles. The towers which were raised on the walls to serve as a defence, were turned into dwelling-houses, as the population of Athens gradually increased. It was the most capacious of all the harbours of the Athenians, and was naturally divided into three large basins called Cantharos, Aphrodisium, and Zea, improved by the labours of Themistocles, and made sufficiently commodious for the reception of a fleet of 400 ships, in the greatest security. The walls which joined it to Athens, with all the fortifications, were totally demolished when Lysander put an end to the Peloponnesian war by the reduction of Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 446. =Piranthus=, a son of Argus and Evadne, brother to Jasus, Epidaurus, and Perasus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 17.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2. =Pirēne=, a daughter of Danaus.――――A daughter of Œbalus, or, according to others, of the Achelous. She had by Neptune two sons, called Leches and Cenchrius, who gave their names to two of the harbours of Corinth. Pirene was so disconsolate at the death of her son Cenchrius, who had been killed by Diana, that she pined away, and was dissolved, by her continual weeping, into a fountain of the same name, which was still seen at Corinth in the age of Pausanias. The fountain Pirene was sacred to the Muses, and, according to some, the horse Pegasus was then drinking some of its waters, when Bellerophon took it to go and conquer the Chimæra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240. =Pirĭthous=, a son of Ixion and the cloud, or, according to others, of Dia the daughter of Deioneus. Some make him son of Dia by Jupiter, who assumed the shape of a horse whenever he paid his addresses to his mistress. He was king of the Lapithæ, and, as an ambitious prince, he wished to become acquainted with Theseus, king of Athens, of whose fame and exploits he had heard so many reports. To see him, and at the same time to be a witness of his valour, he resolved to invade his territories with an army. Theseus immediately met him on the borders of Attica, but at the sight of one another the two enemies did not begin the engagement, but, struck with the appearance of each other, they stepped between the hostile armies. Their meeting was like that of the most cordial friends, and Pirithous, by giving Theseus his hand as a pledge of his sincerity, promised to repair all the damages which his hostilities in Attica might have occasioned. From that time, therefore, the two monarchs became the most intimate and the most attached of friends, so much, that their friendship, like that of Orestes and Pylades, is become proverbial. Pirithous some time after married Hippodamia, and invited not only the heroes of his age, but also the gods themselves, and his neighbours the Centaurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was the only one of the gods who was not invited, and to punish this neglect, the god of war was determined to raise a quarrel among the guests, and to disturb the festivity of the entertainment. Eurythion, captivated with the beauty of Hippodamia, and intoxicated with wine, attempted to offer violence to the bride, but he was prevented by Theseus, and immediately killed. This irritated the rest of the Centaurs; the contest became general, but the valour of Theseus, Pirithous, Hercules, and the rest of the Lapithæ, triumphed over their enemies. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and the rest saved their lives by flight. _See:_ Lapithus. The death of Hippodamia left Pirithous very disconsolate, and he resolved with his friend Theseus, who had likewise lost his wife, never to marry again, except to a goddess, or one of the daughters of the gods. This determination occasioned the rape of Helen by the two friends; the lot was drawn, and it fell to the share of Theseus to have the beautiful prize. Pirithous upon this undertook with his friend to carry away Proserpine and to marry her. They descended into the infernal regions, but Pluto, who was apprised of their machinations to disturb his conjugal peace, stopped the two friends and confined them there. Pirithous was tied to his father’s wheel, or, according to Hyginus, he was delivered to the furies to be continually tormented. His punishment, however, was short, and when Hercules visited the kingdom of Pluto, he obtained from Proserpine the pardon of Pirithous, and brought him back to his kingdom safe and unhurt. Some suppose that he was torn to pieces by the dog Cerberus. _See:_ Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 4 & 5.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 79, 155.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 304.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 23. =Pirus=, a captain of the Thracians during the Trojan war, killed by Thoas king of Ætolia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4. =Pirustæ=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26. =Pisa=, a town of Elis, on the Alpheus at the west of the Peloponnesus, founded by Pisus the son of Perieres, and grandson of Æolus. Its inhabitants accompanied Nestor to the Trojan war, and they enjoyed long the privilege of presiding at the Olympic games, which were celebrated near their city. This honourable appointment was envied by the people of Elis, who made war against the Piseans, and after many bloody battles took their city and totally demolished it. It was at Pisa that Œnomaus murdered the suitors of his daughter, and that he himself was conquered by Pelops. The inhabitants were called _Pisæi_. Some have doubted the existence of such a place as Pisa; but this doubt originates from Pisa’s having been destroyed in so remote an age. The horses of Pisa were famous. The year on which the Olympic games were celebrated, was often called _Pisæus annus_, and the victory which was obtained there was called _Pisææ ramus olivæ_. _See:_ Olympia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 386; bk. 4, poem 10, li. 95.――_Mela_, bk. 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 180.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 417.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22. =Pisæ=, a town of Etruria, built by a colony from Pisa in the Peloponnesus. The inhabitants were called _Pisani_. Dionysius of Halicarnassus affirms that it existed before the Trojan war, but others support that it was built by a colony of Pisæans, who were shipwrecked on the coast of Etruria at their return from the Trojan war. Pisæ was once a very powerful and flourishing city, which conquered the Baleares, together with Sardinia and Corsica. The sea on the neighbouring coast was called the bay of Pisæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 179.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 401. ――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 2; bk. 45, ch. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. =Pisæus=, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa. =Pisander=, a son of Bellerophon, killed by the Solymi.――――A Trojan chief, killed by Menelaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 601.――――One of Penelope’s suitors, son of Polyctor. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1. ――――A son of Antimachus, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war. He had had recourse to entreaties and promises, but in vain, as the Grecian wished to resent the advice of Antimachus, who opposed the restoration of Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 123.――――An admiral of the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He abolished the democracy at Athens, and established the aristocratical government of the 400 tyrants. He was killed in a naval battle by Conon the Athenian general near Cnidus, in which the Spartans lost 50 galleys, B.C. 394. _Diodorus._――――A poet of Rhodes, who composed a poem called _Heraclea_, in which he gave an account of all the labours and all the exploits of Hercules. He was the first who ever represented his hero armed with a club. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 22. =Pisātes=, or =Pisæi=, the inhabitants of Pisa in the Peloponnesus. =Pisaurus=, now _Poglia_, a river of Picenum, with a town called _Pisaurum_, now _Pesaro_, which became a Roman colony in the consulship of Claudius Pulcher. The town was destroyed by an earthquake in the beginning of the reign of Augustus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Catullus_, poem 82.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 44; bk. 41, ch. 27. =Pisēnor=, a son of Ixion and the cloud.――――One of the ♦ancestors of the nurse of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1. ♦ ‘ancestor’ replaced with ‘ancestors’ =Piseus=, a king of ♦Etruria, about 260 years before the foundation of Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 26. ♦ ‘Etrura’ replaced with ‘Etruria’ =Pisias=, a general of the Argives in the age of Epaminondas.――――A statuary at Athens, celebrated for his pieces. _Pausanias._ =Pĭsĭdia=, an inland country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, Pamphylia, Galatia, and Isauria. It was rich and fertile. The inhabitants were called _Pisidæ_. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 54 & 56. =Pisidĭce=, a daughter of Æolus, who married Myrmidon.――――A daughter of Nestor.――――A daughter of Pelias.――――The daughter of a king of Methymna in Lesbos. She became enamoured of Achilles when he invaded her father’s kingdom, and she promised to deliver the city into his hands if he would marry her. Achilles agreed to the proposal, but when he became master of Methymna, he ordered Pisidice to be stoned to death for her perfidy. _Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_, ch. 21. =Pisis=, a native of Thespia, who gained uncommon influence among the Thebans, and behaved with great courage in the defence of their liberties. He was taken prisoner by Demetrius, who made him governor of Thespia. =Pisistrătĭdæ=, the descendants of Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. _See:_ Pisistratus. =Pisistrătĭdes=, a man sent as ambassador to the satraps of the king of Persia, by the Spartans. =Pisistrătus=, an Athenian, son of Hippocrates, who early distinguished himself by his valour in the field, and by his address and eloquence at home. After he had rendered himself the favourite of the populace by his liberality, and by the intrepidity with which he had fought their battles, particularly near Salamis, he resolved to make himself master of his country. Everything seemed favourable to his views; but Solon alone, who was then at the head of affairs, and who had lately instituted his celebrated laws, opposed him, and discovered his duplicity and artful behaviour before the public assembly. Pisistratus was not disheartened by the measures of his relation Solon, but he had recourse to artifice. In returning from his country house, he cut himself in various places, and after he had exposed his mangled body to the eyes of the populace, deplored his misfortunes, and accused his enemies of attempts upon his life, because he was the friend of the people, the guardian of the poor, and the reliever of the oppressed; he claimed a chosen body of 50 men from the populace to defend his person in future from the malevolence and the cruelty of his enemies. The unsuspecting people unanimously granted his request, though Solon opposed it with all his influence; and Pisistratus had no sooner received an armed band, on whose fidelity and attachment he could rely, than he seized the citadel of Athens, and made himself absolute. The people too late perceived their credulity; yet, though the tyrant was popular, two of the citizens, Megacles and Lycurgus, conspired together against him, and by their means he was forcibly ejected from the city. His house and all his effects were exposed to sale, but there was found in Athens only one man who would buy them. The private dissensions of the friends of liberty proved favourable to the expelled tyrant, and Megacles, who was jealous of Lycurgus, secretly promised to restore Pisistratus to all his rights and privileges in Athens, if he would marry his daughter. Pisistratus consented, and, by the assistance of his father-in-law, he was soon enabled to expel Lycurgus, and to re-establish himself. By means of a woman called Phya, whose shape was tall, and whose features were noble and commanding, he imposed upon the people, and created himself adherents even among his enemies. Phya was conducted through the streets of the city, and, showing herself subservient to the artifice of Pisistratus, she was announced as Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and the patroness of Athens, who was come down from heaven to re-establish her favourite Pisistratus, in a power which was sanctioned by the will of the gods, and favoured by the affection of the people. In the midst of his triumph, however, Pisistratus felt himself unsupported, and some time after, when he repudiated the daughter of Megacles, he found that not only the citizens, but even his very troops, were alienated from him by the influence, the intrigues, and the bribery of his father-in-law. He fled from Athens, where he could no longer maintain his power, and retired to Eubœa. Eleven years after, he was drawn from his obscure retreat, by means of his son Hippias, and he was a third time received by the people of Athens as their master and sovereign. Upon this he sacrificed to his resentment the friends of Megacles, but he did not lose sight of the public good; and while he sought the aggrandizement of his family, he did not neglect the dignity and the honour of the Athenian name. He died about 527 years before the christian era, after he had enjoyed the sovereign power at Athens for 33 years, including the years of his banishment, and he was succeeded by his son Hipparchus. Pisistratus claims our admiration for his justice, his liberality, and his moderation. If he was dreaded and detested as a tyrant, the Athenians loved and respected his private virtues and his patriotism as a fellow-citizen; and the opprobrium which generally falls on his head may be attributed not to the severity of his administration, but to the republican principles of the Athenians, who hated and exclaimed against the moderation and equity of the mildest sovereign, while they flattered the pride and gratified the guilty desires of the most tyrannical of their fellow-subjects. Pisistratus often refused to punish the insolence of his enemies; and when he had one day been violently accused of murder, rather than inflict immediate punishment upon the man who had criminated him, he went to the Areopagus, and there convinced the Athenians that the accusations of his enemies were groundless, and that his life was irreproachable. It is to his labours that we are indebted for the preservation of the poems of Homer, and he was the first, according to Cicero, who introduced them at Athens, in the order in which they now stand. He also established a public library at Athens; and the valuable books which he had diligently collected, were carried into Persia when Xerxes made himself master of the capital of Attica. Hipparchus and Hippias, the sons of Pisistratus, who have received the name of _Pisistratidæ_, rendered themselves as illustrious as their father; but the flames of liberty were too powerful to be extinguished. The Pisistratidæ governed with great moderation, yet the name of tyrant or sovereign was insupportable to the Athenians. Two of the most respectable of the citizens, called Harmodius and Aristogiton, conspired against them, and Hipparchus was dispatched in a public assembly. This murder was not, however, attended with any advantage, and though the two leaders of the conspiracy, who have been celebrated through every age for their patriotism, were supported by the people, yet Hippias quelled the tumult by his uncommon firmness and prudence, and for a while preserved that peace in Athens which his father had often been unable to command. This was not long to continue, Hippias was at last expelled by the united efforts of the Athenians and of their allies of Peloponnesus; and he left Attica, when he found himself unable to maintain his power and independence. The rest of the family of Pisistratus followed him in his banishment, and after they had refused to accept the liberal offers of the princes of Thessaly, and the king of Macedonia, who wished them to settle in their respective territories, the Pisistratidæ retired to Sigæum, which their father had, in the summit of his power, conquered and bequeathed to his posterity. After the banishment of the Pisistratidæ, the Athenians became more than commonly jealous of their liberty, and often sacrificed the most powerful of their citizens, apprehensive of the influence which popularity and a well-directed liberality might gain among the fickle and unsettled populace. The Pisistratidæ were banished from Athens about 18 years after the death of Pisistratus, B.C. 510. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 59; bk. 6, ch. 103.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A son of Nestor. _Apollodorus._――――A king of Orchomenos, who rendered himself odious by his cruelty towards his nobles. He was put to death by them; and they carried away his body from the public assembly, by hiding each a piece of his flesh under their garments, to prevent a discovery from the people, of whom he was a great favourite. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A Theban attached to the Roman interest while the consul Flaminius was in Greece. He assassinated the pretor of Bœotia, for which he was put to death, &c. =Piso=, a celebrated family at Rome, which was a branch of the Calpurnians, descended from Calpus the son of Numa. Before the death of Augustus, 11 of this family had obtained the consulship, and many had been honoured with triumphs, on account of their victories in the different provinces of the Roman empire. Of this family the most famous were――――Lucius Calpurnius, who was tribune of the people about 149 years before Christ, and afterwards consul. His frugality procured him the surname of _Frugi_, and he gained the greatest honours as an orator, a lawyer, a statesman, and an historian. He made a successful campaign in Sicily, and rewarded his son, who had behaved with great valour during the war, with a crown of gold, which weighed 20 pounds. He composed some annals and harangues, which were lost in the age of Cicero. His style was obscure and inelegant. ――――Caius, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 687 who supported the consular dignity against the tumults of the tribunes, and the clamours of the people. He made a law to restrain the cabals which generally prevailed at the election of the chief magistrates.――――Cneus, another consul under Augustus. He was one of the favourites of Tiberius, by whom he was appointed governor of Syria, where he rendered himself odious by his cruelty. He was accused of having poisoned Germanicus; and when he saw that he was shunned and despised by his friends, he destroyed himself, A.D. 20.――――Lucius, a governor of Spain, who was assassinated by a peasant, as he was travelling through the country; the murderer was seized and tortured, but he refused to confess the causes of the murder.――――Lucius, a private man accused of having uttered seditious words against the emperor Tiberius. He was condemned, but a natural death saved him from the hands of the executioner.――――Lucius, a governor of Rome for 20 years, an office which he discharged with the greatest justice and credit. He was greatly honoured by the friendship of Augustus, as well as of his successor, a distinction he deserved, both as a faithful citizen and a man of learning. Some, however, say that Tiberius made him governor of Rome, because he had continued drinking with him a night and two days, or two days and two nights, according to Pliny. Horace dedicated his poem, _De Arte Poeticâ_, to his two sons, whose partiality for literature had distinguished them among the rest of the Romans, and who were fond of cultivating ♦poetry in their leisure hours. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.――――Cneus, a factious and turbulent youth, who conspired against his country with Catiline. He was among the friends of Julius Cæsar.――――Caius, a Roman who was at the head of a celebrated conspiracy against the emperor Nero. He had rendered himself a favourite of the people by his private as well as public virtues, by the generosity of his behaviour, his fondness of pleasure with the voluptuous, and his austerity with the grave and the reserved. He had been marked by some as a proper person to succeed the emperor; but the discovery of the plot by a freed man who was among the conspirators, soon cut him off, with all his partisans. He refused to court the affections of the people and of the army, when the whole had been made public; and instead of taking proper measures for his preservation, either by proclaiming himself emperor, as his friends advised, or by seeking a retreat in the distant provinces of the empire, he retired to his own house, where he opened the veins of both his arms, and bled to death. ――――Lucius, a senator who followed the emperor Valerian into Persia. He proclaimed himself emperor after the death of Valerian, but he was defeated and put to death a few weeks after, A.D. 261, by Valens, &c.――――Licimanus, a senator adopted by the emperor Galba. He was put to death by Otho’s orders.――――A son-in-law of Cicero.――――A patrician, whose daughter married Julius Cæsar. _Horace._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_ & _Histories_.――_Valerius Maximus._――_Livy._――_Suetonius._――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_, &c.――――One of the 30 tyrants appointed over Athens by Lysander. ♦ ‘poety’ replaced with ‘poetry’ =Pĭsōnis villa=, a place near Baiæ in Campania, which the emperor Nero often frequented. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1. =Pissirus=, a town of Thrace, near the river Nestus. _Herodius_, bk. 7, ch. 109. =Pistor=, a surname given to Jupiter by the Romans, signifying _baker_, because when their city was taken by the Gauls, the god persuaded them to throw down loaves from the Tarpeian hill where they were besieged, that the enemy might from thence suppose that they were not in want of provisions, though in reality they were near surrendering through famine. This deceived the Gauls, and they soon after raised the siege. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, lis. 350, 394, &c. =Pistoria=, now _Pistoja_, a town of Etruria, at the foot of the Apennines, near Florence, where ♦Catiline was defeated. _Sallust_, _Catilinæ Coniuratio_, ch. 47.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4. ♦ ‘Cataline’ replaced with ‘Catiline’ =Pisus=, a son of Aphareus, or, according to others, of Perieres. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5. =Pisuthnes=, a Persian satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Darius Nothus. His father’s name was Hystaspes. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_. =Pităne=, a town of Æolia in Asia Minor. The inhabitants made bricks which swam on the surface of the water. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 305. ――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 357.――――A town of Laconia. _Pindar_, ode 6, li. 46. =Pitarātus=, an Athenian archon, during whose magistracy Epicurus died. _Cicero_, _De Fato_, ch. 9. =Pithecūsa=, a small island on the coast of Etruria, anciently called _Ænaria_ and _Enarina_, with a town of the same name, on the top of a mountain. The frequent earthquakes to which it was subject obliged the inhabitants to leave it. There was a volcano in the middle of the island, which has given occasion to the ancients to say that the giant Typhon was buried there. Some suppose that it received its name from πιθηκοι, _monkeys_, into which the inhabitants were changed by Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 90.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 1. =Pitheus.= _See:_ Pittheus. =Pitho=, called also _Suada_, the goddess of persuasion among the Greeks and Romans supposed to be the daughter of Mercury and Venus. She was represented with a diadem on her head, to intimate her influence over the hearts of men. One of her arms appears raised, as in the attitude of an orator haranguing in a public assembly, and with the other she holds a thunderbolt, and fetters made with flowers, to signify the powers of reasoning and the attractions of eloquence. A caduceus, as a symbol of persuasion, appears at her feet, with the writings of Demosthenes and Cicero, the two most celebrated among the ancients, who understood how to command the attention of their audience, and to rouse and animate their various passions.――――A Roman courtesan. She received this name on account of the allurements which her charms possessed, and of her winning expressions. =Pitholāus= and =Lycophron=, seized upon the sovereign power of Pheræ, by killing Alexander. They were ejected by Philip of Macedonia. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Pīthŏleon=, an insignificant poet of Rhodes, who mingled Greek and Latin in his compositions. He wrote some epigrams against Julius Cæsar, and drew upon himself the ridicule of Horace, on account of the inelegance of his style. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Rhetoricians_. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 21.――_Macrobius_, bk. 2, _Saturnalia_, ch. 2. =Pithon=, one of the body-guards of Alexander, put to death by Antiochus. =Pithys=, a nymph beloved by Pan. Boreas was also fond of her, but she slighted his addresses, upon which he dashed her against a rock, and she was changed into a pine tree. =Pittăcus=, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos, was one of the seven wise men of Greece. His father’s name was Cyrrhadius. With the assistance of the sons of Alcæus, he delivered his country from the oppression of the tyrant Melanchrus, and in the war which the Athenians waged against Lesbos he appeared at the head of his countrymen, and challenged to single combat Phrynon, the enemy’s general. As the event of the war seemed to depend upon this combat, Pittacus had recourse to artifice, and when he engaged, he entangled his adversary in a net, which he had concealed under his shield, and easily despatched him. He was amply rewarded for his victory, and his countrymen, sensible of his merit, unanimously appointed him governor of their city with unlimited authority. In this capacity Pittacus behaved with great moderation and prudence, and after he had governed his fellow-citizens with the strictest justice, and after he had established and enforced the most salutary laws, he voluntarily resigned the sovereign power after he had enjoyed it for 10 years, observing that the virtues and innocence of private life were incompatible with the power and influence of a sovereign. His disinterestedness gained him many admirers, and when the Mityleneans wished to reward his public services by presenting him with an immense tract of territory, he refused to accept more land than what should be contained within the distance to which he could throw a javelin. He died in the 82nd year of his age, about 570 years before Christ, after he had spent the last 10 years of his life in literary ease, and peaceful retirement. One of his favourite maxims was, that man ought to provide against misfortunes to avoid them; but that if they ever happened he ought to support them with patience and resignation. In prosperity friends were to be acquired, and in the hour of adversity their faithfulness was to be tried. He also observed, that in our actions it was imprudent to make others acquainted with our designs, for if we failed we had exposed ourselves to censure and to ridicule. Many of his maxims were inscribed on the walls of Apollo’s temple at Delphi, to show the world how great an opinion the Mityleneans entertained of his abilities as a philosopher, a moralist, and a man. By one of his laws, every fault committed by a man when intoxicated, deserved double punishment. The titles of some of his writings are preserved by Laërtius, among which are mentioned elegiac verses, some laws in prose, addressed to his countrymen, epistles, and moral precepts called _adomena_. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Aristotle_, _Politics_. ――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 2, sect. 5.――――A grandson of Porus king of India. =Pitthea=, a town near Trœzene. Hence the epithet of _Pittheus_ in _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 296. =Pitthēus=, a king of Trœzene in Argolis, son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was universally admired for his learning, wisdom, and application; he publicly taught in a school at Trœzene, and even composed a book, which was seen by Pausanias the geographer. He gave his daughter Æthra in marriage to Ægeus king of Athens, and he himself took particular care of the youth and education of his grandson Theseus. He was buried at Trœzene, which he had founded, and on his tomb were seen, for many ages, three seats of white marble, on which he sat, with two other judges, whenever he gave laws to his subjects or settled their disputes. _Pausanias_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Pituanius=, a mathematician in the age of Tiberius, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2. =Pitulāni=, a people of Umbria. Their chief town was called _Pitulum_. =Pityæa=, a town of Asia Minor. _Apollonius._ =Pityassus=, a town of Pisidia. _Strabo._ =Pityonēsus=, a small island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Epidaurus. _Pliny._ =Pityus= (untis), now _Pitchinda_, a town of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 5. =Pityūsa=, a small island on the coast of Argolis. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A name of Chios.――――Two small islands in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Spain, of which the larger was called _Ebusus_, and the smaller _Ophiusa_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Pius=, a surname given to the emperor Antoninus, on account of his piety and virtue.――――A surname given to a son of Metellus, because he interested himself so warmly to have his father recalled from banishment. =Placentia=, now called _Placenza_, an ancient town and colony of Italy, at the confluence of the Trebia and Po. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 25 & 56; bk. 37, ch. 10.――――Another, near Lusitania, in Spain. =Placideianus=, a gladiator in Horace’s age, bk. 2, satire 7. =Placidia=, a daughter of Theodosius the Great, sister to Honorius and Arcadius. She married Adolphus king of the Goths, and afterwards Constantine, by whom she had Valentinian III. She died A.D. 449. =Placidius Julius=, a tribune of a cohort, who imprisoned the emperor Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 85. =Planasia=, a small island of the ♦Tyrrhene sea.――――Another, on the coast of Gaul, where Tiberius ordered Agrippa the grandson of Augustus to be put to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――A town on the Rhone. ♦ ‘Tyrhene’ replaced with ‘Tyrrhene’ =Plancīna=, a woman celebrated for her intrigues and her crimes, who married Piso, and was accused with him of having murdered Germanicus, in the reign of Tiberius. She was acquitted either by means of the empress Livia, or on account of the partiality of the emperor for her person. She had long supported the spirits of her husband, during his confinement, but when she saw herself freed from the accusation, she totally abandoned him to his fate. Subservient in everything to the will of Livia, she, at her instigation, became guilty of the greatest crimes, to injure the character of Agrippina. After the death of Agrippina, Plancina was accused of the most atrocious villanies, and, as she knew she could not elude justice, she put herself to death, A.D. 33. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 26, &c. =Lucius Plancus Munatius=, a Roman, who rendered himself ridiculous by his follies and his extravagance. He had been consul, and had presided over a province in the capacity of governor; but he forgot all his dignity, and became one of the most servile flatterers of Cleopatra and Antony. At the court of the Egyptian queen in Alexandria, he appeared in the character of the meanest stage dancer, and in a comedy he personated Glaucus, and painted his body of a green colour, dancing on a public stage quite naked, only with a crown of green reeds on his head, while he had tied behind his back the tail of a large sea fish. This exposed him to the public derision, and when Antony had joined the rest of his friends in censuring him for his unbecoming behaviour, he deserted to Octavius, who received him with great marks of friendship and attention. It was he who proposed, in the Roman senate, that the title of Augustus should be conferred on his friend Octavius, as expressive of the dignity and the reverence which the greatness of his exploits seemed to claim. Horace has dedicated bk. 1, ode 7, to him; and he certainly deserved the honour, from the elegance of his letters, which are still extant, written to Cicero. He founded a town in Gaul, which he called Lugdunum. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A patrician, proscribed by the second triumvirate. His servants wished to save him from death, but he refused it, rather than to expose their persons to danger. =Phangon=, a courtesan of Miletus, in Ionia. =Platæa=, a daughter of Asopus king of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――――An island on the coast of Africa in the Mediterranean. It belonged to the Cyreneans. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 157. =Platæa=, and æ (arum), a town of Bœotia, near mount Cithæron, on the confines of Megaris and Attica, celebrated for a battle fought there between Mardonius the commander of Xerxes king of Persia, and Pausanias the Lacedæmonian, and the Athenians. The Persian army consisted of 300,000 men, 3000 of which scarce escaped with their lives by flight. The Grecian army, which was greatly inferior, lost but few men, and among these 91 Spartans, 52 Athenians, and 16 Tegeans, were the only soldiers found in the number of the slain. The plunder which the Greeks obtained in the Persian camp was immense. Pausanias received the tenth of all the spoils, on account of his uncommon valour during the engagement, and the rest were rewarded each according to their respective merit. This battle was fought on the 22nd September, the same day as the battle of Mycale, 479 B.C., and by it Greece was totally delivered for ever from the continual alarms to which she was exposed on account of the Persian invasions, and from that time none of the princes of Persia dared to appear with a hostile force beyond the Hellespont. The Platæans were naturally attached to the interest of the Athenians, and they furnished them with 1000 soldiers when Greece was attacked by Datis the general of Darius. Platæa was taken by the Thebans, after a famous siege, in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and destroyed by the Spartans, B.C. 427. Alexander rebuilt it, and paid great encomiums to the inhabitants, on account of their ancestors, who had so bravely fought against the Persians at the battle of Marathon, and under Pausanias. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 50.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Strabo._――_Justin._ =Platanius=, a river of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24. =Plato=, a celebrated philosopher at Athens, son of Ariston and Parectonia. His original name was Aristocles, and he received that of Plato from the largeness of his shoulders. As one of the descendants of Codrus, and as the offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent family, Plato was educated with care, his body was formed and invigorated with gymnastic exercises, and his mind was cultivated and enlightened by the study of poetry and of geometry, from which he derived that acuteness of judgment and warmth of imagination which have stamped his character as the most subtle and flowery writer of antiquity. He first began his literary career by writing poems and tragedies; but he was soon disgusted with his own productions, when, at the age of 20, he was introduced into the presence of Socrates, and when he was enabled to compare and examine, with critical accuracy, the merit of his compositions with those of his poetical predecessors. He therefore committed to the flames these productions of his early years, which could not command the attention or gain the applause of a maturer age. During eight years he continued to be one of the pupils of Socrates; and if he was prevented by a momentary indisposition from attending the philosopher’s last moments, yet he collected from the conversation of those that were present, and from his own accurate observations, the minutest and most circumstantial accounts, which can exhibit, in its truest colours, the concern and sensibility of the pupil, and the firmness, virtues, and moral sentiments of the dying philosopher. After the death of Socrates, Plato retired from Athens, and to acquire that information which the accurate observer can derive in foreign countries, he began to travel over Greece. He visited Megara, Thebes, and Elis, where he met with the kindest reception from his fellow-disciples, whom the violent death of their master had likewise removed from Attica. He afterwards visited Magna Græcia, attracted by the fame of the Pythagorean philosophy, and by the learning, abilities, and reputation of its professors, Philolaus, Archytas, and Eurytus. He afterwards passed into Sicily, and examined the eruptions and fires of the volcano of that island. He also visited Egypt, where then the mathematician Theodorus flourished, and where he knew that the tenets of the Pythagorean philosophy and metempsychosis had been fostered and cherished. When he had finished his travels, Plato retired to the groves of Academus, in the neighbourhood of Athens, where his lectures were soon attended by a crowd of learned, noble, and illustrious pupils; and the philosopher, by refusing to have a share in the administration of affairs, rendered his name more famous, and his school more frequented. During forty years he presided at the head of the academy, and there he devoted his time to the instruction of his pupils, and composed those dialogues which have been the admiration of every age and country. His studies, however, were interrupted for a while, whilst he obeyed the pressing calls and invitations of Dionysius, and whilst he persuaded the tyrant to become a man, the father of his people, and the friend of liberty. _See:_ Dionysius II. In his dress the philosopher was not ostentatious; his manners were elegant but modest, simple without affectation; and the great honours which his learning deserved were not paid to his appearance. When he came to the Olympian games, Plato resided, during the celebration, in a family who were totally strangers to him. He ate and drank with them, he partook of their innocent pleasures and amusements; but though he told them his name was Plato, yet he never spoke of the employment which he pursued at Athens, and never introduced the name of that philosopher whose doctrines he followed, and whose death and virtues were favourite topics of conversation in every part of Greece. When he returned home, he was attended by the family which had so kindly entertained him; and, as being a native of Athens, he was desired to show them the great philosopher whose name he bore: their surprise was great when he told them that he himself was the Plato whom they wished to behold. In his diet he was moderate, and, indeed, to sobriety and temperance in the use of food, and to the want of those pleasures which enfeeble the body and enervate the mind, some have attributed his preservation during the tremendous pestilence which raged at Athens with so much fury at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Plato was never subject to any long or lingering indisposition, and though change of climate had enfeebled a constitution naturally strong and healthy, the philosopher lived to an advanced age, and was often heard to say, when his physicians advised him to leave his residence at Athens, where the air was impregnated by the pestilence, that he would not advance one single step to gain the top of mount Athos, were he assured to attain the great longevity which the inhabitants of that mountain were said to enjoy above the rest of mankind. Plato died on his birthday, in the 81st year of his age, about 348 years before the christian era. His last moments were easy and without pain, and, according to some, he expired in the midst of an entertainment, or, according to Cicero, as he was writing. The works of Plato are numerous; they are all written in the form of a dialogue, except 12 letters. He speaks always by the mouth of others, and the philosopher has nowhere made mention of himself except once in his dialogue intituled Phædon, and another time in his apology for Socrates. His writings were so celebrated, and, his opinion so respected, that he was called divine; and for the elegance, melody, and sweetness of his expressions, he was distinguished by the appellation of the Athenian bee. Cicero had such an esteem for him, that in the warmth of panegyric, he exclaimed, _Errare meherculè malo cum Platone quàm cum istis vera sentire_; and Quintilian said that, when he read Plato, he seemed to hear not a man, but a divinity speaking. His style, however, though admired and commended by the best and most refined of critics among the ancients, has not escaped the censure of some of the moderns; and the philosopher has been blamed, who supports that fire is a pyramid tied to the earth by numbers, that the world is a figure consisting of 12 pentagons, and who, to prove the metempsychosis and the immortality of the soul, asserts that the dead are born from the living, and the living from the dead. The speculative mind of Plato was employed in examining things divine and human, and he attempted to fix and ascertain, not only the practical doctrine of morals and politics, but the more subtle and abstruse theory of mystical theogony. His philosophy was universally received and adopted, and it has not only governed the opinions of the speculative part of mankind, but it continues still to influence the reasoning, and to divide the sentiments, of the moderns. In his system of philosophy he followed the physics of Heraclitus, the metaphysical opinions of Pythagoras, and the morals of Socrates. He maintained the existence of two beings, one self-existent, and the other formed by the hand of a pre-existent creature, god and man. The world was created by that self-existent cause, from the rude undigested mass of matter which had existed from all eternity, and which had even been animated by an irregular principle of motion. The origin of evil could not be traced under the government of a deity, without admitting a stubborn intractability and wildness congenial to matter, and from these, consequently, could be demonstrated the deviations from the laws of nature, and from thence the extravagant passions and appetites of men. From materials like these were formed the four elements, and the beautiful structure of the heavens and the earth; and into the active but irrational principle of matter, the divinity infused a rational soul. The souls of men were formed from the remainder of the rational soul of the world, which had previously given existence to the invisible gods and demons. The philosopher, therefore, supported the doctrine of ideal forms, and the pre-existence of the human mind, which he considered as emanations of the Deity, which can never remain satisfied with objects or things unworthy of their divine original. Men could perceive, with their corporeal senses, the types of immutable things and the fluctuating objects of the material world; but the sudden changes to which these are continually obnoxious, create innumerable disorders, and hence arise deception, and, in short, all the errors and miseries of human life. Yet, in whatever situation man may be, he is still an object of divine concern; and, to recommend himself to the favour of the pre-existent cause, he must comply with the purposes of his creation, and, by proper care and diligence, he can recover those immaculate powers with which he was naturally endowed. All science the philosopher made to consist in reminiscence, and in recalling the nature, forms, and proportions of those perfect and immutable essences with which the human mind had been conversant. From observations like these, the summit of felicity might be attained by removing from the material, and approaching nearer to the intellectual world, by curbing and governing the passions which were ever agitated and inflamed by real and imaginary objects. The passions were divided into two classes: the first consisted of the irascible passions, which originated in pride or resentment, and were seated in the breast; the other, founded on the love of pleasure, was the concupiscible part of the soul seated in the belly, and inferior parts of the body. These different orders induced the philosopher to compare the soul to a small republic, of which the reasoning and judging powers were stationed in the head, as in a firm citadel, and of which the senses were its guards and servants. By the irascible part of the soul men asserted their dignity, repelled injuries, and scorned danger; and the concupiscible part provided for the support and the necessities of the body, and when governed with propriety, it gave rise to temperance. Justice was produced by the regular dominion of reason, and by the submission of the passions; and prudence arose from the strength, acuteness, and perfection of the soul, without which all other virtues could not exist. But, amidst all this, wisdom was not easily attained; at their creation all minds were not endowed with the same excellence, the bodies which they animated on earth were not always in harmony with the divine emanation; some might be too weak, others too strong, and on the first years of a man’s life depended his future consequence; as an effeminate and licentious education seemed calculated to destroy the purposes of the divinity, while the contrary produced different effects, and tended to cultivate and improve the reasoning and judging faculty, and to produce wisdom and virtue. Plato was the first who supported the immortality of the soul upon arguments solid and permanent, deduced from truth and experience. He did not imagine that the diseases, and the death of the body, could injure the principle of life and destroy the soul, which, of itself, was of divine origin, and of an uncorrupted and immutable essence, which, though inherent for a while in matter, could not lose that power which was the emanation of God. From doctrines like these, the great founder of Platonism concluded that there might exist in the world a community of men, whose passions could be governed with moderation, and who, from knowing the evils and miseries which arise from ill conduct, might aspire to excellence, and attain that perfection which can be derived from the proper exercise of the rational and moral powers. To illustrate this more fully, the philosopher wrote a book, well known by the name of the republic of Plato, in which he explains with acuteness, judgment, and elegance the rise and revolution of civil society; and so respected was his opinion as a legislator, that his scholars were employed in regulating the republics of Arcadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at the desire of those states, and Xenocrates gave political rules for good and impartial government to the conqueror of the east. The best editions of Plato are those of Frankfurt, folio, 1602; and Bipontium, 12 vols. 8vo, 1718. _Plato_, _Dialogues_, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 12; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Solon_, &c.――_Seneca_, _Epistulæ_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 2 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30. ――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia.――――A Greek poet, called the prince of the middle comedy, who flourished B.C. 445. Some fragments remain of his pieces. =Plator=, a man of Dyrrhachium, put to death by Piso. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 34. =Plavis=, a river of Venetia, in Italy. =Plautia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Plautius the tribune, A.U.C. 664. It required every tribe annually to choose 15 persons of their body, to serve as judges, making the honour common to all the three orders, according to the majority of votes in every tribe.――――Another, called also _Plotia_, A.U.C. 675. It punished with the _interdictio ignis & aquæ_, all persons who were found guilty of attempts upon the state, or the senators or magistrates, or such as appeared in public, armed with an evil design, or such as forcibly expelled any person from his legal ♦possessions. ♦ ‘possesions’ replaced with ‘possessions’ =Plautiānus Fulvius=, an African of mean birth, who was banished for his seditious behaviour in the years of his obscurity. In his banishment, Plautianus formed an acquaintance with Severus, who, some years after, ascended the imperial throne. This was the beginning of his prosperity; Severus paid the greatest attention to him, and, if we believe some authors, their familiarity and intercourse were carried beyond the bounds of modesty and propriety. Plautianus shared the favours of Severus on the throne as well as in obscurity. He was invested with as much power as his patron at Rome, and in the provinces; and, indeed, he wanted but the name of emperor to be his equal. His table was served with more delicate meats than that of the emperor; when he walked in the public streets he received the most distinguishing honours, and a number of criers ordered the most noble citizens, as well as the meanest beggars, to make way for the favourite of the emperor, and not to fix their eyes upon him. He was concerned in all the rapine and destruction which were committed through the empire, and he enriched himself with the possessions of those who had been sacrificed to the emperor’s cruelty or avarice. To complete his triumph, and to make himself still greater, Plautianus married his favourite daughter Plautilla to Caracalla the son of the emperor, and so eager was the emperor to indulge his inclinations in this and in every other respect, that he declared he loved Plautianus so much that he would even wish to die before him. The marriage of Caracalla with Plautilla was attended with serious consequences. The son of Severus had complied with great reluctance, and, though Plautilla was amiable in her manners, commanding in aspect, and of a beautiful countenance, yet the young prince often threatened to punish her haughty and imperious behaviour as soon as he succeeded to the throne. Plautilla reported the whole to her father, and to save his daughter from the vengeance of Caracalla, Plautianus conspired against the emperor and his son. The conspiracy was discovered, and Severus forgot his attachment to Plautianus, and the favours he had heaped upon him, when he heard of his perfidy. The wicked minister was immediately put to death, and Plautilla banished to the island of Lipari, with her brother Plautius, where, seven years after, she was put to death by order of Caracalla, A.D. 211. Plautilla had two children, a son who died in his childhood, and a daughter, whom Caracalla murdered in the arms of her mother. _Dio Cassius._ =Plautilla=, a daughter of Plautianus the favourite minister of Severus. _See:_ Plautianus.――――The mother of the emperor Nerva, descended of a noble family. =Plautius=, a Roman, who became so disconsolate at the death of his wife, that he threw himself upon her burning pile. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――――Caius, a consul sent against the Privernates, &c. ――――Aulus, a governor of Britain who obtained an ovation for the conquests he had gained there over the barbarians.――――One of Otho’s friends. He dissuaded him from killing himself.――――Lateranus, an adulterer of Messalina, who conspired against Nero, and was capitally condemned.――――Aulus, a general who defeated the Umbrians and the Etrurians.――――Caius, another general, defeated in Lusitania.――――A man put to death by order of Caracalla.――――Marcus Sylvanus, a tribune, who made a law to prevent seditions in the public assemblies. ――――Rubellius, a man accused before Nero, and sent to Asia, where he was assassinated. =Marcus Accius Plautus=, a comic poet, born at Sarsina, in Umbria. Fortune proved unkind to him, and, from competence, he was reduced to the meanest poverty, by engaging in a commercial line. To maintain himself, he entered into the family of a baker as a common servant, and while he was employed in grinding corn, he sometimes dedicated a few moments to the comic muse. Some, however, confute this account as false, and support that Plautus was never obliged to the laborious employments of a bakehouse for his maintenance. He wrote 25 comedies, of which only 20 are extant. He died about 184 years before the christian era; and Varro, his learned countryman, wrote this stanza, which deserved to be engraved on his tomb: _Postquam morte captus est Plautus, Comœdia luget, scena est deserta; Deinde risus, ludus, jocusque, & numeri Innumeri simul omnes collacrymârunt._ The plays of Plautus were ♦universally esteemed at Rome, and the purity, the energy, and the elegance of his language were, by other writers, considered as objects of imitation; and Varro, whose judgment is great, and generally decisive, declares, that if the Muses were willing to speak Latin, they would speak in the language of Plautus. In the Augustan age, however, when the Roman language became more pure and refined, the comedies of Plautus did not appear free from inaccuracy. The poet, when compared to the more elegant expressions of a Terence, was censured for his negligence in versification, his low wit, execrable puns, and disgusting obscenities. Yet, however censured as to language or sentiments, Plautus continued to be a favourite on the stage. If his expressions were not choice or delicate, it was ♦universally admitted that he was more happy than other comic writers in his pictures; the incidents of his plays were more varied, the acts more interesting, the characters more truly displayed, and the catastrophe more natural. In the reign of the emperor Diocletian, his comedies were still acted on the public theatres; and no greater compliment can be paid to his abilities as a comic writer, and no greater censure can be passed upon his successors in dramatic composition, than to observe, that for 500 years, with all the disadvantages of obsolete language and diction, in spite of the change of manners, and the revolutions of government, he commanded and received that applause which no other writer dared to dispute with him. The best editions of Plautus are that of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1664; that of Barbou, 12mo, in 3 vols., Paris, 1759; that of Ernesti, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1760; and that of Glasgow, 3 vols., 12mo, 1763. _Varro_ on _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, &c.; _On Oratory_, bk. 3, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, lis. 58, 170; _Art of Poetry_, lis. 54 & 270.――――Ælianus, a high priest, who consecrated the capitol in the reign of Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 53. ♦ ‘univerally’ replaced with ‘universally’ =Plēiădes=, or =Vergĭliæ=, a name given to seven of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione or Æthra, one of the Oceanides. They were placed in the heavens after death, where they formed a constellation called Pleiades, near the back of the bull in the Zodiac. Their names were Alcyone, Merope, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Sterope, and Celeno. They all, except Merope, who married Sisyphus king of Corinth, had some of the immortal gods for their suitors. On that account, therefore, Merope’s star is dim and obscure among the rest of her sisters, because she married a mortal. The name of the Pleiades is derived from the Greek word πλεειν, _to sail_, because that constellation shows the time most favourable to navigators, which is in the spring. The name of Vergiliæ they derive from _ver_, _the spring_. They are sometimes called _Atlantides_, from their father, or _Hesperides_, from the gardens of that name, which belonged to Atlas. _Hyginus_, fable 192; _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 293; _Fasti_, bk. 5, lis. 106 & 170; _Hesiod_, _Works and Days_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 138; bk. 4, li. 233. ――――Seven poets, who, from their number, have received the name of Pleiades, near the age of Philadelphus Ptolemy king of Egypt. Their names were Lycophron, Theocritus, Aratus, Nicander, Apollonius, Philicus, and Homerus the younger. =Pleiōne=, one of the Oceanides, who married Atlas king of Mauritania, by whom she had 12 daughters, and a son called Hyas. Seven of the daughters were changed into a constellation called _Pleiades_, and the rest into another called _Hyades_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 84. =Plemmy̆rium=, now _Massa Oliveri_, a promontory with a small castle of that name, in the bay of Syracuse. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 693. =Plemneus=, a king of Sicyon, son of Peratus. His children always died as soon as born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, offered herself as a nurse to his wife as she was going to be brought to bed. The child lived by the care and protection of the goddess, and Plemneus was no sooner acquainted with the dignity of his nurse, than he raised her a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 5 & 11. =Pleumosii=, a people of Belgium, the inhabitants of modern Tournay. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 38. =Pleurātus=, a king of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24. =Pleuron=, a son of Ætolus, who married Xantippe the daughter of Dorus, by whom he had Agenor. He founded a city in Ætolia on the Evenus, which bore his name. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 310.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 13. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 382. =Plexaure=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._ =Plexippus=, a son of Thestius, brother to Althæa the wife of Œneus. He was killed by his nephew Meleager, in hunting the Calydonian boar. His brother Toxeus shared his fate. _See:_ Althæa and Meleager.――――A son of Phineus and Cleopatra, brother to Pandion king of Athens. _Apollodorus._ =Caius Plinius Secundus=, surnamed the _Elder_, was born at Verona, of a noble family. He distinguished himself in the field, and, after he had been made one of the augurs at Rome, he was appointed governor of Spain. In his public character he did not neglect the pleasures of literature; the day was employed in the administration of the affairs of his province, and the night was dedicated to study. Every moment of time was precious to him; at his meals one of his servants read to him books valuable for their information, and from them he immediately made copious extracts, in a memorandum book. Even while he dressed himself after bathing, his attention was called away from surrounding objects, and he was either employed in listening to another, or in dictating himself. To a mind so earnestly dedicated to learning, nothing appeared too laborious, no undertaking too troublesome. He deemed every moment lost which was not devoted to study, and from these reasons he never appeared at Rome but in a chariot, and wherever he went, he was always accompanied by his amanuensis. He even censured his nephew, Pliny the younger, because he had indulged himself with a walk, and sternly observed, that he might have employed those moments to better advantage. But if his literary pursuits made him forget the public affairs, his prudence, his abilities, and the purity and innocence of his character, made him known and respected. He was courted and admired by the emperors Titus and Vespasian, and he received from them all the favours which a virtuous prince could offer, and an honest subject receive. As he was at Misenum, where he commanded the fleet, which was then stationed there, Pliny was surprised at the sudden appearance of a cloud of dust and ashes. He was then ignorant of the cause which produced it, and he immediately set sail in a small vessel for mount Vesuvius, which he at last discovered to have made a dreadful eruption. The sight of a number of boats that fled from the coast to avoid the danger, might have deterred another, but the curiosity of Pliny excited him to advance with more boldness, and though his vessel was often covered with stones and ashes, that were continually thrown up by the mountain, yet he landed on the coast. The place was deserted by the inhabitants, but Pliny remained there during the night, the better to observe the mountain, which, during the obscurity, appeared to be one continual blaze. He was soon disturbed by a dreadful earthquake, and the contrary wind on the morrow prevented him from returning to Misenum. The eruption of the volcano increased, and at last the fire approached the place where the philosopher made his observations. Pliny endeavoured to fly before it, but though he was supported by two of his servants, he was unable to escape. He soon fell down, suffocated by the thick vapours that surrounded him, and the insupportable stench of sulphureous matter. His body was found three days after, and decently buried by his nephew, who was then at Misenum with the fleet. This memorable event happened in the 79th year of the christian era, and the philosopher who perished by the eruptions of the volcano, has been called by some the martyr of nature. He was then in the 56th year of his age. Of the works which he composed, none are extant but his natural history in 37 books. It is a work, as Pliny the younger says, full of erudition, and as varied as nature itself. It treats of the stars, the heavens, wind, rain, hail, minerals, trees, flowers, and plants, besides an account of all living animals, birds, fishes, and beasts; a geographical description of every place on the globe, and a history of every art and science, of commerce and navigation, with their rise, progress, and several improvements. He is happy in his descriptions as a naturalist; he writes with force and energy, and though many of his ideas and conjectures are sometimes ill-founded, yet he possesses that fecundity of imagination, and vivacity of expression, which are requisite to treat a subject with propriety, and to render a history of nature pleasing, interesting, and, above all, instructive. His style possesses not the graces of the Augustan age; he has neither its purity and elegance, nor its simplicity, but it is rather cramped, obscure, and sometimes unintelligible. Yet for all this it has ever been admired and esteemed, and it may be called a compilation of everything which had been written before his age on the various subjects which he treats, and a judicious collection from the most excellent treatises which had been composed on the various productions of nature. Pliny was not ashamed to mention the authors which he quoted; he speaks of them with admiration, and while he pays the greatest compliment to their abilities, his encomiums show, in the strongest light, the goodness, the sensibility, and the ingenuousness of his own mind. He had written 160 volumes of remarks and annotations on the various authors which he had read, and so great was the opinion in his contemporaries of his erudition and abilities, that a man called Lartius Lutinius offered to buy his notes and observations for the enormous sum of about 3242_l._ English money. The philosopher, who was himself rich and independent, rejected the offer, and his compilations, after his death, came into the hands of his nephew Pliny. The best editions of Pliny are that of Harduin, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1723; that of Frantzius, 10 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1728; that of Brotier, 6 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1779; and the Variorum 8vo, in 8 vols., Lipscomb, 1778 to 1789. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 69; bk. 13, ch. 20; bk. 15, ch. 53.――_Pliny_, _Epistulæ_, &c.――――Caius Cæcilius Secundus, surnamed the _Younger_, was son of Lucius Cæcilius by the sister of Pliny the elder. He was adopted by his uncle, whose name he assumed, and whose estates and effects he inherited. He received the greatest part of his education under Quintilian, and at the age of 19 he appeared at the bar, where he distinguished himself so much by his eloquence, that he and Tacitus were reckoned the two greatest orators of their age. He did not make his profession an object of gain like the rest of the Roman orators, but he refused fees from the rich as well as from the poorest of his clients, and declared that he cheerfully employed himself for the protection of innocence, the relief of the indigent, and the detection of vice. He published many of his harangues and orations, which have been lost. When Trajan was invested with the imperial purple, Pliny was created consul by the emperor. This honour the consul acknowledged in a celebrated panegyric, which, at the request of the Roman senate, and in the name of the whole empire, he pronounced on Trajan. Some time after he presided over Pontus and Bithynia, in the office and with the power of proconsul, and by his humanity and philanthropy the subject was freed from the burden of partial taxes, and the persecution which had been begun against the christians of his province was stopped, when Pliny solemnly declared to the emperor that the followers of Christ were a meek and inoffensive sect of men, that their morals were pure and innocent, that they were free from all crimes, and that they voluntarily bound themselves by the most solemn oaths to abstain from vice, and to relinquish every sinful pursuit. If he rendered himself popular in his province, he was not less respected at Rome. He was there the friend of the poor, the patron of learning, great without arrogance, affable in his behaviour, and an example of good breeding, sobriety, temperance, and modesty. As a father and a husband his character was amiable; as a subject he was faithful to his prince; and as a magistrate he was candid, open, and compassionate. His native country shared, among the rest, his unbounded benevolence; and Comum, a small town of Insubria, which gave him birth, boasted of his liberality in the valuable and choice library of books which he collected there. He also contributed towards the expenses which attended the education of his countrymen, and liberally spent part of his estate for the advancement of literature, and for the instruction of those whom poverty otherwise deprived of the advantages of a public education. He made his preceptor Quintilian and the poet Martial objects of his benevolence, and when the daughter of the former was married, Pliny wrote to the father with the greatest civility; and while he observed that he was rich in the possession of learning, though poor in the goods of fortune, he begged of him to accept, as a dowry for his beloved daughter, 50,000 sesterces, about 300_l._ “I would not,” continued he, “be so moderate, were I not assured, from your modesty and disinterestedness, that the smallness of the present will render it acceptable.” He died in the 52nd year of his age, A.D. 113. He had written a history of his own times, which is lost. It is said that Tacitus did not begin his history till he had found it impossible to persuade Pliny to undertake that laborious task; and, indeed, what could not have been expected from the panegyrist of Trajan, if Tacitus acknowledged himself inferior to him in delineating the character of the times? Some suppose, but falsely, that Pliny wrote the lives of illustrious men, universally ascribed to Cornelius Nepos. He also wrote poetry, but his verses have all perished, and nothing of his learned work remains, but his panegyric on the emperor Trajan, and 10 books of letters, which he himself collected and prepared for the public, from a numerous and respectable correspondence. These letters contain many curious and interesting facts; they abound with many anecdotes of the generosity and the humane sentiments of the writer. They are written with elegance and great purity, and the reader everywhere discovers that affability, that condescension and philanthropy, which so egregiously marked the advocate of the christians. These letters are esteemed by some equal to the voluminous epistles of Cicero. In his panegyric, Pliny’s style is florid and brilliant; he has used, to the greatest advantage, the liberties of the panegyrist, and the eloquence of the courtier. His ideas are new and refined, but his diction is distinguished by that affectation and pomposity which marked the reign of Trajan. The best editions of Pliny are those of Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1770, and of Lallemand, 12mo, Paris apud Barbou; and of the panegyric separate, that of Schwartz, 4to, 1746, and of the epistles, the Variorum, Leiden, 1669, 8vo. _Pliny_, _Epistulæ_.――_Vossius._――_Sidonius._ =Plinthīne=, a town of Egypt on the Mediterranean. =Plistarchus=, son of Leonidas, of the family of the Eurysthenidæ, succeeded on the Spartan throne at the death of Cleombrotus. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――A brother of Cassander. =Plisthanus=, a philosopher of Elis, who succeeded in the school of Phædon. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Plisthĕnes=, a son of Atreus king of Argos, father of Menelaus and Agamemnon, according to Hesiod and others. Homer, however, calls Menelaus and Agamemnon sons of Atreus, though they were in reality the children of Plisthenes. The father died very young, and the two children were left in the house of their grandfather, who took care of them and instructed them. From his attention to them, therefore, it seems probable that Atreus was universally acknowledged their protector and father, and thence their surname of _Atridæ_. _Ovid_, _Remedia Amoris_, li. 778.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_. =Plistīnus=, a brother of Faustulus the shepherd, who saved the life of Romulus and Remus. He was killed in a scuffle which happened between the two brothers. =Plistoănax= and =Plistōnax=, son of Pausanias, was general of the Lacedæmonian armies in the Peloponnesian war. He was banished from his kingdom of Sparta for 19 years, and was afterwards recalled by order of the oracle of Delphi. He reigned 58 years. He had succeeded Plistarchus. _Thucydides._ =Plistus=, a river of Phocis falling into the bay of Corinth. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Plotæ=, small islands on the coast of Ætolia, called also Strophades. =Plotīna Pompeia=, a Roman lady who married Trajan while he was yet a private man. She entered Rome in the procession with her husband when he was saluted emperor, and distinguished herself by the affability of her behaviour, her humanity, and liberal offices to the poor and friendless. She accompanied Trajan in the east, and at his death she brought back his ashes to Rome, and still enjoyed all the honours and titles of a Roman empress under Adrian, who by her means had succeeded to the vacant throne. At her death, A.D. 122, she was ranked among the gods, and received divine honours, which, according to the superstition of the times, she seemed to deserve, from her regard for the good and prosperity of the Roman empire, and for her private virtues. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ =Plotinopŏlis=, a town of Thrace, built by the emperor Trajan, and called after Plotina, the founder’s wife.――――Another in Dacia. =Plotīnus=, a Platonic philosopher of Lycopolis in Egypt. He was for eleven years a pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and after he had profited by all the instructions of his learned preceptor, he determined to improve his knowledge, and to visit the territories of India and Persia to receive information. He accompanied Gordian in his expedition into the east, but the day which proved fatal to the emperor, nearly terminated the life of the philosopher. He saved himself by flight, and the following year he retired to Rome, where he publicly taught philosophy. His school was frequented by people of every sex, age, and quality; by senators as well as plebeians, and so great was the opinion of the public of his honesty and candour, that many, on their death-bed, left all their possessions to his care, and entrusted their children to him, as a superior being. He was the favourite of all the Romans; and while he charmed the populace by the force of his eloquence, and the senate by his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus courted him, and admired the extent of his learning. It is even said that the emperor and the empress Salonina intended to rebuild a decayed city of Campania, and to appoint the philosopher over it, that there he might experimentally know, while he presided over a colony of philosophers, the validity and the use of the ideal laws of the republic of Plato. This plan was not executed, through the envy and malice of the enemies of Plotinus. The philosopher, at last become helpless and infirm, returned to Campania, where the liberality of his friends for a while maintained him. He died A.D. 270, in the 66th year of his age, and as he expired, he declared that he made his last and most violent efforts to give up what there was most divine in him and in the rest of the universe. Amidst the great qualities of the philosopher, we discover some ridiculous singularities. Plotinus never permitted his picture to be taken, and he observed, that to see a painting of himself in the following age, was beneath the notice of an enlightened mind. These reasons also induced him to conceal the day, the hour, and the place of his birth. He never made use of medicines, and though his body was often debilitated by abstinence or too much study, he despised to have recourse to a physician, and thought that it would degrade the gravity of a philosopher. His writings have been collected by his pupil Porphyry. They consist of 54 different treatises divided into six equal parts, written with great spirit and vivacity; but the reasonings are abstruse, and the subjects metaphysical. The best edition is that of Picinus, folio, Basil, 1580. =Plotius Crispīnus=, a stoic philosopher and poet, whose verses were very inelegant, and whose disposition was morose, for which he has been ridiculed by Horace, and called _Aretalogus_. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 4.――――Gallus, a native of Lugdunum, who taught grammar at Rome, and had Cicero among his pupils. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_. ――――Griphus, a man made senator by Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3.――――A centurion in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Tucca, a friend of Horace and of Virgil, who made him his heir. He was selected by Augustus, with Varius, to review the Æneid of Virgil. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.――――Lucius, a poet in the age of the great Marius, whose exploits he celebrated in his verses. =Plusios=, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta, expressive of his power to grant riches. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19. =Plutarchus=, a native of Chæronea, descended of a respectable family. His father, whose name is unknown, was distinguished for his learning and virtue, and his grandfather, called Lamprias, was also as conspicuous for his eloquence and the fecundity of his genius. Under Ammonius, a reputable teacher at Delphi, Plutarch was made acquainted with philosophy and mathematics, and so well established was his character, that he was appointed by his countrymen, while yet very young, to go to the Roman proconsul, in their name, upon an affair of the most important nature. This commission he executed with honour to himself, and with success for his country. He afterwards travelled in quest of knowledge, and after he had visited, like a philosopher and an historian, the territories of Egypt and Greece, he retired to Rome, where he opened a school. His reputation made his school frequented. The emperor Trajan admired his abilities, and honoured him with the office of consul, and appointed him governor of Illyricum. After the death of his imperial benefactor, Plutarch removed from Rome to Chæronea, where he lived in the greatest tranquillity, respected by his fellow-citizens, and raised to all the honours which his native town could bestow. In this peaceful and solitary retreat, Plutarch closely applied himself to study, and wrote the greatest part of his works, and particularly his Lives. He died in an advanced age at Chæronea, about the 140th year of the christian era. Plutarch had five children by his wife, called Timoxena, four sons and one daughter. Two of the sons and the daughter died when young, and those that survived were called Plutarch and Lamprias, and the latter did honour to his father’s memory, by giving to the world an ♦accurate catalogue of his writings. In his private and public character, the historian of Chæronea was the friend of discipline. He boldly asserted the natural right of mankind, liberty; but he recommended obedience and submissive deference to magistrates, as necessary to preserve the peace of society. He supported that the most violent and dangerous public factions arose too often from private disputes and from misunderstanding. To render himself more intelligent, he always carried a commonplace book with him, and he preserved with the greatest care whatever judicious observations fell in the course of conversation. The most esteemed of his works are his lives of illustrious men, of whom he examines and delineates the different characters with wonderful skill and impartiality. He neither misrepresents the virtues, nor hides the foibles of his heroes. He writes with precision and with fidelity, and though his diction is neither pure nor elegant, yet there is energy and animation, and in many descriptions he is inferior to no historian. In some of his narrations, however, he is often too circumstantial, his remarks are often injudicious; and when he compares the heroes of Greece with those of Rome, the candid reader can easily remember which side of the Adriatic gave the historian birth. Some have accused him of not knowing the genealogy of his heroes, and have censured him for his superstition; yet for all this, he is the most entertaining, the most instructive, and interesting of all the writers of ancient history; and were a man of true taste and judgment asked what book he wished to save from destruction, of all the profane compositions of antiquity, he would perhaps without hesitation reply, the Lives of Plutarch. In his moral treatises, Plutarch appears in a different character, and his misguided philosophy and erroneous doctrines render some of these inferior compositions puerile and disgusting. They, however, contain many useful lessons and curious facts, and though they are composed without connection, compiled without judgment, and often abound with improbable stories and false reasonings, yet they contain much information and many useful reflections. The best editions of Plutarch are that of Francfort, 2 vols., folio, 1599; that of Stephens, 6 vols., 8vo, 1572; the Lives by Reiske, 12 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb. 1775; and the Moralia, &c., by Wyttenbach. _Plutarch._――――A native of Eretria, during the Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by the Macedonians. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_. ♦ ‘acurate’ replaced with ‘accurate’ =Plutia=, a town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_. =Pluto=, a son of Saturn and Ops, inherited his father’s kingdom with his brothers Jupiter and Neptune. He received as his lot the kingdom of hell, and whatever lies under the earth, and as such he became the god of the infernal regions, of death and funerals. From his functions, and the place he inhabited, he received different names. He was called _Dis_, _Hades_, or _Ades_, _Clytopolon_, _Agelastus_, _Orcus_, &c. As the place of his residence was obscure and gloomy, all the goddesses refused to marry him; but he determined to obtain by force what was denied to his solicitations. As he once visited the island of Sicily, after a violent earthquake, he saw Proserpine the daughter of Ceres gathering flowers in the plains of Enna, with a crowd of female attendants. He became enamoured of her, and immediately carried her away upon his chariot drawn by four horses. To make his retreat more unknown, he opened himself a passage through the earth, by striking it with his trident in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or, according, to others, on the borders of the Cephisus in Attica. Proserpine called upon her attendants for help, but in vain, and she became the wife of her ravisher, and the queen of hell. Pluto is generally represented as holding a sceptre with two teeth; he has also keys in his hand, to intimate that whoever enters his kingdom can never return. He is looked upon as a hard-hearted and inexorable god, with a grim and dismal countenance, and for that reason no temples were raised to his honour, as to the rest of the superior gods. Black victims, and particularly a bull, were the only sacrifices which were offered to him, and their blood was not sprinkled on the altars, or received in vessels, as at other sacrifices, but it was permitted to run down into the earth, as if it were to penetrate as far as the realms of the god. The Syracusans yearly sacrificed to him black bulls, near the fountain of Cyane, where, according to the received traditions, he had disappeared with Proserpine. Among plants, the cypress, the narcissus, and the maiden-hair were sacred to him, as also everything which was deemed inauspicious, particularly the number two. According to some of the ancients, Pluto sat on a throne of sulphur, from which issued the rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phlegethon, and Acheron. The dog Cerberus watched at his feet, the Harpies hovered round him, Proserpine sat on his left hand, and near to the goddess stood the Eumenides, with their heads covered with snakes. The Parcæ occupied the right, and they each held in their hands the symbols of their office, the distaff, the spindle, and the scissors. Pluto is called by some the father of the Eumenides. During the war of the gods and the Titans, the Cyclops made a helmet which rendered the bearer invisible, and gave it to Pluto. Perseus was armed with it when he conquered the Gorgons. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 155; _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2. ――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36. ――_Orpheus_, hymn 17, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――_Plato_, _The Republic_.――_Euripides_, _Medea_; _Hippolytus_. ――_Aeschylus_, _Persians_; _Prometheus Bound_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Catullus_, poem 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 502; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 273; bk. 8, li. 296.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 715.――_Horace_, bk. 2, odes 3 & 18.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_. =Plutonium=, a temple of Pluto in Lydia. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36. =Plutus=, a son of Jasion, or Jasius, by Ceres the goddess of corn, has been confounded by many of the mythologists with Pluto, though plainly distinguished from him as being the god of riches. He was brought up by the goddess of peace, and on that account, Pax was represented at Athens as holding the god of wealth in her lap. The Greeks spoke of him as of a fickle divinity. They represented him as blind, because he distributed riches indiscriminately; he was lame, because he came slow and gradually; but had wings, to intimate that he flew away with more velocity than he approached mankind. _Lucian_, _Timon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 26.――_Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_.――_Aristophanes_, _Plutus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5. ――_Hesoid_, _Theogony_, li. 970.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 53. =Pluvius=, a surname of Jupiter as god of _rain_. He was invoked by that name among the Romans, whenever the earth was parched up with continual heat, and was in want of refreshing showers. He had an altar in the temple on the capitol. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 26. =Plynteria=, a festival among the Greeks, in honour of Aglauros, or rather of Minerva, who received from the daughter Cecrops the name of Aglauros. The word seems to be derived from πλυνειν, _lavare_, because, during the solemnity, they undressed the statue of the goddess and _washed_ it. The day on which it was observed was universally looked upon as unfortunate and inauspicious, and on that account no person was permitted to appear in the temples, as they were purposely surrounded with ropes. The arrival of Alcibiades in Athens that day, was deemed very unfortunate; but, however, the success that ever after attended him, proved it to be otherwise. It was customary at this festival to bear in procession a cluster of figs, which intimated the progress of civilization among the first inhabitants of the earth, as figs served them for food after they had found a dislike for acorns. _Pollux._ =Pnigeus=, a village of Egypt, near Phœnicia. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Pnyx=, a place of Athens, set apart by Solon for holding assemblies. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_ & _Themistocles_. =Poblicius=, a lieutenant of Pompey in Spain. =Podalirius=, a son of Æsculapius and Epione. He was one of the pupils of the Centaur Chiron, and he made himself under him such a master of medicine, that, during the Trojan war, the Greeks invited him to their camp, to stop a pestilence which had baffled the skill of all their physicians. Some, however, suppose that he went to the Trojan war not in the capacity of a physician in the Grecian army, but as a warrior, attended by his brother Machaon, in 30 ships, with soldiers from Œchalia, Ithome, and Trica. At his return from the Trojan war, Podalirius was shipwrecked on the coast of Caria, where he ♦was cured of the falling sickness and married a daughter of Damœtas the king of the place. He fixed his habitation there, and built two towns, one of which he called Syrna, by the name of his wife. The Carians, after his death, built him a temple, and paid him divine honours. _Dictys Cretensis._――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bks. 6 & 9.――_Ovid_ _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Tristia_, poem 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3.――――A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Æneas and Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 304. ♦ omitted word ‘was’ inserted =Podarce=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._ =Podarces=, a son of Iphiclus of Thessaly, who went to the Trojan war. ――――The first name of Priam. When Troy was taken by Hercules, he was redeemed from slavery by his sister Hesione, and from thence received the name of Priam. _See:_ Priamus. =Podares=, a general of Mantinea, in the age of Epaminondas. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 9. =Podarge=, one of the Harpies, mother of two of the horses of Achilles by the Zephyrs. The word intimates the _swiftness_ of her _feet_. =Podargus=, a charioteer of Hector. _Homer._ =Pœas=, son of Thaumacus, was among the Argonauts.――――The father of Philoctetes. The son is often called _Pœantia proles_, on account of his father. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 45. =Pœcĭle=, a celebrated portico at Athens, which received its name from the _variety_ (ποικιλος) of paintings which it contained. It was there that Zeno kept his school, and the stoics also received their lessons there, whence their name (_à_ στοα, _a porch_). The Pœcile was adorned with pictures of gods and benefactors, and among many others were those of the siege and sacking of Troy, the battle of Theseus against the Amazons, the fight between the Lacedæmonians and Athenians at Œnoe in Argolis, and of Atticus the great friend of Athens. The only reward which Miltiades obtained after the battle of Marathon, was to have his picture drawn more conspicuous than that of the rest of the officers that fought with him, in the representation which was made of the engagement, which was hung up in the Pœcile, in commemoration of that celebrated victory. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_ & _Atticus_, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 35. =Pœni=, a name given to the Carthaginians. It seems to be a corruption of the word _Phœni_ or _Phœnices_, as the Carthaginians were of Phœnician origin. _Servius_, _on Virgil_, bk. 1, li. 302. =Pœon.= _See:_ Pæon. =Pœonia=, a part of Macedonia. _See:_ Pæonia. =Pœus=, a part of mount Pindus. =Pogon=, a harbour of the Trœzenians on the coast of the Peloponnesus. It received this name on account of its appearing to come forward before the town of Trœzene, as the _beard_ (πωγων) does from the chin. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2. =Pola=, a city of Istria, founded by the Colchians, and afterwards made a Roman colony, and called _Pietas Julia_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 9. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 5. =Polemarchus.= _See:_ Archon.――――The assassin of Polydorus king of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Polemocratia=, a queen of Thrace, who fled to Brutus after the murder of Cæsar. She retired from her kingdom because her subjects had lately murdered her husband. =Pŏlĕmon=, a youth of Athens, son of Philostratus. He was much given to debauchery and extravagance, and spent the greatest part of his life in riot and drunkenness. He once, when intoxicated, entered the school of Xenocrates, while the philosopher was giving his pupils a lecture upon the effects of intemperance, and he was so struck with the eloquence of the academician, and the force of his arguments, that from that moment he renounced the dissipated life he had led, and applied himself totally to the study of philosophy. He was then in the 30th year of his age, and from that time he never drank any other liquor but water; and after the death of Xenocrates he succeeded in the school where his reformation had been affected. He died about 270 years before Christ, in an extreme old age. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives_.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 254.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A son of Zeno the rhetorician, made king of Pontus by Antony. He attended his patron in his expedition against Parthia. After the battle of Actium, he was received into favour by Augustus, though he had fought in the cause of Antony. He was killed some time after by the barbarians near the Palus Mæotis, against whom he had made war. _Strabo._――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――His son, of the same name, was confirmed on his father’s throne by Roman emperors, and the province of Cilicia was also added to his kingdom by Claudius.――――An officer in the army of Alexander, intimate with Philotas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.――――A rhetorician at Rome, who wrote a poem on weights and measures still extant. He was master to Perseus the celebrated satirist, and died in the age of Nero.――――A sophist of Laodice in Asia Minor, in the reign of Adrian. He was often sent to the emperor with an embassy by his countrymen, which he executed with great success. He was greatly favoured by Adrian, from whom he extracted much money. In the 56th year of his age he buried himself alive, as he laboured with the gout. He wrote declamations in Greek. =Polemonium=, now _Vatija_, a town of Pontus, at the east of the mouth of the ♦Thermodon. ♦ ‘Theomodon’ replaced with ‘Thermodon’ =Polias=, a surname of Minerva, as protectress of cities. =Polichna=, a town of Troas on Ida. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 28. ――――Another of Crete. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 85. =Polieia=, a festival at Thebes in honour of Apollo, who was represented there with _grey hair_ (πολιος), contrary to the practice of all other places. The victim was a bull, but when it happened once that no bull could be found, an ox was taken from the cart and sacrificed. From that time the sacrifice of labouring oxen was deemed lawful, though before it was looked upon as a capital crime. =Poliorcētes= (_destroyer of cities_), a surname given to Demetrius son of Antigonus. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_. =Polisma=, a town of Troas, on the Simois. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Polistrătus=, an Epicurean philosopher born the same day as Hippoclides, with whom he always lived in the greatest intimacy. They both died at the same hour. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1. =Polītes=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Pyrrhus in his father’s presence. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 526, &c. His son, who bore the same name, followed Æneas into Italy, and was one of the friends of young Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 564. =Politorium=, a city of the Latins destroyed by the Romans, before Christ 639. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33. =Pollinea=, a prostitute, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 68. =Polla Argentaria=, the wife of the poet Lucan. She assisted her husband in correcting the three first books of his Pharsalia. _Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bks. 1 & 2. =Pollentia=, now _Polenza_, a town of Liguria in Italy, famous for wool. There was a celebrated battle fought there between the Romans and Alaric king of the Huns, about the 403rd year of the christian era, in which the former, according to some, obtained the victory. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 37.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 598.――_Cicero_, bk. 11, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 13.――――A town of Majorca. _Pliny_ & _Mela_. ――――Of Picenum. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 44; bk. 41, ch. 27. =Polles=, a Greek poet whose writings were so obscure and unintelligible that his name became proverbial. _Suidas._ =Pollio Caius Asinius=, a Roman consul under the reign of Augustus, who distinguished himself as much by his eloquence and writings as by his exploits in the field. He defeated the Dalmatians, and favoured the cause of Antony against Augustus. He patronized, with great liberality, the poets Virgil and Horace, who have immortalized him in their writings. He was the first who raised a public library at Rome, and indeed his example was afterwards followed by many of the emperors. In his library were placed the statues of all the learned men of every age, and Varro was the only person who was honoured there during his lifetime. He was with Julius Cæsar when he crossed the Rubicon. He was greatly esteemed by Augustus, when he had become one of his adherents, after the ruin of Antony. Pollio wrote some tragedies, orations, and a history, which was divided into 17 books. All those compositions are lost, and nothing remains of his writings except a few letters to Cicero. He died in the 80th year of his age, A.D. 4. He is the person in whose honour Virgil has inscribed his fourth eclogue, _Pollio_, as a reconciliation was effected between Augustus and Antony during his consulship. The poet, it is supposed by some, makes mention of a son of the consul born about this time, and is lavish in his excursions into futurity, and his predictions of approaching prosperity. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 86.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 1; satire 10, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poems 3 & 4. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10.――――Annius, a man accused of sedition before Tiberius, and acquitted. He afterwards conspired against Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, ♦_Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 15, ch. 56.――――Vedius, one of the friends of Augustus, who used to feed his fishes with human flesh. This cruelty was discovered when one of his servants broke a glass in the presence of Augustus, who had been invited to a feast. The master ordered the servant to be seized; but he threw himself at the feet of the emperor, and begged him to interfere, and not to suffer him to be devoured by fishes. Upon this the causes of his apprehension were examined, and Augustus, astonished at the barbarity of his favourite, caused his servant to be dismissed, all the fish-ponds to be filled up, and the crystal glasses of Pollio to be broken to pieces.――――A man who poisoned Britannicus, at the instigation of Nero.――――An historian in the age of Constantine the Great.――――A sophist in the age of Pompey the Great. ――――A friend of the emperor Vespasian. ♦ Book title omitted in text =Pollis=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet defeated at Naxos, B.C. 377. _Diodorus._ =Pollius Felix=, a friend of the poet Statius, to whom he dedicated his second Sylva. =Pollupex=, now _Final_, a town of Genoa. =Pollutia=, a daughter of Lucius Vetus, put to death after her husband Rubellius Plautus, by order of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 16, _Annals_, chs. 10 & 11. =Pollux=, a son of Jupiter by Leda the wife of Tyndarus. He was brother to Castor. _See:_ Castor.――――A Greek writer, who flourished A.D. 186, in the reign of Commodus, and died in the 58th year of his age. He was born at Naucratis, and taught rhetoric at Athens, and wrote a useful work called _Onomasticon_, of which the best edition is that of Hemsterhusius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1706. =Poltis=, a king of Thrace, in the time of the Trojan war. =Polus=, a celebrated Grecian actor.――――A sophist of Agrigentum. =Polusca=, a town of Latium, formerly the capital of the Volsci. The inhabitants were called _Pollustini_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39. =Polyænus=, a native of Macedonia, who wrote eight books in Greek of stratagems, which he dedicated to the emperors Antoninus and Verus, while they were making war against the Parthians. He wrote also other books which have been lost, among which was a history, with a description of the city of Thebes. The best editions of his stratagems are those of Masvicius, 8vo, Leiden, 1690, and of Mursinna, 12mo, Berlin, 1756.――――A friend of Philopœmen.――――An orator in the age of Julius Cæsar. He wrote in three books an account of Antony’s expedition in Parthia, and likewise published orations.――――A mathematician, who afterwards followed the tenets of Epicurus, and disregarded geometry as a false and useless study. _Cicero_, _Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4. =Polyānus=, a mountain of Macedonia, near Pindus. _Strabo._ =Polyarchus=, the brother of a queen of Cyrene, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Polybidas=, a general after the death of Agesipolis the Lacedæmonian. He reduced Olynthus. =Polybius=, or =Poly̆bus=, a king of Corinth, who married Peribœa, whom some have called Merope. He was son of Mercury by Chthonophyle, the daughter of Sicyon king of Sicyon. He permitted his wife, who had no children, to adopt and educate as her own son, Œdipus, who had been found by his shepherds exposed in the woods. He had a daughter called Lysianassa, whom he gave in marriage to Talaus son of Bias king of Argos. As he had no male child, he left his kingdom to Adrastus, who had been banished from his throne, and who had fled to Corinth for protection. _Hyginus_, fable 66.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Seneca_, _Œdipus_, li. 812. =Polybius=, a native of Megalopolis in Peloponnesus, son of Lycortas. He was early initiated in the duties, and made acquainted with the qualifications, of a statesman, by his father, who was a strong supporter of the Achæan league, and under him Philopœmen was taught the art of war. In Macedonia he distinguished himself by his valour against the Romans, and when Perseus had been conquered, he was carried to the capital of Italy as a prisoner of war. But he was not long buried in the obscurity of a dungeon. Scipio and Fabius were acquainted with his uncommon abilities as a warrior and as a man of learning, and they made him their friend by kindness and attention. Polybius was not insensible to their merit; he accompanied Scipio in his expeditions, and was present at the taking of Carthage and Numantia. In the midst of his prosperity, however, he felt the distresses of his country, which had been reduced into a Roman province, and, like a true patriot, he relieved its wants, and eased its servitude by making use of the influence which he had acquired by his acquaintance with the most powerful Romans. After the death of his friend and benefactor Scipio, he retired from Rome, and passed the rest of his days at Megalopolis, where he enjoyed the comforts and honours which every good man can receive from the gratitude of his citizens, and from the self-satisfaction which attends a humane and benevolent heart. He died in the 82nd year of his age, about 124 years before Christ, of a wound which he had received by a fall from his horse. He wrote a universal history in Greek, divided into 40 books, which began with the wars of Rome with the Carthaginians, and finished with the conquest of Macedonia by Paulus. The greatest part of this valuable history is lost; the five first books are extant, and of the 12 following the fragments are numerous. The history of Polybius is admired for its authenticity, and he is, perhaps, the only historian among the Greeks who was experimentally and professedly acquainted with the military operations and the political measures of which he makes mention. He has been recommended in every age and country as the best master in the art of war, and nothing can more effectually prove the esteem in which he was held among the Romans, than to mention that Brutus the murderer of Cæsar perused his history with the greatest attention, epitomized it, and often retired from the field where he had drawn his sword against Octavius and Antony, to read the instructive pages which describe the great actions of his ancestors. Polybius, however great and entertaining, is sometimes censured for his unnecessary digressions, for his uncouth and ill-digested narrations, for his negligence, and the inaccurate arrangement of his words. But everywhere there is instruction to be found, information to be collected, and curious facts to be obtained, and it reflects not much honour upon Livy for calling the historian, from whom he has copied whole books almost word for word, without gratitude or acknowledgment, _haudquaquam spernendus auctor_. Dionysius also, of Halicarnassus, is one of his most violent accusers; but the historian has rather exposed his ignorance of true criticism, than discovered inaccuracy or inelegance. The best editions of Polybius are those of Gronovius, 3 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1670; of Ernesti, 3 vols., 8vo, 1764; and of Schweighæuser, 7 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1785. _Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_, preface. ――_Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 45.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――――A freedman of Augustus. _Suetonius._――――A physician, disciple, and successor of Hippocrates.――――A soothsayer of Corinth, who foretold to his sons the fate that attended them in the Trojan war. =Polybœa=, a daughter of Amyclas and Diomede, sister to Hyacinthus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19. =Polybœtes.= _See:_ Polypœtes. =Polybōtes=, one of the giants who made war against Jupiter. He was killed by Neptune, who crushed him under a part of the island of Cos, as he was walking across the Ægean. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2. ――_Hyginus_, preface to fables. =Polybus=, a king of Thebes in Egypt in the time of the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 284.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1.――――A king of Sicyon.――――A king of Corinth. _See:_ Polybius. =Polycāon=, a son of Lelex, who succeeded his brother Myles. He received divine honours after death, with his wife Messene, at Lacedæmon, where he had reigned. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.――――A son of Butes, who married a daughter of Hyllus. =Polycarpus=, a famous Greek writer, born at Smyrna, and educated at the expense of a rich but pious lady. Some suppose that he was St. John’s disciple. He became bishop of Smyrna, and went to Rome to settle the festival of Easter, but to no purpose. He was condemned to be burnt at Smyrna, A.D. 167. His epistle to the Philippians is simple and modest, yet replete with useful precepts and rules for the conduct of life. The best edition of Polycarp’s epistle is that of Oxford, 8vo, 1708, being annexed to the works of Ignatius. =Polycaste=, the youngest of the daughters of Nestor. According to some authors she married Telemachus, when he visited her father’s court in quest of Ulysses. =Polychăres=, a rich Messenian, said to have been the cause of the war which was kindled between the Spartans and his countrymen, which was called the first Messenian war. =Polyclēa=, the mother of Thessalus, &c. =Poly̆cles=, an Athenian in the time of Demetrius, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. ――――A famous athlete, often crowned at the four solemn games of the Greeks. He had a statue in Jupiter’s grove at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1. =Polyclētus=, a celebrated statuary of Sicyon, about 232 years before Christ. He was universally reckoned the most skilful artist of his profession among the ancients, and the second rank was given to Phidias. One of his pieces, in which he had represented a body-guard of the king of Persia, was so happily executed, and so nice and exact in all its proportions, that it was looked upon as a most perfect model, and accordingly called _the Rule_. He was acquainted with architecture. _Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 6.――_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10. ――――Another, who lived about 30 years after.――――A favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by Galba. =Polyclītus=, an historian of Larissa. _Athenæus_, bk. 12.――_Ælian_, bk. 16, ch. 41. =Polycrătes=, a tyrant of Samos, well known for the continual flow of good fortune which attended him. He became very powerful, and made himself master, not only of the neighbouring islands, but also of some cities on the coast of Asia. He had a fleet of 100 ships of war, and was so universally respected, that Amasis the king of Egypt made a treaty of alliance with him. The Egyptian monarch, however, terrified by his continued prosperity, advised him to chequer his enjoyments, by relinquishing some of his most favourite objects. Polycrates complied, and threw into the sea a beautiful seal, the most valuable of his jewels. The voluntary loss of so precious a seal afflicted him for some time, but in a few days after, he received as a present a large fish, in whose belly the jewel was found. Amasis no sooner heard this, than he rejected all alliance with the tyrant of Samos, and observed, that sooner or later his good fortune would vanish. Some time after Polycrates visited Magnesia on the Mæander, where he had been invited by Orœtes the governor. He was shamefully put to death, 522 years before Christ, merely because the governor wished to terminate the prosperity of Polycrates. The daughter of Polycrates had dissuaded her father from going to the house of Orœtes, on account of the bad dreams which she had had, but her advice was disregarded. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 22, &c.――――A sophist of Athens, who, to engage the public attention, wrote a panegyric on Busiris and Clytemnestra. _Quintilian_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――An ancient statuary. =Polycrēta=, or =Polycrīta=, a young woman of Naxos, who became the wife of Diognetus the general of the Erythreans, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――Another woman of Naxos, who died through the excess of joy. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum virtutes_. =Polycrĭtus=, a man who wrote the life of Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily.――_Diogenes Laërtius._ =Polyctor=, the husband of Stygna, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The father of Pisander, one of Penelope’s suitors. ――――An athlete of Elis. It is said that he obtained a victory at Olympia by bribing his adversary Sosander, who was superior to him in strength and courage. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21. =Polydæmon=, an Assyrian prince killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3. =Polydămas=, a Trojan, son of Antenor by Theano the sister of Hecuba. He married Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is accused by some of having betrayed his country to the Greeks. _Dares Phrygius._ ――――A son of Panthous, born the same night as Hector. He was inferior in valour to none of the Trojans, except Hector, and his prudence, the wisdom of his counsels, and the firmness of his mind, claimed equal admiration, and proved most salutary to his unfortunate and misguided countrymen. He was at last killed by Ajax, after he had slaughtered a great number of the enemy. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, &c.――――A celebrated athlete, son of Nicias, who imitated Hercules in whatever he did. He killed a lion with his fist, and it is said that he could stop with his hand a chariot in its most rapid course. He was one day with some of his friends in a cave, when on a sudden a large piece of rock came tumbling down; and while all fled away, he attempted to receive the fallen fragment in his arms. His prodigious strength, however, was insufficient, and he was instantly crushed to pieces under the rock. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――――One of Alexander’s officers, intimate with Parmenio. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15. =Polydamna=, a wife of Thonis king of Egypt. It is said that she gave Helen a certain powder, which had the wonderful power of driving away care and melancholy. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 228. =Polydectes=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ. He was son of Eunomus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Magnes, king of the island of Seriphos. He received with great kindness Danae and her son Perseus, who had been exposed on the sea by Acrisius. _See:_ Perseus. He took particular care of the education of Perseus; but when he became enamoured of Danae, he removed him from his kingdom, apprehensive of his resentment. Some time after he paid his addresses to Danae, and when she rejected him, he prepared to offer her violence. Danae fled to the altar of Minerva for protection, and Dictys the brother of Polydectes, who had himself saved her from the sea-waters, opposed her ravisher and armed himself in her defence. At this critical moment, Perseus arrived, and with Medusa’s head he turned into stones Polydectes, with the associates of his guilt. The crown of Seriphos was given to Dictys, who had shown himself so active in the cause of innocence. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 242.――_Hyginus_, fable 63, &c.――――A sculptor of Greece. _Pliny._ =Polydeucēa=, a fountain of Laconia, near Therapne. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Polydōra=, a daughter of Peleus king of Thessaly, by Antigone the daughter of Eurytion. She married the river Sperchius, by whom she had Mnestheus. _Apollodorus._――――One of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Meleager king of Calydon, who married Protesilaus. She killed herself when she heard that her husband was dead. The wife of Protesilaus is more commonly called Laodamia. _See:_ Protesilaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A daughter of Perieres.――――An island of the Propontis near Cyzicus. =Polydōrus=, a son of Alcamenes king of Sparta. He put an end to the war which had been carried on during 20 years, between Messenia and his subjects; and during his reign, the Lacedæmonians planted two colonies, one at Crotona, and the other at Locri. He was universally respected. He was assassinated by a nobleman, called Polemarchus. His son Eurycrates succeeded him 724 years before Christ. _Pausanias_, bk. 3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――――A celebrated carver of Rhodes, who with one stone made the famous statue of Laocoon and his children. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A son of Hippomedon, who went with the Epigoni to the second Theban war. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.――――A son of Cadmus and Hermione, who married Nycteis, by whom he had Labdacus the father of Laius. He had succeeded to the throne of Thebes, when his father had gone to Illyricum. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A brother of Jason of Pheræ, who killed his brother and seized upon his possessions. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A son of Priam killed by Achilles. ――――Another son of Priam by Hecuba, or, according to others, by Laothoe the daughter of Altes king of Pedasus. As he was young and inexperienced when Troy was besieged by the Greeks, his father removed him to the court of Polymnestor king of Thrace, and also entrusted to the care of the monarch a large sum of money, and the greatest part of his treasures, till his country was freed from foreign invasion. No sooner was the death of Priam known in Thrace, than Polymnestor made himself master of the riches which were in his possession; and to ensure them the better, he assassinated young Polydorus, and threw his body into the sea, where it was found by Hecuba. _See:_ Hecuba. According to Virgil, the body of Polydorus was buried near the shore by his assassin, and there grew on his grave a myrtle, whose boughs dropped blood, when Æneas, going to Italy, attempted to tear them from the tree. _See:_ Polymnestor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 3, 21, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 432.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 18. =Polygius=, a surname of Mercury. _Pausanias._ =Polygnōtus=, a celebrated painter of Thasos, about 422 years before the christian era. His father’s name was Aglaophon. He adorned one of the public porticoes of Athens with his paintings, in which he had represented the most striking events of the Trojan war. He particularly excelled in giving grace, liveliness, and expression to his pieces. The Athenians were so pleased with him, that they offered to reward his labours with whatever he pleased to accept. He declined this generous offer, and the Amphictyonic council, which was composed of the representatives of the principal cities of Greece, ordered that Polygnotus should be maintained at the public expense ♦wherever he went.――_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bks. 33 & 34. ――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25, &c.――――A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34. ♦ ‘whereever’ replaced with ‘wherever’ =Polygŏnus= and =Telegonus=, sons of Proteus and Coronis, were killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus._ =Polyhymnia= and =Polymnia=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over singing and rhetoric, and was deemed the inventress of harmony. She was represented veiled in white, holding a sceptre in her left hand, and with her right raised up, as if ready to harangue. She had a crown of jewels on her head. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 75 & 915.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1.――_Ovid_ _Fasti_, bk. 5, lis. 9 & 53. =Polyidus=, a physician who brought back to life Glaucus the son of Minos, by applying to his body a certain herb, with which he had seen a serpent restore life to another which was dead. _See:_ Glaucus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.――――A son of Hercules by one of the daughters of Thestius. _Apollodorus._――――A Corinthian soothsayer, called also _Polybius_.――――A dithyrambic poet, painter, and musician. =Polylāus=, a son of Hercules and Crathe, daughter of Thespius. =Polymĕnes=, an officer appointed to take care of Egypt after it had been conquered by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8. =Polymēde=, a daughter of Autolycus, who married Æson, by whom she had Jason. She survived her husband only a few days. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 13. =Polymedon=, one of Priam’s illegitimate children. =Polymēla=, one of Diana’s companions. She was daughter of Phylas, and had a son by Mercury. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.――――A daughter of Æolus, seduced by Ulysses.――――A daughter of Actor. She was the first wife of Peleus the father of Achilles. =Polymnestes=, a Greek poet of Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14. ――――A native of Thera, father of Battus, or Aristotle, by Phronima the daughter of Etearchus king of Oaxus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 150. =Polymnestor=, a king of the Thracian Chersonesus, who married Ilione, the eldest of Priam’s daughters. When the Greeks besieged Troy, Priam sent the greatest part of his treasures, together with Polydorus, the youngest of his sons, to Thrace, where they were entrusted to the care of Polymnestor. The Thracian monarch paid every attention to his brother-in-law; but when he was informed that Priam was dead, he murdered him to become master of the riches which were in his possession. At that time, the Greeks were returning victorious from Troy, followed by all the captives, among whom was Hecuba the mother of Polydorus. The fleet stopped on the coast of Thrace, where one of the female captives discovered on the shore the body of Polydorus, whom Polymnestor had thrown into the sea. The dreadful intelligence was immediately communicated to the mother, and Hecuba, who recollected the frightful dreams which she had had on the preceding night, did not doubt but Polymnestor was the cruel assassin. She resolved to revenge her son’s death, and immediately she called out Polymnestor, as if wishing to impart to him a matter of the most important nature. The tyrant was drawn into the snare, and was no sooner introduced into the apartments of the Trojan princess, than the female captives rushed upon him and put out his eyes with their pins, while Hecuba murdered his two children who had accompanied him. According to Euripides, the Greeks condemned Polymnestor to be banished into a distant island for his perfidy. Hyginus, however, relates the whole differently, and observes, that when Polydorus was sent to Thrace, Ilione his sister took him instead of her son Deiphilus, who was of the same age, apprehensive of her husband’s cruelty. The monarch was unacquainted with the imposition; he looked upon Polydorus as his own son, and treated Deiphilus as the brother of Ilione. After the destruction of Troy, the conquerors, who wished the house and family of Priam to be totally extirpated, offered Electra the daughter of Agamemnon to Polymnestor, if he would destroy Ilione and Polydorus. The monarch accepted the offer, and immediately despatched his own son Deiphilus, whom he had been taught to regard as Polydorus. Polydorus, who passed as the son of Polymnestor, consulted the oracle after the murder of Deiphilus, and when he was informed that his father was dead, his mother a captive in the hands of the Greeks, and his country in ruins, he communicated the answer of the god to Ilione, whom he had always regarded as his mother. Ilione told him the measures she had pursued to save his life, and upon this he avenged the perfidy of Polymnestor by putting out his eyes. _Euripides_, _Hecuba_.――_Hyginus_, fable 102.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 45, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 430, &c.――――A king of Arcadia, succeeded on the throne by Ecmis. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.――――A young Milesian who took a hare in running, and afterwards obtained a prize at the Olympic games. =Poly̆nīces=, a son of Œdipus king of Thebes by Jocasta. He inherited his father’s throne with his brother Eteocles, and it was mutually agreed between the two brothers, that they should reign each a year alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when the year was expired, he refused to resign the crown to his brother. Polynices, upon this, fled to Argos, where he married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus the king of the country, and levied a large army, at the head of which he marched to Thebes. The command of this army was divided among seven celebrated chiefs, who were to attack the seven gates of the city of Thebes. The battle was decided by a single combat between the two brothers, who both killed one another. _See:_ Eteocles. _Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Euripides_, _Phoenician Women_.――_Seneca_, _Œdipus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Hyginus_, fable 68, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Polynoe=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Polypēmon=, a famous thief, called also _Procrustes_, who plundered all the travellers about the Cephisus, and near Eleusis in Attica. He was killed by Theseus. Ovid calls him father of Procrustes, and Apollodorus of Sinus. _See:_ Procrustes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38. ――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 409.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Polyperchon=, or =Polysperchon=, one of the officers of Alexander. Antipater, at his death, appointed him governor of the kingdom of Macedonia, in preference to his own son Cassander. Polyperchon, though old, and a man of experience, showed great ignorance in the administration of the government. He became cruel, not only to the Greeks, or such as opposed his ambitious views, but even to the helpless and innocent children and friends of Alexander, to whom he was indebted for his rise and military reputation. He was killed in a battle 309 B.C. _Curtius._――_Diodorus_, bk. 17, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 13. =Polyphēmus=, a celebrated Cyclops, king of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and son of Neptune and Thoosa the daughter of Phorcys. He is represented as a monster of strength, of tall stature, and one eye in the middle of the forehead. He fed upon human flesh, and kept his flocks on the coasts of Sicily, when Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, was driven there. The Grecian prince, with 12 of his companions, visited the coast, and were seized by the Cyclops, who confined them in his cave, and daily devoured two of them. Ulysses would have shared the fate of his companions, had he not intoxicated the Cyclops, and put out his eye with a firebrand while he was asleep. Polyphemus was awaked by the sudden pain; he stopped the entrance of his cave, but Ulysses made his escape by creeping between the legs of the rams of the Cyclops, as they were led out to feed on the mountains. Polyphemus became enamoured of Galatæa, but his addresses were disregarded, and the nymph shunned his presence. The Cyclops was more earnest, and when he saw Galatæa surrender herself to the pleasures of Acis, he crushed his rival with a piece of a broken rock. _Theocritus_, poem 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 772. ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19.――_Euripides_, _Cyclops_.――_Hyginus_, fable 125.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 619, &c.――――One of the Argonauts, son of Elatus and Hippea. _Hyginus_, fable 14. =Polyphonta=, one of Diana’s nymphs, daughter of Hipponus and Thraosa. =Polyphontes=, one of the Heraclidæ, who killed Cresphontes king of Messenia, and usurped his crown. _Hyginus_, fable 137.――――One of the Theban generals, under Eteocles. _Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_. =Polypœtes=, a son of Pirithous and Hippodamia, at the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A son of Apollo by Pythia.――――One of the Trojans whom Æneas saw when he visited the infernal regions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 484. =Polysperchon.= _See:_ Polyperchon. =Polystrātus=, a Macedonian soldier, who found Darius after he had been stabbed by Bessus, and gave him water to drink, and carried the last injunctions of the dying monarch to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.――――An epicurean philosopher who flourished B.C. 238. =Polytecnus=, an artist of Colophon, who married Ædon the daughter of Pandarus. =Polytion=, a friend of Alcibiades, with whom he profaned the mysteries of Ceres. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Polytimētus=, a river of Sogdiana. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4. =Polyphron=, a prince killed by his nephew Alexander the tyrant of Pheræ. =Polytrŏpus=, a man sent by the Lacedæmonians with an army against the Arcadians. He was killed at Orchomenus. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Polyxĕna=, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, celebrated for her beauty and accomplishments. Achilles became enamoured of her, and solicited her hand, and their marriage would have been consummated, had not Hector her brother opposed it. Polyxena, according to some authors, accompanied her father when he went to the tent of Achilles to redeem the body of his son Hector. Some time after, the Grecian hero came into the temple of Apollo to obtain a sight of the Trojan princess, but he was murdered there by Paris; and Polyxena, who had returned his affection, was so afflicted at his death, that she went and sacrificed herself on his tomb. Some, however, suppose that that sacrifice was not voluntary, but that the manes of Achilles appeared to the Greeks as they were going to embark, and demanded of them the sacrifice of Polyxena. The princess, who was in the number of the captives, was upon this dragged to her lover’s tomb, and there immolated by Neoptolemus the son of Achilles. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 5, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 3 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 321.――_Catullus_, poem 65.――_Hyginus_, fable 90. =Polyxenĭdas=, a Syrian general, who flourished B.C. 192. =Polyxĕnus=, one of the Greek princes during the Trojan war. His father’s name was Agasthenes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――――A son of Medea by Jason.――――A young Athenian who became blind, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A general of Dionysius, from whom he revolted. =Polyxo=, a priestess of Apollo’s temple in Lemnos. She was also nurse to queen Hypsipyle. It was by her advice that the Lemnian women murdered all their husbands. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2. ――_Hyginus_, fable 15.――――One of the Atlantides.――――A native of Argos, who married Tlepolemus son of Hercules. She followed him to Rhodes, after the murder of his uncle Licymnius, and when he departed for the Trojan war with the rest of the Greek princes, she became the sole mistress of the kingdom. After the Trojan war, Helen fled from Peloponnesus to Rhodes, where Polyxo reigned. Polyxo detained her, and to punish her as being the cause of a war, in which Tlepolemus had perished, she ordered her to be hanged on a tree by her female servants, disguised in the habit of Furies. _See:_ Helena. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 19.――――The wife of Nycteus.――――One of the wives of Danaus. =Polyzēlus=, a Greek poet of Rhodes. He had written a poem on the origin and birth of Bacchus, Venus, the Muses, &c. Some of his verses are quoted by Athenæus. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――――An Athenian archon. =Pomaxæthres=, a Parthian soldier, who killed Crassus, according to some. _Plutarch._ =Pometia=, =Pometii=, =Pometia Suessa=, a town of the Volsci in Latium, totally destroyed by the Romans, because it had revolted. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 17. =Pometīna=, one of the tribes of the people at Rome. =Pomōna=, a nymph at Rome, who was supposed to preside over gardens and to be the goddess of all sorts of fruit trees. She had a temple at Rome, and a regular priest called _Flamen Pomonalis_, who offered sacrifices to her divinity, for the preservation of fruit. She was generally represented as sitting on a basket full of flowers and fruit, and holding a bough in one hand and apples in the other. Pomona was particularly delighted with the cultivation of the earth; she disdained the toils of the field, and the fatigues of hunting. Many of the gods of the country endeavoured to gain her affection, but she received their addresses with coldness. Vertumnus was the only one who, by assuming different shapes, and introducing himself into her company, under the form of an old woman, prevailed upon her to break her vow of celibacy and to marry him. This deity was unknown among the Greeks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 628, &c.――_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_. =Pompeia=, a daughter of Sextus Pompey by Scribonia. She was promised to Marcellus, as a means of procuring a reconciliation between her father and the triumvirs, but she married Scribonius Libo.――――A daughter of Pompey the Great, Julius Cæsar’s third wife. She was accused of incontinence, because Clodius had introduced himself in women’s clothes into the room where she was celebrating the mysteries of Cybele. Cæsar repudiated her upon this accusation. _Plutarch._ ――――The wife of Annæus Seneca, was the daughter of Pompeius Paulinus. ――――There was a portico at Rome, called _Pompeia_, much frequented by all orders of people. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, li. 67.――_Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 48. =Pompeia lex=, by Pompey the Great, _de ambitu_, A.U.C. 701. It ordained that whatever person had been convicted of the crime of _ambitus_, should be pardoned, provided he could impeach two others of the same crime, and occasion the condemnation of one of them.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 701, which forbade the use of _laudatores_ in trials, or persons who gave a good character of the prisoner then impeached.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 683. It restored to the tribunes their original power and authority, of which they had been deprived by the Cornelian law.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 701. It shortened the forms of trials, and enacted that the three first days of a trial should be employed in examining witnesses, and it allowed only one day to the parties to make their accusation and defence. The plaintiff was confined to two hours, and the defendant to three. This law had for its object the riots, which happened from the quarrels of Clodius and Milo.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 698. It required that the judges should be the richest of every century, contrary to the usual form. It was, however, requisite that they should be such as the Aurelian law prescribed. ――――Another of the same, A.U.C. 701. Pompey was by this empowered to continue in the government of Spain five years longer. =Pompeiānus Jupiter=, a large statue of Jupiter, near Pompey’s theatre, whence it received its name. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7. =Pompeiānus=, a Roman knight of Antioch, raised to offices of the greatest trust, under the emperor Aurelius, whose daughter Lucilla he married. He lived in great popularity at Rome, and retired from the court when Commodus succeeded to the imperial crown. He ought, according to Julian’s opinion, to have been chosen and adopted as successor by Marcus Aurelius.――――A general of Maxentius, killed by Constantine.――――A Roman put to death by Caracalla. =Pompeii=, or =Pompeium=, a town of Campania, built, as some suppose, by Hercules, and so called because the hero there exhibited the long procession (_pompa_) of the herds of Geryon, which he had obtained by conquest. It was partly demolished by an earthquake, A.D. 63, and afterwards rebuilt. Sixteen years after it was swallowed up by another earthquake, which accompanied one of the eruptions of mount Vesuvius. Herculaneum, in its neighbourhood, shared the same fate. The people of the town were then assembled in a theatre, where public spectacles were exhibited. _See:_ Herculaneum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 38.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_, _Quæstiones Naturales_, bk. 4. ――_Solinus_, bk. 8. =Pompeiopŏlis=, a town of Cilicia, formerly called _Soli_. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Another in Paphlagonia, originally called _Eupatoria_, which name was exchanged when Pompey conquered Mithridates. =Quintus Pompeius=, a consul who carried on war against the Numantines, and made a shameful treaty. He is the first of that noble family, of whom mention is made. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――Cneus, a Roman general, who made war against the Marsi, and triumphed over the Piceni. He declared himself against Cinna and Marius, and supported the interest of the republic. He was surnamed _Strabo_, because he squinted. While he was marching against Marius, a plague broke out in his army, and raged with such violence, that it carried away 11,000 men in a few days. He was killed by a flash of lightning, and as he had behaved with cruelty while in power, the people dragged his body through the streets of Rome with an iron hook, and threw it into the Tiber. _Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.―――― Rufus, a Roman consul with Sylla. He was sent to finish the Marsian war, but the army mutinied at the instigation of Pompeius Strabo, whom he was to succeed in command, and he was assassinated by some of the soldiers. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 1.――――A general who succeeded Metellus in Spain, and was the occasion of a war with Numantia.――――Another general, taken prisoner by Mithridates.――――Sextus, a governor of Spain, who cured himself of the gout by placing himself in corn above the knee. _Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 25.――――Rufus, a grandson of Sylla. ――――A tribune of the soldiers in Nero’s reign, deprived of his office when Piso’s conspiracy was discovered. _Tacitus._――――A consul praised for his learning and abilities. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 1. ――――A son of Theophanes of Mitylene, famous for his intimacy with Pompey the Great, and for his writings. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6. ――――A tribune of a pretorian cohort under Galba.――――A Roman knight, put to death by the emperor Claudius for his adultery with Messalina. _Tacitus_, bk. 11, _Annals_.――――Cneus, surnamed _Magnus_, from the greatness of his exploits, was son of Pompeius Strabo and Lucilia. He early distinguished himself in the field of battle, and fought with success and bravery under his father, whose courage and military prudence he imitated. He began his career with great popularity; the beauty and elegance of his person gained him admirers, and by pleading at the bar he displayed his eloquence, and received the most unbounded applause. In the disturbances which agitated Rome, by the ambition and avarice of Marius and Sylla, Pompey followed the interest of the latter, and by levying three legions for his service he gained his friendship and his protection. In the 26th year of his age, he conquered Sicily, which was in the power of Marius and his adherents, and in 40 days he regained all the territories of Africa, which had forsaken the interest of Sylla. This rapid success astonished the Romans, and Sylla, who admired and dreaded the rising power of Pompey, recalled him to Rome. Pompey immediately obeyed, and the dictator, by saluting him with the appellation of the Great, showed to the world what expectations he formed from the maturer age of his victorious lieutenant. This sounding title was not sufficient to gratify the ambition of Pompey; he demanded a triumph, and when Sylla refused to grant it, he emphatically exclaimed, that the sun shone with more ardour at his rising than at his setting. His assurance gained what petitions and entreaties could not obtain, and he was the first Roman knight who, without an office under the appointment of the senate, marched in triumphal procession through the streets of Rome. He now appeared, not as a ♦dependent, but as a rival, of the dictator, and his opposition to his measures totally excluded him from his will. After the death of Sylla, Pompey supported himself against the remains of the Marian faction, which was headed by Lepidus. He defeated them, put an end to the war which the revolt of Sertorius in Spain had occasioned, and obtained a second triumph, though still a private citizen, about 73 years before the christian era. He was soon after made consul, and in that office he restored the tribunitial power to its original dignity, and in 40 days removed the pirates from the Mediterranean, where they had reigned for many years, and by their continual plunder and audacity, almost destroyed the whole naval power of Rome. While he prosecuted the piratical war, and extirpated these maritime robbers in their obscure retreat in Cilicia, Pompey was called to greater undertakings, and by the influence of his friends at Rome, and of the tribune Manilius, he was empowered to finish the war against two of the most powerful monarchs of Asia――Mithridates king of Pontus, and Tigranes king of Armenia. In this expedition Pompey showed himself no ways inferior to Lucullus, who was then at the head of the Roman armies, and who resigned with reluctance an office which would have made him the conqueror of Mithridates and the master of all Asia. His operations against the king of Pontus were bold and vigorous, and in a general engagement the Romans so totally defeated the enemy, that the Asiatic monarch escaped with difficulty from the field of battle. _See:_ Mithridaticum bellum. Pompey did not lose sight of the advantages which despatch would ensure; he entered Armenia, received the submission of king Tigranes, and after he had conquered the Albanians and Iberians, visited countries which were scarce known to the Romans, and, like a master of the world, disposed of kingdoms and provinces, and received homage from 12 crowned heads at once; he entered Syria, and pushed his conquests as far as the Red sea. Part of Arabia was subdued, Judea became a Roman province, and when he had now nothing to fear from Mithridates, who had voluntarily destroyed himself, Pompey returned to Italy with all the pomp and majesty of an eastern conqueror. The Romans dreaded his approach; they knew his power and his influence among his troops, and they feared the return of another tyrannical Sylla. Pompey, however, banished their fears; he disbanded his army, and the conqueror of Asia entered Rome like a private citizen. This modest and prudent behaviour gained him more friends and adherents than the most unbounded power, aided with profusion and liberality. He was honoured with a triumph, and the Romans, for three successive days, gazed with astonishment on the riches and the spoils which their conquests had acquired in the east, and expressed their raptures at the sight of the different nations, habits, and treasures which preceded the conqueror’s chariot. But it was not this alone which gratified the ambition, and flattered the pride of the Romans; the advantages of their conquests were more lasting than an empty show, and when 20,000 talents were brought into the public treasury, and when the revenues of the republic were raised from 50 to 85 millions of drachmæ, Pompey became more powerful, more flattered, and more envied. To strengthen himself, and to triumph over his enemies, Pompey soon after united his interest with that of Cæsar and Crassus, and formed the first triumvirate, by solemnly swearing that their attachment should be mutual, their cause common, and their union permanent. The agreement was completed by the marriage of Pompey with Julia the daughter of Cæsar, and the provinces of the republic were arbitrarily divided among the triumvirs. Pompey was allotted Africa and the two Spains, while Crassus repaired to Syria, to add Parthia to the empire of Rome, and Cæsar remained satisfied with the rest, and the continuation of his power as governor of Gaul for five additional years. But this powerful confederacy was soon broken; the sudden death of Julia, and the total defeat of Crassus in Syria, shattered the political bands which held the jarring interest of Cæsar and Pompey united. Pompey dreaded his father-in-law, and yet he affected to despise him; and by suffering anarchy to prevail in Rome, he convinced his fellow-citizens of the necessity of investing him with dictatorial power. But while the conqueror of Mithridates was as a sovereign at Rome, the adherents of Cæsar were not silent. They demanded that either the consulship should be given to him, or that he should be continued in the government of Gaul. This just demand would perhaps have been granted, but Cato opposed it, and when Pompey sent for the two legions which he had lent to Cæsar, the breach became more wide, and a civil war inevitable. Cæsar was privately preparing to meet his enemies, while Pompey remained indolent, and gratified his pride in seeing all Italy celebrate his recovery from an indisposition by universal rejoicings. But he was soon roused from his inactivity, and it was now time to find his friends, if anything could be obtained from the caprice and the fickleness of a people which he had once delighted and amused, by the exhibition of games and spectacles in a theatre which could contain 20,000 spectators. Cæsar was now near Rome, he had crossed the Rubicon, which was a declaration of hostilities, and Pompey, who had once boasted that he could raise legions to his assistance by stamping on the ground with his foot, fled from the city with precipitation, and retired to Brundusium with the consuls and part of the senators. His cause, indeed, was popular; he had been invested with discretionary power, the senate had entreated him to protect the republic against the usurpation and tyranny of Cæsar, and Cato, by embracing his cause, and appearing in his camp, seemed to indicate that he was the friend of the republic, and the assertor of Roman liberty and independence. But Cæsar was now master of Rome, and in 60 days all Italy acknowledged his power, and the conqueror hastened to Spain, there to defeat the interest of Pompey, and to alienate the hearts of his soldiers. He was too successful, and when he had gained to his cause the western parts of the Roman empire, Cæsar crossed Italy and arrived in Greece, where Pompey had retired, supported by all the power of the east, the wishes of the republican Romans, and a numerous and well-disciplined army. Though superior in numbers, he refused to give the enemy battle, while Cæsar continually harassed him, and even attacked his camp. Pompey repelled him with great success, and he might have decided the war, if he had continued to pursue the enemy, while their confusion was great, and their escape almost impossible. Want of provisions obliged Cæsar to advance towards Thessaly; Pompey pursued him, and in the plains of Pharsalia the two armies engaged. The whole was conducted against the advice and approbation of Pompey; and by suffering his troops to wait for the approach of the enemy, he deprived his soldiers of that advantage which the army of Cæsar obtained by running to the charge with spirit, vigour, and animation. The cavalry of Pompey soon gave way, and the general retired to his camp, overwhelmed with grief and shame. But here there was no safety; the conqueror pushed on every side, and Pompey disguised himself, and fled to the sea-coast, whence he passed to Egypt, where he hoped to find a safe asylum, till better and more favourable moments returned, in the court of Ptolemy, a prince whom he had once protected and ensured on his throne. When Ptolemy was told that Pompey claimed his protection, he consulted his ministers, and had the baseness to betray and to deceive him. A boat was sent to fetch him on shore, and the Roman general left his galley, after an affectionate and tender parting with his wife Cornelia. The Egyptian sailors sat in sullen silence in the boat, and when Pompey disembarked, Achillas and Septimius assassinated him. His wife, who had followed him with her eyes to the shore, was a spectator of the bloody scene, and she hastened away from the bay of Alexandria, not to share his miserable fate. He died B.C. 48, in the 58th or 59th year of his age, the day after his birthday. His head was cut off and sent to Cæsar, who turned away from it with horror, and shed a flood of tears. The body was left for some time naked on the sea-shore, till the humanity of Philip, one of his freedmen, and an old soldier who had often followed his standard to victory, raised a burning pile, and deposited his ashes under a mound of earth. Cæsar erected a monument on his remains, and the emperor Adrian, two centuries after, when he visited Egypt, ordered it to be repaired at his own expense, and paid particular honour to the memory of a great and good man. The character of Pompey is that of an intriguing and artful general, and the _oris probi_ and _animo inverecundo_ of Sallust, short and laconic as it may appear, is the best and most descriptive picture of his character. He wished it to appear that he obtained all his honours and dignity from merit alone, and as the free and unprejudiced favour of the Romans, while he secretly claimed them by faction and intrigue; and he who wished to appear the patron and an example of true discipline and ancient simplicity, was not ashamed publicly to bribe the populace to gain an election, or support his favourites. Yet amidst all this dissimulation, which was perhaps but congenial with the age, we perceive many other striking features; Pompey was kind and clement to the conquered, and generous to his captives, and he buried at his own expense Mithridates, with all the pomp and solemnity which the greatness of his power and the extent of his dominions seemed to claim. He was an enemy to flattery, and when his character was impeached by the malevolence of party, he condescended, though consul, to appear before the censorial tribunal, and to show that his actions and measures were not subversive of the peace and the independence of the people. In his private character he was as remarkable; he lived with great temperance and moderation, and his house was small, and not ostentatiously furnished. He destroyed with great prudence the papers which were found in the camp of Sertorius, lest mischievous curiosity should find causes to accuse the innocent, and to meditate their destruction. With great disinterestedness he refused the presents which princes and monarchs offered to him, and he ordered them to be added to the public revenue. He might have seen a better fate, and terminated his days with more glory, if he had not acted with such imprudence when the flames of civil war were first kindled; and he reflected with remorse, after the battle of Pharsalia, upon his want of usual sagacity and military prudence, in fighting at such a distance from the sea, and in leaving the fortified places of Dyrrachium, to meet in the open plain an enemy, without provisions, without friends, and without resources. The misfortunes which attended him after the conquest of Mithridates, are attributed by christian writers to his impiety in profaning the temple of the Jews, and in entering with the insolence of a conqueror the Holy of Holies, where even the sacred person of the high priest of the nation was not admitted but upon the most solemn occasions. His duplicity of behaviour in regard to Cicero is deservedly censured, and he should not have violently sacrificed to party and sedition a Roman whom he had ever found his firmest friend and adherent. In his meeting with Lucullus he cannot but be taxed with pride, and he might have paid more deference and more honour to a general who was as able and more entitled than himself to finish the Mithridatic war. Pompey married four different times. His first matrimonial connection was with Antistia the daughter of the pretor Antistius, whom he divorced, with great reluctance, to marry Æmylia the daughter-in-law of Sylla. Æmylia died in child-bed; and Pompey’s marriage with Julia the daughter of Cæsar was a step more of policy than affection. Yet Julia loved Pompey with great tenderness, and her death in child-bed was the signal of war between her husband and her father. He afterwards married Cornelia the daughter of Metellus Scipio, a woman commended for her virtues, beauty, and accomplishments. _Plutarch_, _Lives_. ――_Florus_, bk. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Dio Cassius._ ――_Lucan._――_Appian._――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 68, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 25; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 19.――_Eutropius._――――The two sons of Pompey the Great, called _Cneus_ and _Sextus_, were masters of a powerful army, when the death of their father was known. They prepared to oppose the conqueror, but Cæsar pursued them with his usual vigour and success, and at the battle of Munda they were defeated, and Cneus was left among the slain. Sextus fled to Sicily, where he for some time supported himself; but the murder of Cæsar gave rise to new events, and if Pompey had been as prudent and as sagacious as his father, he might have become, perhaps, as great and as formidable. He treated with the triumvirs as an equal, and when Augustus and Antony had the imprudence to trust themselves without arms and without attendants in his ship, Pompey, by following the advice of his friend Menas, who wished him to cut off the illustrious persons who were masters of the world, and now in his power, might have made himself as absolute as Cæsar; but he refused, and observed it was unbecoming the son of Pompey to act with such duplicity. This friendly meeting of Pompey with two of the triumvirs was not productive of advantages to him; he wished to have no superior, and hostilities began. Pompey was at the head of 350 ships, and appeared so formidable to his enemies, and so confident of success in himself, that he called himself the son of Neptune, and the lord of the sea. He was, however, soon defeated in a naval engagement by Octavius and Lepidus, and of all his numerous fleet, only 17 sail accompanied his flight into Asia. Here for a moment he raised seditions, but Antony ordered him to be seized and put to death about 35 years before the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 55, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 2, &c.――――Trogus. _See:_ Trogus.――――Sextus Festus, a Latin grammarian, of whose treatise _de verborum significatione_, the best edition is in 4to, Amsterdam, 1699. ♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’ =Pompelon=, a town of Spain, now _Pompeluna_, the capital of Navarre. _Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Pompĭlius Numa=, the second king of Rome. _See:_ Numa. The descendants of the monarch were called _Pompilius Sanguis_, an expression applied by Horace to the Pisos. _Art of Poetry_, li. 292.――――Andronicus, a grammarian of Syria, who opened a school at Rome, and had Cicero and Cæsar among his pupils. _Suetonius._ =Pompĭlia=, a daughter of Numa Pompilius. She married Numa Martius, by whom she had Ancus Martius the fourth king of Rome. =Pompīlus=, a fisherman of Ionia. He carried into Miletus Ocyroe the daughter of Chesias, of whom Apollo was enamoured; but before he had reached the shore, the god changed the boat into a rock, Pompilus into a fish of the same name, and carried away Ocyroe. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29; bk. 9, ch. 15; bk. 32, ch. 11. =Pompiscus=, an Arcadian. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Pompōnia=, the wife of Quintus Cicero, sister to Pomponius Atticus. She punished with the greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave who had betrayed her husband to Antony, and she ordered him to cut his flesh by piecemeal, and afterwards to boil it and eat it in her presence. ――――A daughter of Pomponius Græcinus, in the age of Augustus, &c. ――――Another matron, banished from Rome by Domitian, and recalled by Nerva. =Pompōnius=, the father of Numa, advised his son to accept the regal dignity which the Roman ambassadors offered to him.――――A celebrated Roman intimate with Cicero. He was surnamed Atticus from his long residence at Athens. _See:_ Atticus.――――Flaccus, a man appointed governor of Mœsia and Syria by Tiberius, because he had continued drinking and eating with him for two days without intermission. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 42.――――A tribune of the people in the time of Servilius Ahala the consul.――――Labeo, a governor of Mœsia, accused of ill management in his province. He destroyed himself by opening his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, li. 29.――――Mela, a Spaniard, who wrote a book on geography. _See:_ Mela.――――A proconsul of Africa, accused by the inhabitants of his province, and acquitted, &c.――――A Roman who accused Manlius the dictator of cruelty. He triumphed over Sardinia, of which he was made governor. He escaped from Rome, and the tyranny of the triumvirs, by assuming the habit of a pretor, and by travelling with his servants disguised in the dress of lictors with their fasces.――――Secundus, an officer in Germany in the age of Nero. He was honoured with a triumph for a victory over the barbarians of Germany. He wrote some poems greatly celebrated by the ancients for their beauty and elegance. They are lost.――――A friend of Caius Gracchus. He was killed in attempting to defend him. _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_.――――An officer taken prisoner by Mithridates.――――A dissolute youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 52.――――Sextus, a lawyer, disciple to Papinian, &c. =Pomposiānus=, a Roman put to death by Domitian. He had before been made consul by Vespasian. =Pomptina.= _See:_ Pontina. =Caius Pomptinus=, a Roman officer, who conquered the Allobroges after the defeat of Catiline. _Cicero_ bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 16; bk. 6, ltr. 3. =Pompus=, a king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5. =Pons Ælius=, was built by the emperor Adrian at Rome. It was the second bridge of Rome in following the current of the Tiber. It is still to be seen, the largest and most beautiful in Rome.――――Æmylius, an ancient bridge at Rome, originally called _Sublicius_, because built with wood (_sublicæ_). It was raised by Ancus Martius, and dedicated with great pomp and solemnity by the Roman priests. It was rebuilt with stones by Æmylius Lepidus, whose name it assumed. It was much injured by the overflowing of the river, and the emperor Antoninus, who repaired it, made it all with white marble. It was the last of all the bridges of Rome, in following the course of the river, and some vestiges of it may still be seen.――――Aniensis was built across the river Anio, about three miles from Rome. It was rebuilt by the eunuch Narses, and called after him when destroyed by the Goths.――――Cestus was built in the reign of Tiberius, by a Roman called Cestius Gallus, from whom it received its name, and carried back from an island of the Tiber, to which the Fabricius conducted. ――――Aurelianus was built with marble by the emperor ♦Antoninus. ――――Armoniensis was built by Augustus, to join the Flaminian to the Æmylian road.――――Bajanus was built at Baiæ in the sea by Caligula. It was supported by boats, and measured about six miles in length. ――――Janicularis received its name from its vicinity to mount Janiculum. It is still standing.――――Milvius was about one mile from Rome. It was built by the censor Ælius Scaurus. It was near it that Constantine defeated Maxentius.――――Fabricius was built by Fabricius, and carried to an island of the Tiber.――――Gardius was built by Agrippa.――――Palatinus, near mount Palatine, was also called _Senatorius_, because the senators walked over it in procession when they went to consult the Sibylline books. It was begun by Marcus Fulvius, and finished in the censorship of Lucius Mummius, and some remains of it are still visible.――――Trajani was built by Trajan across the Danube, celebrated for its bigness and magnificence. The emperor built it to assist more expeditiously the provinces against the barbarians, but his successor destroyed it, as he supposed that it would be rather an inducement for the barbarians to invade the empire. It was raised on 20 piers of hewn stones, 150 feet from the foundation, 60 feet broad, and 170 feet distant one from the other, extending in length above a mile. Some of the pillars are still standing.――――Another was built by Trajan over the Tagus, part of which still remains. Of temporary bridges, that of Cæsar over the Rhine was the most famous.――――The largest single-arched bridge known is over the river Elaver in France, called _Pons Veteris Brivatis_. The pillars stand on two rocks, at the distance of 195 feet. The arch is 84 feet high above the water.――――Suffragiorum was built in the Campus Martius, and received its name, because the populace were obliged to pass over it whenever they delivered their suffrages at the elections of magistrates and officers of the state.――――Tirensis, a bridge of Latium between Arpinum and Minturnæ.――――Triumphalis was on the way to the capitol, and passed over by those who triumphed. ――――Narniensis joined two mountains near Narnia, built by Augustus, of stupendous height, 60 miles from Rome; one arch of it remains, about 100 feet high. ♦ ‘Antonnius’ replaced with ‘Antoninus’ =Pontia=, a Roman matron who committed adultery with Sagitta, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.――――A mother infamous for her cruelty. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 34.――――A surname of Venus at Hermione. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――――A woman condemned by Nero as guilty of a conspiracy. She killed herself by opening her veins. She was daughter of Petronius and wife of Bolanus. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 637.――――An island in the Tyrrhene sea, where Pilate, surnamed Pontius, is supposed to have lived. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1. _See:_ Œnotrides. =Pontĭcum mare=, the sea of Pontus, generally called the Euxine. =Pontīcus=, a poet of Rome, contemporary with Propertius, by whom he is compared to Homer. He wrote an account of the Theban war in heroic verse. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 7.――――A man in Juvenal’s age, fond of boasting of the antiquity and great actions of his family, yet without possessing himself one single virtue. =Pontīna=, or =Pomptina lacus=, a lake in the country of the Volsci, through which the great Appian road passed. Travellers were sometimes conveyed in a boat, drawn by a mule, in the canal that ran along the road from Forum Appii to Tarracina. This lake is now become so dangerous, from the exhalations of its stagnant water, that travellers avoid passing near it. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 9. ――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 85. =Pontīnus=, a friend of Cicero.――――A tribune of the people, who refused to rise up when Cæsar passed in triumphal procession. He was one of Cæsar’s murderers, and was killed at the battle of Mutina. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 78.――_Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his Friends_.――――A mountain of Argolis, with a river of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 73. =Pontius Aufidianus=, a Roman citizen, who, upon hearing that violence had been offered to his daughter, punished her and her ravisher with death. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――――Herennius, a general of the Samnites, who surrounded the Roman army under the consuls Titus Veturius and Publius Posthumius. As there was no possibility of escaping for the Romans, Pontius consulted his father what he could do with an army that were prisoners in his hands. The old man advised him either to let them go untouched, or put them all to the sword. Pontius rejected his father’s advice, and spared the lives of the enemy, after he had obliged them to pass under the yoke with the greatest ignominy. He was afterwards conquered, and obliged, in his turn, to pass under the yoke. Fabius Maximus defeated him, when he appeared again at the head of another army, and he was afterwards shamefully put to death by the Romans, after he had adorned the triumph of the conqueror. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――――Cominius, a Roman who gave information to his countrymen who were besieged in the capitol, that Camillus had obtained a victory over the Gauls. _Plutarch._――――A Roman slave who told Sylla, in a prophetic strain, that he brought him success from Bellona.――――One of the favourites of Albucilla. He was degraded from the rank of a senator. _Tacitus._ ――――Titus, a Roman centurion, whom Cicero _de Senectute_ mentions as possessed of uncommon strength. =Pontus=, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the east by Colchis, west by the Halys, north by the Euxine sea, and south by part of Armenia. It was divided into three parts, according to Ptolemy; Pontus _Galaticus_, of which Amasia was the capital, Pontus _Polemoniacus_, from its chief town Polemonium, and Pontus _Cappadocius_, of which Trapezus was the capital. It was governed by kings, the first of whom was Artabazes, either one of the seven Persian noblemen who murdered the usurper Smerdis, or one of their descendants. The kingdom of Pontus was in its most flourishing state under Mithridates the Great. When Julius Cæsar had conquered it, it became a Roman province, though it was often governed by monarchs who were tributary to the power of Rome. Under the emperors a regular governor was always appointed over it. Pontus produced castors, whose testicles were highly valued among the ancients for their salutary qualities in medicinal processes. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 58.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Cicero_, _De Legibus_. ――_Manitius._――_Appian._――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A part of Mysia in Europe, on the borders of the Euxine sea, where Ovid was banished, and from whence he wrote his four books of epistles _ex Ponto_, and his six books _de Tristibus_. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_.――――An ancient deity, father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Nereus, Eurybia, and Ceto by Terra. He is the same as Oceanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Pontus Euxīnus=, a celebrated sea, situate at the west of Colchis between Asia and Europe, at the north of Asia Minor. It is called the _Black sea_ by the moderns. _See:_ Euxinus. =Marcus Popilius=, a consul who was informed, as he was offering a sacrifice, that a sedition was raised in the city against the senate. Upon this he immediately went to the populace in his sacerdotal robes, and quieted the multitude with a speech. He lived about the year of Rome 404. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 21.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 8. ――――Caius, a consul, who, when besieged by the Gauls, abandoned his baggage to save his army. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――Lænas, a Roman ambassador to Antiochus king of Syria. He was commissioned to order the monarch to abstain from hostilities against Ptolemy king of Egypt, who was an ally of Rome. Antiochus wished to evade him by his answers, but Popilius, with a stick which he had in his hand, made a circle round him on the sand, and bade him, in the name of the Roman senate and people, not to go beyond it before he spoke decisively. This boldness intimidated Antiochus; he withdrew his garrisons from Egypt, and no longer meditated a war against Ptolemy. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 12.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――A tribune of the people who murdered Cicero, to whose eloquence he was indebted for his life when he was accused of parricide. _Plutarch._――――A pretor who banished the friends of Tiberius Gracchus from Italy.――――A Roman consul who made war against the people of Numantia, on pretence that the peace had not been firmly established. He was defeated by them.――――A senator who alarmed the conspirators against Cæsar, by telling them that the whole plot was discovered.――――A Roman emperor. _See:_ Nepotianus. =Poplicŏla=, one of the first consuls. _See:_ Publicola. =Poppæa Sabīna=, a celebrated Roman matron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She married a Roman knight called Rufus Crispinus, by whom she had a son. Her personal charms, and the elegance of her figure, captivated Otho, who was then one of Nero’s favourites. He carried her away and married her; but Nero, who had seen her, and had often heard her accomplishments extolled, soon deprived him of her company, and sent him out of Italy, on pretence of presiding over one of the Roman provinces. After he had taken this step, Nero repudiated his wife Octavia, on pretence of barrenness, and married Poppæa. The cruelty and avarice of the emperor did not long permit Poppæa to share the imperial dignity, and though she had already made him father of a son, he began to despise her, and even to use her with barbarity. She died of a blow which she received from his foot when many months advanced in her pregnancy, about the 65th year of the christian era. Her funeral was performed with great pomp and solemnity, and statues were raised to her memory. It is said that she was so anxious to preserve her beauty and the elegance of her person, that 500 asses were kept on purpose to afford her milk in which she used daily to bathe. Even in her banishment she was attended by 50 of these animals for the same purpose, and from their milk she invented a kind of ointment or pomatum, to preserve beauty, called _poppæanum_ from her. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 41.――_Dio Cassisus_, bk. 65.――_Juvenal_, satire 6. ――_Suetonius_, _Nero_ & _Otho_.――_Tacitus_, ♦_Annals_, bks. 13 & 14. ――――A beautiful woman at the court of Nero. She was mother to the preceding. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1, &c. ♦ Book title omitted in text =Poppæus Sabīnus=, a Roman of obscure origin, who was made governor of some of the Roman provinces. He destroyed himself, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 6, _Annals_, ch. 39.――――Sylvanus, a man of consular dignity, who brought to Vespasian a body of 600 Dalmatians.――――A friend of Otho. =Populonia=, or =Populanium=, a town of Etruria, near Pisæ, destroyed in the civil wars of Sylla. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 172.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Porata=, a river of Dacia, now _Pruth_, falling into the Danube a little below Axiopoli. =Porcia=, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly commended by Cicero.――――A daughter of Cato of Utica, who married Bibulus, and after his death, Brutus. She was remarkable for her prudence, philosophy, courage, and conjugal tenderness. She gave herself a heavy wound in the thigh, to see with what fortitude she could bear pain; and when her husband asked her the reason of it, she said that she wished to try whether she had courage enough to share not only his bed, but to partake of his most hidden secrets. Brutus was astonished at her constancy, and no longer detained from her knowledge the conspiracy which he and many other illustrious Romans had formed against Julius Cæsar. Porcia wished them success, and though she betrayed fear, and fell into a swoon the day that her husband was gone to assassinate the dictator, yet she was faithful to her promise, and dropped nothing which might affect the situation of the conspirators. When Brutus was dead, she refused to survive him, and attempted to end her life as a daughter of Cato. Her friends attempted to terrify her; but when she saw that every weapon was removed from her reach, she swallowed burning coals and died, about 42 years before the christian era. Valerius Maximus says that she was acquainted with her husband’s conspiracy against Cæsar when she gave herself the wound. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_, &c. =Porcia lex=, _de civitate_, by Marcus Porcius the tribune, A.U.C. 453. It ordained that no magistrate should punish with death, or scourge with rods, a Roman citizen when condemned, but only permit him to go into exile. _Sallust_, _Catilinae Coniuratio_.――_Livy_, bk. 10. ――_Cicero_, _For Rabirius Postumus_. =Porcina=, a surname of the orator Marcus Æmilius Lepidus, who lived a little before Cicero’s age, and was distinguished for his abilities. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Marcus Porcius Latro=, a celebrated orator who killed himself when labouring under a quartan ague, A.U.C. 750.――――Licinius, a Latin poet during the time of the third Punic war, commended for the elegance, the graceful ease, and happy wit of his epigrams.――――A Roman senator who joined the conspiracy of Catiline.――――A son of Cato of Utica, given much to drinking. =Poredorax=, one of the 40 Gauls whom Mithridates ordered to be put to death, and to remain unburied for conspiring against him. His mistress at Pergamus buried him against the orders of the monarch. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum Virtutes_. =Porīna=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 85. =Poroselēne=, an island near Lesbos. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Porphyrion=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, one of the giants who made war against Jupiter. He was so formidable, that Jupiter, to conquer him, inspired him with love for Juno, and while the giant endeavoured to obtain his wishes, he, with the assistance of Hercules, overpowered him. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 78. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6. =Porphy̆ris=, a name of the island Cythera. =Porphyrius=, a Platonic philosopher of Tyre. He studied eloquence at Athens under Longinus, and afterwards retired to Rome, where he perfected himself under Plotinus. Porphyry was a man of universal information, and, according to the testimony of the ancients, he excelled his contemporaries in the knowledge of history, mathematics, music, and philosophy. He expressed his sentiments with elegance and with dignity, and while other philosophers studied obscurity in their language, his style was remarkable for its simplicity and grace. He applied himself to the study of magic, which he called a theourgic or divine operation. The books that he wrote were numerous, and some of his smaller treatises are still extant. His most celebrated work, which is now lost, was against the religion of Christ, and in this theological contest he appeared so formidable, that most of the fathers of the church have been employed in confuting his arguments, and developing the falsehood of his assertions. He has been universally called the greatest enemy which the christian religion had, and, indeed, his doctrines were so pernicious, that a copy of his book was publicly burnt by order of Theodosius, A.D. 388. Porphyry resided for some time in Sicily, and died at the advanced age of 71, A.D. 304. The best edition of his life of Pythagoras is that of Kuster, 4to, Amsterdam, 1707, that of his treatise, _De Abstinentiâ_, is De Rhoer, Utrecht, 8vo, 1767, and that _De Antro Nympharum_, in 8vo, Utrecht, 1765.――――A Latin poet in the reign of Constantine the Great. =Porrima=, one of the attendants of Carmente when she came from Arcadia. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 633. =Porsenna=, or =Porsĕna=, a king of Etruria, who declared war against the Romans because they refused to restore Tarquin to his throne and to his royal privileges. He was at first successful; the Romans were defeated, and Porsenna would have entered the gates of Rome, had not Cocles stood at the head of a bridge, and supported the fury of the whole Etrurian army, while his companions behind were cutting off the communication with the opposite shore. This act of bravery astonished Porsenna; but when he had seen Mutius Scævola enter his camp with an intention to murder him, and when he had seen him burn his hand without emotion to convince him of his fortitude and intrepidity, he no longer dared to make head against a people so brave and so generous. He made a peace with the Romans, and never after supported the claims of Tarquin. The generosity of Porsenna’s behaviour to the captives was admired by the Romans, and to reward his humanity they raised a brazen statue to his honour. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Horace_, epode 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 646. =Porta Capēna=, a gate at Rome, which leads to the Appian road. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 192.――――Aurelia, a gate at Rome, which received its name from Aurelius, a consul who made a road which led to Pisæ, all along the coast of Etruria.――――Asinaria led to mount Cœlius. It received its name from the family of the Asinii.――――Carmentalis was at the foot of the capitol, built by Romulus. It was afterwards called _Scelerata_, because the 300 Fabii marched through when they went to fight an enemy, and were killed near the river Cremera. ――――Janualis was near the temple of Janus.――――Esquilina was also called _Metia_, _Taurica_, or _Libitinensis_, and all criminals who were going to be executed generally passed through, as also dead bodies which were carried to be burnt on mount Esquilinus. ――――Flaminia, called also _Flumentana_, was situate between the capitol and mount Quirinalis, and through it the Flaminian road passed.――――Fontinalis led to the Campus Martius. It received its name from the great number of fountains that were near it.――――Navalis was situate near the place where the ships came from Ostia.――――Viminalis was near mount Viminalis.――――Trigemina, called also _Ostiensis_, led to the town of Ostia.――――Catularia was near the Carmentalis Porta, at the foot of mount Viminalis.――――Collatina received its name from its leading to Collatia.――――Collina, called also _Quirinalis_, _Agonensis_, and _Salaria_, was near Quirinalis Mons. Annibal rode up to this gate and threw a spear into the city. It is to be observed, that at the death of Romulus there were only three or four gates at Rome, but the number was increased, and in the time of Pliny there were 37, when the circumference of the walls was 13 miles and 200 paces. =Portia= and =Portius=. _See:_ Porcia and Porcius. =Portmos=, a town of Eubœa. _Demosthenes._――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Portumnalia=, festivals of Portumnus at Rome, celebrated on the 17th of August, in a very solemn and lugubrious manner, on the borders of the Tiber. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 547.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Portumnus=, a sea deity. _See:_ Melicerta. =Porus=, the god of plenty at Rome. He was son of Metis or Prudence. _Plato._――――A king of India, when Alexander invaded Asia. The conqueror of Darius ordered him to come and pay homage to him, as a dependent prince. Porus scorned his commands, and declared he would go and meet him on the frontiers of his kingdom sword in hand, and immediately he marched a large army to the banks of the Hydaspes. The stream of the river was rapid; but Alexander crossed it in the obscurity of the night, and defeated one of the sons of the Indian monarch. Porus himself renewed the battle, but the valour of the Macedonians prevailed, and the Indian prince retired covered with wounds, on the back of one of his elephants. Alexander sent one of the kings of India to demand him to surrender, but Porus killed the messenger, exclaiming, “Is not this the voice of the wretch who has abandoned his country?” and when he at last was prevailed upon to come before the conqueror, he approached him as an equal. Alexander demanded of him how he wished to be treated. “Like a king,” replied the Indian monarch. This magnanimous answer so pleased the Macedonian conqueror, that he not only restored him his dominions, but he increased his kingdom by the conquest of new provinces; and Porus, in acknowledgment of such generosity and benevolence, became one of the most faithful and attached friends of Alexander, and never violated the assurances of peace which he had given him. Porus is represented as a man of uncommon stature, great strength, and proportionable dignity. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 10. ――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 8, &c.――_Claudianus_, _De Consulatu Honorii_, ch. 4.――――Another king of India in the reign of Alexander.――――A king of Babylon. =Pŏsīdes=, a eunuch and freedman of the emperor Claudius, who rose to honours by the favour of his master. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 94. =Posidēum=, a promontory and town of Ionia, where Neptune had a temple. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A town of Syria below Libanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――――A town near the Strymon, on the borders of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Posīdon=, the name of Neptune among the Greeks. =Posidonia=, a town of Lucania, better known by the name of Pæstum. _See:_ Pæstum. =Posidonium=, a town or temple of Neptune, near Cænis in Italy, where the straits of Sicily are narrowest, and scarce a mile distant from the opposite shore. =Posidonius=, a philosopher of Apamea. He lived at Rhodes for some time, and afterwards came to Rome, where, after cultivating the friendship of Pompey and Cicero, he died in his 84th year. He wrote a treatise on the nature of the gods, and also attempted to measure the circumference of the earth; he accounted for the tides from the motion of the moon, and calculated the height of the atmosphere to be 400 stadia, nearly agreeing with the ideas of the moderns. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 37.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. ――――Another philosopher, born at Alexandria in Egypt. =Posio=, a native of Magnesia, who wrote a history of the Amazons. =Posthumia=, a vestal virgin, accused of adultery and acquitted.――――The wife of Servius Sulpicius. _Cicero_, _Epistles_.――――A daughter of Sylla. =Posthumius Albīnus=, a man who suffered himself to be bribed by Jugurtha, against whom he had been sent with an army.――――A writer at Rome whom Cato ridiculed for composing a history in Greek, and afterwards offering apologies for the inaccuracy and inelegance of his expressions.――――Tubero, a master of horse to the dictator Æmilius Mamercus. He was himself made dictator in the war which the Romans waged against the Volsci, and he punished his son with death for fighting against his orders, A.U.C. 312. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 23. ――――Spurius, a consul sent against the Samnites. He was taken in an ambush by Pontius, the enemy’s general, and obliged to pass under the yoke with all his army. He saved his life by a shameful treaty, and when he returned to Rome he persuaded the Romans not to reckon as valid the engagements he had made with the enemy, as it was without their advice. He was given up to the enemy because he could not perform his engagements; but he was released by Pontius for his generous and patriotic behaviour.――――Aulus, a dictator who defeated the Latins and the Volsci.――――Tubertus, another dictator, who defeated the Æqui and Volsci.――――Lucius, a consul sent against the Samnites.――――A general who defeated the Sabines, and who was the first who obtained an ovation.――――A man poisoned by his wife.――――A general who conquered the Æqui, and who was stoned by the army, because he refused to divide the promised spoils. _Florus_, bk. 22. ――――Lucius, a Roman consul who was defeated by the Boii. He was left among the slain, and his head was cut off from his body, and carried in triumph by the barbarians into their temples, where they made with the skull a sacred vessel to offer libations to their gods.――――Marcus Crassus Latianus, an officer proclaimed emperor in Gaul, A.D. 260. He reigned with great popularity, and gained the affection of his subjects by his humanity and moderation. He took his son of the same name as a colleague on the throne. They were both assassinated by their soldiers, after a reign of six years.――――Megilthus, a consul against the Samnites and Tarentines.――――Quintus, a man put to death by Antony.――――A soothsayer in the age of Sylla.――――Spurius, an enemy of Tiberius Gracchus.――――Albus, a Roman decemvir, sent to Athens to collect the most salutary laws of Solon, &c. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 31. ――――Sylvius, a son of Æneas and Sylvia. =Postverta=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the painful travails of women. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 633. =Postumia via=, a Roman road about the town of Hostilia. =Postumius.= _See:_ Posthumius. =Potamĭdes=, nymphs who presided over rivers and fountains, as their name (ποταμος, _fluvius_) implies. =Potamon=, a philosopher of Alexandria, in the age of Augustus. He wrote several treatises, and confined himself to the doctrines of no particular sect of philosophers. =Potamos=, a town of Attica, near Sunium. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Potentia=, a town of Picenum. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 44. =Pothīnus=, a eunuch, tutor to Ptolemy king of Egypt. He advised the monarch to murder Pompey, when he claimed his protection after the battle of Pharsalia. He stirred up commotions in Alexandria, when Cæsar came there, upon which the conqueror ordered him to be put to death. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 483; bk. 10, li. 95. =Pothos=, one of the deities of the Samothracians. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5. =Potidæa=, a town of Macedonia, situate in the peninsula of Pallene. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, and became tributary to the Athenians, from whom Philip of Macedonia took it. The conqueror gave it to the Olynthians, to render them more attached to his interest. Cassander repaired and enlarged it, and called it _Cassandria_, a name which it still preserves, and which has given occasion to Livy to say, that Cassander was the original founder of that city. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 11.――_Demosthenes_, _Olynthiac_.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Potidania=, a town of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8. =Potīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over children’s potions. _Varro._ =Potitius.= _See:_ Pinarius. =Potniæ=, a town of Bœotia, where Bacchus had a temple. The Potnians, having once murdered the priest of the god, were ordered by the oracle, to appease his resentment, yearly to offer on his altars a young man. This unnatural sacrifice was continued for some years, till Bacchus himself substituted a goat, from which circumstance he received the appellation of _Ægobolus_ and _Ægophagus_. There was here a fountain whose waters made horses run mad as soon as they were touched. There were also here certain goddesses called _Potniades_, on whose altars, in a grove sacred to Ceres and Proserpine, victims were sacrificed. It was also usual, at a certain season of the year, to conduct into the grove young pigs, which were found the following year in the groves of Dodona. The mares of Potniæ destroyed their master Glaucus son of Sisyphus. _See:_ Glaucus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 267.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 15, ch. 25.――――A town of Magnesia, whose pastures gave madness to asses, according to Pliny. =Practium=, a town and a small river of Asia Minor, on the Hellespont. =Præcia=, a courtesan at Rome, who influenced Cethegus, and procured Asia as a consular province for Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_. =Præneste=, a town of Latium, about 21 miles from Rome, built by Telegonus son of Ulysses and Circe, or, according to others, by Cæculus the son of Vulcan. There was a celebrated temple of Fortune there, with two famous images, as also an oracle, which was long in great repute. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 41.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 680.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 80. =Præsos=, a small town of Crete, destroyed in a civil war by one of the neighbouring cities. =Præsti=, a nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8. =Prætōria=, a town of Dacia, now _Cronstadt_.――――Another, now _Aoust_, in Piedmont. =Prætorius=, a name ironically applied to As. Sempronius Rufus, because he was disappointed in his solicitations for the pretorship, as being too dissolute and luxurious in his manners. He was the first who had a stork brought to his table. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 50. =Prætutium=, a town of Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 568. ――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 9; bk. 27, ch. 43. =Prasiane=, now _Verdant_, a large island at the mouth of the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20. =Prasias=, a lake between Macedonia and Thrace, where were silver mines. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 17. =Prasii=, a nation of India in Alexander’s age. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2. =Pratellia lex=, was enacted by Pratellius the tribune, A.U.C. 398, to curb and check the ambitious views of men who were lately advanced in the state. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 15. =Pratinas=, a Greek poet of Phlius, contemporary with Æschylus. He was the first among the Greeks who composed satires, which were represented as farces. Of these 32 were acted, as also 18 of his tragedies, one of which only obtained the poetical prize. Some of his verses are extant, quoted by Athenæus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 13. =Praxagŏras=, an Athenian writer, who published a history of the kings of his own country. He was then only 19 years old, and, three years after, he wrote the life of Constantine the Great. He had also written the life of Alexander, all now lost. =Praxias=, a celebrated statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 18. =Praxidămas=, a famous athlete of Ægina. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18. =Praxidĭce=, a goddess among the Greeks, who presided over the execution of enterprises, and who punished all evil actions. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33. =Praxĭla=, a lyric poetess of Sicyon, who flourished about 492 years before Christ. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Praxiphănes=, a Rhodian, who wrote a learned commentary on the obscure passages of Sophocles.――――An historian. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Praxis=, a surname of Venus at Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43. =Praxitĕles=, a famous sculptor of Magna Græcia, who flourished about 324 years before the christian era. He chiefly worked on Parian marble, on account of its beautiful whiteness. He carried his art to the greatest perfection, and was so happy in copying nature, that his statues seemed to be animated. The most famous of his pieces was a Cupid which he gave to Phryne. This celebrated courtesan, who wished to have the best of all the statues of Praxiteles, and who could not depend upon her own judgment in the choice, alarmed the sculptor, by telling him his house was on fire. Praxiteles upon this showed his eagerness to save his Cupid from the flames, above all his other pieces; but Phryne restrained his fears, and, by discovering her artifice, obtained the favourite statue. The sculptor employed his chisel in making a statue of this beautiful courtesan, which was dedicated in the temple of Delphi, and placed between the statues of Archidamus king of Sparta, and Philip king of Macedon. He also made a statue of Venus, at the request of the people of Cos, and gave them their choice of the goddess, either naked or veiled. The former was superior to the other in beauty and perfection, but the inhabitants of Cos preferred the latter. The ♦Cnidians, who did not wish to patronize modesty and decorum with the same eagerness as the people of Cos, bought the naked Venus, and it was so universally esteemed, that Nicomedes king of Bithynia offered the Cnidians to pay an enormous debt under which they laboured, if they would give him their favourite statue. This offer was not accepted. The famous Cupid was bought of the Thespians by Caius Cæsar and carried to Rome, but Claudius restored it to them, and Nero afterwards obtained possession of it. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40; bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, chs. 34 & 36. ♦ ‘Cnidans’ replaced with ‘Cnidians’ =Praxithea=, a daughter of Phrasimus and Diogenea. She married Erechtheus king of Athens, by whom she had Cecrops, Pandarus, and Metion, and four daughters, Procris, Creusa, Chthonia, and Orithyia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A daughter of Thestius, mother of some children by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Erechtheus, sacrificed by order of the oracle. =Prelius=, a lake of Tuscany, now _Castiglione_. _Cicero_, _For Milo_, ch. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Presbon=, a son of Phryxus, father of Clymenus.――――A son of Clytodora and Minyas also bore the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 34 & 37. =Pretor=, one of the chief magistrates at Rome. The office of pretor was first instituted A.U.C. 388, by the senators, who wished by some new honour to compensate for the loss of the consulship, of which the plebeians had claimed a share. The pretor received his name a _præeundo_. Only one was originally elected, and another A.U.C. 501. One of them was totally employed in administering justice among the citizens, whence he was called pretor _urbanus_; and the other appointed judges in all causes which related to foreigners. In the year of Rome 520, two more pretors were created to assist the consul in the government of the provinces of Sicily and Sardinia, which had been lately conquered, and two more when Spain was reduced into the form of a Roman province, A.U.C. 521. Sylla the dictator added two more, and Julius Cæsar increased the number to 10, and afterwards to 16, and the second triumvirate to 64. After this their numbers fluctuated, being sometimes 18, 16, or 12, till, in the decline of the empire, their dignity decreased, and their numbers were reduced to three. In his public capacity the pretor administered justice, protected the rights of widows and orphans, presided at the celebration of public festivals, and in the absence of the consul assembled or prorogued the senate as he pleased. He also exhibited shows to the people, and in the festivals of the Bona Dea, where no males were permitted to appear, his wife presided over the rest of the Roman matrons. Feasts were announced and proclaimed by him, and he had the power to make and repeal laws, if it met with the approbation of the senate and people. The questors were subject to him, and in the absence of the consuls, he appeared at the head of the armies, and in the city he kept a register of all the freedmen of Rome, with the reasons for which they had received their freedom. In the provinces the pretors appeared with great pomp; six lictors with the fasces walked before them, and when the empire was increased by conquests, they divided, like the consuls, their government, and provinces were given them by lot. When the year of their pretorship was elapsed, they were called _proprætors_, if they still continued at the head of their province. At Rome the pretors appeared also with much pomp; two lictors preceded them, they wore the _prætexta_, or the white robe with purple borders, they sat in curule chairs, and their tribunal was distinguished by a sword and a spear, while they administered justice. The tribunal was called _prætorium_. When they rode they appeared on white horses at Rome, as a mark of distinction. The pretor who appointed judges to try foreign causes, was called _prætor peregrinus_. The pretors _Cereales_, appointed by Julius Cæsar, were employed in providing corn and provision for the city. They were on that account often called _frumentarii_. =Preugĕnes=, a son of Agenor. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 7, chs. 18 & 20. =Prexaspes=, a Persian who put Smerdis to death, by order of king Cambyses. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 30. =Priamĭdes=, a patronymic applied to Paris, as being son of Priam. It is also given to Hector, Deiphobus, and all the other children of the Trojan monarch. _Ovid_, _Heroides_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 235. =Priămus=, the last king of Troy, was son of Laomedon by Strymo, called Placia by some. When Hercules took the city of Troy [_See:_ Laomedon], Priam was in the number of his prisoners, but his sister Hesione redeemed him from captivity, and he exchanged his original name of Podarces for that of _Priam_, which signifies _bought_ or _ransomed_. _See:_ Podarces. He was also placed on his father’s throne by Hercules, and he employed himself with well-directed diligence in repairing, fortifying, and embellishing the city of Troy. He had married, by his father’s orders, Arisba, whom now he divorced for Hecuba the daughter of Dimas, or Cisseus, a neighbouring prince. He had by Hecuba 17 children, according to Cicero, or, according to Homer, 19; the most celebrated of whom are Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Helenus, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Troilus, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. Besides these he had many others by concubines. Their names, according to Apollodorus, are Melampus, Gorgythion, Philæmon, Glaucus, Agathon, Evagoras, Hippothous, Chersidamas, Hippodamas, Mestor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryops, Lycaon, Astygonus, Bias, Evander, Chromius, Telestas, Melius, Cebrion, Laodocus, Idomeneus, Archemachus, Echephron, Hyperion, Ascanius, Arrhetus, Democoon, Dejoptes, Echemon, Clovius, Ægioneus, Hypirychus, Lysithous, Polymedon, Medusa, Lysimache, Medesicaste, and Aristodeme. After he had reigned for some time in the greatest prosperity, Priam expressed a desire to recover his sister Hesione, whom Hercules had carried into Greece, and married to Telamon his friend. To carry this plan into execution, Priam manned a fleet, of which he gave the command to his son Paris, with orders to bring back Hesione. Paris, to whom the goddess of beauty had promised the fairest woman in the world [_See:_ Paris], neglected in some measure his father’s injunctions, and as if to make reprisals upon the Greeks, he carried away Helen the wife of Menelaus king of Sparta, during the absence of her husband. Priam beheld this with satisfaction, and he countenanced his son by receiving in his palace the wife of the king of Sparta. This rape kindled the flames of war; all the suitors of Helen, at the request of Menelaus [_See:_ Menelaus], assembled to revenge the violence offered to his bed, and a fleet, according to some, of 140 ships under the command of the 69 chiefs that furnished them, set sail for Troy. Priam might have averted the impending blow by the restoration of Helen; but this he refused to do, when the ambassadors of the Greeks came to him, and he immediately raised an army to defend himself. Troy was soon besieged; frequent skirmishes took place, in which the success was various, and the advantages on both sides inconsiderable. The siege was continued for 10 successive years, and Priam had the misfortune to see the greatest part of his children massacred by the enemy. Hector, the eldest of these, was the only one upon whom now the Trojans looked for protection and support; but he soon fell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was killed by Achilles. Priam severely felt his loss, and as he loved him with the greatest tenderness, he wished to ransom his body, which was in the enemy’s camp. The gods, according to Homer, interested themselves in favour of old Priam. Achilles was prevailed upon by his mother, the goddess Thetis, to restore Hector to Priam, and the king of Troy passed through the Grecian camp conducted by Mercury the messenger of the gods, who with his rod had made him invisible. The meeting of Priam and Achilles was solemn and affecting; the conqueror paid to the Trojan monarch that attention and reverence which was due to his dignity, his years, and his misfortunes, and Priam in a suppliant manner addressed the prince whose favours he claimed, and kissed the hands that had robbed him of the greatest and the best of his children. Achilles was moved by his tears and entreaties; he restored Hector, and permitted Priam a truce of 12 days for the funeral of his son. Some time after Troy was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks by Antenor and Æneas, and Priam upon this resolved to die in defence of his country. He put on his armour and advanced to meet the Greeks, but Hecuba by her tears and entreaties detained him near an altar of Jupiter, whither she had fled for protection. While Priam yielded to the prayers of his wife, Polites, one of his sons, fled also to the altar before Neoptolemus, who pursued him with fury. Polites, wounded and overcome, fell dead at the feet of his parents, and the aged father, fired with indignation, ventured the most bitter invectives against the Greek, who paid no regard to the sanctity of altars and temples, and raising his spear darted it upon him. The spear hurled by the feeble hand of Priam touched the buckler of Neoptolemus, and fell to the ground. This irritated the son of Achilles; he seized Priam by his grey hairs, and without compassion or reverence for the sanctity of the place, he plunged his dagger into his breast. His head was cut off, ♦and the mutilated body was left among the heaps of slain. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 120.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 22, &c.――_Euripides_, _Troades_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 507, &c.――_Horace_, ode 10, li. 14.――_Hyginus_, fable 110. ――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 15, li. 226. ♦ ‘und’ replaced with ‘and’ =Priāpus=, a deity among the ancients, who presided over gardens, and the parts of generation in the sexes. He was son of Venus by Mercury or Adonis, or, according to the more received opinion, by Bacchus. The goddess of beauty, who was enamoured of Bacchus, went to meet him as he returned victorious from his Indian expedition, and by him she had Priapus, who was born at Lampsacus. Priapus was so deformed in all his limbs, particularly the genitals, by means of Juno, who had assisted at the delivery of Venus, that the mother, ashamed to have given birth to such a monster, ordered him to be exposed on the mountains. His life, however, was preserved by the shepherds, and he received the name of Priapus _propter deformitatem & membri virilis magnitudinem_. He soon became a favourite of the people of Lampsacus, but he was expelled by the inhabitants on account of the freedom which he took with their wives. This violence was punished by the son of Venus, and when the Lampsacenians had been afflicted with a disease in the genitals, Priapus was recalled, and temples erected to his honour. Festivals were also celebrated, and the people, naturally idle and indolent, gave themselves up to every lasciviousness and impurity during the celebration. His worship was also introduced in Rome; but the Romans revered him more as a god of orchards and gardens, than as the patron of licentiousness. A crown painted with different colours was offered to him in the spring, and in the summer a garland of ears of corn. An ass was generally sacrificed to him, because that animal, by its braying, awoke the nymph Lotis, to whom Priapus was going to offer violence. He is generally represented with a human face and the ears of a goat; he holds a stick in his hand, with which he terrifies birds, as also a club to drive away thieves, and a scythe to prune the trees and cut down corn. He was crowned with the leaves of the vine, and sometimes with laurel or rocket. The last of these plants was sacred to him, as it is said to raise the passions and excite love. Priapus is often distinguished by the epithet of _phallus_, _fascinus_, _Ictyphallus_, or _ruber_, or _rubicundus_, which are all expressive of his deformity. _Catullus_, poems 19 & 20.――_Columella_, bk. 2, _de Res Rustica_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 1, li. 18.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 415; bk. 6, li. 319.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 33; _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 111.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Hyginus_, fable 190.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――A town of Asia Minor near Lampsacus, now _Caraboa_. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, and from him the town received its name, because he had taken refuge there when banished from Lampsacus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32. ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――An island near Ephesus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Priēne=, a maritime town of Asia Minor, at the foot of mount Mycale, one of the 12 independent cities of Ionia. It gave birth to Bias, one of the seven wise men of Greece. It had been built by an Athenian colony. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 12. =Prima=, a daughter of Romulus and Hersilia. =Prion=, a place at Carthage. =Prisciānus=, a celebrated grammarian at Athens, in the age of the emperor Justinian. =Priscilla=, a woman praised for her conjugal affection by Statius, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 1. =Priscus Servilius=, a dictator at Rome who defeated the Veientes and the Fidenates.――――A surname of the elder Tarquin king of Rome. _See:_ Tarquinius.――――A governor of Syria, brother to the emperor Philip. He proclaimed himself emperor in Macedonia when he was informed of his brother’s death, but he was soon after conquered and put to death by Decius, Philip’s murderer.――――A friend of the emperor Severus. ――――A friend of the emperor Julian, almost murdered by the populace. ――――Helvidius, a questor in Achaia during the reign of Nero, remarkable for his independent spirit. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Juvenal._――――An officer under Vitellius.――――One of the emperor Adrian’s friends.――――A friend of Domitian.――――An orator, whose dissipated and luxurious manners Horace ridicules, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 9. =Pristis=, the name of one of the ships that engaged in the naval combat which was exhibited by Æneas at the anniversary of his father’s death. She was commanded by Mnestheus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 116. =Privernus=, a Rutulian killed by Capys in the wars between Æneas and Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 576. =Privernum=, now _Piperno Vecchio_, a town of the Volsci in Italy, whose inhabitants were called _Privernates_. It became a Roman colony. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 540.――_Cicero_, bk. 1, _De Divinatione_, ch. 43. =Proba=, the wife of the emperor Probus.――――A woman who opened the gates of Rome to the Goths. =Probus Marcus Aurelius Severus=, a native of Sirmium in Pannonia. His father was originally a gardener, who, by entering the army, rose to the rank of a military tribune. His son obtained the same office in the 22nd year of his age, and he distinguished himself so much by his probity, his valour, his intrepidity, moderation, and clemency, that, at the death of the emperor Tacitus, he was invested with the imperial purple by the voluntary and uninfluenced choice of his soldiers. His election was universally approved by the Roman senate and the people; and Probus, strengthened on his throne by the affection and attachment of his subjects, marched against the enemies of Rome, in Gaul and Germany. Several battles were fought, and after he had left 400,000 barbarians dead in the field, Probus turned his arms against the Sarmatians. The same success attended him, and after he had quelled and terrified to peace the numerous barbarians of the north, he marched through Syria against the Blemmyes in the neighbourhood of Egypt. The Blemmyes were defeated with great slaughter, and the military character of the emperor was so well established, that the king of Persia sued for peace by his ambassadors, and attempted to buy the conqueror’s favour with the most splendid presents. Probus was then feasting upon the most common food when the ambassadors were introduced; but without even casting his eyes upon them, he said, that if their master did not give proper satisfaction to the Romans, he would lay his territories desolate, and as naked as the crown of his head. As he spoke, the emperor took off his cap, and showed the baldness of his head to the ambassadors. The conditions were gladly accepted by the Persian monarch, and Probus retired to Rome to convince his subjects of the greatness of his conquests, and to claim from them the applause which their ancestors had given to the conqueror of Macedonia or the destroyer of Carthage, as he passed along the streets of Rome. His triumph lasted several days, and the Roman populace were long entertained with shows and combats. But the Roman empire, delivered from its foreign enemies, was torn by civil discord; and peace was not re-established till three usurpers had been severally defeated. While his subjects enjoyed tranquillity, Probus encouraged the liberal arts; he permitted the inhabitants of Gaul and Illyricum to plant vines in their territories, and he himself repaired 70 cities in different parts of the empire which had been reduced to ruins. He also attempted to drain the waters which were stagnated in the neighbourhood of Sirmium, by conveying them to the sea by artificial canals. His armies were employed in this laborious undertaking; but as they were unaccustomed to such toils, they soon mutinied, and fell upon the emperor as he was passing into one of the towns of Illyricum. He fled into an iron tower which he himself had built to observe the marshes, but as he was alone, and without arms, he was soon overpowered and murdered, in the 50th year of his age, after a reign of six years and four months, on the second of November, after Christ 282. The news of his death was received with the greatest consternation; not only his friends, but his very enemies, deplored his fate, and even the army, which had been concerned in his fall, erected a monument over his body, and placed upon it this inscription: _Hic Probus imperator, verè probus, situs est, victor omnium gentium barbararum, victor etiam tyrannorum_. He was then preparing in a few days to march against the Persians that had revolted, and his victories there might have been as great as those he obtained in the two other quarters of the globe. He was succeeded by Carus, and his family, who had shared his greatness, immediately retired from Rome, not to become objects either of private or public malice. _Zosimus._ ――_Probus._――_Saturninus._――――Æmilius, a grammarian in the age of Theodosius. The lives of excellent commanders, written by Cornelius Nepos, have been falsely attributed to him by some authors.――――An oppressive prefect of the pretorian guards, in the reign of Valentinian. =Procas=, a king of Alba after his father Aventinus. He was father of Amulius and Numitor. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 622.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 767. =Prochy̆ta=, an island of Campania in the bay of Puteoli, now _Procida_. It was situated near Inarima, from which it was said that it had been separated by an earthquake. It received its name, according to Dionysius, from the nurse of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 715. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2. =Procilius=, a Latin historian in the age of Pompey the Great. _Varro._ =Procilla Julia=, a woman of uncommon virtue, killed by the soldiers of Otho. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 4. =Caius Valerius Procillus=, a prince of Gaul, intimate with Cæsar. =Proclēa=, a daughter of Clitius, who married Cycnus, a son of Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14. =Procles=, a son of Aristodemus and Argia, born at the same birth as Eurysthenes. There were continual dissensions between the two brothers, who both sat on the Spartan throne, _See:_ Eurysthenes and Lacedæmon.――――A native of Andros in the Ægean sea, who was crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――A man who headed the Ionians when they took Samos. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――A Carthaginian writer, son of Eucrates. He wrote some historical treatises, of which Pausanias has preserved some fragments. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.――――A tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death and thrown into the sea. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.――――A general of the Naxians in Sicily, who betrayed his country to Dionysius the tyrant for a sum of money. =Proclidæ=, the descendants of Procles, who sat on the throne of Sparta, together with the Eurysthenidæ. _See:_ Lacedæmon and Eurysthenes. =Procne.= _See:_ Progne. =Proconnēsus=, now _Marmora_, an island of the Propontis, at the north-east of Cyzicus; also called _Elaphonnesus_ and _Neuris_. It was famous for its fine marble. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Procopius=, a celebrated officer of a noble family in Cilicia, related to the emperor Julian, with whom he lived in great intimacy. He was universally admired for his integrity, but he was not destitute of ambition or pride. After he had signalized himself under Julian and his successor, he retired from the Roman provinces among the barbarians in the Thracian Chersonesus, and some time after he suddenly made his appearance at Constantinople, when the emperor Valens had marched into the east, and he proclaimed himself master of the eastern empire. His usurpation was universally acknowledged, and his victories were so rapid, that Valens would have resigned the imperial purple, had not his friends intervened. But now fortune changed; Procopius was defeated in Phrygia, and abandoned by his army. His head was cut off, and carried to Valentinian in Gaul, A.D. 366. Procopius was slain in the 42nd year of his age, and he had usurped the title of emperor for above eight months. _Ammianus Marcellinus_, bks. 25 & 26.――――A Greek historian of Cæsarea in Palestine, secretary to the celebrated Belisarius, A.D. 534. He wrote the history of the reign of Justinian, and greatly celebrated the hero, whose favours and patronage he enjoyed. This history is divided into eight books, two of which give an account of the Persian war, two of the Vandals, and four of the Goths, to the year 553, which was afterwards continued in five books by Agathias till 559. Of this performance the character is great, though perhaps the historian is often too severe on the emperor. The works of Procopius were edited in 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1662. =Procris=, a daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She married Cephalus. _See:_ Cephalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 445.――――A daughter of Thestius. =Procrustes=, a famous robber of Attica, killed by Theseus near the Cephisus. He tied travellers on a bed, and if their length exceeded that of the bed, he used to cut it off, but if they were shorter, he had them stretched to make their length equal to it. He is called by some Damastes and Polypemon. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2, li. 69; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 43.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Procŭla=, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age, satire 2, li. 68. =Procūleius=, a Roman knight, very intimate with Augustus. He is celebrated for his humanity and paternal kindness to his brothers Muræna and Scipio, with whom he divided his possessions, after they had forfeited their estates, and incurred the displeasure of Augustus for siding with young Pompey. He was sent by Augustus to Cleopatra, to endeavour to bring her alive into his presence, but to no purpose. He destroyed himself when labouring under a heavy disease. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 2.――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 24.――――A debauchee in Nero’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 40. =Procŭlus Julius=, a Roman who, after the death of Romulus, declared that he had seen him in his appearance more than human, and that he had ordered him to bid the Romans to offer him sacrifices under the name of Quirinus, and to rest assured that Rome was destined by the gods to become the capital of the world. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――Geganius, a Roman consul.――――Placitius, a Roman who conquered the Hernici.――――A friend of Vitellius.――――A consul under Nerva.――――A man accused of extortion.――――An African in the age of Aurelius. He published a book entitled _de regionibus_, or _religionibus_, on foreign countries, &c.――――An officer who proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul, in the reign of Probus. He was soon after defeated, and exposed on a gibbet. He was very debauched and licentious in his manners, and had acquired riches by piratical excursions. =Procyon=, a star near Sirius, or the dog-star, before which it generally rises in July. Cicero calls it _Anticanis_, which is of the same signification (προ κυων). _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 44. =Prodĭcus=, a sophist and rhetorician of Cos, about 396 years before Christ. He was sent as ambassador by his countrymen to Athens, where he publicly taught, and had among his pupils Euripides, Socrates, Theramenes, and Isocrates. He travelled from town to town in Greece, to procure admirers and get money. He made his auditors pay to hear him harangue, which has given occasion to some of the ancients to speak of the orations of Prodicus for 50 drachmas. In his writings, which were numerous, he composed a beautiful episode, in which virtue and pleasure were introduced, as attempting to make Hercules one of their votaries. The hero at last yielded to the charms of virtue and rejected pleasure. This has been imitated by Lucian. Prodicus was at last put to death by the Athenians on pretence that he corrupted the morals of their youth. _Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_. =Proerna=, a town of Phthiotis. _Livy_, bk. 63, ch. 14. =Prœrosia=, a surname of Ceres. Her festivals, celebrated at Athens and Eleusis before the sowing of corn, bore the same name. _Meursius_, _Eleusinia_. =Prœtĭdes=, the daughters of Prœtus king of Argolis, were three in number, Lysippe, Iphinoe, and Iphianassa. They became insane for neglecting the worship of Bacchus, or, according to others, for preferring themselves to Juno, and they ran about the fields, believing themselves to be cows, and flying away not to be harnessed to the plough or to the chariot. Prœtus applied to Melampus to cure his daughters of their insanity, but he refused to employ him when he demanded the third part of his kingdom as a reward. This neglect of Prœtus was punished, the insanity became contagious, and the monarch at last promised Melampus two parts of his kingdom and one of his daughters, if he would restore them and the Argian women to their senses. Melampus consented, and after he had wrought the cure, he married the most beautiful of the Prœtides. Some have called them Lysippe, Ipponoe, and Cyrianassa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 48.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15.――_Lactantius [Placidus]_ on _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bks. 1 & 3. =Prœtus=, a king of Argos, son of Abas and Ocalea. He was twin brother to Acrisius, with whom he quarrelled even before their birth. This dissension between the two brothers increased with their years. After their father’s death, they both tried to obtain the kingdom of Argos; but the claims of Acrisius prevailed, and Prœtus left Peloponnesus and retired to the court of Jobates king of Lycia, where he married Stenobœa, called by some Antea or Antiope. He afterwards returned to Argolis, and by means of his father-in-law he made himself master of Tirynthus. Stenobœa had accompanied her husband to Greece, and she became by him mother of the Prœtides, and of a son called Megapenthes, who after his father’s death succeeded on the throne of Tirynthus. _See:_ Stenobœa. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 160.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Progne=, a daughter of Pandion king of Athens by Zeuxippe. She married Tereus king of Thrace, by whom she had a son called Itylus or Itys. _See:_ Philomela. =Prolăus=, a native of Elis, father to Philanthus and Lampus by Lysippe. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2. =Promăchus=, one of the Epigoni, son of Parthenopæus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A son of Psophis daughter of Eryx king of Sicily. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.――――An athlete of Pallene.――――A son of Æson, killed by Pelias. _Apollodorus._ =Promathĭdas=, an historian of Heraclea. =Promathion=, a man who wrote a history of Italy. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Promĕdon=, a native of the island of Naxos, &c. =Promenæa=, one of the priestesses of the temple of Dodona. It was from her that Herodotus received the tradition that two doves had flown from Thebes in Egypt, one to Dodona, and the other to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, where they gave oracles.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 55. =Promethei jugum= and =antrum=, a place on the top of mount Caucasus, in Albania. =Promētheus=, a son of Iapetus by Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was brother to Atlas, Menœtius, and Epimetheus, and surpassed all mankind in cunning and fraud. He ridiculed the gods, and deceived Jupiter himself. He sacrificed two bulls, and filled their skins, one with the flesh and the other with the bones, and asked the father of the gods which of the two he preferred as an offering. Jupiter became the dupe of his artifice, and chose the bones, and from that time the priests of the temples were ever after ordered to burn the whole victims on the altars, the flesh and the bones altogether. To punish Prometheus and the rest of mankind, Jupiter took fire away from the earth, but the son of Iapetus outwitted the father of the gods. He climbed the heavens by the assistance of Minerva, and stole fire from the chariot of the sun, which he brought down upon the earth at the end of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the more; he ordered Vulcan to make a woman of clay, and after he had given her life, he sent her to Prometheus, with a box of the richest and most valuable presents which she had received from the gods. _See:_ Pandora. Prometheus, who suspected Jupiter, took no notice of Pandora or her box, but he made his brother Epimetheus marry her, and the god, now more irritated, ordered Mercury, or Vulcan, according to Æschylus, to carry this artful mortal to mount Caucasus, and there tie him to a rock, where for 30,000 years a vulture was to feed upon his liver, which was never diminished, though continually devoured. He was delivered from this painful confinement about 30 years afterwards by Hercules, who killed the bird of prey. The vulture, or, according to others, the eagle which devoured the liver of Prometheus, was born from Typhon and Echidna. According to Apollodorus, Prometheus made the first man and woman that ever were upon the earth with clay, which he animated by means of the fire which he had stolen from heaven. On this account, therefore, the Athenians raised him an altar in the grove of Academus, where they yearly celebrated games to his honour. During these games there was a race, and he who carried a burning torch in his hand without extinguishing it obtained the prize. Prometheus, as it is universally credited, had received the gift of prophecy; and all the gods, and even Jupiter himself, consulted him as a most infallible oracle. To him mankind are indebted for the invention of many of the useful arts; he taught them the use of plants, with their physical power, and from him they received the knowledge of taming horses and different animals, either to cultivate the ground, or for the purposes of luxury. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 510 & 550. ――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Hyginus_, fable 144.――_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_. ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 82.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3.――_Seneca_, _Medea_, li. 823. =Promēthis= and =Promethīdes=, a patronymic applied to the children of Prometheus, as to Deucalion, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 390. =Promethus= and =Damasichthon=, two sons of Codrus, who conducted colonies into Asia Minor. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Promŭlus=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574. =Pronapĭdes=, an ancient Greek poet of Athens, who was, according to some, preceptor to Homer. It is said that he first taught the Greeks how to write from the left to the right, contrary to the custom of writing from the right to the left, which is still observed by some of the eastern nations. _Diodorus_, bk. 3. =Pronax=, a brother of Adrastus king of Argos, son of Talaus and Lysimache. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Pronoe=, a daughter of Phorbas, mother of Pleuron and Calydon by Æolus. =Pronŏmus=, a Theban who played so skilfully on the lute, that the invention of that musical instrument is attributed to him. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Athenæus_, bk. 14, ch. 7. =Pronous=, a son of Phlegeas, killed by the sons of Alcmæon. =Pronŭba=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriages. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 166. =Propertius Sextus Aurelius=, a Latin poet born at Mevania, in Umbria. His father was a Roman knight, whom Augustus proscribed, because he had followed the interest of Antony. He came to Rome, where his genius and poetical talents soon recommended him to the notice of the great and powerful. Mecænas, Gallus, and Virgil became his friends, and Augustus his patron. Mecænas wished him to attempt an epic poem, of which he proposed the emperor for hero; but Propertius refused, observing that his abilities were unequal to the task. He died about 19 years before Christ, in the 40th year of his age. His works consist of four books of elegies, which are written with so much spirit, vivacity, and energy, that many authors call him the prince of the elegiac poets among the Latins. His poetry, though elegant, is not free from faults, and the many lascivious expressions which he uses deservedly expose him to censure. Cynthia, who is the heroine of all his elegies, was a Roman lady, whose real name was Hostia, or Hostilia, of whom the poet was deeply enamoured. Though Mevania is more generally supposed to be the place of his birth, yet four other cities of Umbria have disputed the honour of it; Hespillus, Ameria, Perusia, and Assisium. The best edition is that of Santenius, 4to, Utrecht, 1780; and when published together with Catullus and Tibullus, those of Grævius, 8vo, Utrecht, 1680, and of Vulpius, 4 vols., Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755, and the edition of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 465; bk. 4, poem 10, li. 55; _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 333.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 73; bk. 14, ltr. 189.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, _Letters_; bk. 9, ltr. 22. =Propœtĭdes=, some women of Cyprus, severely punished by Venus, whose divinity they had despised. They sent their daughters to the sea-shore, where they prostituted themselves to strangers. The poets have feigned that they were changed into stones, on account of their insensibility to every virtuous sentiment. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 238. =Propontis=, a sea which has a communication with the Euxine, by the Thracian Bosphorus, and with the Ægean by the Hellespont, now called the sea of _Marmora_. It is about 175 miles long and 62 broad, and it received its name from its vicinity to Pontus. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, bk. 1; _Tristia_, bk. 9, li. 29. ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 22. =Propylea=, a surname of Diana. She had a temple at Eleusis in Attica. =Proselystius=, a surname of Neptune among the Greeks. _Pausanias_, bk. 2. =Proserpĭna=, a daughter of Ceres by Jupiter, called by the Greeks _Persephone_. She was so beautiful, that the father of the gods himself became enamoured of her, and deceived her by changing himself into a serpent, and folding her in his wreaths. Proserpine made Sicily the place of her residence, and delighted herself with the beautiful views, the flowery meadows, and limpid streams, which surrounded the plains of Enna. In this solitary retreat, as she amused herself with her female attendants in gathering flowers, Pluto carried her away into the infernal regions, of which she became the queen. _See:_ Pluto. Ceres was so disconsolate at the loss of her daughter, that she travelled all over the world, but her inquiries were in vain, and she never could have discovered whither she had been carried, had not she found the girdle of Proserpine on the surface of the waters of the fountain Cyane, near which the ravisher had opened himself a passage to his kingdom by striking the earth with his trident. Ceres soon learned from the nymph Arethusa that her daughter had been carried away by Pluto, and immediately she repaired to Jupiter, and demanded of him to punish the ravisher. Jupiter in vain attempted to persuade the mother that Pluto was not unworthy of her daughter, and when he saw that she was inflexible for the restitution of Proserpine, he said that she might return on earth, if she had not taken any aliments in the infernal regions. Her return, however, was impossible. Proserpine, as she walked in the Elysian fields, had gathered a pomegranate from a tree and eaten it, and Ascalaphus was the only one who saw it, and for his discovery the goddess instantly turned him into an owl. Jupiter, to appease the resentment of Ceres, and soothe her grief, permitted that Proserpine should remain six months with Pluto in the infernal regions, and that she should spend the rest of the year with her mother on earth. As queen of hell, and wife of Pluto, Proserpine presided over the death of mankind, and, according to the opinion of the ancients, no one could die, if the goddess herself, or Atropos her minister, did not cut off one of the hairs from the head. From this superstitious belief, it was usual to cut off some of the hair of the deceased, and to strew it at the door of the house, as an offering for Proserpine. The Sicilians were very particular in their worship to Proserpine, and as they believed that the fountain Cyane had risen from the earth at the very place where Pluto had opened himself a passage, they annually sacrificed there a bull, of which they suffered the blood to run into the water. Proserpine was universally worshipped by the ancients, and she was known by the different names of _Core_, _Theogamia_, _Libitina_, _Hecate_, _Juno inferna_, _Anthesphoria_, _Cotyto_, _Deois_, _Libera_, &c. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 37; bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 417.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 698; bk. 6, li. 138.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 146.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Orpheus_, _Hymn 28_.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_. =Prosopītis=, an island in one of the mouths of the Nile. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Prosper=, one of the fathers who died A.D. 466. His works have been edited by Mangeant, folio, Paris, 1711. =Prosymna=, a part of Argolis, where Juno was worshipped. It received its name from a nymph of the same name, daughter of Asterion, who nursed Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2. =Protagŏras=, a Greek philosopher of Abdera in Thrace, who was originally a porter. He became one of the disciples of Democritus, when that philosopher had seen him carrying faggots on his head, poised in a proper equilibrium. He soon rendered himself ridiculous by his doctrines, and in a book which he published, he denied the existence of a Supreme Being. This doctrine he supported by observing, that his doubts arose from the uncertainty of the existence of a Supreme Power, and from the shortness of human life. This book was publicly burnt at Athens, and the philosopher banished from the city, as a worthless and contemptible being. Protagoras visited from Athens different islands in the Mediterranean, and died in Sicily in a very advanced age, about 400 years before the christian era. He generally reasoned by dilemmas, and always left the mind in suspense about all the questions which he proposed. Some suppose that he was drowned. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 9.――♦_Plato_, _Protagoras_.――――A king of Cyprus, tributary to the court of Persia.――――Another. ♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’ =Protagorĭdes=, an historian of Cyzicus, who wrote a treatise on the games of Daphne, celebrated at Antioch. =Protei columnæ=, a place in the remotest parts of Egypt. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 262. =Protesilai turris=, the monument of Protesilaus, on the Hellespont. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Prōtĕsĭlāus=, a king of part of Thessaly, son of Iphiclus, originally called Iolaus, grandson of Phylacus, and brother to Alcimede the mother of Jason. He married Laodamia the daughter of Acastus, and some time after he departed with the rest of the Greeks for the Trojan war with 40 sail. He was the first of the Greeks who set foot on the Trojan shore, and as such he was doomed by the oracle to perish, therefore he was killed as soon as he had leaped from his ship, by Æneas or Hector. Homer has not mentioned the person who killed him. His wife Laodamia destroyed herself when she heard of his death. _See:_ Laodamia. Protesilaus has received the patronymic of _Phylacides_ either because he was descended from Phylace, or because he was a native of Phylace. He was buried on the Trojan shore, and, according to Pliny, there were near his tomb certain trees which grew to an extraordinary height, which, as soon as they could be discovered and seen from Troy, immediately withered and decayed, and afterwards grew up again to their former height, and suffered the same vicissitude. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 205. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 1; _Heroides_, poem 13, li. 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 103, &c. =Proteus=, a sea deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, or, according to some, of Neptune and Phœnice. He had received the gift of prophecy from Neptune because he had tended the monsters of the sea, and from his knowledge of futurity mankind received the greatest services. He usually resided in the Carpathian sea, and, like the rest of the gods, he reposed himself on the sea-shore, where such as wished to consult him generally resorted. He was difficult of access, and when consulted he refused to give answers, by immediately assuming different shapes, and if not properly secured in fetters, eluding the grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, or disappearing in a flame of fire, a whirlwind, or a rushing stream. Aristæus and Menelaus were in the number of those who consulted him, as also Hercules. Some suppose that he was originally king of Egypt, known among his subjects by the name of Cetes, and they assert that he had two sons, Telegonus and Polygonus, who were both killed by Hercules. He had also some daughters, among whom were Cabira, Eidothea, and Rhetia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 360.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 10; _Amores_, poem 12, li. 36.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 243. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 387.――_Hyginus_, fable 118. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 112.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Prothēnor=, a Bœotian who went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Protheus=, a Greek at the Trojan war.――――A Spartan who endeavoured to prevent a war with the Thebans. =Prothous=, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. _Apollodorus._――――A son of Agrius. =Proto=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._ =Protogenēa=, a daughter of Calydon, by Æolia the daughter of Amythaon. She had a son called Oxylus by Mars. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Protogĕnes=, a painter of Rhodes, who flourished about 328 years before Christ. He was originally so poor that he painted ships to maintain himself. His countrymen were ignorant of his ingenuity before Apelles came to Rhodes, and offered to buy all his pieces. This opened the eyes of the Rhodians; they became sensible of the merit of their countrymen, and liberally rewarded him. Protogenes was employed for seven years in finishing a picture of Jalysus, a celebrated huntsman, supposed to have been the son of Apollo, and the founder of Rhodes. During all this time the painter lived upon lupines and water, thinking that such aliments would leave him greater flights of fancy; but all this did not seem to make him more successful in the perfection of his picture. He was to represent in the piece a dog panting, and with froth at his mouth, but this he never could do with satisfaction to himself; and when all his labours seemed to be without success, he threw his sponge upon the piece in a fit of anger. Chance alone brought to perfection what the utmost labours of art could not do; the fall of the sponge upon the picture represented the froth of the mouth of the dog in the most perfect and natural manner, and the piece was universally admired. Protogenes was very exact in his representations, and copied nature with the greatest nicety, but this was blamed as a fault by his friend Apelles. When Demetrius besieged Rhodes he refused to set fire to a part of the city which might have made him master of the whole, because he knew that Protogenes was then working in that quarter. When the town was taken, the painter was found closely employed in a garden in finishing a picture; and when the conqueror asked him why he showed not more concern at the general calamity, he replied, that Demetrius made war against the Rhodians, and not against the fine arts. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 120.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――One of Caligula’s favourites, famous for his cruelty and extravagance. =Protogenīa=, a daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha. She was beloved by Jupiter, by whom she had Æthlius the father of Endymion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 155.――――Another. _See:_ Protogenea. =Protomedūsa=, one of the Nereides, called Protomelia by Hesiod. _Theogony_, li. 245. =Proxĕnus=, a Bœotian of great authority at Thebes, in the age of Xenophon. _Polyænus._――――A writer who published historical accounts of Sparta. _Athenæus._ =Prudentius Aurelius Clemens=, a Latin poet who flourished A.D. 392, and was successively a soldier, an advocate, and a judge. His poems are numerous, and all theological, devoid of the elegance and purity of the Augustan age, and yet greatly valued. The best editions are the Delphin, 4to, Paris, 1687; that of Cellarius, 12mo, Halæ, 1703; and that of Parma, 2 vols., 4to, 1788. =Prumnides=, a king of Corinth. =Prusa=, a town of Bithynia, built by king Prusias, from whom it received its name. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ltr. 16. =Prusæus Dion=, flourished A.D. 105. =Prusias=, a king of Bithynia, who flourished 221 B.C.――――Another, surnamed _Venator_, who made an alliance with the Romans when they waged war with Antiochus king of Syria. He gave a kind reception to Annibal, and by his advice he made war against Eumenes king of Pergamus, and defeated him. Eumenes, who was an ally of Rome as well as Prusias, complained before the Romans of the hostilities of the king of Bithynia. Quinctius Flaminius was sent from Rome to settle the disputes of the two monarchs, and he was no sooner arrived in Bithynia, than Prusias, to gain his favour, prepared to deliver to him, at his request, the celebrated Carthaginian, to whom he was indebted for all the advantages which he had obtained over Eumenes; but Annibal prevented it by a voluntary death. Prusias was obliged by the Roman ambassador to make a restitution of the provinces he had conquered, and by his meanness he continued to enjoy the favours of the Romans. When some time after he visited the capital of Italy, he appeared in the habit of a manumitted slave, calling himself the freedman of the Romans; and when he was introduced into the senate-house, he saluted the senators by the name of visible deities, of saviours and deliverers. Such abject behaviour rendered him contemptible not only in the eyes of the Romans, but of his subjects, and when he returned home the Bithynians revolted, and placed his son Nicomedes on the throne. The banished monarch fled to Nicomedia, where he was assassinated near the altar of Jupiter, about 149 years before Christ. Some say that his son became his murderer. Prusias, according to Polybius, was the meanest of monarchs, without honesty, without morals, virtue, or principle; he was cruel and cowardly, intemperate and voluptuous, and an enemy to all learning. He was naturally deformed, and he often appeared in public in the habit of a woman, to render his deformities more visible. _Polybius._――_Livy._ ――_Justin_, bk. 31, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――_Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_, &c. =Prymno=, one of the Oceanides. =Prytănes=, certain magistrates at Athens who presided over the senate, and had the privilege of assembling it when they pleased, festivals excepted. They generally met in a large hall, called _prytaneum_, where they gave audiences, offered sacrifices, and feasted together with all those who had rendered signal service to their country. The Prytanes were elected from the senators which were in number 500, 50 of which were chosen from each tribe. When they were elected, the names of the 10 tribes of Athens were thrown into one vessel, and in another were placed nine black beans and a white one. The tribe whose name was drawn with the white bean, presided the first, and the rest in the order in which they were drawn. They presided each for 35 days, as the year was divided into 10 parts; but it is unknown what tribe presided the rest of those days which were supernumerary. When the number of tribes was increased to 12, each of the Prytanes presided one full month.――――Some of the principal magistrates of Corinth were also called Prytanes. =Prytănis=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――One of the friends of Æneas killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 767. =Psamăthe=, one of the Nereides, mother of Phocus by Æacus king of Ægina. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 398.――_Flaccus_, ♦bk. 1, li. 364.――――A daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. She became mother of Linus by Apollo, and to conceal her shame from her father, she exposed her child, which was found by dogs and torn to pieces. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.――――A fountain and town of Thebes. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 364. ♦ Book reference omitted in text. =Psamathos=, a town and port of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25. =Psammenītus=, succeeded his father Amasis on the throne of Egypt. Cambyses made war against him, and as he knew that the Egyptians paid the greatest veneration to cats, the Persian monarch placed some of these animals at the head of his army, and the enemy, unable to defend themselves, and unwilling to kill those objects of adoration, were easily conquered. Psammenitus was twice beaten at Pelusium and in Memphis, and became one of the prisoners of Cambyses, who treated him with great humanity. Psammenitus, however, raised seditions against the Persian monarch; and attempted to make the Egyptians rebel, for which he was put to death by drinking bull’s blood. He had reigned about six months. He flourished about 525 years before the christian era. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c. =Psammetĭchus=, a king of Egypt. He was one of the 12 princes who shared the kingdom among themselves; but as he was more popular than the rest, he was banished from his dominions, and retired into the marshes near the sea-shore. A descent of some of the Greeks upon Egypt proved favourable to his cause: he joined the enemy, and defeated the 11 princes who had expelled him from the country. He rewarded the Greeks, by whose valour he had recovered Egypt, he allotted them some territory on the sea-coast, patronized the liberal arts, and encouraged commerce among his subjects. He made useless inquiries to find the sources of the Nile, and he stopped, by bribes and money, a large army of Scythians that were marching against him. He died 617 years before the christian era, and was buried in Minerva’s temple at Sais. During his reign there was a contention among some of the neighbouring nations about the antiquity of their language. Psammetichus took a part in the contest. He confined two young children and fed them with milk; the shepherd to whose care they were entrusted was ordered never to speak to them, but to watch diligently their articulations. After some time the shepherd observed, that whenever he entered the place of their confinement they repeatedly exclaimed _Beccos_, and he gave information of this to the monarch. Psammetichus made inquiries, and found that the word _Beccos_ signified bread in the Phœnician language, and from that circumstance, therefore, it was universally concluded that the language of Phœnicia was of the greatest antiquity. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 28, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A son of Gordius, brother to Periander, who held the tyranny at Corinth for three years, B.C. 584. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12. =Psammis=, or =Psammuthis=, a king of Egypt, B.C. 376. =Psaphis=, a town on the confines of Attica and Bœotia. There was there an oracle of Amphiaraus. =Psapho=, a Libyan who taught a number of birds which he kept to say, “Psapho is a god,” and afterwards gave them their liberty. The birds did not forget the words which they had been taught, and the Africans paid divine honours to Psapho. _Ælian._ =Psecas=, one of Diana’s attendant nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. =Psophis=, a town of Arcadia near the river Erymanthus, whose name it originally bore, and afterwards that of Phegia. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 296.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 607.――――A river and town of Elis.――――A daughter of Eryx. ――――A town of Acarnania.――――Another of Libya. =Psyche=, a nymph whom Cupid married and carried into a place of bliss, where he long enjoyed her company. Venus put her to death because she had robbed the world of her son; but Jupiter, at the request of Cupid, granted immortality to Psyche. The word signifies _the soul_, and this personification of Psyche first mentioned by Apuleius is posterior to the Augustan age, though still it is connected with ancient mythology. Psyche is generally represented with the wings of a butterfly, to intimate the lightness of the soul, of which the butterfly is the symbol, and on that account, among the ancients, when a man had just expired, a butterfly appeared fluttering above, as if rising from the mouth of the deceased. =Psychrus=, a river of Thrace. When sheep drank of its waters they were said always to bring forth black lambs. _Aristotle._ =Psylli=, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, very expert in curing the venomous bite of serpents, which had no fatal effect upon them. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, ch. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, lis. 894, 937.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 173.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 28. =Pteleum=, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Bœotia. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 852.――_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 43. =Pterelaus=, a son of Taphius, presented with immortality from Neptune, provided he kept on his head a yellow lock. His daughter cut it off and he died. He reigned at Taphos in Argos, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Pteria=, a well-fortified town of Cappadocia. It was in the neighbourhood, according to some, that Crœsus was defeated by Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 76. =Ptolederma=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Ptolemæum=, a certain place at Athens dedicated to exercise and study. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_. =Ptolemæus I.=, surnamed _Lagus_, a king of Egypt, son of Arsinoe, who, when pregnant by Philip of Macedonia, married Lagus, a man of mean extraction. _See:_ Lagus. Ptolemy was educated in the court of the king of Macedonia; he became one of the friends and associates of Alexander, and when that monarch invaded Asia, the son of Arsinoe attended him as one of his generals. During the expedition, he behaved with uncommon valour; he killed one of the Indian monarchs in single combat, and it was to his prudence and courage that Alexander was indebted for the reduction of the rock Aornus. After the conqueror’s death, in the general division of the Macedonian empire, Ptolemy obtained as his share the government of Egypt, with Libya, and part of the neighbouring territories of Arabia. In this appointment the governor soon gained the esteem of the people by acts of kindness, by benevolence, and clemency; and though he did not assume the title of independent monarch till 19 years after, yet he was so firmly established, that the attempts of Perdiccas to drive him away from his possessions proved abortive; and Ptolemy, after the murder of his rival by Grecian soldiers, might have added the kingdom of Macedonia to his Egyptian territories. He made himself master of Cœlosyria, Phœnicia, and the neighbouring coast of Syria, and when he had reduced Jerusalem, he carried about 100,000 prisoners to Egypt, to people the extensive city of Alexandria, which became the capital of his dominions. After he had rendered these prisoners the most attached and faithful of his subjects by his liberality and the grant of privileges, Ptolemy assumed the title of king of Egypt, and soon after reduced Cyprus under his power. He made war with success against Demetrius and Antigonus, who disputed his right to the provinces of Syria, and from the assistance he gave to the people of Rhodes against their common enemies, he received the name of _Soter_. While he extended his dominions, Ptolemy was not negligent of the advantages of his people. The bay of Alexandria being dangerous of access, he built a tower to conduct the sailors in the obscurity of the night [_See:_ Pharos], and that his subjects might be acquainted with literature, he laid the foundation of a library, which, under the succeeding reigns, became the most celebrated in the world. He also established in the capital of his dominions a society called _museum_, of which the members, maintained at the public expense, were employed in philosophical researches, and in the advancement of science and the liberal arts. Ptolemy died in the 84th year of his age, after a reign of 39 years, about 284 years before Christ. He was succeeded by his son Ptolemy Philadelphus, who had been his partner on the throne the last 10 years of his reign. Ptolemy Lagus has been commended for his abilities, not only as a sovereign, but as a writer, and among the many valuable compositions which have been lost, we are to lament a history of Alexander the Great, by the king of Egypt, greatly admired and valued for elegance and authenticity. All his successors were called _Ptolemies_ from him. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7.――_Justin_, bk. 13, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Arrian._――_Curtius._ ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Ptolemæus II.=, son of Ptolemy I., succeeded his father on the Egyptian throne, and was called _Philadelphus_ by antiphrasis, because he killed two of his brothers. He showed himself worthy in every respect to succeed his great father, and, conscious of the advantages which arise from an alliance with powerful nations, he sent ambassadors to Italy to solicit the friendship of the Romans, whose name and military reputation had become universally known for the victories which they had just obtained over Pyrrhus and the Tarentines. His ambassadors were received with marks of the greatest attention, and immediately after four Roman senators came to Alexandria, where they gained the admiration of the monarch and of his subjects, and, by refusing the crowns of gold and the rich presents which were offered to them, convinced the world of the virtue and of the disinterestedness of their nation. But while Ptolemy strengthened himself by alliance with foreign powers, the internal peace of his kingdom was disturbed by the revolt of Magas his brother, king of Cyrene. The sedition, however, was stopped, though kindled by Antiochus king of Syria, and the death of the rebellious prince re-established peace for some time in the family of Philadelphus. Antiochus the Syrian king married Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy, and the father, though old and infirm, conducted his daughter to her husband’s kingdom, and assisted at the nuptials. Philadelphus died in the 64th year of his age, 246 years before the christian era. He left two sons and a daughter by Arsinoe the daughter of Lysimachus. He had afterwards married his sister Arsinoe, whom he loved with uncommon tenderness, and to whose memory he began to erect a celebrated monument. _See:_ Dinocrates. During the whole of his reign, Philadelphus was employed in exciting industry, and in encouraging the liberal arts and useful knowledge among his subjects. The inhabitants of the adjacent countries were allured by promises and presents to increase the number of the Egyptian subjects, and Ptolemy could boast of reigning over 33,339 well-peopled cities. He gave every possible encouragement to commerce, and by keeping two powerful fleets, one in the Mediterranean, and the other in the Red sea, he made Egypt the mart of the world. His army consisted of 200,000 foot, 40,000 horse, besides 300 elephants and 2000 armed chariots. With justice, therefore, he has been called the richest of all the princes and monarchs of his age, and, indeed, the remark is not false when it is observed, that at his death he left in his treasury 750,000 Egyptian talents, a sum equivalent to two hundred millions sterling. His palace was the asylum of learned men, whom he admired and patronized. He paid particular attention to Euclid, Theocritus, Callimachus, and Lycophron, and by increasing the library which his father had founded, he showed his taste for learning, and his wish to encourage genius. This celebrated library at his death contained 200,000 volumes of the best and choicest books, and it was afterwards increased to 700,000 volumes. Part of it was burnt by the flames of Cæsar’s fleet when he set it on fire to save himself, a circumstance, however, not mentioned by the general, and the whole was again magnificently repaired by Cleopatra, who added to the Egyptian library that of the kings of Pergamus. It is said that the Old Testament was translated into Greek during his reign, a translation which has been called Septuagint, because translated by the labours of 70 different persons. _Eutropius._――_Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 2, &c.――_Livy._――_Plutarch._――_Theocritus._――_Athenæus_, bk. 12. ――_Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 12.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 42.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 6, ch. 17. =Ptolemæus III.=, succeeded his father Philadelphus on the Egyptian throne. He early engaged in a war against Antiochus Theus, for his unkindness to Berenice, the Egyptian king’s sister, whom he had married with the consent of Philadelphus. With the most rapid success he conquered Syria and Cilicia, and advanced as far as the Tigris, but a sedition at home stopped his progress, and he returned to Egypt loaded with the spoils of conquered nations. Among the immense riches which he brought, he had above 2500 statues of the Egyptian gods, which Cambyses had carried away into Persia when he conquered Egypt. These were restored to the temples, and the Egyptians called their sovereign _Evergetes_, in acknowledgment of his attention, beneficence, and religious zeal for the gods of his country. The last years of Ptolemy’s reign were passed in peace, if we except the refusal of the Jews to pay the tribute of 20 silver talents which their ancestors had always paid to the Egyptian monarchs. He also interested himself in the affairs of Greece, and assisted Cleomenes the Spartan king against the leaders of the Achæan league; but he had the mortification to see his ally defeated, and even a fugitive in Egypt. Evergetes died 221 years before Christ, after a reign of 25 years, and, like his two illustrious predecessors, he was the patron of learning, and, indeed, he is the last of the Lagides who gained popularity among his subjects by clemency, moderation and humanity, and who commanded respect even from his enemies, by valour, prudence, and reputation. It is said that he deposited 15 talents in the hands of the Athenians to be permitted to translate the original manuscripts of Æschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 29, &c. =Ptolemæus IV.=, succeeded his father Evergetes on the throne of Egypt, and received the surname of _Philopater_ by antiphrasis, because, according to some historians, he destroyed his father by poison. He began his reign with acts of the greatest cruelty, and he successively sacrificed to his avarice his own mother, his wife, his sister, and his brother. He received the name of _Tiphon_ from his extravagance and debauchery, and that of _Gallus_, because he appeared in the streets of Alexandria like one of the bacchanals, and with all the gestures of the priests of Cybele. In the midst of his pleasures, Philopater was called to war against Antiochus king of Syria, and at the head of a powerful army he soon invaded his enemies’ territories, and might have added the kingdom of Syria to Egypt, if he had made a prudent use of the victories which attended his arms. In his return he visited Jerusalem, but the Jews prevented him forcibly from entering their temple, for which insolence to his majesty the monarch determined to extirpate the whole nation. He ordered an immense number of Jews to be exposed in a plain, and trodden under the feet of elephants, but, by a supernatural instinct, the generous animals turned their fury not on those that had been devoted to death, but upon the Egyptian spectators. This circumstance terrified Philopater, and he behaved with more than common kindness to a nation which he had so lately devoted to destruction. In the latter part of his reign, the Romans, whom a dangerous war with Carthage had weakened, but at the same time roused to superior activity, renewed, for political reasons, the treaty of alliance which had been made with the Egyptian monarchs. Philopater at last, weakened and enervated by intemperance and continual debauchery, died in the 37th year of his age, after a reign of 17 years, 204 years before the christian era. His death was immediately followed by the murder of the companions of his voluptuousness and extravagance, and their carcases were dragged with the greatest ignominy through the streets of Alexandria. _Polybius._――_Justin_, bk. 30, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_. =Ptolemæus V.=, succeeded his father Philopater as king of Egypt, though only in the fourth year of his age. During the years of his minority he was under the protection of Sosibius and of Aristomenes, by whose prudent administration Antiochus was dispossessed of the provinces of Cœlosyria and Palestine, which he had conquered by war. The Romans also renewed their alliance with him after their victories over Annibal, and the conclusion of the second Punic war. This flattering embassy induced Aristomenes to offer the care of the patronage of the young monarch to the Romans, but the regent was confirmed in his honourable office, and by making a treaty of alliance with the people of Achaia, he convinced the Egyptians that he was qualified to wield the sceptre and to govern the nation. But now that Ptolemy had reached his 14th year, according to the laws and customs of Egypt, the years of his minority had expired. He received the surname of _Epiphanes_, or Illustrious, and was crowned at Alexandria with the greatest solemnity, and the faithful Aristomenes resigned into his hands an empire which he had governed with honour to himself and with credit to his sovereign. Young Ptolemy was no sooner delivered from the shackles of a superior, than he betrayed the same vices which had characterized his father; the counsels of Aristomenes were despised, and the minister who for 10 years had governed the kingdom with equity and moderation, was sacrificed to the caprice of the sovereign, who abhorred him for the salutary advice which his own vicious inclinations did not permit him to follow. His cruelties raised seditions among his subjects, but these were twice quelled by the prudence and the moderation of one Polycrates, the most faithful of his corrupt ministers. In the midst of his extravagance, Epiphanes did not forget his alliance with the Romans; above all others he showed himself eager to cultivate friendship with a nation from whom he could derive so many advantages, and during their war against Antiochus he offered to assist them with money against a monarch whose daughter Cleopatra he had married, but whom he hated on account of the seditions he raised in the very heart of Egypt. After a reign of 24 years, 180 years before Christ, Ptolemy was poisoned by his ministers, whom he had threatened to rob of their possessions, to carry on a war against Seleucus king of Syria. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 13, &c.――_Justin_, &c. =Ptolemæus VI.=, succeeded his father Epiphanes on the Egyptian throne, and received the surname of _Philometor_, on account of his hatred against his mother Cleopatra. He was in the sixth year of his age when he ascended the throne, and during his minority the kingdom was governed by his mother, and at her death by a eunuch, who was one of his favourites. He made war against Antiochus Epiphanes king of Syria, to recover the provinces of Palestine and Cœlosyria, which were part of the Egyptian dominions, and after several successes he fell into the hands of his enemy, who detained him in confinement. During the captivity of Philometor, the Egyptians raised to the throne his younger brother Ptolemy Evergetes, or Physcon, also son of Epiphanes, but he was no sooner established in his power than Antiochus turned his arms against Egypt, drove the usurper ♦out, and restored Philometor to all his rights and privileges as king of Egypt. This artful behaviour of Antiochus was soon comprehended by Philometor, and when he saw that Pelusium, the key of Egypt, had remained in the hands of his Syrian ally, he recalled his brother Physcon, and made him partner on the throne, and concerted with him how to repel their common enemy. This union of interest in the two royal brothers incensed Antiochus; he entered Egypt with a large army, but the Romans checked his progress and obliged him to retire. No sooner were they delivered from the impending war, than Philometor and Physcon, whom the fear of danger had united, began with mutual jealousy to oppose each other’s views. Physcon was at last banished by the superior power of his brother, and as he could find no support in Egypt, he immediately repaired to Rome. To excite more effectually the compassion of the Romans, and to gain their assistance, he appeared in the meanest dress, and took his residence in the most obscure corner of the city. He received an audience from the senate, and the Romans settled the dispute between the two royal brothers, by making them independent of one another, and giving the government of Libya and Cyrene to Physcon, and confirming Philometor in the possession of Egypt, and the island of Cyprus. These terms of accommodation were gladly accepted, but Physcon soon claimed the dominion of Cyprus, and in this he was supported by the Romans, who wished to aggrandize themselves by the diminution of the Egyptian power. Philometor refused to deliver up the island of Cyprus, and to call away his brother’s attention, he fomented the seeds of rebellion in Cyrene. But the death of Philometor, 145 years before the christian era, left Physcon master of Egypt and all the dependent provinces. Philometor has been commended by some historians for his clemency and moderation. _Diodorus._――_Livy._――_Polybius._ ♦ omitted word ‘out’ inserted =Ptolemæus VII.=, surnamed Physcon, on account of the prominence of his belly, ascended the throne of Egypt after the death of his brother Philometer, and as he had reigned for some time conjointly with him [_See:_ Ptolemæus VI.], his succession was approved, though the wife and the son of the deceased monarch laid claim to the crown. Cleopatra was supported in her claims by the Jews, and it was at last agreed that Physcon should marry the queen, and that her son should succeed on the throne at his death. The nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but on that very day the tyrant murdered Cleopatra’s son in her arms. He ordered himself to be called _Evergetes_, but the Alexandrians refused to do it, and stigmatized him with the appellation of _Kakergetes_, or evil-doer, a surname which he deserved by his tyranny and oppression. A series of barbarity rendered him odious, but as no one attempted to rid Egypt of her tyranny, the Alexandrians abandoned their habitations, and fled from a place which continually streamed with the blood of their massacred fellow-citizens. If their migration proved fatal to the commerce and prosperity of Alexandria, it was of the most essential service to the countries where they retired; and the numbers of Egyptians that sought a safer asylum in Greece and Asia, introduced among the inhabitants of those countries the different professions that were practised with success in the capital of Egypt. Physcon endeavoured to repeople the city which his cruelty had laid desolate; but the fear of sharing the fate of the former inhabitants, prevailed more than the promise of riches, rights, and immunities. The king at last, disgusted with Cleopatra, repudiated her, and married her daughter by Philometor, called also Cleopatra. He still continued to exercise the greatest cruelty upon his subjects, but the prudence and vigilance of his ministers kept the people in tranquillity, till all Egypt revolted when the king had basely murdered all the young men of Alexandria. Without friends or support in Egypt he fled to Cyprus, and Cleopatra the divorced queen ascended the throne. In his banishment Physcon dreaded lest the Alexandrians should also place the crown on the head of his son, by his sister Cleopatra, who was then governor of Cyrene, and under these apprehensions he sent for the young prince, called Memphitis, to Cyprus, and murdered him as soon as he reached the shore. To make the barbarity more complete he sent the limbs of Memphitis to Cleopatra, and they were received as the queen was going to celebrate her birthday. Soon after this he invaded Egypt with an army, and obtained a victory over the forces of Cleopatra, who, being left without friends or assistance, fled to her eldest daughter Cleopatra, who had married Demetrius king of Syria. This decisive blow restored Physcon to his throne, where he continued to reign for some time, hated by his subjects, and feared by his enemies. He died at Alexandria in the 67th year of his age, after a reign of 29 years, about 116 years before Christ. Some authors have extolled Physcon for his fondness for literature; they have observed, that from his extensive knowledge he was called the _philologist_, and that he wrote a comment upon Homer, besides a history in 24 books, admired for its elegance, and often quoted by succeeding authors whose pen was employed on the same subject. _Diodorus._――_Justin_, bk. 38, &c.――_Athenæus_, bk. 2.――_Porphyry._ =Ptolemæus VIII.=, surnamed _Lathyrus_, from an excrescence like a pea on the nose, succeeded his father Physcon as king of Egypt. He had no sooner ascended the throne, than his mother Cleopatra, who reigned conjointly with him, expelled him to Cyprus, and placed the crown on the head of his brother Ptolemy Alexander, her favourite son. Lathyrus, banished from Egypt, became king of Cyprus; and soon after he appeared at the head of a large army, to make war against Alexander Jannæus king of Judæa, through whose assistance and intrigue he had been expelled by Cleopatra. The Jewish monarch was conquered, and 50,000 of his men were left on the field of battle. Lathyrus, after he had exercised the greatest cruelty upon the Jews, and made vain attempts to recover the kingdom of Egypt, retired to Cyprus till the death of his brother Alexander restored him to his native dominions. Some of the cities of Egypt refused to acknowledge him as their sovereign; and Thebes, for its obstinacy, was closely besieged for three successive years, and from a powerful and populous city, it was reduced to ruins. In the latter part of his reign Lathyrus was called upon to assist the Romans with a navy for the conquest of Athens; but Lucullus, who had been sent to obtain the wanted supply, though received with kingly honours, was dismissed with evasive and unsatisfactory answers, and the monarch refused to part with troops which he deemed necessary to preserve the peace of his kingdom. Lathyrus died 81 years before the christian era, after a reign of 36 years since the death of his father Physcon, 11 of which he had passed with his mother Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne, 18 in Cyprus, and seven after his mother’s death. He was succeeded by his only daughter Cleopatra, whom Alexander the son of Ptolemy Alexander, by means of the dictator Sylla, soon after married and murdered. _Josephus_, _Jewish Antiquities_.――_Justin_, bk. 39.――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_. =Ptolemæus IX.= _See:_ Alexander Ptolemy I. =Ptolemæus X.= _See:_ Alexander Ptolemy II. =Ptolemæus XI.= _See:_ Alexander Ptolemy III. =Ptolemæus XII.=, the illegitimate son of Lathyrus, ascended the throne of Egypt at the death of Alexander III. He received the surname of _Auletes_, because he played skilfully on the flute. His rise showed great marks of prudence and circumspection; and as his predecessor by his will had left the kingdom of Egypt to the Romans, Auletes knew that he could not be firmly established on his throne without the approbation of the Roman senate. He was successful in his applications, and Cæsar, who was then consul, and in want of money, established his succession, and granted him the alliance of the Romans, after he had received the enormous sum of about 1,162,500_l._ sterling. But these measures rendered him unpopular at home, and when he had suffered the Romans quietly to take possession of Cyprus, the Egyptians revolted, and Auletes was obliged to fly from his kingdom, and seek protection among the most powerful of his allies. His complaints were heard at Rome, at first with indifference, and the murder of 100 noblemen of Alexandria, whom the Egyptians had sent to justify their proceedings before the Roman senate, rendered him unpopular and suspected. Pompey, however, supported his cause, and the senators decreed to re-establish Auletes on his throne; but as they proceeded slowly in the execution of their plans, the monarch retired from Rome to Ephesus, where he lay concealed for some time in the temple of Diana. During his absence from Alexandria, his daughter Berenice had made herself absolute, and established herself on the throne by a marriage with Archelaus, a priest of Bellona’s temple at Comana; but she was soon driven from Egypt, when Gabinius, at the head of a Roman army, approached to replace Auletes on his throne. Auletes was no sooner restored to power, than he ♦sacrificed to his ambition his daughter Berenice, and behaved with the greatest ingratitude and perfidy to Rabirius, a Roman who had supplied him with money when expelled from his kingdom. Auletes died four years after his restoration, about 51 years before the christian era. He left two sons and two daughters; and by his will ordered the eldest of his sons to marry the eldest of his sisters, and to ascend with her the vacant throne. As these children were young, the dying monarch recommended them to the protection and paternal care of the Romans, and accordingly Pompey the Great was appointed by the senate to be their patron and their guardian. Their reign was as turbulent as that of their predecessors, and it is remarkable for no uncommon events, only we may observe that the young queen was the Cleopatra who soon after became so celebrated as being the mistress of Julius Cæsar, the wife of Marcus Antony, and the last of the Egyptian monarchs of the family of Lagus. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius_.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 39.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_. ♦ ‘sacrified’ replaced with ‘sacrificed’ =Ptolemæus XIII.=, surnamed _Dionysius_ or _Bacchus_, ascended the throne of Egypt conjointly with his sister Cleopatra, whom he had married, according to the directions of his father Auletes. He was under the care and protection of Pompey the Great [_See:_ Ptolemæus XII.], but the wickedness and avarice of his ministers soon obliged him to reign independent. He was then in the 13th year of his age, when his guardian, after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, came to the shores of Egypt, and claimed his protection. He refused to grant the required assistance, and by the advice of his ministers he basely murdered Pompey, after he had brought him to shore under the mask of friendship and cordiality. To curry the favour of the conqueror of Pharsalia, Ptolemy cut off the head of Pompey; but Cæsar turned with indignation from such perfidy, and when he arrived at Alexandria, he found the king of Egypt as faithless to his cause as to that of his fallen enemy. Cæsar sat as judge to hear the various claims of the brother and sister to the throne; and to satisfy the people, he ordered the will of Auletes to be read, and confirmed Ptolemy and Cleopatra in the possession of Egypt, and appointed the two younger children masters of the island of Cyprus. This fair and candid decision might have left no room for dissatisfaction, but Ptolemy was governed by cruel and avaricious ministers, and therefore he refused to acknowledge Cæsar as a judge or a mediator. The Roman enforced his authority by arms, and three victories were obtained over the Egyptian forces. Ptolemy, who had been for some time a prisoner in the hands of Cæsar, now headed his armies; but a defeat was fatal, and as he attempted to save his life by flight, he was drowned in the Nile, about 46 years before Christ, and three years and eight months after the death of Auletes. Cleopatra, at the death of her brother, became sole mistress of Egypt; but as the Egyptians were no friends to female government, Cæsar obliged her to marry her younger brother Ptolemy, who was then in the 11th year of his age. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_.――_Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Josephus_, _Antiquities_.――_Dio Cassius._――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c. ――_Suetonius_ _Cæsar_. =Ptolemæus Apion=, king of Cyrene, was the illegitimate son of Ptolemy Physcon. After a reign of 20 years he died; and as he had no children, he made the Romans heirs of his dominions. The Romans presented his subjects with their independence. _Livy_, bk. 70.――――Ceraunus, a son of Ptolemy Soter by Eurydice the daughter of Antipater. Unable to succeed to the throne of Egypt, Ceraunus fled to the court of Seleucus, where he was received with friendly marks of attention. Seleucus was then king of Macedonia, an empire which he had lately acquired by the death of Lysimachus in a battle in Phrygia; but his reign was short, and Ceraunus perfidiously murdered him and ascended his throne, 280 B.C. The murderer, however, could not be firmly established in Macedonia, as long as Arsinoe the widow and the children of Lysimachus were alive, and entitled to claim his kingdom as the lawful possession of their father. To remove these obstacles, Ceraunus made offers of marriage to Arsinoe, who was his own sister. The queen at first refused, but the protestations and solemn promises of the usurper at last prevailed upon her to consent. The nuptials, however, were no sooner celebrated, than Ceraunus murdered the two young princes, and confirmed his usurpation by rapine and cruelty. But now three powerful princes claimed the kingdom of Macedonia as their own: Antiochus the son of Seleucus; Antigonus the son of Demetrius; and Pyrrhus the king of Epirus. These enemies, however, were soon removed; Ceraunus conquered Antigonus in the field of battle, and stopped the hostilities of his two other rivals by promises and money. He did not long remain inactive; a barbarian army of Gauls claimed a tribute from him, and the monarch immediately marched to meet them in the field. The battle was long and bloody. The Macedonians might have obtained the victory, if Ceraunus had shown more prudence. He was thrown down from his elephant, and taken prisoner by the enemy, who immediately tore his body to pieces. Ptolemy had been king of Macedonia only 18 months. _Justin_, bk. 24, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 10.――――An illegitimate son of Ptolemy Lathyrus king of Cyprus, of which he was tyrannically dispossessed by the Romans. Cato was at the head of the forces which were sent against Ptolemy by the senate, and the Roman general proposed to the monarch to retire from the throne, and to pass the rest of his days in the obscure office of high priest in the temple of Venus at Paphos. This offer was rejected with the indignation which it merited, and the monarch poisoned himself at the approach of the enemy. The treasures found in the island amounted to the enormous sum of 1,356,250_l._ sterling, which were carried to Rome by the conquerors. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9.――_Florus_, bk. 3. ――――A man who attempted to make himself king of Macedonia, in opposition to Perdiccas. He was expelled by Pelopidas.――――A son of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, by Antigone the daughter of Berenice. He was left governor of Epirus, when Pyrrhus went to Italy to assist the Tarentines against the Romans, where he presided with great prudence and moderation. He was killed, bravely fighting in the expedition which Pyrrhus undertook against Sparta and Argos.――――A eunuch, by whose friendly assistance Mithridates the Great saved his life after a battle with Lucullus.――――A king of Epirus, who died very young as he was marching an army against the Ætolians, who had seized part of his dominions. _Justin_, bk. 28.――――A king of Chalcidica in Syria, about 30 years before Christ. He opposed Pompey when he invaded Syria, but he was defeated in the attempt, and the conqueror spared his life only upon receiving 1000 talents. _Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 13. ――――A nephew of Antigonus, who commanded an army in the Peloponnesus. He revolted from his uncle to Cassander, and some time after he attempted to bribe the soldiers of Ptolemy Lagus king of Egypt, who had invited him to his camp. He was seized and imprisoned for his treachery, and the Egyptian monarch at last ordered him to drink hemlock.――――A son of Seleucus, killed in the celebrated battle which was fought at Issus, between Darius and Alexander the Great.――――A son of Juba, made king of Mauritania. He was son of Cleopatra Selene the daughter of Marcus Antony, and the celebrated Cleopatra. He was put to death by Caius Caligula. _Dio Cassius._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11.――――A friend of Otho.――――A favourite of Antiochus king of Syria. He was surnamed _Macron_.――――A Jew, famous for his cruelty and avarice. He was for some time governor of Jericho, about 135 years before Christ.――――A powerful Jew during the troubles which disturbed the peace of Judæa, in the reign of Augustus.――――A son of Antony by Cleopatra, surnamed _Philadelphus_ by his father, and made master of Phœnicia, Syria, and all the territories of Asia Minor, which were situated between the Ægean and the Euphrates. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. ――――A general of Herod king of Judæa.――――A son of Chrysermus, who visited Cleomenes king of Sparta, when imprisoned in Egypt.――――A governor of Alexandria, put to death by Cleomenes.――――Claudius, a celebrated geographer and astrologer in the reign of Adrian and Antoninus. He was a native of Alexandria, or, according to others, of Pelusium, and on account of his great learning, he received the name of most wise, and most divine, among the Greeks. In his system of the world, he places the earth in the centre of the universe, a doctrine universally believed and adopted till the 16th century, when it was confuted and rejected by Copernicus. His geography is valued for its learning, and the very useful information which he gives. Besides his system and his geography Ptolemy wrote other books, in one of which he gives an account of the fixed stars, of 1022 of which he mentions the certain and definite longitude and latitude. The best edition of Ptolemy’s geography is that of Bertius, folio, Amsterdam, 1618, and that of his treatise _de Judiciis Astrologicis_ by Camerarii, 4to, 1555; and of the _Harmonica_, 4to, Wallis, Oxford, 1683. =Ptolemāis=, a town of Thebais in Egypt, called after the Ptolemies, who beautified it. There was also another city of the same name in the territories of Cyrene. It was situate on the sea-coast, and, according to some, it was the same as Barce. _See:_ Barce.――――A city of Palestine, called also _Acon_. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 8. ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 73.――_Strabo_, bk. 14, &c. =Ptoly̆cus=, a statuary of Corcyra, pupil to Critias the Athenian. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3. =Ptous=, a son of Athamas and Themisto, who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, upon which he built a temple to Apollo, surnamed _Ptous_. The god had also a celebrated oracle on mount Ptous. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 23.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Publicia lex=, forbade any person to play with bad or ♦fraudulent designs. ♦ ‘fradulent’ replaced with ‘fraudulent’ =Publicius=, a Roman freedman, so much like Pompey the Great, that they were often confounded together. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 14. =Publicŏla=, a name given to Publius Valerius, on account of his great popularity. _See:_ Valerius. _Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 30, ch. 15. =Publilia lex=, was made by Publilius Philo the dictator, A.U.C. 445. It permitted one of the censors to be elected from the plebeians, since one of the consuls was chosen from that body. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 12.――――Another, by which it was ordained, that all laws should be previously approved by the senators, before they were proposed by the people. =Publius Syrus=, a Syrian mimic poet, who flourished about 44 years before Christ. He was originally a slave sold to a Roman patrician, called Domitius, who brought him up with great attention, and gave him his freedom when of age. He gained the esteem of the most powerful at Rome, and reckoned Julius Cæsar among his patrons. He soon eclipsed the poet Laberius, whose burlesque compositions were in general esteem. There remains of Publius a collection of moral sentences, written in iambics, and placed in alphabetical order; the newest edition of which is that of Patavium. _Josephus Cominus_, 1740. =Publius=, a prænomen common among the Romans.――――Caius, a man who conspired with Brutus against Julius Cæsar.――――A pretor who conquered Palæpolis. He was only a plebeian, and though neither consul nor dictator, he obtained a triumph in spite of the opposition of the senators. He was the first who was honoured with a triumph during a pretorship.――――A Roman consul who defeated the Latins, and was made dictator.――――A Roman flatterer in the court of Tiberius.――――A tribune who accused Manlius, &c. =Pudīcĭtia=, a goddess who, as her name implies, presided over chastity. She had two temples at Rome. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 7. =Pulchĕria=, a daughter of the emperor Theodosius the Great, famous for her piety, moderation, and virtues.――――A daughter of Arcadius, who held the government of the Roman empire for many years. She was mother of Valentinian. Her piety, and her private as well as public virtues, have been universally admired. She died A.D. 452, and was interred at Ravenna, where her tomb is still to be seen.――――A sister of Theodosius, who reigned absolute for some time in the Roman empire. =Pulchrum=, a promontory near Carthage, now _Rasafran_. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 27. =Pullus=, a surname of Numitorius. =Punĭcum bellum.= The first Punic war was undertaken by the Romans against Carthage, B.C. 264. The ambition of Rome was the origin of this war. For upwards of 240 years, the two nations had beheld with secret jealousy each other’s power, but they had totally eradicated every cause of contention, by settling, in three different treaties, the boundaries of their respective territories, the number of their allies, and how far one nation might sail in the Mediterranean without giving offence to the other. Sicily, an island of the highest consequence to the Carthaginians as a commercial nation, was the seat of the first dissensions. The Mamertini, a body of Italian mercenaries, were appointed by the king of Syracuse to guard the town of Messana, but this tumultuous tribe, instead of protecting the citizens, basely massacred them, and seized their possessions. This act of cruelty raised the indignation of all the Sicilians, and Hiero king of Syracuse, who had employed them, prepared to punish their perfidy; and the Mamertini, besieged in Messana, and without friends or resources, resolved to throw themselves for protection into the hands of the first power that could relieve them. They were, however, divided in their sentiments, and while some implored the assistance of Carthage, others called upon the Romans for protection. Without hesitation or delay, the Carthaginians entered Messana, and the Romans also hastened to give to the Mamertini that aid which had been claimed from them with as much eagerness as from the Carthaginians. At the approach of the Roman troops, the Mamertini, who had implored their assistance, took up arms, and forced the Carthaginians to evacuate Messana. Fresh forces were poured in on every side, and though Carthage seemed superior in arms and in resources, yet the valour and intrepidity of the Romans daily appeared more formidable, and Hiero, the Syracusan king, who hitherto had embraced the interest of the Carthaginians, became the most faithful ally of the republic. From a private quarrel the war became general. The Romans obtained a victory in Sicily, but as their enemies were masters at sea, the advantages which they gained were small and inconsiderable. To make themselves equal to their adversaries, they aspired to the dominion of the sea, and in 60 days timber was cut down, and a fleet of 120 galleys completely manned and provisioned. The successes they met with at sea were trivial, and little advantages could be gained over an enemy that were sailors by actual practice and long experience. ♦Duillius at last obtained a victory, and he was the first Roman who ever received a triumph after a naval battle. The losses which they had already sustained induced the Carthaginians to sue for peace, and the Romans, whom an unsuccessful descent upon Africa, under Regulus [_See:_ Regulus], had rendered diffident, listened to the proposal, and the first Punic war was concluded B.C. 241, on the following terms:――The Carthaginians pledged themselves to pay to the Romans, within 20 years, the sum of 3000 Euboic talents; they promised to release all the Roman captives without ransom, to evacuate Sicily, and the other islands in the Mediterranean, and not to molest Hiero king of Syracuse, or his allies. After this treaty, the Carthaginians, who had lost the dominion of Sardinia and Sicily, made new conquests in Spain, and soon began to repair their losses by industry and labour. They planted colonies, and secretly prepared to revenge themselves upon their powerful rivals. The Romans were not insensible of their successes in Spain, and to stop their progress towards Italy, they made stipulations with the Carthaginians, by which they were not permitted to cross the Iberus, or to molest the cities of their allies the Saguntines. This was for some time observed, but when Annibal succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain, he spurned the boundaries which the jealousy of Rome had set to his arms, and he immediately formed the siege of Saguntum. The Romans were apprised of the hostilities which had been begun against their allies, but Saguntum was in the hands of the active enemy before they had taken any steps to oppose him. Complaints were carried to Carthage, and war was determined on by the influence of Annibal in the Carthaginian senate. Without delay or diffidence, B.C. 218, Annibal marched a numerous army of 90,000 foot and 12,000 horse towards Italy, resolved to carry on the war to the gates of Rome. He crossed the Rhone, the Alps, and the Apennines, with uncommon celerity, and the Roman consuls who were stationed to stop his progress were severally defeated. The battles of Trebia, of Ticinus, and of the lake of Thrasymenus, threw Rome into the greatest apprehensions, but the prudence and the dilatory measures of the dictator Fabius soon taught them to hope for better times. Yet the conduct of Fabius was universally censured as cowardice, and the two consuls who succeeded him in the command, by pursuing a different plan of operations, soon brought on a decisive action at Cannæ, in which 45,000 Romans were left in the field of battle. This bloody victory caused so much consternation at Rome, that some authors have declared that if Annibal had immediately marched from the plains of Cannæ to the city, he would have met with no resistance, but would have terminated a long and dangerous war with glory to himself, and the most inestimable advantages to his country. This celebrated victory at Cannæ left the conqueror master of two camps, and of an immense booty; and the cities which had hitherto observed a neutrality, no sooner saw the defeat of the Romans, than they eagerly embraced the interest of Carthage. The news of this victory was carried to Carthage by Mago, and the Carthaginians refused to believe it till three bushels of golden rings were spread before them, which had been taken from the Roman knights in the field of battle. After this Annibal called his brother Asdrubal from Spain with a large reinforcement; but the march of Asdrubal was intercepted by the Romans, his army was defeated, and himself slain. Affairs now had taken a different turn, and Marcellus, who had the command of the Roman legions in Italy, soon taught his countrymen that Annibal was not invincible in the field. In different parts of the world the Romans were making very rapid conquests, and if the sudden arrival of a Carthaginian army in Italy at first raised fears and apprehensions, they were soon enabled to dispute with their enemies for the sovereignty of Spain and the dominion of the sea. Annibal no longer appeared formidable in Italy; if he conquered towns in Campania or Magna Græcia, he remained master of them only while his army hovered in the neighbourhood, and if he marched towards Rome the alarm he occasioned was but momentary; the Romans were prepared to oppose him, and his retreat was therefore the more dishonourable. The conquests of young Scipio in Spain had now raised the expectations of the Romans, and he had no sooner returned to Rome than he proposed to remove Annibal from the capital of Italy by carrying the war to the gates of Carthage. This was a bold and hazardous enterprise, but though Fabius opposed it, it was universally approved by the Roman senate, and young Scipio was empowered to sail to Africa. The conquests of the young Roman were as rapid in Africa as in Spain, and the Carthaginians, apprehensive for the fate of their capital, recalled Annibal from Italy, and preferred their safety at home to the maintaining of a long and expensive war in another quarter of the globe. Annibal received their orders with indignation, and with tears in his eyes he left Italy, where for 16 years he had known no superior in the field of battle. At his arrival in Africa, the Carthaginian general soon collected a large army, and met his exulting adversary in the plains of Zama. The battle was long and bloody, and though one nation fought for glory, and the other for the dearer sake of liberty, the Romans obtained the victory, and Annibal, who had sworn eternal enmity to the gods of Rome, fled from Carthage after he had advised his countrymen to accept the terms of the conqueror. This battle of Zama was decisive, the Carthaginians sued for peace, which the haughty conquerors granted with difficulty. The conditions were these: Carthage was permitted to hold all the possessions which she had in Africa before the war, and to be governed by her own laws and institutions. She was ordered to make restitution of all the ships and other effects which had been taken in violation of a truce that had been agreed upon by both nations. She was to surrender the whole of her fleet, except 10 galleys; she was to release and deliver up all the captives, deserters, or fugitives, taken or received during the war; to indemnify Masinissa for all the losses which he had sustained; to deliver up all her elephants, and for the future never more to tame or break any more of these animals. She was not to make war upon any nation whatever without the consent of the Romans, and she was to reimburse the Romans, to pay the sum of 10,000 talents, at the rate of 200 talents a year for 50 years, and she was to give up hostages from the noblest families for the performance of these several articles; and till the ratification of the treaty, to supply the Roman forces with money and provisions. These humiliating conditions were accepted 201 B.C., and immediately 4000 Roman captives were released, 500 galleys were delivered and burnt on the spot, but the immediate exaction of 200 talents was more severely felt, and many of the Carthaginian senators burst into tears. During the 50 years which followed the conclusion of the second Punic war, the Carthaginians were employed in repairing their losses by unwearied application and industry; but they found still in the Romans a jealous rival and a haughty conqueror, and in Masinissa the ally of Rome an intriguing and ambitious monarch. The king of Numidia made himself master of one of their provinces; but as they were unable to make war without the consent of Rome, the Carthaginians sought relief by embassies, and made continual complaints in the Roman senate of the tyranny and oppression of Masinissa. Commissioners were appointed to examine the cause of their complaints; but as Masinissa was the ally of Rome, the interest of the Carthaginians was neglected, and whatever seemed to depress their republic was agreeable to the Romans. Cato, who was in the number of the commissioners, examined the capital of Africa with a jealous eye; he saw it with concern, rising as it were from its ruins; and when he returned to Rome he declared, in full senate, that the peace of Italy would never be established while Carthage was in being. The senators, however, were not guided by his opinion, and the _delenda est Carthago_ of Cato did not prevent the Romans from acting with moderation. But while the senate were debating about the existence of Carthage, and while they considered it as a dependent power, and not as an ally, the wrongs of Africa were without redress, and Masinissa continued his depredations. Upon this the Carthaginians resolved to do their cause that justice which the Romans had denied them; they entered the field against the Numidians, but they were defeated in a bloody battle by Masinissa, who was then 90 years old. In this bold measure they had broken the peace; and as their late defeat had rendered them desperate, they hastened with all possible speed to the capital of Italy to justify their proceedings, and to implore the forgiveness of the Roman senate. The news of Masinissa’s victory had already reached Italy, and immediately some forces were sent to Sicily, and from thence ordered to pass into Africa. The ambassadors of Carthage received evasive and unsatisfactory answers from the senate; and when they saw the Romans landed at Utica, they resolved to purchase peace by the most submissive terms which even the most abject slaves could offer. The Romans acted with the deepest policy; no declaration of war had been made, though hostilities appeared inevitable; and in answer to the submissive offers of Carthage, the consuls replied, that to prevent every cause of quarrel, the Carthaginians must deliver into their hands 300 hostages, all children of senators, and of the most noble and respectable families. The demand was great and alarming, but it was no sooner granted, than the Romans made another demand, and the Carthaginians were told that peace could not continue, if they refused to deliver up all their ships, their arms, engines of war, with all their naval and military stores. The Carthaginians complied, and immediately 40,000 suits of armour, 20,000 large engines of war, with a plentiful store of ammunition and missile weapons, were surrendered. After this duplicity had succeeded, the Romans laid open the final resolutions of the senate, and the Carthaginians were then told that, to avoid hostilities, they must leave their ancient habitations and retire into the inland parts of Africa, and found another city, at the distance of not less than 10 miles from the sea. This was heard with horror and indignation; the Romans were fixed and inexorable, and Carthage was filled with tears and lamentations. But the spirit of liberty and independence was not yet extinguished in the capital of Africa, and the Carthaginians determined to sacrifice their lives for the protection of their gods, the tombs of their forefathers, and the place which had given them birth. Before the Roman army approached the city, preparations to support a siege were made, and the ramparts of Carthage were covered with stones, to compensate for the weapons and instruments of war which they had ignorantly betrayed to the duplicity of their enemies. Asdrubal, whom the despair of his countrymen had banished on account of the unsuccessful expedition against Masinissa, was immediately recalled; and, in the moment of danger, Carthage seemed to have possessed more spirit and more vigour than when Annibal was victorious at the gates of Rome. The town was blocked up by the Romans, and a regular siege begun. Two years were spent in useless operations, and Carthage seemed still able to rise from its ruins, to dispute for the empire of the world; when Scipio, the descendant of the great Scipio, who finished the second Punic war, was sent to conduct the siege. The vigour of his operations soon baffled the efforts and the bold resistance of the besieged; the communications which they had with the land were cut off, and the city, which was 20 miles in circumference, was completely surrounded on all sides by the enemy. Despair and famine now raged in the city, and Scipio gained access to the city walls, where the battlements were low and unguarded. His entrance into the streets was disputed with uncommon fury, the houses as he advanced were set on fire to stop his progress; but when a body of 50,000 persons of either sex had claimed quarter, the rest of the inhabitants were disheartened, and such as disdained to be prisoners of war perished in the flames, which gradually destroyed their habitations, 147 B.C., after a continuation of hostilities for three years. During 17 days Carthage was in flames; and the soldiers were permitted to redeem from the fire whatever possession they could. But while others profited from the destruction of Carthage, the philosophic general, struck by the melancholy aspect of the scene, repeated two lines from Homer, which contained a prophecy concerning the fall of Troy. He was asked by the historian Polybius to what he then applied his prediction. “To my country,” replied Scipio; “for her too I dread the vicissitude of human affairs, and in her turn she may exhibit another flaming Carthage.” This remarkable event happened about the year of Rome 606. The news of this victory caused the greatest rejoicings at Rome; and immediately commissioners were appointed by the Roman senate, not only to raze the walls of Carthage, but even to demolish and burn the very materials with which they were made: and in a few days, that city which had been once the seat of commerce, the model of magnificence, the common store of the wealth of nations, and one of the most powerful states of the world, left behind no traces of its splendour, of its power, or even of its existence. _Polybius._ ――_Orosius._――_Appian_, _Punic Wars_, &c.――_Florus._――_Plutarch_, _Cato_, &c.――_Strabo._――_Livy_, _Epitaph_.――_Diodorus._ ♦ ‘Duilius’ replaced with ‘Duillius’ =Pupia lex=, _de senatu_, required that the senate should not be assembled from the 18th of the calends of February to the calends of the same month, and that before the embassies were either accepted or rejected, the senate should be held on no account. =Pupiēnus Marcus Claudius Maximus=, a man of an obscure family, who raised himself by his merit to the highest offices in the Roman armies, and gradually became a pretor, consul, prefect of Rome, and a governor of the provinces. His father was a blacksmith. After the death of the Gordians, Pupienus was elected with Balbinus to the imperial throne, and to rid the world of the usurpation and tyranny of the Maximini, he immediately marched against these tyrants; but he was soon informed that they had been sacrificed to the fury and resentment of their own soldiers; and therefore he retired to Rome to enjoy the tranquillity which his merit claimed. He soon after prepared to make war against the Persians, who insulted the majesty of Rome, but in this he was prevented, and massacred A.D. 236, by the pretorian guards. Balbinus shared his fate. Pupienus is sometimes called Maximus. In his private character he appeared always grave and serious; he was the constant friend of justice, moderation, and clemency, and no greater encomium can be passed upon his virtues than to say that he was invested with the purple without soliciting for it, and that the Roman senate said that they had selected him from thousands because they knew no person more worthy or better qualified to support the dignity of an emperor. =Pupius=, a centurion of Pompey’s army, seized by Cæsar’s soldiers, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 13. =Puppius=, a tragic poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. His tragedies were so pathetic, that when they were represented on the Roman stage, the audience melted into tears, from which circumstance Horace calls them _lacrymosa_, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 67. =Purpurăriæ=, two islands of the Atlantic on the African coast, now _Lancarota_ and _Fortaventura_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 31; bk. 35, ch. 6. =Puteŏli=, a maritime town of Campania, between Baiæ and Naples, founded by a colony from Cumæ. It was originally called Dicæarchia, and afterwards _Puteoli_, from the great number of _wells_ that were in the neighbourhood. It was much frequented by the Romans, on account of its mineral waters and hot baths, and near it Cicero had a villa called _Puteolanum_. It is now called _Puzzoli_, and contains, instead of its ancient magnificence, not more than 10,000 inhabitants. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 385.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 8, ch. 3; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7. =Puticŭlæ=, a place near the Esquiline gate, where the meanest of the Roman populace were buried. Part of it was converted into a garden by Mecænas, who received it as a present from Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 8.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Pyanepsia=, an Athenian festival celebrated in honour of Theseus and his companions; who, after their return from Crete, were entertained with all manner of fruits, and particularly pulse. From this circumstance, the Pyanepsia was ever after commemorated by the _boiling of pulse_, ἀπο του ἑψειν πυανα. Some, however, suppose that it was observed in commemoration of the Heraclidæ, who were entertained with pulse by the Athenians. =Pydna=, a town of Macedonia, originally called _Citron_, situate between the mouth of the rivers Aliacmon and Lydius. It was in this city that Cassander massacred Olympias the mother of Alexander the Great, his wife Roxane, and his son Alexander. Pydna is famous for a battle which was fought there, on the 22nd of June, B.C. 168, between the Romans under Paulus, and king Perseus, in which the latter was conquered, and Macedonia soon after reduced to the form of a Roman province. _Justin_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Florus._――_Plutarch_, _Æmilius Paulus_.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 10. =Pygela=, a seaport town of Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 11. =Pygmæi=, a nation of dwarfs, in the extremest parts of India, or, according to others, in Æthiopia. Some authors affirm that they were no more than one foot high, and that they built their houses with egg-shells. Aristotle says that they lived in holes under the earth, and that they came out in the harvest time with hatchets to cut down the corn as if to fell a forest. They went on goats and lambs of proportionable stature to themselves, to make war against certain birds, whom some call cranes, which came there yearly from Scythia to plunder them. They were originally governed by Gerana, a princess who was changed into a crane, for boasting herself fairer than Juno. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 90.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Aristotle_, _History of Animals_, bk. 8, ch. 12. ――_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 186.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 83.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 22, mentions that Hercules once fell asleep in the deserts of Africa, after he had conquered Antæus, and that he was suddenly awakened by an attack which had been made upon his body by an army of these Liliputians, who discharged their arrows with great fury upon his arms and legs. The hero, pleased with their courage, wrapped the greatest number of them in the skin of the Nemæan lion, and carried them to Eurystheus. =Pygmæon=, a surname of Adonis in Cyprus. _Hesychius._ =Pygmălion=, a king of Tyre, son of Belus, and brother to the celebrated Dido, who founded Carthage. At the death of his father, he ascended the vacant throne, and soon became odious by his cruelty and avarice. He sacrificed everything to the gratification of his predominant passions, and he did not even spare the life of Sichæus, Dido’s husband, because he was the most powerful and opulent of all the Phœnicians. This murder he committed in a temple, of which Sichæus was the priest; but instead of obtaining the riches which he desired, Pygmalion was shunned by his subjects, and Dido, to avoid further acts of cruelty, fled away with her husband’s treasures, and a large colony, to the coast of Africa, where she founded a city. Pygmalion died in the 56th year of his age, and in the 47th of his reign. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 347, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.――――A celebrated statuary of the island of Cyprus. The debauchery of the females of Amathus, to which he was a witness, created in him such an aversion for the fair sex, that he resolved never to marry. The affection which he had denied to the other sex, he liberally bestowed upon the works of his own hands. He became enamoured of a beautiful statue of marble which he had made, and at his earnest request and prayers, according to the mythologists, the goddess of beauty changed the favourite statue into a woman, whom the artist married, and by whom he had a son called Paphus, who founded the city of that name in Cyprus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 9. =Pylădes=, a son of Strophius king of Phocis, by one of the sisters of Agamemnon. He was educated, together with his cousin Orestes, with whom he formed the most inviolable friendship, and whom he assisted to revenge the murder of Agamemnon, by assassinating Clytemnestra and Ægysthus. He also accompanied him to Taurica Chersonesus, and for his services Orestes rewarded him by giving him his sister Electra in marriage. Pylades had by her two sons, Medon and Strophius. The friendship of Orestes and Pylades became proverbial. _See:_ Orestes. _Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Æschylus_, _Agamemnon_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A celebrated Greek musician, in the age of Philopœmen. _Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_.――――A mimic in the reign of Augustus, banished, and afterwards recalled. =Pylæ=, a town of Asia, between Cappadocia and Cilicia. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_. The word _Pylæ_, which signifies _gates_, was often applied by the Greeks to any straits or passages which opened a communication between one country and another, such as the straits of Thermopylæ, of Persia, Hyrcania, &c. =Pylæmĕnes=, a Paphlagonian, son of Melius, who came to the Trojan war, and was killed by Menelaus. His son, called Harpalion, was killed by Meriones. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 358.――――A king of Mæonia, who sent his sons, Mestes and Antiphus, to the Trojan war.――――Another, son of Nicomedes, banished from Paphlagonia by Mithridates, and restored by Pompey. _Eutropius_, bks. 5 & 6. =Pylagŏræ=, a name given to the Amphictyonic council, because they always assembled at Pylæ, near the temple of Delphi. =Pylāon=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, killed by Hercules with his brothers. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Pylarge=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._ =Pylartes=, a Trojan killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 695. =Pylas=, a king of Megara. He had the misfortune accidentally to kill his uncle Bias, for which he fled away, leaving his kingdom to Pandion his son-in-law, who had been driven from Athens. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39. =Pylēne=, a town of Ætolia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Pyleus=, a Trojan chief, killed by Achilles.――――A son of Clymenus king of Orchomenos. =Pylleon=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 42. =Pylo=, a daughter of Thespius, mother of Hippotas. _Apollodorus._ =Pylos=, now _Navarin_, a town of Messenia, situate on the western coast of the Peloponnesus, opposite the island Sphacteria in the Ionian sea. It was also called _Coryphasion_, from the promontory on which it was erected. It was built by Pylus, at the head of a colony from Megara. The founder was dispossessed of it by Neleus, and fled into Elis, where he dwelt in a small town, which he also called Pylos.――――A town of Elis, at the mouth of the river Alpheus, between the Peneus and the Selleis.――――Another town of Elis, called _Triphyliacha_, from Triphylia, a province of Elis, where it was situate. These three cities, which bore the name of Pylos, disputed their respective right to the honour of having given birth to the celebrated Nestor son of Neleus. The Pylos which is situated near the Alpheus seems to win the palm, as it had in its neighbourhood a small village called Geranus, and a river called Geron, of which Homer makes mention. Pindar, however, calls Nestor king of Messenia, and therefore gives the preference to the first-mentioned of these three cities. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, _Odyssey_, bk. 3. =Pylus=, a town. _See:_ Pylos.――――A son of Mars by Demonice the daughter of Agenor. He was present at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1. =Pyra=, part of mount Œta, on which the body of Hercules was burnt. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 30. =Pyracmon=, one of Vulcan’s workmen in the forges of mount Ætna. The name is derived from two Greek words which signify _fire_ and _an anvil_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 425. =Pyracmos=, a man killed by Cæneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 460. =Pyræchmes=, a king of Eubœa.――――A king of Pæonia during the Trojan war. =Pyrămus=, a youth of Babylon, who became enamoured of Thisbe, a beautiful virgin who dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flame was mutual, and the two lovers, whom their parents forbade to marry, regularly received each other’s addresses through the chink of a wall, which separated their houses. After the most solemn vows of sincerity they both agreed to elude the vigilance of their friends, and to meet one another at the tomb of Ninus, under a white mulberry tree, without the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came first to the appointed place, but the sudden arrival of a lioness frightened her away; and as she fled into a neighbouring cave she dropped her veil, which the lioness found and besmeared with blood. Pyramus soon arrived; he found Thisbe’s veil all bloody, and concluding that she had been torn to pieces by the wild beasts of the place, he stabbed himself with his sword. Thisbe, when her fears were vanished, returned from the cave, and at the sight of the dying Pyramus, she fell upon the sword which still reeked with his blood. This tragical scene happened under a white mulberry tree, which, as the poets mention, was stained with the blood of the lovers, and ever after bore fruit of the colour of blood. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 55, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 243.――――A river of Cilicia, rising in mount Taurus, and falling into the Pamphylian sea. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 11.――_Dionysius Periegetes._ =Pyrenæa Venus=, a town of Gallia ♦Narbonensis. ♦ ‘Narbonesis’ replaced with ‘Narbonensis’ =Pyrēnæi=, a mountain, or a long ridge of high mountains, which separate Gaul from Spain, and extend from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean sea. They receive their name from Pyrene the daughter of Bebrycius [_See:_ Pyrene], or from the fire (πυρ) which once raged there for several days. This fire was originally kindled by shepherds, and so intense was the heat which it occasioned, that all the silver mines of the mountains were melted, and ran down in large rivulets. This account is deemed fabulous by Strabo and others. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 415.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 60.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 34. =Pyrenæus=, a king of Thrace, who, during a shower of rain, gave shelter in his house to the nine muses, and attempted to offer them violence. The goddesses upon this took to their wings and flew away. Pyrenæus, who attempted to follow them, as if he had wings, threw himself down from the top of a tower and was killed. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 274. =Pyrēne=, a daughter of Bebrycius king of the southern parts of Spain. Hercules offered violence to her before he went to attack Geryon, and she brought into the world a serpent, which so terrified her, that she fled into the woods, where she was torn to pieces by wild beasts.――――A nymph, mother of Cycnus by Mars. _Apollodorus._――――A fountain near Corinth.――――A small village in Celtic Gaul, near which, according to some, the river Ister took its rise. =Pyrgi=, an ancient town of Etruria, on the sea coast. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 184.――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 3. =Pyrgion=, an historian who wrote on the laws of Crete. _Athenæus._ =Pyrgo=, the nurse of Priam’s children, who followed Æneas in his flight from Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 645. =Pyrgotĕles=, a celebrated engraver on gems in the age of Alexander the Great. He had the exclusive privilege of engraving the conqueror, as Lysippus was the only sculptor who was permitted to make statues of him. _Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 1. =Pyrgrus=, a fortified place of Elis in the Peloponnesus. =Pyrippe=, a daughter of Thespius. =Pyro=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._ =Pyrodes=, a son of Cilix, said to be the first who discovered and applied to human purposes the fire concealed in flints. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56. =Pyrois=, one of the horses of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 153. =Pyronia=, a surname of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 16. =Pyrrha=, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora, who married Deucalion the son of Prometheus, who reigned in Thessaly. In her age all mankind were destroyed by a deluge, and she alone, with her husband, escaped from the general destruction, by saving themselves in a boat which Deucalion had made by his father’s advice. When the waters had retired from the surface of the earth, Pyrrha, with her husband, went to the oracle of Themis, where they were directed, to repair the loss of mankind, to throw stones behind their backs. They obeyed, and the stones which Pyrrha threw were changed into women, and those of Deucalion into men. _See:_ Deucalion. Pyrrha became mother of Amphictyon, Hellen, and Protogenea by Deucalion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 350, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 153. ――_Apollonius of Rhodes_, bk. 3, li. 1085.――――A daughter of Creon king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――The name which Achilles bore when he disguised himself in women’s clothes, at the court of Lycomedes. _Hyginus_, fable 96.――――A town of Eubœa. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A promontory of Phthiotis, on the bay of Malia.――――A town of Lesbos.――――A beautiful courtesan at Rome, of whom Horace was long an admirer. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 5. =Pyrrheus=, a place in the city of Ambracia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 5. =Pyrrhi castra=, a place of Lucania. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 27. =Pyrrhias=, a boatman of Ithaca, remarkable for his humanity. He delivered from slavery an old man who had been taken by pirates, and robbed of some pots full of pitch. The old man was so grateful for his kindness, that he gave the pots to his deliverer, after he had told him that they contained gold under the pitch. Pyrrhias, upon this, offered the sacrifice of a bull to the old man, and retained him in his house, with every act of kindness and attention, till the time of his death. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――――A general of the Ætolians, defeated by Philip, king of Macedonia. =Pyrrhicha=, a kind of dance, said to be invented and introduced into Greece by Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. The dancers were generally armed. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56. =Pyrrhicus=, a free town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 14. =Pyrrhidæ=, a patronymic given to the successors of Neoptolemus in Epirus. =Pyrrho=, a philosopher of Elis, disciple to Anaxarchus, and originally a painter. His father’s name was Plistarchus, or Pistocrates. He was in continual suspense of judgment; he doubted of everything, never made any conclusions, and when he had carefully examined a subject, and investigated all its parts, he concluded by still doubting of its evidence. This manner of doubting in the philosopher has been called _Pyrrhonism_, and his disciples have received the appellation of sceptics, inquisitors, examiners, &c. He pretended to have acquired an uncommon dominion over opinion and passions. The former of these virtues he called _ataraxia_, and the latter _matriopathia_, and so far did he carry his want of common feeling and sympathy, that he passed with unconcern near a ditch in which his master Anaxarchus had fallen, and where he nearly perished. He was once in a storm, and when all hopes were vanished, and destruction certain, the philosopher remained unconcerned; and while the rest of the crew were lost in lamentations, he plainly told them to look at a pig which was then feeding himself on board the vessel, exclaiming, “This is a true model for a wise man.” As he showed so much indifference in everything, and declared that life and death were the same thing, some of his disciples asked him why he did not hurry himself out of the world. “Because,” says he, “there is no difference between life and death.” When he walked in the streets he never looked behind, or moved from the road for a chariot, even in its most rapid course; and, indeed, as some authors remark, this indifference for his safety often exposed him to the greatest and most imminent dangers, from which he was saved by the interference of his friends who followed him. He flourished B.C. 304, and died at the advanced age of 90. He left no writings behind him. His countrymen were so partial to him that they raised statues to his memory, and exempted all the philosophers of Elis from taxes. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 9. ――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 11, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24. =Pyrrhus=, a son of Achilles and Deidamia the daughter of king Lycomedes, who received this name from the _yellowness_ of his hair. He was also called Neoptolemus, or _new warrior_, because he came to the Trojan war in the last year of the celebrated siege of the capital of Troas. _See:_ Neoptolemus.――――A king of Epirus, descended from Achilles by the side of his mother, and from Hercules by that of his father, and son of Æacides and Phthia. He was saved when an infant, by the fidelity of his servants, from the pursuits of the enemies of his father, who had been banished from his kingdom, and he was carried to the court of Glautias king of Illyricum, who educated him with great tenderness. Cassander king of Macedonia wished to despatch him, as he had so much to dread from him; but Glautias not only refused to deliver him up into the hands of his enemy but he even went with an army and placed him on the throne of Epirus, though only 12 years of age. About five years after, the absence of Pyrrhus, to attend the nuptials of one of the daughters of ♦Glautias, raised new commotions. The monarch was expelled from his throne by Neoptolemus, who had usurped it after the death of Æacides; and being still without resources, he applied to his brother-in-law Demetrius for assistance. He accompanied Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus, and fought there with all the prudence and intrepidity of an experienced general. He afterwards passed into Egypt, where, by his marriage with Antigone the daughter of Berenice, he soon obtained a sufficient force to attempt the recovery of his throne. He was successful in the undertaking, but to remove all causes of quarrel, he took the usurper to share with him the royalty, and some time after he put him to death under pretence that he had attempted to poison him. In the subsequent years of his reign, Pyrrhus engaged in the quarrels which disturbed the peace of the Macedonian monarchy; he marched against Demetrius, and gave the Macedonian soldiers fresh proofs of his valour and activity. By dissimulation he ingratiated himself in the minds of his enemy’s subjects, and when Demetrius laboured under a momentary illness, Pyrrhus made an attempt upon the crown of Macedonia, which, if not then successful, soon after rendered him master of the kingdom. This he shared with Lysimachus for seven months, till the jealousy of the Macedonians, and the ambition of his colleague, obliged him to retire. Pyrrhus was meditating new conquests, when the Tarentines invited him to Italy to assist them against the encroaching power of Rome. He gladly accepted the invitation, but his passage across the Adriatic proved nearly fatal, and he reached the shores of Italy, after the loss of the greatest part of his troops in a storm. At his entrance into Tarentum, B.C. 280, he began to reform the manners of the inhabitants, and by introducing the strictest discipline among their troops, to accustom them to bear fatigue and to despise dangers. In the first battle which he fought with the Romans, he obtained the victory, but for this he was more particularly indebted to his elephants, whose bulk and uncommon appearance astonished the Romans and terrified their cavalry. The number of the slain was equal on both sides, and the conqueror said that such another victory would totally ruin him. He also sent Cineas, his chief minister, to Rome, and though victorious, he sued for peace. These offers of peace were refused, and when Pyrrhus questioned Cineas about the manners and the character of the Romans, the sagacious minister replied, that their senate was a venerable assembly of kings, and that to fight against them, was to attack another Hydra. A second battle was fought near Asculum, but the slaughter was so great, and the valour so conspicuous on both sides, that the Romans and their enemies reciprocally claimed the victory as their own. Pyrrhus still continued the war in favour of the Tarentines, when he was invited into Sicily by the inhabitants, who laboured under the yoke of Carthage, and the cruelty of their own petty tyrants. His fondness of novelty soon determined him to quit Italy; he left a garrison at Tarentum, and crossed over to Sicily, where he obtained two victories over the Carthaginians, and took many of their towns. He was for a while successful, and formed the project of invading Africa; but soon his popularity vanished, his troops became insolent, and he behaved with haughtiness, and showed himself oppressive, so that his return to Italy was deemed a fortunate event for all Sicily. He had no sooner arrived at Tarentum than he renewed hostilities with the Romans with great acrimony, but when his army of 80,000 men had been defeated by 20,000 of the enemy, under Curius, he left Italy with precipitation, B.C. 274, ashamed of the enterprise, and mortified by the victories which had been obtained over one of the descendants of Achilles. In Epirus he began to repair his military character by attacking Antigonus, who was then on the Macedonian throne. He gained some advantages over his enemy, and was at last restored to the throne of Macedonia. He afterwards marched against Sparta, at the request of Cleonymus, but when all his vigorous operations were insufficient to take the capital of Laconia, he retired to Argos, where the treachery of Aristeus invited him. The Argives desired him to retire, and not to interfere in the affairs of their republic, which were confounded by the ambition of two of their nobles. He complied with their wishes, but in the night he marched his forces into the town, and might have made himself master of the place had he not retarded his progress by entering it with his elephants. The combat that ensued was obstinate and bloody, and the monarch, to fight with more boldness, and to encounter dangers with more facility, exchanged his dress. He was attacked by one of the enemy, but as he was going to run him through in his own defence, the mother of the Argive, who saw her son’s danger from the top of a house, threw down a tile and brought Pyrrhus to the ground. His head was cut off, and carried to Antigonus, who gave his remains a magnificent funeral, and presented his ashes to his son Helenus, 272 years before the christian era. Pyrrhus has been deservedly commended for his talents as a general; and not only his friends, but also his enemies, have been warm in extolling him; and Annibal declared, that for experience and sagacity the king of Epirus was the first of commanders. He had chosen Alexander the Great for a model, and in everything he wished not only to imitate, but to surpass him. In the art of war none were superior to him; he not only made it his study as a general, but even he wrote many books on encampments, and the different ways of training up an army, and whatever he did was by principle and rule. His uncommon understanding and his penetration are also admired; but the general is severely censured, who has no sooner conquered a country, than he looks for other victories, without regarding or securing what he has already obtained, by measures and regulations honourable to himself, and advantageous to his subjects. The Romans passed great encomiums upon him, and Pyrrhus was no less struck with their magnanimity and valour; so much indeed, that he exclaimed that if he had soldiers like the Romans, or if the Romans had him for a general, he would leave no corner of the earth unseen, and no nation unconquered. Pyrrhus married many wives, and all for political reasons; besides Antigone, he had Lanassa the daughter of Agathocles, as also a daughter of Autoleon king of Pæonia. His children, as his biographer observes, derived a warlike spirit from their father, and when he was asked by one to which of them he should leave the kingdom of Epirus, he replied, to him who has the sharpest sword. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Justin_, bk. 17, &c.――_Livy_, bks. 13 & 14.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6.――――A king of Epirus, son of Ptolemy, murdered by the people of Ambracia. His daughter, called Laudamia, or Deidamia, succeeded him. _Pausanias._――――A son of Dædalus. ♦ ‘Glautius’ replaced with ‘Glautias’ =Pyste=, the wife of Seleucus, taken prisoner by the Gauls, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. =Pythagŏras=, a celebrated philosopher, born at Samos. His father Mnesarchus was a person of distinction, and therefore the son received that education which was most calculated to enlighten his mind and invigorate his body. Like his contemporaries, he was early made acquainted with poetry and music; eloquence and astronomy became his private studies, and in gymnastic exercises he often bore the palm for strength and dexterity. He first made himself known in Greece, at the Olympic games, where he obtained, in the 18th year of his age, the prize for wrestling; and, after he had been admired for the elegance and the dignity of his person, and the brilliancy of his understanding, he retired into the east. In Egypt and Chaldæa he gained the confidence of the priests, and learned from them the artful policy, and the symbolic writings, by which they governed the prince as well as the people, and, after he had spent many years in gathering all the information which could be collected from antique tradition concerning the nature of the gods and the immortality of the soul, Pythagoras revisited his native island. The tyranny of Polycrates at Samos disgusted the philosopher, who was a great advocate for national independence; and though he was the favourite of the tyrant, he retired from the island, and a second time assisted at the Olympic games. His fame was too well known to escape notice; he was saluted in the public assembly by the name of _Sophist_, or wise man; but he refused the appellation, and was satisfied with that of philosopher, or, _the friend of wisdom_. “At the Olympic games,” said he, in explanation of this new appellation he wished to assume, “some are attracted with the desire of obtaining crowns and honours, others come to expose their different commodities to sale, while curiosity draws a third class, and the desire of contemplating whatever deserves notice in that celebrated assembly; thus, on the more extensive theatre of the world, while many struggle for the glory of a name, and many pant for the advantages of fortune, a few, and indeed but a few, who are neither desirous of money nor ambitious of fame, are sufficiently gratified to be spectators of the wonder, the hurry, and the magnificence of the scene.” From Olympia, the philosopher visited the republics of Elis and Sparta, and retired to Magna Græcia, where he fixed his habitation in the town of Crotona, about the 40th year of his age. Here he founded a sect which has received the name of _the Italian_, and he soon saw himself surrounded by a great number of pupils, which the recommendation of his mental as well as his personal accomplishments had procured. His skill in music and medicine, and his knowledge of mathematics and of natural philosophy, gained him friends and admirers, and amidst the voluptuousness that prevailed among the inhabitants of Crotona, the Samian sage found his instructions respected and his approbation courted; the most debauched and effeminate were pleased with the eloquence and the graceful delivery of the philosopher, who boldly upbraided them for their vices, and called them to more virtuous and manly pursuits. These animated harangues were attended with rapid success, and a reformation soon took place in the morals and the life of the people of Crotona. The females were exhorted to become modest, and they left off their gaudy ornaments; the youths were called away from their pursuits of pleasure, and instantly they forgot their intemperance, and paid to their parents that submissive attention and deference which the precepts of Pythagoras required. As to the old, they were directed no longer to spend their time in amassing money, but to improve their understanding, and to seek that peace and those comforts of mind which frugality, benevolence, and philanthropy alone can produce. The sober and religious behaviour of the philosopher strongly recommended the necessity and importance of these precepts. Pythagoras was admired for his venerable aspect; his voice was harmonious, his eloquence persuasive, and the reputation he had acquired by his distant travels, and by being crowned at the Olympic games, was great and important. He regularly frequented the temples of the gods, and paid his devotion to the divinity at an early hour; he lived upon the purest and most innocent food, he clothed himself like the priests of the Egyptian gods, and by his continual purifications and regular offerings, he seemed to be superior to the rest of mankind in sanctity. These artful measures united to render him an object not only of reverence, but of imitation. To set himself at a greater distance from his pupils, a number of years was required to try their various dispositions; the most talkative were not permitted to speak in the presence of their master before they had been his auditors for five years, and those who possessed a natural taciturnity were allowed to speak after a probation of two years. When they were capable of receiving the secret instructions of the philosopher, they were taught the use of cyphers and hieroglyphic writings, and Pythagoras might boast that his pupils could correspond together, though in the most distant regions, in unknown characters; and by the signs and words which they had received, they could discover, though strangers and barbarians, those that had been educated in the Pythagorean school. So great was his authority among his pupils, that to dispute his word was deemed a crime, and the most stubborn were drawn to coincide with the opinions of their opponent, when they helped their arguments by the words of _the master said so_, an expression which became proverbial in _jurare in verba magistri_. The great influence which the philosopher possessed in his school was transferred to the world: the pupils divided the applause and the approbation of the people with their venerable master, and in a short time the rulers and the legislators of all the principal towns of Greece, Sicily, and Italy, boasted in being the disciples of Pythagoras. The Samian philosopher was the first who supported the doctrine of _metempsychosis_, or transmigration of the soul into different bodies, and those notions he seemed to have imbibed among the priests of Egypt, or in the solitary retreats of the Brachmans. More strenuously to support his chimerical system, he declared he recollected the different bodies which his soul had animated before that of the son of Mnesarchus. He remembered to have been Æthalides the son of Mercury, to have assisted the Greeks during the Trojan war in the character of Euphorbus [_See:_ Euphorbus], to have been Hermotimus, afterwards a fisherman, and last of all Pythagoras. He forbade his disciples to eat flesh, as also beans, because he supposed them to have been produced from the same putrefied matter from which, at the creation of the world, man was formed. In his theological system Pythagoras supported that the universe was created from a shapeless heap of passive matter by the hands of a powerful being, who himself was the mover and soul of the world, and of whose substance the souls of mankind were a portion. He considered numbers as the principles of everything, and perceived in the universe regularity, correspondence, beauty, proportion, and harmony, as intentionally produced by the Creator. In his doctrines of morality, he perceived in the human mind propensities common to us with the brute creation; but besides these, and the passions of avarice and ambition, he discovered the nobler seeds of virtue, and supported that the most ample and perfect gratification was to be found in the enjoyment of moral and intellectual pleasures. The thoughts of the past he considered as always present to us, and he believed that no enjoyment could be had where the mind was disturbed by consciousness of guilt, or fears about futurity. This opinion induced the philosopher to recommend to his followers a particular mode of education. The tender years of the Pythagoreans were employed in continual labour, in study, in exercise, and repose; and the philosopher maintained his well-known and important maxim, that many things, especially love, are best learnt late. In a more advanced age, the adult was desired to behave with caution, spirit, and patriotism, and to remember that the community and civil society demanded his exertions, and that the good of the public, and not his own private enjoyments, were the ends of his creation. From lessons like these, the Pythagoreans were strictly enjoined to call to mind, and carefully to review, the actions, not only of the present, but of the preceding days. In their acts of devotion, they early repaired to the most solitary places of the mountains, and after they had examined their private and public conduct, and conversed with themselves, they joined in the company of their friends, and early refreshed their body with light and frugal aliments. Their conversation was of the most innocent nature; political or philosophic subjects were discussed with propriety, but without warmth, and after the conduct of the following day was regulated, the evening was spent with the same religious ceremony as the morning, in a strict and partial self-examination. From such regularity nothing but the most salutary consequences could arise, and it will not appear wonderful that the disciples of Pythagoras were so much respected and admired as legislators, and imitated for their constancy, friendship, and humanity. The authors that lived in, and after, the age of Alexander, have rather tarnished than brightened the glory of the founder of the Pythagorean school, and they have obscured his fame by attributing to him actions which were dissonant with his character as a man and a moralist. To give more weight to his exhortations, as some writers mention, Pythagoras retired into a subterraneous cave, where his mother sent him intelligence of everything which happened during his absence. After a certain number of months he again reappeared on the earth, with a grim and ghastly countenance, and declared, in the assembly of the people, that he was returned from hell. From similar exaggerations, it has been asserted that he appeared at the Olympic games with a golden thigh, and that he could write in letters of blood whatever he pleased on a looking-glass, and that, by setting it opposite to the moon, when full, all the characters which were on the glass became legible on the moon’s disc. They also support that, by some magical words, he tamed a bear, stopped the flight of an eagle, and appeared on the same day and at the same instant in the cities of Crotona and Metapontum, &c. The time and the place of the death of this great philosopher are unknown; yet many suppose that he died at Metapontum about 497 years before Christ; and so great was the veneration of the people of Magna Græcia for him, that he received the same honours as were paid to the immortal gods, and his house became a sacred temple. Succeeding ages likewise acknowledged his merits, and when the Romans, A.U.C. 411, were commanded by the oracle of Delphi to erect a statue to the bravest and wisest of the Greeks, the distinguished honour was conferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras. Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. There is now extant a poetical composition ascribed to the philosopher, and called the _golden verses of Pythagoras_, which contain the greatest part of his doctrines and moral precepts; but many support that it is a supposititious composition, and that the true name of the writer was Lysis. Pythagoras distinguished himself also by his discoveries in geometry, astronomy, and mathematics, and it is to him that the world is indebted for the demonstration of the 47th proposition of the first book of Euclid’s elements, about the square of the hypothenuse. It is said that he was so elated after making the discovery, that he made an offering of a hecatomb to the gods; but the sacrifice was undoubtedly of small oxen, made with wax, as the philosopher was ever an enemy to shedding the blood of all animals. His system of the universe, in which he placed the sun in the centre, and all the planets moving in elliptical orbits round it, was deemed chimerical and improbable, till the deep inquiries and the philosophy of the 16th century proved it, by the most accurate calculations, to be true and incontestable. Diogenes Laërtius, Porphyry, Iamblicus, and others, have written an account of his life, but with more erudition, perhaps, than veracity. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 5; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 8, &c. ――_Hyginus_, fable 112.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 60, &c.――_Plato._――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 6.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 9. ――_Iamblic._――_Porphyry._――_Plutarch._――――A soothsayer of Babylon, who foretold the death of Alexander and of Hephæstion, by consulting the entrails of victims.――――A tyrant of Ephesus.――――One of Nero’s wicked favourites. =Pytheas=, an archon at Athens.――――A native of Massilia, famous for his knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and geography. He also distinguished himself by his travels, and, with a mind that wished to seek information in every corner of the earth, he advanced far into the northern seas, and discovered the island of Thule, and entered that then unknown sea, which is now called the _Baltic_. His discoveries in astronomy and geography were ingenious, and, indeed, modern navigators have found it expedient to justify and accede to his conclusions. He was the first who established a distinction of climate by the length of days and nights. He wrote different treatises in Greek, which have been lost, though some of them were extant in the beginning of the fifth century. Pytheas lived, according to some, in the age of Aristotle. _Strabo_, bk. 2, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 37.――――An Athenian rhetorician, in the age of Demosthenes, who distinguished himself by his intrigues, rapacity, and his opposition to the measures of Demosthenes, of whom he observed that his orations smelt of the lamp. Pytheas joined Antipater after the death of Alexander the Great. His orations were devoid of elegance, harsh, unconnected, and diffuse, and from this circumstance he has not been ranked among the orators of Athens. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_ & _Politica Præcepta_. =Pythes=, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, son of Andromache, who obtained a crown at the Olympian games. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14. =Pytheus=, a Lydian in the age of Xerxes, famous for his riches. He kindly entertained the monarch and all his army, when he was marching on his expedition against Greece, and offered him to defray the expenses of the whole war. Xerxes thanked him with much gratitude, and promised to give him whatever he should require. Pytheus asked him to dismiss his son from the expedition; upon which the monarch ordered the young man to be cut in two, and one half of the body to be placed on the right hand of the way, and the other on the left, that his army might march between them. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.――_Herodotus._ =Pythia=, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. She delivered the answer of the god to such as came to consult the oracle, and was supposed to be suddenly inspired by the sulphureous vapours which issued from the hole of a subterraneous cavity within the temple, over which she sat bare on a three-legged stool, called a tripod. In this stool was a small aperture, through which the vapour was inhaled by the priestess, and, at this divine inspiration, her eyes suddenly sparkled, her hair stood on end, and a shivering ran over all her body. In this convulsive state she spoke the oracles of the god, often with loud howlings and cries, and her articulations were taken down by the priest, and set in order. Sometimes the spirit of inspiration was more gentle, and not always violent; yet Plutarch mentions one of the priestesses who was thrown into such an excessive fury, that not only those that consulted the oracle, but also the priest that conducted her to the sacred tripod, and attended her during the inspiration, were terrified and forsook the temple; and so violent was the fit, that she continued for some days in the most agonizing situation, and at last died. The Pythia, before she placed herself on the tripod, used to wash her whole body, and particularly her hair, in the waters of the fountain Castalis, at the foot of mount Parnassus. She also shook a laurel tree that grew near the place, and sometimes ate the leaves with which she crowned herself. The priestess was originally a virgin, but the institution was changed when Echecrates, a Thessalian, had offered violence to one of them, and none but women who were above the age of 50 were permitted to enter upon that sacred office. They always appeared dressed in the garments of virgins, to intimate their purity and modesty, and they were solemnly bound to observe the strictest laws of temperance and chastity, that neither fantastical dresses nor lascivious behaviour might bring the office, the religion, or the sanctity of the place into contempt. There was originally but one Pythia, besides subordinate priests, and afterwards two were chosen, and sometimes more. The most celebrated of all these is Phemonoe, who is supposed by some to have been the first who gave oracles at Delphi. The oracles were always delivered in hexameter verses, a custom which was some time after discontinued. The Pythia was consulted only one month in the year, about the spring. It was always required that those who consulted the oracle should make large presents to Apollo, and from thence arose the opulence, splendour, and the magnificence of that celebrated temple of Delphi. Sacrifices were also offered to the divinity, and if the omens proved unfavourable, the priestess refused to ♦give an answer. There were generally five priests who assisted at the offering of the sacrifices, and there was also another who attended the Pythia, and assisted her in receiving the oracle. _See:_ ♠Delphi, Oraculum. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16. ――_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 9.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 5.――_Plutarch_, _De Defectu Oraculorum_.――_Euripides_, _Ion_.――_Dio Chrysostom._――――Games celebrated in honour of Apollo, near the temple of Delphi. They were at first instituted, according to the more received opinion, by Apollo himself, in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained over the serpent Python, from which they received their name; though others maintain that they were first established by Agamemnon, or Diomedes, or by Amphictyon, or, lastly, by the council of Amphictyons, B.C. 1263. They were originally celebrated once in nine years, but afterwards every fifth year, or the second year of every olympiad, according to the number of the Parnassian nymphs who congratulated Apollo after his victory. The gods themselves were originally among the combatants, and, according to some authors, the first prize was won by Pollux, in boxing; by Castor, in horse-races; by Hercules, in the pancratium; by Zetes, in fighting with the armour; by Calais, in running; by Telamon, in wrestling; and by Peleus in throwing the quoit. These illustrious conquerors were rewarded by Apollo himself, who was present, with crowns and laurels. Some, however, observe that it was nothing but a musical contention, in which he who sung best the praises of Apollo obtained the prize, which was presents of gold or silver, which were afterwards exchanged for a garland of the palm tree, or of beech leaves. It is said that Hesiod was refused admission to these games because he was not able to play upon the harp, which was required of all such as entered the lists. The songs which were sung were called Πυθικοι νομοι, _the Pythian modes_, divided into five parts, which contained a representation of the fight and victory of Apollo over Python; ἀνακρουσις, _the preparation for the fight_; ἐμπειρα, _the first attempt_; κατακελευσμος, _taking breath and collecting courage_; ἰαμβοι και δακτυλοι, _the insulting sarcasms of the god over his vanquished enemy_; συριγγες, _an imitation of the hisses of the serpent_, just as he expired under the blows of Apollo. A dance was also introduced; and in the 48th Olympiad, the Amphictyons, who presided over the games, increased the number of musical instruments by the addition of a flute; but, as it was more peculiarly used in funeral songs and lamentations, it was soon rejected as unfit for merriment, and the festivals which represented the triumph of Apollo over the conquered serpent. The Romans, according to some, introduced them into their city, and called them Apollinares ludi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 13 & 37. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 447.――_Pliny_, bk. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 25. ♦ ‘gave’ replaced with ‘give’ ♠ ‘Delphia’ replaced with ‘Delphi’ =Pythias=, a Pythagorean philosopher, intimate with Damon. _See:_ Phintias.――――A road which led from Thessaly to Tempe. _Ælian._――――A comic character, &c. =Pythion=, an Athenian killed, with 420 soldiers, when he attempted to drive the garrison of Demetrius from Athens, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Pythium=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 44, ch. 2. =Pythius=, a Syracusan, who defrauded Canius, a Roman knight, to whom he had sold his gardens, &c. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A surname of Apollo, which he had received for his having conquered the serpent Python, or because he was worshipped at Delphi; called also Pytho. _Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 17. ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 33, li. 16. =Pytho=, the ancient name of the town of Delphi, which it received ἀπο του πυθεσθαι, because the serpent which Apollo killed, _rotted there_. It was also called Parnassia Nape. _See:_ Delphi. =Pythochăris=, a musician, who assuaged the fury of some wolves by playing on a musical instrument, &c. _Ælian._ =Pythŏcles=, an Athenian descended from Aratus. It is said, that on his account, and for his instruction, Plutarch wrote the life of Aratus. ――――A man put to death with Phocion.――――A man who wrote on Italy. =Pythodōrus=, an Athenian archon in the age of Themistocles. =Pytholāus=, the brother of Theba, the wife of Alexander tyrant of Pheræ. He assisted his sister in despatching her husband. _Plutarch._ =Python=, a native of Byzantium, in the age of Philip of Macedonia. He was a great favourite of the monarch who sent him to the Thebes, when that city, at the instigation of Demosthenes, was going to take arms against Philip. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diodorus._――――One of the friends of Alexander, put to death by Ptolemy Lagus.――――A man who killed Cotys king of Thrace at the instigation of the Athenians.――――A celebrated serpent sprung from the mud and stagnated waters which remained on the surface of the earth after the deluge of Deucalion. Some, however, suppose that it was produced from the earth by Juno, and sent by the goddess to persecute Latona, who was then pregnant by Jupiter. Latona escaped his fury by means of her lover, who changed her into a quail during the remaining months of her pregnancy, and afterwards restored her to her original shape in the island of Delos, where she gave birth to Apollo and Diana. Apollo, as soon as he was born, attacked the monster and killed him with his arrows, and in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained, he instituted the celebrated Pythian games. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 10, ch. 6.――_Hyginus._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 438, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 134. =Pythonĭce=, an Athenian prostitute greatly honoured by Harpalus, whom Alexander some time before had entrusted with the treasures of Babylon. He married her; and according to some, she died at the very moment that the nuptials were going to be celebrated. He raised her a splendid monument on the road which led from Athens to Eleusis, which cost him 30 talents. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1. ――_Athenæus_, bk. 13, &c. =Pythonissa=, a name given to the priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi. She is more generally called Pythia. _See:_ Pythia. The word _Pythonissa_ was commonly applied to women who attempted to explain futurity. =Pytna=, a part of mount Ida. =Pyttalus=, a celebrated athlete, son of Lampis of Elis, who obtained a prize at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16. Q =Quaderna=, a town of Italy. =Quadi=, an ancient nation of Germany, near the country of the Marcomanni, on the borders of the Danube, in modern Moravia. They rendered themselves celebrated by their opposition to the Romans, by whom they were often defeated, though not totally subdued. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, chs. 42 & 43; _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 63. =Quadrātus=, a surname given to Mercury, because some of his statues were square. The number 4, according to Plutarch, was sacred to Mercury, because he was born on the 4th day of the month. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 9.――――A governor of Syria in the age of Nero. =Quadrĭfrons=, or =Quadrĭceps=, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with four heads. He had a temple on the Tarpeian rock, raised by Lucius Catulus. =Quæstōres=, two officers at Rome, first created A.U.C. 269. They received their name _a quærendo_, because they collected the revenues of the state, and had the total management of the public treasury. The questorship was the first office which could be had in the state. It was requisite that the candidates should be 24 or 25 years of age, or, according to some, 27. In the year 332, A.U.C., two more were added to the others, to attend the consuls, to take care of the pay of the armies abroad, and sell the plunder and booty which had been acquired by conquest. These were called _Peregrini_, whilst the others, whose employment was in the city, received the name of _Urbani_. When the Romans were masters of all Italy, four more were created, A.U.C. 439, to attend the proconsuls and propretors in their provinces, and to collect all the taxes and customs which each particular district owed to the republic. They were called _Provinciales_. Sylla the dictator created 20 questors, and Julius Cæsar 40, to fill up the vacant seats in the senate; from whence it is evident that the questors ranked as senators in the senate. The questors were always appointed by the senate at Rome, and if any person was appointed to the questorship without their permission, he was only called _proquestor_. The quæstores urbani were apparently of more consequence than the rest, the treasury was entrusted to their care, they kept an account of all the receipts and disbursements, and the Roman eagles or ensigns were always in their possession when the armies were not on an expedition. They required every general before he triumphed to tell them, upon his oath, that he had given a just account of the number of the slain on both sides, and that he had been saluted _imperator_ by the soldiers, a title which every commander generally received from his army after he had obtained a victory, and which was afterwards confirmed and approved by the senate. The city questors had also the care of the ambassadors; they lodged and received them, and some time after, when Augustus was declared emperor, they kept the decrees of the senate, which had been before entrusted with the ediles and the tribunes. This gave rise to two new offices of trust and honour, one of which was _quæstor palatii_, and the other _quæstor principis_, or _augusti_, sometimes called _candidatus principis_. The tent of the questor in the camp was called _quæstorium_. It stood near that of the general. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 43.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 43. =Quari=, a people of Gaul. =Quarius=, a river of Bœotia. =Quercens=, a Rutulian who fought against the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 684. =Querquetulānus=, a name given to mount Cœlius at Rome, from the oaks which grew there. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 65. =Quiētis fanum=, a temple without the walls of the city of Rome. Quies was the goddess of rest. Her temple was situate near the Colline gate. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 16. =Lucius Quiētus=, an officer under the emperor Trajan, who behaved with great valour in the expeditions which were undertaken by the army which he commanded. He was put to death by Adrian. =Quinctia prata.= _See:_ Quintia. =Quinctiānus=, a man who conspired against Nero, for which he was put to death. =Quinctilia=, a comedian who refused to betray a conspiracy which had been formed against Caligula. =Quinctius Titus=, a Roman consul who gained some victories over the Æqui and the Volsci, and obtained a triumph for subduing Præneste. ――――Cæso, a man accused before the Roman people, and vindicated by his father Cincinnatus.――――A Roman celebrated for his frugality. _See:_ Cincinnatus.――――A master of horse.――――A Roman consul when Annibal invaded Italy.――――A brother of Flaminius, banished from the senate by Cato, for killing a Gaul.――――An officer killed by the Carthaginians.――――An officer under Dolabella.――――Another who defeated the Latins.――――A consul who obtained a victory over the Volsci. ――――Hirpinus. _See:_ Hirpinus. =Quinda=, a town of Cilicia. =Quindecimvĭri=, an order of priests whom Tarquin the Proud appointed to take care of the Sibylline books. They were originally two, but afterwards the number was increased to 10, to whom Sylla added five more, whence their name. _See:_ Decemviri and Duumviri. =Quinquatria=, a festival in honour of Minerva at Rome, which continued during five days. The beginning of the celebration was the 18th of March. The first day sacrifices and oblations were presented, but, however, without the effusion of blood. On the second, third, and fourth days, shows of gladiators were exhibited, and on the fifth day there was a solemn procession through the streets of the city. On the days of the celebration, scholars obtained holidays, and it was usual for them to offer prayers to Minerva for learning and wisdom, which the goddess patronized; and on their return to school they presented their master with a gift which has received the name of _Minerval_. They were much the same as the Panathenæa of the Greeks. Plays were also acted, and disputations were held on subjects of literature. They received their name from the _five_ days which were devoted for the celebration. =Quinquennāles ludi=, games celebrated by the Chians in honour of Homer every fifth year. There were also some games among the Romans which bore this name. They are the same as the Actian games. _See:_ Actia. =Quintia Prata=, a place on the borders of the Tiber near Rome, which had been cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Quintiliānus Marcus Fabius=, a celebrated rhetorician born in Spain. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rome, and was the first who obtained a salary from the state as being a public teacher. After he had remained 20 years in this laborious employment, and obtained the merited applause of the most illustrious Romans, not only as a preceptor, but as a pleader at the bar, Quintilian, by the permission of the emperor Domitian, retired to enjoy the fruits of his labours and industry. In his retirement he assiduously dedicated his time to the study of literature, and wrote a treatise on the causes of the corruption of eloquence. Some time after, at the pressing solicitations of his friends, he wrote his _institutiones oratoricæ_, the most perfect and complete system of oratory extant. It is divided into 12 books, in which the author explains from observation, as well as from experience, what can constitute a good and perfect orator, and in this he not only mentions the pursuits and the employments of the rhetorician, but he also speaks of his education, and begins with the attention which ought to be shown him even in his cradle. He was appointed preceptor to the two young princes whom Domitian destined for his successors on the throne, but the pleasures which the rhetorician received from the favours and the attention of the emperor and from the success which his writings met in the world, were embittered by the loss of his wife, and of his two sons. It is said that Quintilian was poor in his retirement, and that his indigence was relieved by the liberality of his pupil Pliny the younger. He died A.D. 95. His Institutions were discovered in the 1415th year of the christian era, in an old tower of a monastery at St. Gal, by Poggio Bracciolini, a native of Florence. The best editions of Quintilian are those of Gesner, 4to, Göttingen, 1738; of Leiden, 8vo, _cum notis variorum_, 1665; of Gibson, 4to, Oxford, 1693; and that of Rollin, republished in 8vo, London, 1792. =Quintilius Varus=, a Roman governor of Syria. _See:_ Varus.――――A friend of the emperor Alexander.――――A man put to death by the emperor Severus. =Quintilla=, a courtesan at Rome, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 75. =Quintillus Marcus Aurelius Claudius=, a brother of Claudius, who proclaimed himself emperor, and 17 days after destroyed himself by opening his veins in a bath, when he heard that Aurelian was marching against him, about the 270th year of the christian era. =Quintius Curtius Rufus=, a Latin historian, who flourished, as some suppose, in the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He has rendered himself known by his history of the reign of Alexander the Great. This history was divided into 10 books, of which the two first, the end of the fifth, and the beginning of the sixth, are lost. This work is admired for the elegance, the purity, and the floridness of its style. It is, however, blamed for great anachronisms and glaring mistakes in geography as well as history. Freinshemius has written a supplement to Curtius, in which he seems to have made some very satisfactory amends for the loss of which the history had suffered, by a learned collection of facts and circumstances from all the different authors who have employed their pen in writing an account of Alexander, and of his Asiatic conquests. Some suppose that the historian is the same with that Curtius Rufus who lived in the age of Claudius, under whom he was made consul. This Rufus was born of an obscure family, and he attended a Roman questor in Africa, when he was met at Adrumentum by a woman above a human shape, as he was walking under the porticoes in the middle of the day. This extraordinary character addressed the indigent Roman, and told him that the day should come in which he should govern Africa with consular power. This strange prophecy animated Rufus; he repaired to Rome, where he gained the favours of the emperor, obtained consular honours, and at last retired as proconsul to Africa, where he died. The best editions of Curtius are those of Elzevir, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1673; of Snakenburg, 4to, Leiden, 1724; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1757. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 23, &c. ♦=Quintus=, or =Quinctius=, one of the names of Cincinnatus. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 73.――――Pedius, a painter. _See:_ Pedius. ♦ Out of alphabetical order in the text. =Quintus Veranius=, a governor of Cappadocia.――――Cicero, the brother of Cicero.――――Catulus, a Roman consul.――――A friend of Cæsar. =Quirinalia=, festivals in honour of Romulus, surnamed Quirinus, celebrated on the 13th of the calends of March. =Quirinālis=, a hill at Rome, originally called _Agonius_, and afterwards _Collinus_. The name of Quirinalis is obtained from the inhabitants of Cures, who settled there under their king Tatius. It was also called _Cabalinus_, from two marble statues of a horse, one of which was the work of Phidias, and the other of Praxiteles. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, li. 375; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 843.――――One of the gates of Rome near mount Quirinalis. =Quirīnus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans. This name was also given to Romulus when he had been made a god by his superstitious subjects. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 475.――――Also a surname of the god Janus.――――Sulpitius, a Roman consul, born at Lanuvium. Though descended of an obscure family, he was raised to the greatest honours by Augustus. He was appointed governor of Syria, and was afterwards made preceptor to Caius the grandson of the emperor. He married Æmilia Lepida the granddaughter of Sylla and Pompey, but some time after he shamefully repudiated her. He died A.D. 22. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, &c. =Quirītes=, a name given to the Roman citizens, because they admitted into their city the Sabines, who inhabited the town of Cures, and who on that account were called _Quirites_. After this union, the two nations were indiscriminately and promiscuously called by that name. It is, however, to be observed that the word was confined to Rome, and not used in the armies, as we find some of the generals applying it only to such of their soldiers as they dismissed or disgraced. Even some of the emperors appeased a sedition, by calling their rebellious soldiers by the degrading appellation of Quirites. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 170.――_Lampridius_, bk. 53.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 558.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 1.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 479. R =Rabirius Caius=, a Roman knight, who lent an immense sum of money to Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt. The monarch afterwards not only refused to repay him, but even confined him, and endangered his life. Rabirius escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at his return to Rome, he was accused by the senate of having lent money to an African prince, for unlawful purposes. He was ably defended by Cicero, and acquitted with difficulty. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius_.――――A Latin poet in the age of Augustus, who wrote, besides satires and epigrams, a poem on the victory which the emperor had gained over Antony at Actium. Seneca has compared him to Virgil for elegance and majesty, but Quintilian is not so favourable to his poetry.――――An architect in the reign of Domitian, who built a celebrated palace for the emperor, of which the ruins are still seen at Rome. =Racillia=, the wife of Cincinnatus. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Racilius=, a tribune who complained in the senate of the faction of Clodius. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 12; _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Ræsaces=, an officer of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his master, and fled to Athens. =Ramises=, a king of Egypt. _See:_ Rhamses. =Ramnes=, or =Rhamnenses=, one of the three centuries instituted by Romulus. After the Roman people had been divided into three tribes, the monarch elected out of each 100 young men of the best and noblest families, with which he formed three companies of horse. One of them was called _Ramnes_, either from the tribe of which it was chosen, or from Romulus. Another was called _Tatian_, and the third _Luceres_. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13. ――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 304.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Randa=, a village of Persia, where 3000 rebellious Persians were slain by Chiles. _Polyænus_, bk. 7. =Rapo=, a Rutulian chief, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 748. =Rascipŏlis=, a Macedonian sent to the assistance of Pompey. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Ravenna=, a town of Italy on the Adriatic, which became celebrated under the Roman emperors for its capacious harbour, which could contain 250 ships, and for being for some time the seat of the western empire. It was difficult of access by land, as it stood on a small peninsula; and so ill supplied with water, that it was sold at a higher price than wine, according to Martial. The emperors kept one of their fleets there, and the other at Misenum, on the other side of Italy. It was founded by a colony of Thessalians, or, according to others, of Sabines. It is now fallen from its former grandeur, and is a wretched town situate at the distance of about four miles from the sea, and surrounded with swamps and marshes. _Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 49.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 93, li. 8, &c. =Rāvŏla=, a celebrated debauchee, &c. _Juvenal._ =Rauraci=, a people of Gaul, whose chief town is now Augst on the Rhine. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 5. =Reāte=, a pleasant town of Umbria, built, as some suppose, before the Trojan war, about 15 miles from Fanum Vacunæ, near the lake Velinus. Cybele was the chief deity of the place. It was famous for its asses. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 26, ch. 11; bk. 28, ch. 45.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 3, ch. 2; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2. =Redicŭlus=, a deity whose name is derived from the word _redire_ (to return). The Romans raised a temple to this imaginary deity on the spot where Annibal had retired when he approached Rome, as if to besiege it. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_. =Redŏnes=, a nation among the Armorici, now the people of _Rennes_ and _St. Maloes_, in Brittany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 41. =Regillæ=, or =Regillum=, a town in the country of the Sabines in Italy, about 20 miles from Rome, celebrated for a battle which was fought there, A.U.C. 258, between 24,000 Romans and 40,000 Etrurians, who were headed by the Tarquins. The Romans obtained the victory, and scarce 10,000 of the enemy escaped from the field of battle. Castor and Pollux, according to some accounts, were seen mounted on white horses, and fighting at the head of the Roman army. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marcius Coriolanus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 1. ――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 1. =Regilliānus Q. Nonius=, a Dacian who entered the Roman armies, and was raised to the greatest honours under Valerian. He was elected emperor by the populace, who were dissatisfied with Gallienus, and was soon after murdered by his soldiers, A.D. 262. =Regillus=, a small lake of Latium, whose waters fall into the Anio, at the east of Rome. The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latin army near it. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 19. =Regīnum=, a town of Germany, now supposed Ratisbon or Regensburg. =Regium Lepidum=, a town of Modena, now _Regio_, at the south of the Po. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 5; bk. 13, ltr. 7. =Marcus Attilius Regŭlus=, a consul during the first Punic war. He reduced Brundusium, and in his second consulship he took 64, and sunk 30 galleys of the Carthaginian fleet, on the coast of Sicily. Afterwards he landed in Africa, and so rapid was his success, that in a short time he defeated three generals, and made himself master of about 200 places of consequence on the coast. The Carthaginians sued for peace, but the conqueror refused to grant it, and soon after he was defeated in a battle by Xanthippus, and 30,000 of his men were left on the field of battle, and 15,000 taken prisoners. Regulus was in the number of the captives, and he was carried in triumph to Carthage. He was afterwards sent by the enemy to Rome, to propose an accommodation, and an exchange of prisoners; and if his commission was unsuccessful, he was bound by the most solemn oaths to return to Carthage without delay. When he came to Rome, Regulus dissuaded his countrymen from accepting the terms which the enemy proposed, and when his opinion had had due influence on the senate, he then retired to Carthage agreeable to his engagements. The Carthaginians were told that their offers of peace had been rejected at Rome by the means of Regulus, and therefore they prepared to punish him with the greatest severity. His eyebrows were cut, and he was exposed for some days to the excessive heat of the meridian sun, and afterwards confined in a barrel, whose sides were everywhere filled with large iron spikes, till he died in the greatest agonies. His sufferings were heard at Rome, and the senate permitted his widow to inflict whatever punishments she pleased on some of the most illustrious captives of Carthage, who were in their hands. She confined them also in presses filled with sharp iron points, and was so exquisite in her cruelty, that the senate at last interfered, and stopped the barbarity of her punishments. Regulus died about 251 years before Christ. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 319.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 5.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Livy_, ltr. 16.――――Memmius, a Roman made governor of Greece by Caligula. While Regulus was in this province, the emperor wished to bring the celebrated statue of Jupiter Olympius, by Phidias, to Rome; but this was supernaturally prevented, and according to ancient authors, the ship which was to convey it was destroyed by lightning, and the workmen who attempted to remove the statue were terrified away by sudden noises. _Dio Cassius._――――A man who condemned Sejanus.――――Roscius, a man who held the consulship but for one day, in the reign of Vitellius. =Remi=, a nation of Gaul, whose principal town, Duricortorium, is now Rheims, in the north of Champagne. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Remmia lex=, _de judiciis_, was enacted to punish all calumniators. The letter K was marked on their forehead. This law was abolished by Constantine the Great. _Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius_. =Rĕmŭlus=, a chief of Tibur, whose arms were seized by the Rutulians, and afterwards became part of the plunder which Euryalus obtained. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 360.――――A friend of Turnus, trampled to death by his horse, which Orsilochus had wounded. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 636, &c. =Rĕmŭlus Sylvius=, a king of Alba, destroyed by lightning on account of his impiety. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 50. =Remuria=, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, to appease the manes of his brother Remus. They were afterwards called _Lemuria_, and celebrated yearly. =Remus=, the brother of Romulus, was exposed, together with him, by the cruelty of his grandfather. In the contest which happened between the two brothers about building a city, Romulus obtained the preference, and Remus, for ridiculing the rising walls, was put to death by his brother’s orders, or by Romulus himself. _See:_ Romulus. The Romans were afflicted with a plague after this murder, upon which the oracle was consulted, and the manes of Remus appeased by the institution of the Remuria. _Ovid._――――One of the auxiliaries of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 330. =Resæna=, a town of Mesopotamia, famous for the defeat of Sapor by Gordian. =Resus=, a small river of Asia Minor, falling into the Mæander. =Retina=, a village near Misenum. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ltr. 16. =Reudigni=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40. =Rha=, a large river, now the _Volga_, of Russia. A medicinal root which grew on its bank was called _Rha barbarum_, _Rhubarb_. =Rhacia=, a promontory in the Mediterranean sea, projecting from the Pyrenean mountains. =Rhacius=, a Cretan prince, the first of that nation who entered Ionia with a colony. He seized Claros, of which he became the sovereign. He married Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who had been seized on his coasts. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Rhacōtis=, an ancient name of Alexandria the capital of Egypt. _Strabo._――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21. =Rhadamanthus=, a son of Jupiter and Europa. He was born in Crete, which he abandoned about the 30th year of his age. He passed into some of the Cyclades, where he reigned with so much justice and impartiality, that the ancients have said he became one of the judges of hell, and that he was employed in the infernal regions in obliging the dead to confess their crimes, and in punishing them for their offences. Rhadamanthus reigned not only over some of the Cyclades, but over many of the Greek cities of Asia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 435.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5. ――_Plato._――_Homer_. _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 564.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 566. =Rhadamistus=, a son of Pharnasmanes king of Iberia. He married Zenobia, the daughter of his uncle Mithridates king of Armenia, and some time after put him to death. He was put to death by his father for his cruelties, about the year 52 of the christian era. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 37. =Rhadius=, a son of Neleus. =Rhæteum=, a city of Phrygia. =Rhæti=, or =Ræti=, an ancient and warlike nation of Etruria. They were driven from their native country by the Gauls, and went to settle on the other side of the Alps. _See:_ Rhætia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10. ――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5. =Rhætia=, a country at the north of Italy, between the Alps and the Danube, which now forms the territories of the Grisons, of the Tyrol, and part of Italy. It was divided into two parts, _Rhætia prima_ and _Rhætia secunda_. The first extended from the sources of the Rhine to those of the Licus or Lek, a small river which falls into the Danube. The other, called also _Vindelicia_, extended from the Licus to another small river called Œnus, or Inn, towards the east. The principal towns of Rhætia were called Curia, Tridentum, Belunum, Feltria. The Rhætians rendered themselves formidable by the frequent invasions which they made upon the Roman empire, and were at last conquered by Drusus the brother of Tiberius, and others under the Roman emperors. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 96.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 14, ch. 2, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4 & 14. =Rhamnes=, a king and augur, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed in the night by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 325. =Rhamnus=, a town of Attica, famous for a temple of Amphiaraus, and a statue of the goddess Nemesis, who was from thence called _Rhamnusia_. This statue was made by Phidias, out of a block of Parian marble, which the Persians intended as a pillar to be erected to commemorate their expected victory over Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 36. =Rhamnusia=, a name of Nemesis. _See:_ Rhamnus. =Rhampsinītus=, an opulent king of Egypt, who succeeded Proteus. He built a large tower with stones at Memphis, where his riches were deposited, and of which he was robbed by the artifice of the architect, who had left a stone in the wall easily movable, so as to admit a plunderer. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 121, &c. =Rhamses=, or =Ramises=, a powerful king of Egypt, who, with an army of 700,000 men, conquered Æthiopia, Libya, Persia, and other eastern nations. In his reign, according to Pliny, Troy was taken. Some authors consider him to be the same as Sesostris. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 60.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 8. =Rhanis=, one of Diana’s attendant nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3. =Rharos=, or =Rharium=, a plain of Attica, where corn was first sown by Triptolemus. It received its name from the sower’s father, who was called Rharos. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 14 & 38. =Rhascupŏris=, a king of Thrace, who invaded the possessions of Cotys, and was put to death by order of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 64. =Rhea=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who married Saturn, by whom she had Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. Her husband, however, devoured them all as soon as born, as he had succeeded to the throne with the solemn promise that he would raise no male children, or, according to others, because he had been informed by an oracle that one of his sons would dethrone him. To stop the cruelty of her husband, Rhea consulted her parents, and was advised to impose upon him, or perhaps to fly into Crete. Accordingly, when she brought forth, the child was immediately concealed, and Saturn devoured up a stone which his wife had given him as her own child. The fears of Saturn were soon proved to be well founded. A year after, the child, whose name was Jupiter, became so strong and powerful, that he drove his father from his throne. Rhea has been confounded by the mythologists with some of the other goddesses, and many have supposed that she was the same divinity that received adoration under the various names of Bona Dea, Cybele, Dindymena, Magna mater, Ceres, Vesta, Titæa, and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. _See:_ Cybele, Ceres, Vesta, &c. Rhea, after the expulsion of her husband from his throne, followed him to Italy, where he established a kingdom. Her benevolence in this part of Europe was so great, that the golden age of Saturn is often called the age of Rhea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_. ――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_.――_Homer_, _Hymns_.――_Æschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_.――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_ & _Electra_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 197.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――――Sylvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus. She is also called Ilia. _See:_ Ilia.――――A nymph of Italy, who is said to have borne a son called Aventinus to Hercules. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 659. =Rhebas=, or =Rhebus=, a river of Bithynia, flowing from mount Olympus into the Euxine sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 7, li. 698. =Rhedŏnes.= _See:_ Redones. =Rhegium=, now _Rheggio_, a town of Italy, in the country of the Brutii, opposite Messana in Sicily, where a colony of Messenians under Alcidamidas settled, B.C. 723. It was originally called _Rhegium_, and afterwards _Rhegium Julium_, to distinguish it from _Rhegium Lepidi_, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. Some suppose that it received its name from the Greek word ῥηγνυμι, _to break_, because it is situate on the straits of Charybdis, which were formed when the island of Sicily, as it were, was broken and separated from the continent of Italy. This town has always been subject to great earthquakes, by which it has often been destroyed. The neighbourhood is remarkable for its great fertility, and for its delightful views. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 94.――_Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 3. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 5 & 48.――_Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6. =Rhegusci=, a people of the Alps. =Rhemi.= _See:_ Remi. =Rhene=, a small island of the Ægean, about 200 yards from Delos, 18 miles in circumference. The inhabitants of Delos always buried their dead there, and their women also retired there during their labour, as their own island was consecrated to Apollo, where Latona had brought forth, and where no dead bodies were to be inhumated. Strabo says that it was uninhabited, though it was once as populous and flourishing as the rest of the Cyclades. Polycrates conquered it, and consecrated it to Apollo, after he had tied it to Delos, by means of a long chain. Rhene was sometimes called the small Delos, and the island of Delos the great Delos. _Thucydides_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Rheni=, a people on the borders of the Rhine. =Rhenus=, one of the largest rivers of Europe, which divides Germany from Gaul. It rises in the Rhætian Alps, and falls into the German ocean. Virgil has called it _bicornis_, because it divides itself into two streams. The river Rhine was a long time a barrier between the Romans and the Germans, and on that account its banks were covered with strong castles. Julius Cæsar was the first Roman who crossed it to invade Germany. The waters of that river were held in great veneration, and were supposed by the ancient Germans to have some peculiar virtue, as they threw their children into it, either to try the fidelity of the mothers, or to brace and invigorate their limbs. If the child swam on the surface, the mother was acquitted of suspicion, but if it sunk to the bottom, its origin was deemed illegitimate. In modern geography the Rhine is known as dividing itself into four large branches; the Waal, Lech, Issel, and the Rhine. That branch which still retains the name of Rhine loses itself in the sands above modern Leyden, and is afterwards no longer known by its ancient appellation, since the year 860, A.D., when inundations of the sea destroyed the regularity of its mouth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 727.――――A small river of Italy, falling into the Po on the south, now _Rheno_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 600.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16; bk. 16, ch. 36. =Rheomitres=, a Persian who revolted from Artaxerxes, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A Persian officer killed at the battle of Issus. _Curtius_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Rhesus=, a king of Thrace, son of the Strymon and Terpsichore, or, according to others, of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many warlike exploits and conquests in Europe, he marched to the assistance of Priam king of Troy, against the Greeks. He was expected with great impatience, as an ancient oracle had declared that Troy should never be taken if the horses of Rhesus drank the waters of the Xanthus, and fed upon the grass of the Trojan plains. This oracle was well known to the Greeks, and therefore two of their best generals, Diomedes and Ulysses, were commissioned by the rest to intercept the Thracian prince. The Greeks entered his camp in the night, slew him, and carried away his horses to their camp. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10. ――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 473.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 98. =Rhetogĕnes=, a prince of Spain, who surrendered to the Romans, and was treated with great humanity. =Rhetĭco=, a mountain of Rhætia. =Rheunus=, a place in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23. =Rhexēnor=, a son of Nausithous king of Phæacia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――――The father of Chalciope, the wife of Ægeus king of Athens. ――――A musician who accompanied Antony in Asia. =Rhexibius=, an athlete of Opus, who obtained a prize in the Olympic games, and had a statue in the grove of Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18. =Rhiānus=, a Greek poet of Thrace, originally a slave. He wrote an account of the war between Sparta and Messenia, which continued for 20 years, as also a history of the principal revolutions and events which had taken place in Thessaly. Of this poetical composition nothing but a few verses are extant. He flourished about 200 years before the christian era. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 6. =Rhidago=, a river of Hyrcania falling into the Caspian sea. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4. =Rhimotăcles=, a king of Thrace, who revolted from Antony to Augustus. He boasted of his attachment to the emperor’s person at an entertainment, upon which Augustus said, _proditionem amo, proditores vero odi_. =Rhinocolūra=, a town on the borders of Palestine and Egypt. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 11. ♦=Rhinthon=, a Greek poet of Tarentum, in the age of Alexander. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 20. ♦ Out of alphabetical order in the text. =Rhion=, a promontory of Achaia, opposite to Antirrhium in Ætolia, at the mouth of the Corinthian gulf, called also the Dardanelles of Lepanto. The strait between Naupactum and Patræ bore also the same name. The tomb of Hesiod was at the top of the promontory. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 38, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22. =Rhipha=, or =Rhiphe=, a town of Arcadia. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebaid_, li. 286. =Rhiphæi=, large mountains at the north of Scythia, where, as some suppose, the Gorgons had fixed their residence. The name of _Rhiphæan_ was applied to any cold mountain in a northern country, and, indeed, these mountains seem to have existed only in the imagination of the poets, though some make the Tanais rise there. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 272; bk. 3, li. 282; bk. 4, li. 418.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 4, li. 518. =Rhipheus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――――A Trojan praised for his justice, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 426. _See:_ Ripheus. =Rhium.= _See:_ Rhion. =Rhizonitæ=, a people of Illyricum, whose chief town was called _Rhizinium_. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26. =Rhoda=, now _Roses_, a seaport town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 8. ――――A town on the Rhone, from which the river received its name. It was ruined in Pliny’s age. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Rhodănus=, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, arising in the Rhætian Alps, and falling into the Mediterranean sea, near Marseilles. It is one of the largest and most rapid rivers of Europe, now known by the name of the _Rhone_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 477. ――_Marcellinus_, bk. 15, &c.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 433; bk. 6, li. 475. =Rhode=, a daughter of Neptune. _Apollodorus._――――Of Danaus. _Apollodorus._ =Rhodia=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._ =Rhodogȳne=, a daughter of Phraates king of Parthia, who married Demetrius, when he was in banishment at her father’s court. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Rhŏdŏpe=, or =Rhodōpis=, a celebrated courtesan of Greece, who was fellow-servant with Æsop, at the court of a king of Samos. She was carried to Egypt by Xanthus, and her liberty was at last bought by Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of Sappho, who was enamoured of her, and who married her. She sold her favours at Naucratis, where she collected so much money, that, to render her name immortal, she consecrated a number of spits in the temple of Apollo at Delphi; or, according to others, erected one of the pyramids of Egypt. Ælian says that, as Rhodope was one day bathing herself, an eagle carried away one of her sandals, and dropped it near Psammetichus king of Egypt, at Memphis. The monarch was struck with the beauty of the sandal, strict inquiry was made to find the owner, and Rhodope, when discovered, married Psammetichus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 134, &c. ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 33. Perizonius supposes there were two persons of that name. =Rhŏdŏpe=, a high mountain of Thrace, extending as far as the Euxine sea, all across the country, nearly in an eastern direction. Rhodope, according to the poets, was the wife of Hæmus king of Thrace, who was changed into this mountain, because she preferred herself to Juno in beauty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87, &c.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8; _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 351.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 73.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Oetaeus_. =Rhodopēius=, is used in the same signification as Thracian, because Rhodope was a mountain of that country. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 321; _Heroides_, poem 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 461. =Rhodunia=, the top of mount Œta. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 16. =Rhodus=, a celebrated island in the Carpathian sea, 120 miles in circumference, at the south of Caria, from which it is distant about 20 miles. Its principal cities were Rhodes, founded about 408 years before the christian era, Lindus, Camisus, Jalysus. Rhodes was famous for the siege which it supported against Demetrius, and for a celebrated statue of Apollo. _See:_ Colossus. The Rhodians were originally governed by kings, and were independent, but this government was at last exchanged for a democracy and an aristocracy. They were naturally given up to commerce, and, during many ages, they were the most powerful nation by sea. Their authority was respected, and their laws were so universally approved, that every country made use of them to decide disputes concerning maritime affairs, and they were at last adopted by other commercial nations, and introduced into the Roman codes, from whence they have been extracted to form the basis of the maritime regulations of modern Europe. When Alexander made himself master of Asia, the Rhodians lost their independence, but they soon after asserted their natural privileges under his cruel successors, and continued to hold that influence among nations to which their maritime power and consequence entitled them. They assisted Pompey against Cæsar, and were defeated by Cassius, and became dependent upon the Romans. The island of Rhodes has been known by the several names of _Ophiusa_, _Stadia_, _Telchinus_, _Corymbia_, _Trinacria_, _Æthrea_, _Asteria_, _Poessa_, _Atabyria_, _Oloessa_, _Marcia_, and _Pelagia_. It received the name of Rhodes, either on account of Rhode, a beautiful nymph who dwelt there, and who was one of the favourites of Apollo, or because _roses_ (ῥοδον) grew in great abundance all over the island. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, chs. 62 & 87; bk. 5, ch. 31.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 248.――_Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_; _Brutus_, ltr. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 31, ch. 2. =Rhœbus=, a horse of Mezentius, whom his master addressed with the determination to conquer or to die, when he saw his son Lausus brought lifeless from the battle. This beautiful address is copied from Homer, where likewise Achilles addresses his horses. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 861. =Rhœcus=, one of the Centaurs who attempted to offer violence to Atalanta. He was killed at the nuptials of Pirithous by Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 301.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2.――――One of the giants killed by Bacchus, under the form of a lion, in the war which these sons of the earth waged against Jupiter and the gods. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 19, li. 23. =Rhœo=, a nymph beloved by Apollo. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Rhœtēum=, or =Rhœtus=, a promontory of Troas, on the Hellespont, near which the body of Ajax was buried. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 197; bk. 4, _Fasti_, li. 279.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 505; bk. 12, li. 456. =Rhœtius=, a mountain of Corsica, now _Rosso_. =Rhœtus=, a king of the Marrubii, who married a woman called Casperia, to whom Archemorus, his son by a former wife, offered violence. After this incestuous attempt, ♦Archemorus fled to Turnus king of the Rutuli. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.――――A Rutulian killed by Euryalus in the night. _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344.――――An Æthiopian killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 38. ♦ ‘Archemorous’ replaced with ‘Archemorus’ =Rhosaces=, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to stab Alexander at the battle of the Granicus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1. =Rhosus=, a town of Syria, on the gulf of Issus, celebrated for its earthen wares. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 1. =Rhoxalāni=, a people at the north of the Palus Mæotis. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 79. =Rhoxāna=, or =Roxāna=, a mistress of Alexander, daughter of a Persian satrap. _See:_, Roxana. =Rhoxāni=, a nation against whom Mithridates made war. =Rhutēni= and =Rhuthēni=, a people of Gaul. =Rhyndăcus=, a large river of Mysia, in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32. =Rhynthon=, a dramatic writer of Syracuse, who flourished at Tarentum, where he wrote 38 plays. Authors are divided with respect to the merit of his compositions, and the abilities of the writer. _See:_ Rhinthon. =Rhypæ=, a town of Achaia, at the west of Helice. =Rigodulum=, a village of Germany, now _Rigol_, near Cologne. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 71. =Riphæi.= _See:_ Rhiphæi. =Ripheus=, a Trojan who joined Æneas the night that Troy was reduced to ashes, and was at last killed after making a great carnage of the Greeks. He is commended for his love of justice and equity. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 339 & 426.――――One of the Centaurs killed by Theseus at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 352. =Rixamăræ=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26. =Robīgo=, or =Rubīgo=, a goddess at Rome, particularly worshipped by husbandmen, as she presided over corn. Her festivals, called _Robigalia_, were celebrated on the 25th of April, and incense was offered to her, as also the entrails of a sheep and of a dog. She was intreated to preserve the corn from blights. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 911.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 151.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5; _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Rodumna=, now _Roanne_, a town of the Ædui, on the Loire. =Roma=, a city of Italy, the capital of the Roman empire, situate on the banks of the river Tiber, at the distance of about 16 miles from the sea. The name of its founder, and the manner of its foundation, are not precisely known. Romulus, however, is universally supposed to have laid the foundations of that celebrated city, on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian period, 3251 years after the creation of the world, 753 before the birth of Christ, and 431 years after the Trojan war, and in the fourth year of the sixth Olympiad. In its original state, Rome was but a small castle on the summit of mount Palatine; and the founder, to give his followers the appearance of a nation or a barbarian horde, was obliged to erect a standard as a common asylum, for every criminal, debtor, or murderer, who fled from their native country to avoid the punishment which attended them. From such an assemblage a numerous body was soon collected, and before the death of the founder, the Romans had covered with their habitations the Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, Esquiline hills, with mount Cœlius and Quirinalis. After many successful wars against the neighbouring states, the views of Romulus were directed to regulate a nation naturally fierce, warlike, and uncivilized. The people were divided into classes, the interests of the whole were linked in a common chain, and the labours of the subject, as well as those of his patron, tended to the same end, the aggrandizement of the state. Under the successors of Romulus, the power of Rome was increased, and the boundaries of her dominions extended; while one was employed in regulating the forms of worship, and inculcating in the minds of his subjects a reverence for the deity, the other was engaged in enforcing discipline among the army, and raising the consequence of the soldiers in the government of the state; and a third made the object of his administration consist in adorning his capital, in beautifying its edifices, and in fortifying it with towers and walls. During 244 years the Romans were governed by kings, but the tyranny, the oppression, and the violence of the last of these monarchs and of his family, became so atrocious, that a revolution was effected in the state, and the democratical government was established. The monarchical government existed under seven princes, who began to reign in the following order: Romulus, B.C. 753; and after one year’s interregnum, Numa, 715; Tullus Hostilius, 672; Ancus Martius, 640; Tarquin Priscus, 616; Servius Tullius, 578; and Tarquin the Proud, 534, expelled 25 years after, B.C. 509; and this regal administration has been properly denominated the infancy of the Roman empire. After the expulsion of the Tarquins from the throne, the Romans became more sensible of their consequence: with their liberty they acquired a spirit of faction, and they became so jealous of their independence, that the first of their consuls who had been the most zealous and animated in the assertion of their freedom, was banished from the city because he bore the name, and was of the family, of the tyrants; and another, to stop their suspicions, was obliged to pull down his house, whose stateliness and magnificence above the rest seemed incompatible with the duties and the rank of a private citizen. They knew more effectually their power when they had fought with success against Porsenna the king of Etruria, and some of the neighbouring states, who supported the claim of the tyrant, and attempted to replace him on his throne by force of arms. A government which is entrusted into the hands of two of the most distinguished of its members, for the limited space of one year, cannot but give rise to great men, glorious exploits, and tremendous seditions. The general who is placed at the head of an army during a campaign, must be active and diligent, when he knows that his power is terminated with the year, and if he has a becoming ambition, he will distinguish his consulship by some uncommon act of valour, before he descends from the dignity of an absolute magistrate to the dependence of a fellow-citizen. Yet these attempts for the attainment of glory often failed of success; and though the Romans could once boast that every individual in their armies could discharge with fidelity and honour the superior offices of magistrate and consul, there are to be found in their annals many years marked by overthrows, or disgraced by the ill conduct, the oppression, and the wantonness of their generals. _See:_ Consul. To the fame which their conquests and daily successes had gained abroad, the Romans were not a little indebted for their gradual rise to superiority; and to this may be added the policy of the census, which every fifth year told them their actual strength, and how many citizens were able to bear arms. And indeed it was no small satisfaction to a people who were continually making war, to see that, in spite of all the losses which they might sustain in the field, the increase of the inhabitants of the city was prodigious, and almost incredible; and had Romulus lived after the battle of Actium, he would have been persuaded with difficulty that above 4,000,000 of inhabitants were contained within those walls, which in the most flourishing period of his reign could scarce muster an army of 3000 infantry and 300 horse. But when Rome had flourished under the consular government for about 120 years, and had beheld with pleasure the conquests of her citizens over the neighbouring states and cities, which, according to a Roman historian, she was ashamed to recollect in the summit of her power, an irruption of the barbarians of Gaul rendered her very existence precarious, ♦and her name was nearly extinguished. The valour of an injured individual [_See:_ Camillus] saved it from destruction, yet not before its buildings and temples were reduced to ashes. This celebrated event, which gave the appellation of another founder of Rome to Camillus, has been looked upon as a glorious era to the Romans. The huts and cottages which Romulus had erected, and all his successors repaired, were totally consumed, and when the city arose again from its ruins, the streets were enlarged, convenience as well as order was observed, taste and regularity were consulted, and the poverty, ignorance, and rusticity of the Romans seemed to be extinguished with their old habitations. But no sooner were they freed from the fears of their barbarian invaders, than they turned their arms against those states which refused to acknowledge their superiority, or yield their independence. Their wars with Pyrrhus and the Tarentines displayed their character in a different view; if they before had fought for freedom and independence, they now drew their sword for glory; and here we may see them conquered in the field, and yet refusing to grant that peace for which their conqueror himself had sued. The advantages they gained from their battles with Pyrrhus were many. The Roman name became known in Greece, Sicily, and Africa, and in losing or gaining a victory, the Romans were enabled to examine the manœuvres, observe the discipline, and contemplate the order and the encampments of those soldiers whose friends and ancestors had accompanied Alexander the Great in the conquest of Asia. Italy became subjected to the Romans at the end of the war with the Tarentines, and that period of time has been called the second age, or the adolescence of the Roman empire. After this memorable era they tried their strength not only with distant nations, but also upon a new element; and in the long wars which they waged against Carthage, they acquired territory, and obtained the sovereignty of the sea; and though Annibal for 16 years kept them in continual alarms, hovered round their gates, and destroyed their armies almost before their walls, yet they were doomed to conquer [_See:_ Punicum bellum], and soon to add the kingdom of Macedonia [_See:_ Macedonicum bellum] and the provinces of Asia [_See:_ Mithridaticum bellum] to their empire. But while we consider the Romans as a nation subduing their neighbours by war, their manners, their counsels, and their pursuits at home are not to be forgotten. To be warriors was their profession; their assemblies in the Campus Martius were a meeting of armed men, and very properly denominated an army. Yet while their conquests were so extensive abroad, we find them torn by factions at home; and so far was the resentment of the poorer citizens carried, that we see the enemy at the gates of the city, while all are unwilling to take up arms and to unite in the defence of their common liberty. The senators and nobles were ambitious of power, and endeavoured to retain in their hands that influence which had been exercised with so much success, and such cruelty, by their monarchs. This was the continual occasion of tumults and sedition. The people were jealous of their liberty. The oppression of the nobles irritated them, and the stripes to which they were too often exposed without mercy, was often productive of revolutions. The plebeians, though originally the poorest and most contemptible citizens of an indigent nation, whose food in the first ages of the empire was only bread and salt, and whose drink was water, soon gained rights and privileges by their opposition. Though really slaves, they became powerful in the state; one concession from the patricians produced another, and when their independence was boldly asserted by their tribunes, they were admitted to share in the highest offices of the state, and the laws which forbade the intermarriage of plebeian and patrician families were repealed, and the meanest peasant could by valour and fortitude be raised to the dignity of dictator and consul. It was not till these privileges were obtained by the people from the senate, that Rome began to enjoy internal peace and tranquillity; her battles were then fought with more vigour, her soldiers were more animated, and her sovereignty was more universally established. But supreme power lodged in the hands of a factious and ambitious citizen, becomes too often dangerous. The greatest oppression and tyranny took place of subordination and obedience; and from those causes proceeded the unparalleled slaughter and effusion of blood under a Sylla and a Marius. It has been justly observed, that the first Romans conquered their enemies by valour, temperance, and fortitude; their moderation also and their justice were well known among their neighbours, and not only private possessions, but even mighty kingdoms and empires, were left in their power, to be distributed among a family or to be ensured in the hands of a successor. They were also chosen umpires to decide quarrels, but in this honourable office they consulted their own interest; they artfully supported the weaker side, that the more powerful might be reduced, and gradually become their prey. Under Julius Cæsar and Pompey, the rage of civil war was carried to unprecedented excess: it was not merely to avenge a private injury, but it was a contest for the sovereignty; and though each of the adversaries wore the mask of pretended sincerity, and professed himself to be the supporter of the republic, no less than the abolition of freedom and the public liberty was the aim. What Julius began, his adopted son achieved: the ancient spirit of national independence was extinguished at Rome; and after the battle of Actium, the Romans seemed unable to govern themselves without the assistance of a chief, who, under the title of _imperator_, an appellation given to every commander by his army after some signal victory, reigned with as much power and as much sovereignty as another Tarquin. Under their emperors, the Romans lived a luxurious and indolent life; they had long forgot to appear in the field, and their wars were left to be waged by mercenary troops, who fought without spirit or animosity, and who were ever ready to yield to him who bought their allegiance and fidelity with the greatest sums of money. Their leaders themselves were not the most prudent or the most humane; the power which they had acquired by bribery was indeed precarious, and among a people where not only the highest offices of the state, but even the imperial purple itself, are exposed to sale, there cannot be expected much happiness or tranquillity in the palace of the emperor. The reigns of the successors of Augustus were distinguished by variety; one was the most abandoned and profligate of men, whom his own vices and extravagance hurried out of the world, while his successor, perhaps the most clement, just, and popular of princes, was sacrificed in the midst of his guards and attendants by the dagger of some offended favourite or disappointed eunuch. Few indeed were the emperors of Rome whose days were not shortened by poison, or the sword of an assassin. If one for some time had the imprudence to trust himself in the midst of a multitude, at last to perish by his own credulity, the other consulted his safety, but with no better success, in the innumerable chambers of his palace, and changed every day, to elude discovery, the place of his retirement. After they had been governed by a race of princes, remarkable for the variety of their characters, the Roman possessions were divided into two distinct empires, by the enterprising Constantine, A.D. 328. Constantinople became the seat of the eastern empire, and Rome remained in the possession of the western emperors, and continued to be the capital of their dominions. In the year 800 of the christian era, Rome with Italy was delivered by Charlemagne, the then emperor of the west, into the hands of the Pope, who still continues to hold the sovereignty, and to maintain his independence under the name of the Ecclesiastical States. The original poverty of the Romans has often been disguised by their poets and historians, who wished it to appear that a nation who were masters of the world, had had better beginning than to be a race of shepherds and robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity they were indebted for their successes. Their houses were originally destitute of every ornament, they were made with unequal boards, and covered with mud, and these served them rather as a shelter against the inclemency of the seasons than for relaxation and ease. Till the age of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, and many salutary laws were enacted to restrain luxury and to punish indolence. They observed great temperance in their meals; young men were not permitted to drink wine till they had attained their 30th year, and it was totally forbidden to women. Their national spirit was supported by policy; the triumphal procession of a conqueror along the streets amidst the applause of thousands, was well calculated to promote emulation, and the number of gladiators who were regularly introduced not only in public games and spectacles, but also at private meetings, served to cherish their fondness for war, whilst it steeled their hearts against the calls of compassion; and when they could gaze with pleasure upon wretches whom they forcibly obliged to murder one another, they were not inactive in the destruction of those whom they considered as inveterate foes or formidable rivals in the field. In their punishments, civil as well as military, the Romans were strict and rigorous; a deserter was severely whipped and sold as a slave, and the degradation from the rank of a soldier and dignity of a citizen was the most ignominious stigma which could be affixed upon a seditious mutineer. The transmarine victories of the Romans proved at last the ruin of their innocence and bravery. They grew fond of the luxury of the Asiatics; and, conquered by the vices and indolence of those nations whom they had subdued, they became as effeminate and as dissolute as their captives. Marcellus was the first who introduced a taste for the fine arts among his countrymen. The spoils and treasures that were obtained in the plunder of Syracuse and Corinth, rendered the Romans partial to elegant refinement and ornamental equipage. Though Cato had despised philosophy [_See:_ Carneades], and declared that war was the only profession of his countrymen, the Romans, by their intercourse with the Greeks, soon became fond of literature; and though they had once banished the sophists of Athens from their city, yet they beheld with rapture their settlement among them in the principal towns of Italy, after the conquest of Achaia. They soon after began to imitate their polished captives, and to cultivate poetry with success. From the valour of their heroes and conquerors, indeed, the sublimest subjects were offered to the genius of their poets; but of the little that remains to celebrate the early victories of Rome, nothing can be compared to the nobler effusions of the Augustan age. Virgil has done so much for the Latin name that the splendour and the triumphs of his country are forgotten for a while, when we are transported in the admiration of the majesty of his numbers, the elegant delicacy of his expressions, and the fire of his muse; and the applauses given to the lyric powers of Horace, the softness of Tibullus, the vivacity of Ovid, and to the ♠superior compositions of other respectable poets, shall be unceasing so long as the name of Rome excites our reverence and our praises, and so long as genius, virtue, and abilities are honoured amongst mankind. Though they originally rejected with horror a law which proposed the building of a public theatre, and the exhibition of plays, like the Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved favourable to the compositions of their countrymen. Livius was the first dramatic writer of consequence at Rome, whose plays began to be exhibited A.U.C. 514. After him Nævius and Ennius wrote for the stage; and in a more polished period Plautus, Terence, Cæcilius, and Afranius claimed the public attention and gained the most unbounded applause. Satire did not make its appearance at Rome till 100 years after the introduction of comedy, and so celebrated was Lucilius in this kind of writing, that he was called the inventor of it. In historical writing the progress of the Romans was slow and inconsiderable, and for many years they employed the pen of foreigners to compile their annals, till the superior abilities of a Livy were made known. In their worship and sacrifices the Romans were uncommonly superstitious; the will of the gods was consulted on every occasion, and no general marched to an expedition without the previous assurance from the augurs that the omens were propitious, and his success almost indubitable. Their sanctuaries were numerous; they raised altars not only to the gods, who, as they supposed, presided over their city, but also to the deities of conquered nations, as well as to the different passions and virtues. There were no less than 420 temples at Rome, crowded with statues; the priests were numerous, and each divinity had a particular college of sacerdotal servants. Their wars were declared in the most awful and solemn manner, and prayers were always offered in the temples for the prosperity of Rome, when a defeat had been sustained or a victory won. The power of fathers over their children was very extensive, and indeed unlimited; they could sell them or put them to death at pleasure, without the forms of a trial, or the interference of the civil magistrate. Many of their ancient families were celebrated for the great men whom they had produced, but the vigorous and interested part they took in the government of the republic exposed them often to danger; and some have observed that the Romans sunk into indolence and luxury when the Cornelii, the Fabii, the Æmylii, the Marcelli, &c., who had so often supported their spirit and led them to victory, had been extinguished in the bloody wars of Marius and of the two triumvirates. When Rome was become powerful, she was distinguished from other cities by the flattery of her neighbours and citizens; a form of worship was established to her as a deity, and temples were raised in her honour, not only in the city but in the provinces. The goddess Roma was represented like Minerva, all armed and sitting on a rock, holding a pike in her hand, with her head covered with a helmet, and a trophy at her feet. _Livy_, bk. 1, &c.――_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_. ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, _Georgics_, & _Æneid_.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 6, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Paterculus._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_ & _Histories_.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4.――_Lucan._――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_, _Numa_, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, &c. ――_Pliny_, bk. 7, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 43.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 8. ――――A daughter of Evander.――――A Trojan woman who came to Italy with Æneas.――――A daughter of Italus and Luceria. It was after one of these females, according to some authors, that the capital of Italy was called Roma. ♦ ‘aud’ replaced with ‘and’ ♠ ‘superor’ replaced with ‘superior’ =Romāni=, the inhabitants of Rome. _See:_ Roma. =Romānus=, an officer under Theodosius.――――Another, poisoned by Nero. ――――A son of Constans, &c. =Romilius Marcellus=, a Roman centurion in Galba’s reign, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_. =Romŭla=, a name given to the fig tree under which Romulus and Remus were found. _Ovid._, bk. 2, _Fasti_, li. 412. =Romulea=, a town of the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 17. =Rōmŭlĭdæ=, a patronymic given to the Roman people from Romulus their first king, and the founder of their city. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 638. =Romŭlus=, a son of Mars and Ilia, grandson of Numitor king of Alba, was born at the same birth with Remus. These two children were thrown into the Tiber by order of Amulius, who usurped the crown of his brother Numitor; but they were preserved, and, according to Florus, the river stopped its course, and a she-wolf came and fed them with her milk, till they were found by Faustulus, one of the king’s shepherds, who educated them as his own children. When they knew their real origin, the twins, called Romulus and Remus, put Amulius to death, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor. They afterwards undertook to build a city, and to determine which of the two brothers should have the management of it, they had recourse to omens and the flight of birds. Remus went to mount Aventine, and Romulus to mount Palatine. Remus saw first a flight of six vultures, and soon after, Romulus 12; and therefore, as his number was greater, he began to lay the foundations of the city, hoping that it would become a warlike and powerful nation, as the birds from which he had received the omen were fond of prey and slaughter. Romulus marked with a furrow the place where he wished to erect the walls; but their slenderness was ridiculed by Remus, who leaped over them with the greatest contempt. This irritated Romulus, and Remus was immediately put to death, either by the hand of his brother or one of the workmen. When the walls were built, the city was without inhabitants; but Romulus, by making an asylum of a sacred grove, soon collected a number of fugitives, foreigners, and criminals, whom he received as his lawful subjects. Yet, however numerous these might be, they were despised by the neighbouring inhabitants, and none were willing to form matrimonial connections with them. But Romulus obtained by force what was denied to his petitions. The Romans celebrated games in honour of the god Consus, and forcibly carried away all the females who had assembled there to be spectators of these unusual exhibitions. These violent measures offended the neighbouring nations; they made war against the ravishers with various success, till at last they entered Rome, which had been betrayed to them by one of the stolen virgins. A violent engagement was begun in the middle of the Roman forum; but the Sabines were conquered, or, according to Ovid, the two enemies laid down their arms when the women had rushed between the two armies, and by their tears and entreaties raised compassion in the bosoms of their parents and husbands. The Sabines left their original possessions and came to live in Rome, where Tatius their king shared the sovereign power with Romulus. The introduction of the Sabines into the city of Rome was attended with the most salutary consequences, and the Romans, by pursuing this plan, and admitting the conquered nations among their citizens, rendered themselves more powerful and more formidable. Afterwards Romulus divided the lands which he had obtained by conquest; one part was reserved for religious uses, to maintain the priests, to erect temples, and to consecrate altars; the other was appropriated for the expenses of the state; and the third part was equally distributed among his subjects, who were divided into three classes or tribes. The most aged and experienced, to the number of 100, were also chosen, whom the monarch might consult in matters of the highest importance, and from their age they were called _senators_, and from their authority _patres_. The whole body of the people were also distinguished by the name of patricians and plebeians, patron and client, who by mutual interest were induced to preserve the peace of the state, and to promote the public good. Some time after Romulus disappeared as he was giving instructions to the senators, and the eclipse of the sun, which happened at that time, was favourable to the rumour which asserted that the king had been taken up to heaven, 714 B.C., after a reign of 39 years. This was further confirmed by Julius Proculus, one of the senators, who solemnly declared, that as he returned from Alba, he had seen Romulus in a form above human, and that he had directed him to tell the Romans to pay him divine honours under the name of _Quirinus_, and to assure them that their city was doomed one day to become the capital of the world. This report was immediately credited, and the more so as the senators dreaded the resentment of the people, who suspected them of having offered him violence. A temple was raised to him, and a regular priest, called _Flamen Quirinalis_, was appointed to offer him sacrifices. Romulus was ranked by the Romans among the 12 great gods, and it is not to be wondered that he received such distinguished honours, when the Romans considered him as the founder of their city and empire, and the son of the god of war. He is generally represented like his father, so much that it is difficult to distinguish them. The fable of the two children of Rhea Sylvia being nourished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa, Faustulus’s wife, having brought them up. _See:_ Acca. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 43, chs. 1 & 2.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 18, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 342, 605.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 616 & 845; _Fasti_, bk. 4, &c. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Juvenal_, satire 18, li. 272. =Romŭlus Sylvius=, or =Alladius=, a king of Alba.――――Momyllus Augustulus, the last of the emperors of the western empire of Rome. His country was conquered A.D. 476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, who assumed the name of king of Italy. =Romus=, a son of Æneas by Lavinia. Some suppose that he was the founder of Rome.――――A son of Æmathion sent by Diomedes to Italy, and also supposed by some to be the founder of Rome. =Roscia lex=, _de theatris_, by Lucius Roscius Otho the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It required that none should sit in the first 14 seats of the theatre, if they were not in possession of 400 sestertia, which was the fortune required to be a Roman knight. =Roscianum=, the port of Thurii, now _Rossano_. =Quintus Roscius=, a Roman actor, born at Lanuvium, so celebrated on the stage that every comedian of excellence and merit has received his name. His eyes were naturally distorted, and he always appeared on the stage with a mask, but the Romans obliged him to act his characters without, and they overlooked the deformities of his face, that they might the better hear his elegant pronunciation, and be delighted with the sweetness of his voice. He was accused on suspicion of dishonourable practices; but Cicero, who had been one of his pupils, undertook his defence, and cleared him of the malevolent aspersions of his enemies, in an elegant oration still extant. Roscius wrote a treatise, in which he compared with great success and much learning the profession of the orator with that of the comedian. He died about 60 years before Christ. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1.――_Quintilian._――_Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius the Actor_; _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, &c.; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 3, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――――Sextus, a rich citizen of Ameria, murdered in the dictatorship of Sylla. His son, of the same name, was accused of the murder, and eloquently defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant, A.U.C. 673. _Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius the Actor_.――――Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul.――――Otho, a tribune, who made a law to discriminate the knights from the common people at public spectacles. =Rosiæ campus=, or =Rosia=, a beautiful plain in the country of the Sabines, near the lake Velinum. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 712.――_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15. =Rosillanus ager=, a territory in Etruria. =Rosius=, a harbour of Cilicia.――――A man made consul only for one day under Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus._ =Rosulum=, a town of Etruria, now _Monte Rosi_. =Rotomagus=, a town of Gaul, now _Rouen_. =Roxāna=, a Persian woman, taken prisoner by Alexander. The conqueror became enamoured of her and married her. She behaved with great cruelty after Alexander’s death, and she was at last put to death by Cassander’s order. She was daughter of Darius, or, according to others, of one of his satraps. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4; bk. 10, ch. 6. ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A wife of Mithridates the Great, who poisoned herself. =Roxolāni=, a people of European Sarmatia, who proved very active and rebellious in the reign of the Roman emperors. =Rubeæ=, the _north cape_ at the north of Scandinavia. =Rubellius Blandus=, a man who married Julia the daughter of Drusus, &c. ――――One of the descendants of Augustus, treacherously put to death by Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――Plautus, an illustrious Roman who disgraced himself by his arrogance and ambitious views. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 39. =Rubi=, now _Ruvo_, a town of Apulia, from which the epithet _Rubeus_ is derived, applied to bramble bushes which grew there. The inhabitants were called _Rubitini_. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 94. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 266. =Rubĭcon=, now _Rugone_, a small river of Italy, which it separates from Cisalpine Gaul. It rises in the Apennine mountains, and falls into the Adriatic sea. By crossing it, and thus transgressing the boundaries of his province, Julius Cæsar declared war against the senate and Pompey, and began the civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1, lis. 185 & 213.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 32.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15. =Rubiēnus Lappa=, a tragic poet in the age of Juvenal, conspicuous as much for his great genius as his poverty. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 72. =Rubīgo=, a goddess. _See:_ Robigo. =Rubo=, the _Dwina_, a river which falls into the Baltic at Riga. =Rubra saxa=, a place of Etruria, near Veii, at the distance of above eight miles from Rome. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64, li. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 49. =Rubria lex=, was enacted after the taking of Carthage, to make an equal division of the lands in Africa. =Rubrius=, a Roman knight accused of treason under Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus._――――A man who fled to Parthia on suspicion that the Roman affairs were ruined.――――A friend of Vitellius.――――An obscure Gaul in great favour with Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 145.――――An officer in Cæsar’s army. =Rubrum mare= (_the Red sea_), is situate between Arabia, Egypt, and Æthiopia, and is often called Erythræum mare, and confounded with the Arabicus sinus, and the Indian sea. _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 23 & 24. ――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 17; bk. 42, ch. 52; bk. 45, ch. 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 686.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 853. =Rudiæ=, a town of Calabria near Brundusium, built by a Greek colony, and famous for giving birth to the poet Ennius. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 396.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Ruffīnus=, a general in Gaul in the reign of Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 94. =Ruffus Crispīnus=, an officer of the pretorian guards under Claudius. He was banished by Agrippina for his attachment to Britannicus and Octavius the sons of Messalina, and put himself to death. His wife Poppæa Sabina, by whom he had a son called Ruffinus Crispinus, afterwards married Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 12, ch. 42; bk. 16, ch. 17.――――A soldier presented with a civic crown for preserving the life of a citizen, &c. =Rufiāna=, a town of Gaul, now _Rufash_, in Alsace. =Rufilius=, a Roman ridiculed by Horace, satire 2, li. 27, for his effeminacy. =Julius Rufinianus=, a rhetorician, &c. =Rufinus=, a general of Theodosius, &c. =Rufræ=, a town of Campania, of which the inhabitants were called _Rufreni_. _Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 71. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 568.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 739. =Rufrium=, a town of Samnium, now _Ruvo_. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 25. =Rufus=, a Latin historian. _See:_ Quintius.――――A friend of Commodus, famous for his avarice and ambition.――――One of the ancestors of Sylla, degraded from the rank of a senator because 10 pounds’ weight of gold were found in his house.――――A governor of Judæa.――――A man who conspired against Domitian.――――A poet of Ephesus in the reign of Trajan. He wrote six books on simples, now lost.――――A Latin poet. ――――Sempronius. _See:_ Prætorius. =Rugia=, now _Rugen_, an island of the Baltic. =Rugii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43. =Rupilius=, an officer surnamed _Rex_, for his authoritative manners. He was proscribed by Augustus and fled to Brutus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 1.――――A writer whose treatises _de figuris sententiarum_, &c., were edited by Runken, 8vo, Leiden, 1786. =Ruscino=, a town of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 24.――――A seaport town of Africa. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 10. =Ruscius=, a town of Gaul. =Rusconia=, a town of Mauritania. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 24. =Rusellæ=, an inland town of Etruria destroyed by the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 45. =Ruspĭna=, a town of Africa near Adrumetum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 260.――_Hirtius_, _African War_, li. 640. =Rustĭcus Lucius Junius Arulenus=, a man put to death by Domitian. He was the friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger, who praises his abilities, and he is likewise commended by Tacitus, bk. 16, _Histories_, ch. 26.――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 14.――_Suetonius_, _Domitian_.――――A friend of Marcus Aurelius. =Rusuccurum=, a town of Mauritania, believed to be modern Algiers. =Rutēni=, a people of Gaul, now _Ruvergne_, in Guienne. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Rutila=, a deformed old woman, who lived near 100 years, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 294. =Publius Rutilius Rufus=, a Roman consul in the age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues and writings. He refused to comply with the requests of his friends because they were unjust. When Sylla had banished him from Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidst the acclamations and praises of the people; and when some of his friends wished him to be recalled home by means of a civil war, he severely reprimanded them, and said, that he wished rather to see his country blush at his exile, than to plunge it into distress by his return. He was the first who taught the Roman soldiers the principles of fencing, and by thus mixing dexterity with valour, rendered their attacks more certain, and more irresistible. During his banishment he employed his time in study, and wrote a history of Rome in Greek, and an account of his own life in Latin, besides many other works. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 563.――_Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_; _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 53.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 6, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――A Roman proconsul, who is supposed to have encouraged Mithridates to murder all the Romans who were in his province.――――Lupus, a pretor, who fled away with three cohorts from Tarracina.――――A rhetorician. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A man who went against Jugurtha.――――A friend of Nero.――――Claudius Numantianus, a poet of Gaul, in the reign of Honorius. According to some he wrote a poem on mount Ætna. He wrote also an itinerary, published by Burman in the Poetæ Latini Minores, Leiden, 4to, 1731. =Rutilus=, a rich man reduced to beggary by his extravagance. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 2. =Rutŭba=, a river of Liguria, falling from the Apennines into the Mediterranean. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 422.――――Of Latium, falling into the Tiber. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 422. =Rutŭbus=, a gladiator, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7, li. 96. =Rŭtŭli=, a people of Latium, known as well as the Latins, by the name of _Aborigines_. When Æneas came into Italy, Turnus was their king, and they supported him in the war which he waged against this foreign prince. The capital of their dominions was called Ardea. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 883; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 455, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, 7, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Rŭtŭpæ=, a seaport town on the southern coasts of Britain, abounding in excellent oysters, whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some suppose that it is the modern town of _Dover_, but others _Richborough_ or _Sandwich_. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 67.――_Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 141. =Ryphæi montes.= _See:_ ♦Rhiphæi. ♦ ‘Rhipæi’ replaced with ‘Rhiphæi’ S =Saba=, a town of Arabia, famous for frankincense, myrrh, and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were called _Sabæi_. _Strabo_, bk. 16. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57; _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 420. =Sabăchus=, or =Sabacon=, a king of Æthiopia, who invaded Egypt and reigned there, after the expulsion of king Amasis. After a reign of 50 years he was terrified by a dream, and retired into his own kingdom. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 137, &c. =Sabæi=, a people of Arabia. _See:_ Saba. =Sabāta=, a town of Liguria with a safe and beautiful harbour, supposed to be the modern _Savona_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 461. ――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――A town of Assyria. =Sabatha=, a town of Arabia, now _Sanaa_. =Sabatra=, a town of Syria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 256. =Sabatini=, a people of Samnium, living on the banks of the Sabatus, a river which falls into the Vulturnus. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 33. =Sabazius=, a surname of Bacchus, as also of Jupiter. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Arnobius_, bk. 4. =Sabbas=, a king of India. =Sabella=, the nurse of the poet Horace, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 29. =Sabelli=, a people of Italy, descended from the Sabines, or, according to some, from the Samnites. They inhabited that part of the country which lies between the Sabines and the Marsi. Hence the epithet of _Sabellicus_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 255. =Sabellus=, a Latin poet in the reign of Domitian and Nerva. =Julia Sabīna=, a Roman matron, who married Adrian by means of Plotina the wife of Trajan. She is celebrated for her private as well as public virtues. Adrian treated her with the greatest asperity, though he had received from her the imperial purple; and the empress was so sensible of his unkindness, that she boasted in his presence that she had disdained to make him a father, lest his children should become more odious or more tyrannical than he himself was. The behaviour of Sabina at last so exasperated Adrian that he poisoned her, or, according to some, obliged her to destroy herself. The emperor at that time laboured under a mortal disease, and therefore he was the more encouraged to sacrifice Sabina to his resentment, that she might not survive him. Divine honours were paid to her memory. She died after she had been married 38 years to Adrian, A.D. 138. =Sabīni=, an ancient people of Italy, reckoned among the Aborigines, or those inhabitants whose origin was not known. Some suppose that they were originally a Lacedæmonian colony, who settled in that part of the country. The possessions of the Sabines were situated in the neighbourhood of Rome, between the river Nar and the Anio, and bounded on the north by the Apennines and Umbria, south by Latium, east by the Æqui, and Etruria on the west. The greatest part of the contiguous nations were descended from them, such as the Umbrians, the Campanians, the Sabelli, the Osci, Samnites, Hernici, Æqui, Marsi, Brutii, &c. The Sabines are celebrated in ancient history as being the first who took up arms against the Romans, to avenge the rape of their females at a spectacle where they had been invited. After some engagements, the greatest part of the Sabines left their ancient possessions, and migrated to Rome, where they settled with their new allies. They were at last totally subdued, about the year of Rome 373, and ranked as Roman citizens. Their chief cities were Cures, Fidenæ, Reate, Crustumerium, Corniculum, Nomentum, Collatia, &c. The character of the nation for chastity, for purity of morals, and for the knowledge of herbs and incantations, was very great. _Horace_, epode 17, li. 28.――_Cicero_, _Against Vatinius_, ch. 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 9 & 18.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 51.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 424.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 775 & 797; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 101; ♦_Amores_, bk. 3, poem 8, li. 61.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 197. ♦ Book name omitted from text. =Sabiniānus=, a general who revolted in Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was defeated soon after, A.D. 240.――――A general of the eastern empire, &c. =Sabīnus Aulus=, a Latin poet intimate with Ovid. He wrote some epistles and elegies, in the number of which were mentioned, an epistle from Æneas to Dido, from Hippolytus to Phædra, and from Jason to ♦Hypsipyle, from Demophoon to Phyllis, from Paris to Œnome, from Ulysses to Penelope; the three last of which, though said to be his composition, are spurious. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 27. ――――A man from whom the Sabines received their name. He received divine honours after death, and was one of those deities whom Æneas invoked when he entered Italy. He was supposed to be of Lacedæmonian origin. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 171.――――An officer of Cæsar’s army defeated by the Gauls.――――Julius, an officer who proclaimed himself emperor in the beginning of Vespasian’s reign. He was soon after defeated in a battle; and, to escape from the conqueror, he hid himself in a subterraneous cave, with two faithful domestics, where he continued unseen for nine successive years. His wife found out his retreat, and spent her time with him, till her frequent visits to the cave discovered the place of his concealment. He was dragged before Vespasian, and by his orders put to death, though his friends interested themselves in his cause, and his wife endeavoured to raise the emperor’s pity, by showing him the twins whom she had brought forth in their subterraneous retreat.――――Cornelius, a man who conspired against Caligula, and afterwards destroyed himself. ――――Titius, a Roman senator, shamefully accused and condemned by Sejanus. His body, after execution, was dragged through the streets of Rome, and treated with the greatest indignities. His dog constantly followed the body, and when it was thrown into the Tiber, the faithful animal plunged in after it, and was drowned. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.――――Poppæus, a Roman consul, who presided above 24 years over Mœsia, and obtained a triumph for his victories over the barbarians. He was a great favourite of Augustus and of Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――Flavius, a brother of Vespasian, killed by the populace. He was well known for his fidelity to Vitellius. He commanded in the Roman armies 35 years, and was governor of Rome for 12.――――A friend of Domitian.――――A Roman who attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews.――――A friend of the emperor Alexander.――――A lawyer. ♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency. =Sabis=, now _Sambre_, a river of Belgic Gaul, falling into the Maese at Namur. _Cæsar_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18. =Sabota=, the same as Sabatha. =Sabracæ=, a powerful nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8. =Sabrăta=, a maritime town of Africa, near the Syrtes. It was a Roman colony, about 70 miles from the modern Tripoli. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 256.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4. =Sabrina=, the _Severn_ in England. =Sabŭra=, a general of Juba king of Numidia, defeated and killed in a battle. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 722. =Saburānus=, an officer of the pretorian guards. When he was appointed to this office by the emperor Trajan, the prince presented him with a sword, saying, “Use this weapon in my service as long as my commands are just; but turn it against my own breast, whenever I become cruel or malevolent.” =Sabus=, one of the ancient kings of the Sabines; the same as Sabinus. _See:_ Sabinus.――――A king of Arabia. =Sacădas=, a musician and poet of Argos, who obtained three several times the prize at the Pythian games. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14. =Sacæ=, a people of Scythia, who inhabited the country that lies at the east of Bactriana and Sogdiana, and towards the north of mount Imaus. The name of Sacæ was given in general to all the Scythians, by the Persians. They had no towns, according to some writers, but lived in tents. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 7, ch. 63.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Solinus_, ch. 62. =Sacer mons=, a mountain near Rome. _See:_ Mons sacer. =Sacer lucus=, a wood of Campania, on the Liris. =Sacer portus=, or =Sacri portus=, a place of Italy, near Præneste, famous for a battle that was fought there between Sylla and Marius, in which the former obtained the victory. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26. ――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 134. =Sacrāni=, a people of Latium, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. They were descended from the Pelasgians, or from a priest of Cybele. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 796. =Sacrātor=, one of the friends of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 747. =Sacra via=, a celebrated street of Rome, where a treaty of peace and alliance was made between Romulus and Tatis. It led from the amphitheatre to the capitol, by the temple of the goddess of peace, and the temple of Cæsar. The triumphal processions passed through it to go to the capitol. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2; bk. 1, satire 9. ――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, _For Plancius_, ch. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 4. =Sacrāta lex=, _militaris_, A.U.C. 411, by the dictator Valerius Corvus, as some suppose, enacted that the name of no soldier which had been entered in the muster roll should be struck out but by his consent, and that no person who had been a military tribune should execute the office of _ductor ordinum_. =Marcus Sacrātĭvir=, a friend of Cæsar, killed at Dyrrachium. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Sacri portus.= _See:_ Sacer portus. =Sacrum bellum=, a name given to the wars carried on concerning the temple of Delphi. The first began B.C. 448, and in it the Athenians and Lacedæmonians were auxiliaries on opposite sides. The second war began 357 B.C., and finished nine years after by Philip of Macedonia, who destroyed all the cities of the Phocians. _See:_ Phocis. ――――Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, now _Cape St. Vincent_, called by Strabo the most westerly part of the earth. =Sadales=, a son of Cotys king of Thrace, who assisted Pompey with a body of 500 horsemen. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1. =Sadus=, a river of India. =Sadyātes=, one of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father Gyges. He made war against the Milesians for six years. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c. =Sætabis=, a town of Spain near the Lucro, on a rising hill, famous for its fine linen. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 373. =Sagalassus=, a town of Pisidia on the borders of Phrygia, now _Sadjaklu_. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15. =Sagăna=, a woman acquainted with magic and enchantments. _Horace_, epode 5, li. 25. =Sagăris=, a river of Asia, rising from mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and falling into the Euxine. _See:_ Sangaris. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 47.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 263; bk. 9, li. 575. =Claudius Sagitta=, an officer who encouraged Piso to rebel against the emperor Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49. =Sagra=, a small river of Italy in the country of the Brutii, where 130,000 Crotoniatæ were routed by 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 6. =Saguntum=, or =Saguntus=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis at the west of the Iberus, about one mile from the sea-shore, now called _Morvedro_. It had been founded by a colony of Zacynthians, and by some of the Rutuli of Ardea. Saguntum is celebrated for the clay in its neighbourhood, with which cups, _pocula Saguntina_, were made, but more particularly it is famous as being the cause of the second Punic war, and for the attachment of its inhabitants to the interest of Rome. Hannibal took it after a siege of about eight months; and the inhabitants, not to fall into the enemy’s hands, burnt themselves with their houses, and with all their effects. The conqueror afterwards rebuilt it, and placed a garrison there, with all the noblemen whom he detained as hostages from the several neighbouring nations of Spain. Some suppose that he called it _Spartagene_. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2, 7, 9.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 271.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 250.――_Strabo_, bk. 3. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Sais=, now _Sa_, a town in the Delta of Egypt, situate between the Canopic and Sebennytican mouths of the Nile, and anciently the capital of Lower Egypt. There was there a celebrated temple dedicated to Minerva, with a room cut out of one stone, which had been conveyed by water from Elephantis by the labours of 2000 men in three years. The stone measured on the outside 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and eight high. Osiris was also buried near the town of Sais. The inhabitants were called _Saitæ_. One of the mouths of the Nile, which is adjoining to the town, has received the name of _Saiticum_. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17, &c. =Sala=, a town of Thrace, near the mouths of the Hebrus.――――A town of Mauritania.――――Of Phrygia.――――A river of Germany falling into the Elbe, near which are salt-pits. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 57. ――――Another falling into the Rhine, now the _Issel_. =Salăcon=, a poor man who pretended to be uncommonly rich, &c. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 7, ch. 24. ♦=Salamantica=, a town of Spain, now _Salamanca_. ♦ Placed in alphabetical order. =Salamīnia=, a name given to a ship at Athens, which was employed by the republic in conveying the officers of state to their different administrations abroad, &c.――――A name given to the island of Cyprus, on account of Salamis, one of its capital cities. =Sălămis=, a daughter of the river Asopus by Methone. Neptune became enamoured of her, and carried her to an island of the Ægean, which afterwards bore her name, and where she gave birth to a son called Cenchreus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Sălămis=, =Salamins=, or =Salamīna=, now _Colouri_, an island in the Saronicus sinus, on the southern coast of Attica, opposite Eleusis, at the distance of about a league, with a town and harbour of the same name. It is about 50 miles in circumference. It was originally peopled by a colony of Ionians, and afterwards by some of the Greeks from the adjacent islands and countries. It is celebrated for a battle which was fought there between the fleet of the Greeks and that of the Persians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. The enemy’s ships amounted to above 2000, and those of the Peloponnesians to about 380 sail. In this engagement, which was fought on the 20th of October, B.C. 480, the Greeks lost 40 ships, and the Persians about 200, besides an immense number which were taken, with all the ammunition they contained. The island of Salamis was anciently called _Sciras_, _Cychria_, or _Cenchria_, and its bay the gulf of _Engia_. It is said that Xerxes attempted to join it to the continent. Teucer and Ajax, who went to the Trojan war, were natives of Salamis. _Strabo_, bk. 2. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 56, &c.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 109.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 283. =Sălămis=, or =Salămīna=, a town at the east of the island of Cyprus. It was built by Teucer, who gave it the name of the island Salamis, from which he had been banished about 1270 years before the christian era; and from this circumstance the epithets of _ambigua_ and of _altera_ were applied to it, as the mother country was also called _vera_, for the sake of distinction. His descendants continued masters of the town for above 800 years. It was destroyed by an earthquake, and rebuilt in the fourth century, and called _Constantia_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 94, &c. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 21.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 183. =Sălāpia=, or =Sălăpiæ=, now _Salpe_, a town of Apulia, where Annibal retired after the battle of Cannæ, and where he devoted himself to licentious pleasure, forgetful of his fame, and of the interests of his country. It was taken from the Carthaginian general by Marcellus. Some remains of this place may be traced near a lake called _Salapina Palus_, now used for making salt, which, from the situation near the sea, is easily conveyed by small boats to ships of superior burden. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 377.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Salăra=, a town of Africa propria, taken by Scipio. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 34, &c. =Salaria=, a street and gate at Rome which led towards the country of the Sabines. It received the name of _Salaria_, because salt (_sal_) was generally conveyed to Rome that way. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64. ――――A bridge called _Salarius_, was built four miles from Rome through the Salarian gate on the river _Anio_. =Salassi=, a people of Cisalpine Gaul who were in continual war with the Romans. They cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 610, and were soon after defeated, and at last totally subdued and sold as slaves by Augustus. Their country, now called _Val de Aousta_, after a colony settled there, and called _Augusta Prætoria_, was situate in a valley between the Alps Graiæ and Penninæ, or Great and Little St. Bernard. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17. ――_Strabo_, bk. 4. =Saleius=, a poet of great merit in the age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty, though born of illustrious parents, and distinguished by purity of manners and integrity of mind. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 80. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1. =Salēnii=, a people of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Salentīni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, on the southern coast of Calabria. Their chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, and Hydruntum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 579.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 400. ――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Salernum=, now _Salerno_, a town of the Picentini, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea, south of Campania, and famous for a medical school in the lower ages. _Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45. ――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 425.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15. =Salganeus=, or =Salganea=, a town of Bœotia, on the Euripus. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 37, &c. =Salia=, a town of Spain, where Prudentius was born. _Mela._ =Salica=, a town of Spain. =Salii=, a college of priests at Rome, instituted in honour of Mars, and appointed by Numa to take care of the sacred shields called Ancylia, B.C. 709. _See:_ Ancyle. They were 12 in number, the three elders among them had the superintendence of all the rest; the first was called _præsul_, the second _vates_, and the third _magister_. Their number was afterwards doubled by Tullus Hostilius, after he had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow which he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of patrician families, and the office was very honourable. The 1st of March was the day on which the Salii observed their festivals in honour of Mars. They were generally dressed in a short scarlet tunic, of which only the edges were seen; they wore a large purple-coloured belt about the waist, which was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their heads round bonnets with two corners standing up, and they wore in their right hand a small rod, and in their left a small buckler. In the observation of their solemnity they first offered sacrifices, and afterwards went through the streets dancing in measured motions, sometimes all together, or at other times separately, while musical instruments were playing before them. They placed their body in different attitudes, and struck with their rods the shields which they held in their hands. They also sung hymns in honour of the gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, and they were accompanied in the chorus by a certain number of virgins, habited like themselves, and called _Saliæ_. The Salii instituted by Numa were called _Palatini_, in contradistinction from the others, because they lived on mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices there. Those that were added by Tullus were called _Collini_, _Agonales_, or _Quirinales_, from a mountain of the same name, where they had fixed their residence. Their name seems to have been derived _a saliendo_, or _saltando_, because during their festivals it was particularly requisite that they should leap and dance. Their feasts and entertainments were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence _dapes saliares_ is proverbially applied to such repasts as are most splendid and costly. It was usual among the Romans when they declared war, for the Salii to shake their shields with great violence, as if to call upon the god Mars to come to their assistance. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 387.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 285.――――A nation of Germany who invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the emperor Julian. _Ammianus Marcellinus_, bk. 17. =Salinātor=, a surname common to the family of the Livii and others. =Salius=, an Acarnanian at the games exhibited by Æneas in Sicily, and killed in the wars with Turnus. It is said by some that he taught the Latins those ceremonies, accompanied with dancing, which afterwards bore his name in the appellation of the Salii. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 298; bk. 10, li. 753. =Crispus Sallustius=, a Latin historian, born at Amiternum, in the country of the Sabines. He received his education at Rome, and made himself known as a public magistrate in the office of questor and consul. His licentiousness, and the depravity of his manners, however, did not escape the censure of the age, and Sallust was degraded from the dignity of a senator, B.C. 50. His amour with Fausta the daughter of Sylla was a strong proof of his debauchery; and Milo the husband, who discovered the adulterer in his house, revenged the violence offered to his bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling him his liberty at a high price. A continuation of extravagance could not long be supported by the income of Sallust, but he extricated himself from all difficulties by embracing the cause of Cæsar. He was restored to the rank of senator, and made governor of Numidia. In the administration of his province, Sallust behaved with unusual tyranny; he enriched himself by plundering the Africans, and at his return to Rome he built himself a magnificent house, and bought gardens, which, from their delightful and pleasant situation, still preserve the name of the gardens of Sallust. He married Terentia the divorced wife of Cicero; and from this circumstance, according to some, arose an immortal hatred between the historian and the orator. Sallust died in the 51st year of his age, 35 years before the christian era. As a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He had composed a history of Rome, but nothing remains of it except a few fragments, and his only compositions extant are his history of Catiline’s conspiracy, and of the wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In these celebrated works the author is greatly commended for his elegance, the vigour and animation of his sentences; he everywhere displays a wonderful knowledge of the human heart, and paints with a masterly hand the causes that gave rise to the great events which he relates. No one was better acquainted with the vices that prevailed in the capital of Italy, and no one seems to have been more severe against the follies of the age, and the failings of which he himself was guilty in the eyes of the world. His descriptions are elegantly correct, and his harangues are nervous and animated, and well suiting the character and the different pursuits of the great men in whose mouths they are placed. The historian, however, is blamed for tedious and insipid exordiums, which often disgust the reader without improving him; his affectation of old and obsolete words and phrases is also censured, and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in some of his narrations. Though faithful in every other respect, he has not painted the character of Cicero with all the fidelity and accuracy which the reader claims from the historian; and in passing in silence over many actions which reflect the greatest honour on the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has disgraced himself, and rendered his compositions less authentic. There are two orations or epistles to Cæsar, concerning the regulations of the state, attributed to him, as also an oration against Cicero, whose authenticity some of the moderns have disputed. The best editions of Sallust, are those of Haverkamp, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1742; and of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1755. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Suetonius_, _The Grammarians_ in _The Cæsars_.――_Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 191.――――A nephew of the historian, by whom he was adopted. He imitated the moderation of Mæcenas, and remained satisfied with the dignity of a Roman knight, when he could have made himself powerful by the favours of Augustus and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and luxurious. Horace dedicated bk. 2, ode 2, to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34.――――Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul, very intimate with the emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his integrity, and the soundness of his counsels. Julian made ♦him prefect of Gaul. ――――There is also another Sallust, called _Secundus_, whom some have improperly confounded with Promotus. Secundus was also one of Julian’s favourites, and was made by him prefect of the east. He conciliated the good graces of the Romans by the purity of his morals, his fondness for discipline, and his religious principles. After the death of the emperor Jovian, he was universally named by the officers of the Roman empire to succeed on the imperial throne; but he refused this great though dangerous honour, and pleaded infirmities of body and old age. The Romans wished upon this to invest his son with the imperial purple, but Secundus opposed it, and observed that he was too young to support the dignity.――――A prefect of Rome in the reign of Valentinian.――――An officer in Britain. ♦ removed duplicate ‘him’ =Salmăcis=, a fountain of Caria, near Halicarnassus, which rendered effeminate all those who drank of its waters. It was there that Hermaphroditus changed his sex, though he still retained the characteristics of his own. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 285; bk. 15, li. 319.――_Hyginus_, fable 271.――_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_. =Salmōne=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, with a fountain, from which the Enipeus takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus, about 40 stadia from Olympia, which, on account of that, is called _Salmonis_. _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Amores_, poem 6, li. 43.――――A promontory at the east of Crete. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5. =Salmoneus=, a king of Elis, son of Æolus and Enarette, who married Alcidice, by whom he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, and to receive divine honours from his subjects; therefore to imitate the thunder, he used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge, and darted burning torches on every side, as if to imitate the lightning. This impiety provoked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with a thunderbolt, and placed in the infernal regions near his brother Sisyphus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 235.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fable 60.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 585. =Salmōnis=, a name given to Olympia. _See:_ Salmone.――――The patronymic of Tyro daughter of Salmoneus. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 43. =Salmus= (untis), a town of Asia near the Red sea, where Alexander saw a theatrical representation. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Salmydessus=, a bay on the Euxine sea. =Salo=, now _Xalon_, a river in Spain, falling into the Iberus. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 20. =Salodurum=, now _Soleure_, a town of the Helvetii. =Salōme=, a queen of Judæa. This name was common to some of the princesses in the family of Herod, &c. =Salon=, a country of Bithynia. =Sălōna=, or =Salōne=, a town of Dalmatia, about 10 miles distant from the coast of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that account called his son Saloninos, in honour of the victory. It was the native place of the emperor Diocletian, and he retired there to enjoy peace and tranquillity, after he had abdicated the imperial purple, and built a stately palace, the ruins of which were still seen in the 16th century. A small village of the same name preserves the traces of its fallen grandeur. Near is Spalatro. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 404. ――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Salonīna=, a celebrated matron who married the emperor Gallienus, and distinguished herself by her private as well as public virtues. She was a patroness of all the fine arts, and to her clemency, mildness, and benevolence, Rome was indebted some time for her peace and prosperity. She accompanied her husband in some of his expeditions, and often called him away from the pursuits of pleasure to make war against the enemies of Rome. She was put to death by the hands of the conspirators, who also assassinated her husband and family, about the year 268 of the christian era. =Salonīnus=, a son of Asinius Pollio. He received his name from the conquest of Salona by his father. Some suppose that he is the hero of Virgil’s fourth eclogue, in which the return of the golden age is so warmly and beautifully anticipated.――――Publius Licinius Cornelius, a son of Gallienus by Salonina, sent into Gaul, there to be taught the art of war. He remained there some time, till the usurper Posthumius arose, and proclaimed himself emperor. Saloninus was upon this delivered up to his enemy and put to death in the 10th year of his age. =Salonius=, a friend of Cato the censor. The daughter of Censorius married Salonius in his old age. _Plutarch._――――A tribune and centurion of the Roman army, hated by the populace for his strictness. =Salpis=, a colony of Etruria, whose inhabitants are called _Salpinates_. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Salsum=, a river in Spain. _Cæsar._ =Salvian=, one of the fathers of the fifth century, of whose works the best edition is the 12mo, Paris, 1684. =Salvidiēnus=, an officer of the army of Augustus. He was betrayed by Antony, and put to death.――――A Latin writer in the age of the emperor Probus. =Salvius=, a flute-player, saluted king by the rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age of Marius. He maintained for some time war against the Romans.――――A nephew of the emperor Otho.――――A friend of Pompey. ――――A man put to death by Domitian.――――A freedman of Atticus. _Cicero_, ♦_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10.――――Another of the sons of Hortensius. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_. ♦ ‘ad Div. c. 11.’ replaced with ‘Letters to Atticus, bk. 10’ =Salus=, the goddess of health at Rome, worshipped by the Greeks under the name of Hygeia. _Livy_, bks. 9 & 10. =Salyes=, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. _Livy_, bk. 5, chs. 34 & 35; bk. 21, ch. 26. =Samăra=, a river of Gaul, now called _the Somme_, which falls into the British channel near Abbeville. =Samaria=, a city and country of Palestine, famous in sacred history. The inhabitants, called _Samaritans_, were composed of heathens and rebellious Jews, and on having a temple built there after the form of that of Jerusalem, a lasting enmity arose between the people of Judæa and of Samaria, so that no intercourse took place between the two countries, and the name of Samaritan became a word of reproach, and as it were a curse. =Samarobriva=, a town of Gaul, now _Amiens_, in Picardy. =Sambūlos=, a mountain near Mesopotamia, where Hercules was worshipped. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 13. =Sambus=, an Indian king defeated by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. ――――A river of India. =Same=, or =Samos=, a small island in the Ionian ♦sea near Ithaca, called also _Cephallenia_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 271. ♦ ‘sear’ replaced with ‘sea’ =Samia=, a daughter of the river Mæander. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4. ――――A surname of Juno, because she was worshipped at Samos. =Samnītæ=, or =Amnitæ=, a people of Gaul. =Samnītes=, a people of Italy, who inhabited the country situate between Picenum, Campania, Apulia, and ancient Latium. They distinguished themselves by their implacable hatred against the Romans, in the first ages of that empire, till they were at last totally extirpated, B.C. 272, after a war of 71 years. Their chief town was called Samnium, or Samnis. _Livy_, bk. 7, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2. ――_Eutropius_, bk. 2. =Samnium=, a town and part of Italy inhabited by the Samnites. _See:_ Samnites. =Samochonites=, a small lake of _Palestine_. =Samonium=, a promontory of Crete. =Samos=, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is divided by a narrow strait, with a capital of the same name, built B.C. 986. It is about 87 miles in circumference, and is famous for the birth of Pythagoras. It has been anciently called _Parthenia_, _Anthemusa_, _Stephane_, _Melamphyllus_, _Anthemus_, _Cyparissia_, and _Dryusa_. It was first in the possession of the Leleges, and afterwards of the Ionians. The people of Samos were at first governed by kings, and afterwards the form of their government became democratical and oligarchical. Samos was in its most flourishing situation under Polycrates, who had made himself absolute there. The Samians assisted the Greeks against the Persians, when Xerxes invaded Europe, and were reduced under the power of Athens, after a revolt, by Pericles, B.C. 441. They were afterwards subdued by Eumenes king of Pergamus, and were restored to their ancient liberty by Augustus. Under Vespasian, Samos became a Roman province. Juno was held in the greatest veneration there; her temple was uncommonly magnificent, and it was even said that the goddess had been born there under a willow tree, on the banks of the Imbrasus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 4.――_Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 20.――_Thucydides._――――The islands of Samothrace and Cephallenia were also known by the name of Samos. =Samosăta=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates, below mount Taurus, where Lucian was born. =Samothrāce=, or =Samothrācia=, an island in the Ægean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of Thrace, from which it is distant about 32 miles. It was known by the ancient names of _Leucosia_, _Melitis_, _Electria_, _Leucania_, and _Dardani_. It was afterwards called Samos, and distinguished from the Samos which lies on the coast of Ionia by the epithet of _Thracian_, or by the name of Samothrace. It is about 38 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, or only 20 according to modern travellers. The origin of the first inhabitants of Samothrace is unknown. Some, however, suppose that they were Thracians, and that the place was afterwards peopled by the colonies of the Pelasgians, Samians, and Phœnicians. Samothrace is famous for a deluge which inundated the country, and reached the very top of the highest mountains. This inundation, which happened before the age of the Argonauts, was owing to the sudden overflow of the waters of the Euxine, which the ancients considered merely as a lake. The Samothracians were very religious; and as all mysteries were supposed to have taken their origin there, the island received the name of _sacred_, and was a safe and inviolable asylum to all fugitives and criminals. The island was originally governed by kings, but afterwards the government became democratical. It enjoyed all its rights and immunities under the Romans till the reign of Vespasian, who reduced it, with the rest of the islands in the Ægean, into the form of a province. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 108, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 208. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 12. =Samus=, a son of Ancæus and Samia, grandson of Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4. =Sana=, a town of mount Athos, near which Xerxes began to make a channel to convey the sea. =Sanaos=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo._ =Sanchoniăthon=, a Phœnician historian, born at Berytus, or, according to others, at Tyre. He flourished a few years before the Trojan war, and wrote, in the language of his country, a history in nine books, in which he amply treated of the theology and antiquities of Phœnicia, and the neighbouring places. It was compiled from the various records found in the cities, and the annals which were usually kept in the temples of the gods among the ancients. This history was translated into Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived in the reign of the emperor Adrian. Some few fragments of this Greek translation are extant. Some, however, suppose them to be spurious, while others contend that they are true and authentic. =Sancus=, =Sangus=, or =Sanctus=, a deity of the Sabines introduced among the gods of Rome under the name of _Dius Fidius_. According to some, Sancus was father to Sabus, or Sabinus, the first king of the Sabines. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 421.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 213. =Sandace=, a sister of Xerxes. =Sandaliotis=, a name given to Sardinia, from its resemblance to a sandal. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Sandalium=, a small island of the Ægean, near Lesbos.――A port of Pisidia. _Strabo._ =Sandanis=, a Lydian, who advised Crœsus not to make war against the Persians. =Sandānes=, a river of Thrace near Pallene. =Sandrocottus=, an Indian of a mean origin. His impertinence to Alexander was the beginning of his greatness; the conqueror ordered him to be seized, but Sandrocottus fled away, and at last dropped down overwhelmed with fatigue. As he slept on the ground, a lion came to him, and gently licked the sweat from his face. This uncommon tameness of the animal appeared supernatural to Sandrocottus, and raised his ambition. He aspired to the monarchy, and after the death of Alexander, he made himself master of a part of the country which was in the hands of Seleucus. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 4. =Sane=, or =Sana=, a town of Macedonia. _See:_ Sana. =Sangăla=, a town of India destroyed by Alexander. _Arrian_, ♦_Anabasis_, bk. 5. ♦ Book name omitted in text. =Sangărius=, or =Sangăris=, a river of Phrygia, rising in mount Dindymus, and falling into the Euxine. The daughter of the Sangarius became pregnant of Altes only from gathering the boughs of an almond tree on the banks of the river. Hecuba, according to some, was daughter of this river. Some of the poets call it Sagaris. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10.――_Claudian_, _Against Eutropius_, bk. 2. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. =Sanguinius=, a man condemned for ill language, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Sannyrion=, a tragic poet of Athens. He composed many dramatical pieces, one of which was called Io, and another Danae. _Athenæus_, bk. 9. =Santŏnes= and =Santŏne=, now _Saintonge_, a people with a town of the same name in Gaul. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 422.――_Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 96. =Saon=, an historian. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A man who first discovered the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40. =Sapæi=, or =Saphæi=, a people of Thrace, called also Sintii. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 389. =Sapirene=, an island of the Arabic gulf. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29. =Sapis=, now _Savio_, a river of Gaul Cispadana, falling into the Adriatic. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406. =Sapor=, a king of Persia, who succeeded his father Artaxerxes about the 238th year of the christian era. Naturally fierce and ambitious, Sapor wished to increase his paternal dominions by conquest; and as the indolence of the emperors of Rome seemed favourable to his views, he laid waste the provinces of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cilicia; and he might have become master of all Asia, if Odenatus had not stopped his progress. If Gordian attempted to repel him, his efforts were weak, and Philip, who succeeded him on the imperial throne, bought the peace of Sapor with money. Valerian, who was afterwards invested with the purple, marched against the Persian monarch, but he was defeated and taken prisoner. Odenatus no sooner heard that the Roman emperor was a captive in the hands of Sapor, than he attempted to release him by force of arms. The forces of Persia were cut to pieces; the wives and the treasures of the monarch fell into the hands of the conqueror, and Odenatus penetrated, with little opposition, into the very heart of the kingdom. Sapor, soon after this defeat, was assassinated by his subjects, A.D. 273, after a reign of 32 years. He was succeeded by his son called Hormisdas. _Marcellinus_, &c.――――The second of that name succeeded his father Hormisdas on the throne of Persia. He was as great as his ancestor of the same name; and by undertaking a war against the Romans, he attempted to enlarge his dominions, and to add the provinces on the west of the Euphrates to his empire. His victories alarmed the Roman emperors, and Julian would have perhaps seized him in the capital of his dominions, if he had not received a mortal wound. Jovian, who succeeded Julian, made peace with Sapor; but the monarch, always restless and indefatigable, renewed hostilities, invaded Armenia, and defeated the emperor Valens. Sapor died A.D. 380, after a reign of 70 years, in which he had often been the sport of fortune. He was succeeded by Artaxerxes, and Artaxerxes by Sapor III., a prince who died after a reign of five years, A.D. 389, in the age of Theodosius the Great. _Marcellinus_, &c. =Sappho=, or =Sapho=, celebrated for her beauty, her poetical talents, and her amorous disposition, was born in the island of Lesbos, about 600 years before Christ. Her father’s name, according to Herodotus, was Scamandronymus, or, according to others, Symon, or Semus, or Etarchus, and her mother’s name was Cleis. Her tender passions were so violent, that some have represented her attachments to three of her female companions, Telesiphe, Atthis, and Megara, as criminal, and, on that account, have given her the surname of _Tribas_. She conceived such a passion for Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon his refusal to gratify her desires, she threw herself into the sea from mount Leucas. She had composed nine books in lyric verses, besides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these compositions, nothing now remains but two fragments, whose uncommon sweetness and elegance show how meritoriously the praises of the ancients have been bestowed upon a poetess, who for the sublimity of her genius was called the 10th Muse. Her compositions were all extant in the age of Horace. The Lesbians were so sensible of the merit of Sappho, that, after her death, they paid her divine honours, and raised her temples and altars, and stamped their money with her image. The poetess has been censured for writing with that licentiousness and freedom which so much disgraced her character as a woman. The Sapphic verse has been called after her name. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 365.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 135.――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 155.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, chs. 18 & 29.――_Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 8. =Saptine=, a daughter of Darius the last king of Persia, offered in marriage to Alexander. =Saracene=, part of Arabia Petræa, the country of the Saracens who embraced the religion of Mahomet. =Saracori=, a people who go to war riding on asses. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12. =Sarangæ=, a people near Caucasus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16. =Saranges=, a river of India, falling into the Hydraotes, and thence into the Indus. =Sarapāni=, a people of Colchis. _Strabo._ =Sarapus=, a surname of Pittacus, one of the seven wise men of Greece. =Sarasa=, a fortified place of Mesopotamia, on the Tigris. _Strabo._ =Saraspades=, a son of Phraates king of Parthia, sent as a hostage to Augustus, &c. _Strabo._ =Saravus=, now _Soar_, a river of Belgium, falling into the Moselle. =Sardanapālus=, the 40th and last king of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and voluptuousness. The greatest part of his time was spent in the company of his eunuchs, and the monarch generally appeared in the midst of his concubines disguised in the habit of a female, and spinning wool for his amusement. This effeminacy irritated his officers; Belesis and Arsaces conspired against him, and collected a numerous force to dethrone him. Sardanapalus quitted his voluptuousness for a while, and appeared at the head of his armies. The rebels were defeated in three successive battles, but at last Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged in the city of Ninus for two years. When he despaired of success, he burned himself in his palace, with his eunuchs, concubines, and all his treasures, and the empire of Assyria was divided among the conspirators. This famous event happened B.C. 820, according to Eusebius; though Justin and others, with less probability, place it 80 years earlier. Sardanapalus was made a god after death. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 150.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 35. ♦=Sardes.= _See:_ Sardis. ♦ Placed in alphabetical order. =Sardi=, the inhabitants of Sardinia. _See:_ Sardinia. =Sardĭnia=, the greatest island in the Mediterranean after Sicily, is situate between Italy and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It was originally called _Sandaliotis_, or _Ichnusa_, from its resembling the human foot (ἰχνος), and it received the name of Sardinia from Sardus, a son of Hercules, who settled there with a colony which he had brought with him from Libya. Other colonies, under Aristæus, Norax, and Iolas, also settled there. The Carthaginians were long masters of it, and were dispossessed by the Romans in the Punic wars, B.C. 231. Some call it, with Sicily, one of the granaries of Rome. The air was very unwholesome, though the soil was fertile, in corn, in wine, and oil. Neither wolves nor serpents are found in Sardinia, nor any poisonous herb, except one, which, when eaten, contracts the nerves, and is attended with a paroxysm of laughter, the forerunner of death; hence _risus Sardonicus, Sardous_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Servius_, _on Virgil_, bk. 7, eclogue 41.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 85.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 5.――_Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_; _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 2, ltr. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6. =Sardica=, a town of Thrace, at the north of mount Hæmus. =Sardis=, or =Sardes=, now _Sart_, a town of Asia Minor, the capital of the kingdom of Lydia, situate at the foot of mount Tmolus, on the banks of the Pactolus. It is celebrated for the many sieges it sustained against the Cimmerians, Persians, Medes, Macedonians, Ionians, and Athenians, and for the battle in which, B.C. 262, Antiochus Soter was defeated by Eumenes king of Pergamus. It was destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, who ordered it to be rebuilt. It fell into the hands of Cyrus, B.C. 548, and was burnt by the Athenians, B.C. 504, which became the cause of the invasion of Attica by Darius. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, lis. 137, 152, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c. =Sardones=, the people of Roussilon in France, at the foot of the Pyrenees. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Sardus=, a son of Hercules, who led a colony to Sardinia and gave it his name. =Sarephta=, a town of Phœnicia between Tyre and Sidon, now _Sarfand_. =Sariaster=, a son of Tigranes king of Armenia, who conspired against his father, &c. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11. =Sariphi=, mountains at the east of the Caspian. =Sarmătæ=, or =Sauromătæ=, the inhabitants of Sarmatia. _See:_ Sarmatia. =Sarmătia=, an extensive country at the north of Europe and Asia, divided into European and Asiatic. The European was bounded by the ocean on the north, Germany and the Vistula on the west, the Jazygæ on the south, and the Tanais on the east. The Asiatic was bounded by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and the Euxine sea. The former contains the modern kingdoms of _Russia_, _Poland_, _Lithuania_, and _Little Tartary_; and the latter, _Great Tartary_, _Circassia_, and the neighbouring country. The Sarmatians were a savage uncivilized nation, often confounded with the Scythians, naturally warlike, and famous for painting their bodies to appear more terrible in the field of battle. They were well known for their lewdness, and they passed among the Greeks and Latins by the name of barbarians. In the time of the emperors they became very powerful, and disturbed the peace of Rome by their frequent incursions; till at last, increased by the savage hordes of Scythia, under the barbarous names of Huns, Vandals, Goths, Alans, &c., they successfully invaded and ruined the empire in the third and fourth centuries of the christian era. They generally lived on the mountains without any habitation, except their _chariots_, whence they have been called _Hamaxobii_. They lived upon plunder, and fed upon milk mixed with the blood of horses. _Strabo_, bk. 7, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, &c. =Sarmatĭcum mare=, a name given to the Euxine sea, because on the coast of Sarmatia. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 10, li. 38. =Sarmentus=, a scurrilous person, mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 56. =Sarnius=, a river of Asia, near Hyrcania. =Sarnus=, a river of Picenum, dividing it from Campania, and falling into the Tuscan sea. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 265. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 738.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Saron=, a king of Trœzene, unusually fond of hunting. He was drowned in the sea, where he had swum for some miles in pursuit of a stag. He was made a sea god by Neptune, and divine honours were paid to him by the Trœzenians. It was customary for sailors to offer him sacrifices before they embarked. That part of the sea where he was drowned was called _Saronicus sinus_, on the coast of Achaia, near the isthmus of Corinth. Saron built a temple to Diana at Trœzene, and instituted festivals to her honour, called from himself Saronia, _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Saronĭcus sinus=, now _the gulf of Engia_, a bay of the Ægean sea, lying at the south of Attica, and on the north of the Peloponnesus. The entrance into it is between the promontory of Sunium and that of Scyllæum. Some suppose that this part of the sea received its name from Saron, who was drowned there, or from a small river which discharged itself on the coast, or from a small harbour of the same name. The Saronic bay is about 62 miles in circumference, 23 miles in its broadest, and 25 in its longest part, according to modern calculation. =Sarpēdon=, a son of Jupiter by Europa the daughter of Agenor. He banished himself from Crete, after he had in vain attempted to make himself king in preference to his elder brother Minos, and he retired to Caria, where he built the town of Miletus. He went to the Trojan war to assist Priam against the Greeks, where he was attended by his friend and companion Glaucus. He was at last killed by Patroclus, after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy, and his body, by order of Jupiter, was conveyed to Lycia by Apollo, where his friends and relations paid him funeral honours, and raised a monument to perpetuate his valour. According to some mythologists, the brother of king Minos, and the prince who assisted Priam, were two different persons. This last was king of Lycia, and son of Jupiter by Laodamia the daughter of Bellerophon, and lived about 100 years after the age of the son of Europa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.――――A son of Neptune, killed by Hercules for his barbarous treatment of strangers.――――A learned preceptor of Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A town of Cilicia, famous for a temple sacred to Apollo and Diana.――――Also a promontory of the same name in Cilicia, beyond which Antiochus was not permitted to sail by a treaty of peace which he had made with the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 38.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――A promontory of Thrace.――――A Syrian general who flourished B.C. 143. =Sarra=, a town of Phœnicia, the same as _Tyre_. It receives its name from a small shell-fish of the same name which was found in the neighbourhood, and with whose blood garments were dyed. Hence came the epithet of _sarranus_, so often applied to Tyrian colours, as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of the Tyrians, particularly Carthage. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 662; bk. 13, li. 205.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 506.――_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_. =Sarrastes=, a people of Campania on the Sarnus, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 738. =Sarron=, a king of the Celtæ, so famous for his learning, that from him philosophers were called _Sarronidæ_. _Diodorus_, bk. 6, ch. 9. =Sars=, a town of Spain, near cape Finisterre. =Sarsĭna=, an ancient town of Umbria, where the poet Plautus was born. The inhabitants are called _Sarsinates_. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 59. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 462. =Sarus=, a river of Cappadocia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41. =Sasanda=, a town of Caria. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Sason=, an island at the entrance of the Adriatic sea, lying between Brundusium and Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is barren and inhospitable. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 627; bk. 5, li. 650.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 480.――――A river falling into the Adriatic. =Satarchæ=, a people near the Palus Mæotis. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――_Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 144. =Sataspes=, a Persian hung on a cross by order of Xerxes, for offering violence to the daughter of Megabyzus. His father’s name was Theaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 4. =Satibarzanes=, a Persian made satrap of the Arians by Alexander, from whom he afterwards revolted. _Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7. =Satīcŭla= and =Saticulus=, a town near Capua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 729.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 21; bk. 23, ch. 39. =Sātis=, a town of Macedonia. =Satræ=, a people of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 111. =Satrapēni=, a people of Media, under Tigranes. _Plutarch._ =Satricum=, a town of Italy, taken by Camillus. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 8. =Satropaces=, an officer in the army of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9. =Satŭra=, a lake of Latium, forming part of the Pontine lakes. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 382.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 801. =Satureium=, or =Satureum=, a town of Calabria, near Tarentum, with famous pastures and horses, whence the epithet of _satureianus_ in _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6. =Satureius=, one of Domitian’s murderers. =Saturnālia=, festivals in honour of Saturn, celebrated the 16th or the 17th, or, according to others, the 18th of December. They were instituted long before the foundation of Rome, in commemoration of the freedom and equality which prevailed on earth in the golden reign of Saturn. Some, however, suppose that the Saturnalia were first observed at Rome in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, after a victory obtained over the Sabines; while others support that Janus first instituted them in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he had learnt agriculture. Others suppose that they were first celebrated in the year of Rome 257, after a victory obtained over the Latins by the dictator Posthumius. The Saturnalia were originally celebrated only for one day, but afterwards the solemnity continued for three, four, five, and at last for seven days. The celebration was remarkable for the liberty which universally prevailed. The slaves were permitted to ridicule their masters, and to speak with freedom upon every subject. It was usual for friends to make presents one to another; all animosity ceased, no criminals were executed, schools were shut, war was never declared, but all was mirth, riot, and debauchery. In the sacrifices the priests made their offerings with their heads uncovered, a custom which was never observed at other festivals. _Seneca_, ltr. 18.――_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 57.――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 19.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 20. =Saturnia=, a name given to Italy, because Saturn had reigned there during the golden age. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 173.――――A name given to Juno, as being the daughter of Saturn. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 173; _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 80.――――An ancient town of Italy, supposed to be built by Saturn, on the Tarpeian rock. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 358.――――A colony of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 55. =Saturnīnus Publius Sempronius=, a general of Valerian, proclaimed emperor in Egypt by his troops after he had rendered himself celebrated by his victories over the barbarians. His integrity, his complaisance and affability, had gained him the affection of the people, but his fondness for ancient discipline provoked his soldiers, who wantonly murdered him in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 262. ――――Sextius Julius, a Gaul, intimate with Aurelian. The emperor esteemed him greatly, not only for his virtues, but for his abilities as a general, and for the victories which he had obtained in different parts of the empire. He was saluted emperor at Alexandria, and compelled by the clamorous army to accept of the purple, which he rejected with disdain and horror. Probus, who was then emperor, marched his forces against him, and besieged him in Apamea, where he destroyed himself when unable to make head against his powerful adversary.――――Appuleius, a tribune of the people who raised a sedition at Rome, intimidated the senate, and tyrannized for three years. Meeting at last with opposition, he seized the capitol, but being induced by the hopes of a reconciliation to trust himself amidst the people, he was suddenly torn to pieces. His sedition has received the name of _Appuleiana_ in the Roman annals. _Florus._ ――――Lucius, a seditious tribune, who supported the oppression of Marius. He was at last put to death on account of his tumultuous disposition. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 16. ――――An officer in the court of Theodosius, murdered for obeying the emperor’s orders, &c.――――Pompeius, a writer in the reign of Trajan. He was greatly esteemed by Pliny, who speaks of him with great warmth and approbation, as an historian, a poet, and an orator. Pliny always consulted the opinion of Saturninus before he published his compositions.――――Sentius, a friend of Augustus and Tiberius. He succeeded Agrippa in the government of the provinces of Syria and Phœnicia.――――Vitellius, an officer among the friends of the emperor Otho. =Saturnius=, a name given to Jupiter, Pluto, and Neptune, as being the sons of Saturn. =Saturnus=, a son of Cœlus, or Uranus, by Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Titheia. He was naturally artful, and by means of his mother, he revenged himself on his father, whose cruelty to his children had provoked the anger of Thea. The mother armed her son with a scythe, which was fabricated with the metals drawn from her bowels, and as Cœlus was going to unite himself to Thea, Saturn mutilated him, and for ever prevented him from increasing the number of his children, whom he treated with unkindness, and confined in the infernal regions. After this the sons of Cœlus were restored to liberty, and Saturn obtained his father’s kingdom by the consent of his brother, provided he did not bring up any male children. Pursuant to this agreement, Saturn always devoured his sons as soon as born, because, as some observe, he dreaded from them a retaliation of his unkindness to his father, till his wife Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish, concealed from her husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, and instead of the children she gave him large stones, which he immediately swallowed without perceiving the deceit. Titan was some time after informed that Saturn had concealed his male children, therefore he made war against him, dethroned and imprisoned him with Rhea; and Jupiter, who was secretly educated in Crete, was no sooner grown up, than he flew to deliver his father, and to replace him on the throne. Saturn, unmindful of his son’s kindness, conspired against him, when he heard that he raised cabals against him, but Jupiter banished him from his throne, and the father fled for safety into Italy, where the country retained the name of _Latium_, as being the place of his _concealment_ (_lateo_). Janus, who was then king of Italy, received Saturn with marks of attention; he made him his partner on the throne; and the king of heaven employed himself in civilizing the barbarous manners of the people of Italy, and in teaching them agriculture and the useful and liberal arts. His reign there was so mild and popular, so beneficent and virtuous, that mankind have called it the _golden age_, to intimate the happiness and tranquillity which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was father of Chiron the centaur by Philyra, whom he had changed into a mare, to avoid the importunities of Rhea. The worship of Saturn was not so solemn or so universal as that of Jupiter. It was usual to offer human victims on his altars, but this barbarous custom was abolished by Hercules, who substituted small images of clay. In the sacrifices of Saturn, the priest always performed the ceremony with his head uncovered, which was unusual at other solemnities. The god is generally represented as an old man, bent through age and infirmity. He holds a scythe in his right hand, with a serpent which bites its own tail, which is an emblem of time and of the revolution of the year. In his left hand he holds a child, which he raises up as if instantly to devour it. Tatius king of the Sabines first built a temple to Saturn on the Capitoline hill, a second was afterwards added by Tullus Hostilius, and a third by the first consuls. On his statues were generally hung fetters in commemoration of the chains he had worn when imprisoned by Jupiter. From this circumstance, all slaves that obtained their liberty generally dedicated their fetters him. During the celebration of the Saturnalia, the chains were taken from the statues to intimate the freedom and the independence which mankind enjoyed during the golden age. One of his temples at Rome was appropriated for the public treasury, and it was there also that the names of foreign ambassadors were enrolled. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 319. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Tibullus_, poem 3, li. 35.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 197; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 123. =Satŭrum=, a town of Calabria, where stuffs of all kinds were dyed in different colours with great success. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 197; bk. 4, li. 335. =Săty̆ri=, demigods of the country, whose origin is unknown. They are represented like men, but with the feet and the legs of goats, short horns on the head, and the whole body covered with thick hair. They chiefly attended upon Bacchus, and rendered themselves known in his orgies by their riot and lasciviousness. The first fruits of everything were generally offered to them. The Romans promiscuously called them _Fauni_, _Panes_, and _Sylvani_. It is said that a Satyr was brought to Sylla as that general returned from Thessaly. The monster had been surprised asleep in a cave; but his voice was inarticulate when brought into the presence of the Roman general, and Sylla was so disgusted with it, that he ordered it to be instantly removed. The monster answered in every degree the description which the poets and painters have given of the Satyrs. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 23.――_Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――_Virgil_, eclogue 5, li. 13.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 4, li. 171. =Saty̆rus=, a king of Bosphorus, who reigned 14 years, &c. His father’s name was Spartacus. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――――An Athenian who attempted to eject the garrison of Demetrius from the citadel, &c. _Polyænus._ ――――A Greek actor who instructed Demosthenes, and taught him how to have a good and strong delivery.――――A man who assisted in murdering Timophanes, by order of his brother Timoleon.――――A Rhodian sent by his countrymen to Rome, when Eumenes had accused some of the allies of intentions to favour the interest of Macedonia against the republic.――――A peripatetic philosopher and historian, who flourished B.C. 148.――――A tyrant of Heraclea, 346 B.C.――――An architect who, together with Petus, is said to have planned and built the celebrated tomb which Artemisia erected to the memory of Mausolus, and which became one of the wonders of the world. The honour of erecting it is ascribed to others. =Savera=, a village of Lycaonia. =Saufeius Trogus=, one of Messalina’s favourites, punished by Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 35.――――Appius, a Roman, who died on his return from the bath upon taking mead, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 53. =Savo=, or =Savona=, a town with a small river of the same name in Campania. _Statius_, ♦_Sylvæ_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A town of Liguria. ♦ Book name omitted in text. =Sauromatæ=, a people in the northern parts of Europe and Asia. They are called _Sarmatæ_ by the Latins. _See:_ Sarmatia. =Saurus=, a famous robber of Elis, killed by Hercules. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5. =Savus=, a river of Pannonia, rising in Noricum, at the north of Aquileia, and falling into the Danube, after flowing through Pannonia, in an eastern direction. _Claudian_, _De Consulatu Stilichonis_, bk. 2.――――A small river of Numidia, falling into the Mediterranean. =Saxŏnes=, a people of Germany, near the Chersonesus Cimbrica. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Claudian_, bk. 1, _Against Eutropius_, li. 392. =Saziches=, an ancient legislator of Egypt. =Scæa=, one of the gates of Troy, where the tomb of Laomedon was seen. The name is derived by some from σκαιος (_sinster_), because it was through this avenue that the fatal horse was introduced. _Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 73.――――One of the Danaides. Her husband’s name was Dayphron. _Apollodorus._ =Scæva=, a soldier in Cæsar’s army, who behaved with great courage at Dyrrachium. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 144.――――Memor, a Latin poet in the reign of Titus and Domitian.――――A man who poisoned his own mother. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 53.――――A friend of Horace, to whom the poet addressed bk. 1, ltr. 17. He was a Roman knight. =Scævŏla.= _See:_ Mutius. =Scalabis=, now _St. Irene_, a town of ancient Spain. =Scaldis=, or =Scaldium=, a river of Belgium, now called the _Scheld_, and dividing the modern country of the Netherlands from Holland. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, li. 33.――――Pons, a town on the same river, now called _Condé_. _Cæsar._ =Scamander=, or =Scamandros=, a celebrated river of Troas, rising at the east of mount Ida, and falling into the sea below Sigæum. It receives the Simois in its course, and towards its mouth it is very muddy, and flows through marshes. This river, according to Homer, was called Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by men. The waters of the Scamander had the singular property of giving a beautiful colour to the hair or the wool of such animals as bathed in them; and from this circumstance the three goddesses, Minerva, Juno, and Venus, bathed there before they appeared before Paris, to obtain the golden apple. It was usual among all the virgins of Troas to bathe in the Scamander, when they were arrived to nubile years, and to offer to the god their virginity in these words, Λαβε μου, Σκαμανδρε, την παεθενιαν. The god of the Scamander had a regular priest, and sacrifices offered to him. Some suppose that the river received its name from Scamander the son of Corybas. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 21.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch._――_Æschines_, ltr. 10.――――A son of Corybas and Demodice, who brought a colony from Crete into Phrygia, and settled at the foot of mount Ida, where he introduced the festivals of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. He some time after lost the use of his senses and threw himself into the river Xanthus, which ever after bore his name. His son-in-law Teucer succeeded him in the government of the colony. He had two daughters, Thymo and Callirhoe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Scamandria=, a town on the Scamander. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 30. =Scamandrius=, one of the generals of Priam, son of Strophius. He was killed by Menelaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 49. =Scandaria=, a promontory in the island of Cos. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Scandinavia=, a name given by the ancients to that tract of territory which contains the modern kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Finland, &c., supposed by them to be an island. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Scantia Sylva=, a wood of Campania, the property of the Roman people. _Cicero._ =Scantilla=, the wife of Didius Julianus. It was by her advice that her husband bought the empire which was exposed to sale at the death of Pertinax. =Scantinia lex.= _See:_ Scatinia. =Scaptesyle=, a town of Thrace, near Abdera, abounding in silver and gold mines, belonging to Thucydides, who is supposed there to have written his history of the Peloponnesian war. _Lucretius_, bk. 6, li. 810.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_. =Scaptia=, a town of Latium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 396. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17. =Scaptius=, an intimate friend of Brutus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, &c. His brother was a merchant of Cappadocia. =Scapŭla=, a native of Corduba, who defended that town against Cæsar, after the battle of Munda. When he saw that all his efforts were useless against the Roman general, he destroyed himself. _Cæsar_, _Hispanic War_, ch. 33.――――A usurper. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 37. =Scandon=, a town on the confines of Dalmatia. =Scardii=, a ridge of mountains of Macedonia, which separates it from Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 20. =Scarphia=, or =Scarphe=, a town near Thermopylæ, on the confines of Phthiotis. _Seneca_, _Troades_. =Scatinia lex=, _de pudicitiâ_, by Caius Scatinius Aricinus the tribune, was enacted against those who kept catamites, and such as prostituted themselves to any vile or unnatural service. The penalty was originally a fine, but it was afterwards made a capital crime under Augustus. It is sometimes called _Scantinia_, from a certain _Scantinius_ upon whom it was first executed. =Scaurus Marcus Æmylius=, a Roman consul who distinguished himself by his eloquence at the bar, and by his successes in Spain in the capacity of commander. He was sent against Jugurtha, and some time after accused of suffering himself to be bribed by the Numidian prince. Scaurus conquered the Ligurians, and in his censorship he built the Milvian bridge at Rome, and began to pave the road, which from him was called the Æmylian. He was originally very poor. He wrote some books, and among these a history of his own life, all now lost.――――His son, of the same name, made himself known by the large theatre which he built during his edileship. This theatre, which could contain 30,000 spectators, was supported by 360 columns of marble, 38 feet in height, and adorned with 3000 brazen statues. This celebrated edifice, according to Pliny, proved more fatal to the manners and the simplicity of the Romans, than the proscriptions and wars of Sylla had done to the inhabitants of the city. Scaurus married Murcia. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 2.――――A Roman of consular dignity. When the Cimbri invaded Italy, the son of Scaurus behaved with great cowardice, upon which the father sternly ordered him never to appear again in the field of battle. The severity of this command rendered young Scaurus melancholy, and he plunged a sword into his own heart, to free himself from further ignominy.――――Aurelius, a Roman consul taken prisoner by the Gauls. He was put to a cruel death because he told the king of the enemy not to cross the Alps to invade Italy, which was universally deemed unconquerable.――――Marcus Æmilius, a man in the reign of Tiberius accused of adultery with Livia, and put to death. He was an eloquent orator, but very lascivious and debauched in his morals.――――Mamercus, a man put to death by Tiberius. ――――Maximus, a man who conspired against Nero.――――Terentius, a Latin grammarian. He had been preceptor to the emperor Adrian. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 11, ch. 15. =Scedăsus=, a native of Leuctra in Bœotia. His two daughters, Meletia and Molpia, whom some called Theano and Hippo, were ravished by some Spartans, in the reign of Cleombrotus, and after this they killed themselves, unable to survive the loss of their honour. The father became so disconsolate, that when he was unable to obtain relief from his country, he killed himself on their tomb. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――_Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_, ch. 3. =Scelerātus=, a plain of Rome near the Colline gate, where the vestal Minucia was buried alive, when convicted of adultery. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――One of the gates of Rome was called _Scelerata_, because the 300 Fabii, who were killed at the river Cremera, had passed through it when they went to attack the enemy. It was before named _Carmentalis_.――――There was also a street at Rome formerly called _Cyprius_, which received the name of the _Sceleratus vicus_, because there Tullia ordered her postilion to drive her chariot over the body of her father, king Servius. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 48.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 365. =Scena=, a town on the confines of Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A river of Ireland, now the _Shannon_. _Orosius_, bk. 1, ch. 2. =Scenitæ=, Arabians who live in tents. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11. =Scepsis=, a town of Troas, where the works of Theophrastus and Aristotle were long concealed underground, and damaged by the wet, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Schedia=, a small village of Egypt, with a dockyard between the western mouths of the Nile and Alexandria. _Strabo._ =Schedius=, one of Helen’s suitors. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 4 & 30. =Scheria=, an ancient name of Corcyra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Schœneus=, a son of Athamas.――――The father of Atalanta. =Schœnus=, or =Scheno=, a port of Peloponnesus, on the Saronicus sinus. ――――A village near Thebes, with a river of the same name.――――A river of Arcadia.――――Another near Athens. =Sciastes=, a surname of Apollo at Lacedæmon, from the village Scias where he was particularly worshipped. _Lycophron_, li. 562. ――_Tzetzes_, on the same reference. =Sciăthis=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14. =Sciăthos=, an island in the Ægean sea, opposite mount Pelion, on the coast of Thessaly. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2. =Scidros=, a town of Magna Græcia. =Scillus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Olympia, where Xenophon wrote his history. =Scilūrus=, a king of Scythia, who had 80 sons. _See:_ Scylurus. =Scinis=, a cruel robber who tied men to the boughs of trees, which he had forcibly brought together, and which he afterwards unloosed, so that their limbs were torn in an instant from their body. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 440. =Scinthi=, a people of Germany. =Sciōne=, a town of Thrace, in the possession of the Athenians. It revolted and passed into the hands of the Lacedæmonians during the Peloponnesian war. It was built by a Grecian colony on their return from the Trojan war. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Scīpiădæ=, a name applied to the two Scipios, who obtained the surname of _Africanus_, from the conquest of Carthage. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 843. =Scipio=, a celebrated family at Rome, who obtained the greatest honours in the republic. The name seems to be derived from _scipio_, which signifies a _stick_, because one of the family had conducted his blind father, and had been to him as a stick. The Scipios were a branch of the Cornelian family. The most illustrious were:――Publius Cornelius, a man made master of horse by Camillus, &c.――――A Roman dictator.――――Lucius Cornelius, a consul, A.U.C. 456, who defeated the Etrurians near Volaterra.――――Another consul, A.U.C. 495.――――Cnæus, surnamed Asina, was consul A.U.C. 494 and 500. He was conquered in his first consulship in a naval battle, and lost 17 ships. The following year he took Aleria, in Corsica, and defeated Hanno the Carthaginian general, in Sardinia. He also took 200 of the enemy’s ships, and the city of Panormum in Sicily. He was father to Publius and Cneus Scipio. Publius, in the beginning of the second Punic war, was sent with an army to Spain to oppose Annibal; but when he heard that his enemy had passed over into Italy, he attempted by his quick marches and secret evolutions to stop his progress. He was conquered by Annibal near the Ticinus, where he nearly lost his life, had not his son, who was afterwards surnamed Africanus, courageously defended him. He again passed into Spain, where he obtained some memorable victories over the Carthaginians, and the inhabitants of the country. His brother Cneus shared the supreme command with him, but their great confidence proved their ruin. They separated their armies, and soon after Publius was furiously attacked by the two Asdrubals and Mago, who commanded the Carthaginian armies. The forces of Publius were too few to resist with success the three Carthaginian generals. The Romans were cut to pieces, and their commander was left on the field of battle. No sooner had the enemy obtained this victory than they immediately marched to meet Cneus Scipio, whom the revolt of 30,000 Celtiberians had weakened and alarmed. The general, who was already apprised of his brother’s death, secured an eminence, where he was soon surrounded on all sides. After desperate acts of valour he was left among the slain, or, according to some, he fled into a tower, where he was burnt with some of his friends by the victorious enemy. _Livy_, bk. 21, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6, &c.――_Eutropius_, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.――――Publius Cornelius, surnamed _Africanus_, was son of Publius Scipio, who was killed in Spain. He first distinguished himself at the battle of Ticinus, where he saved his father’s life by deeds of unexampled valour and boldness. The battle of Cannæ, which proved so fatal to the Roman arms, instead of disheartening Scipio, raised his expectations, and he no sooner heard that some of his desperate countrymen wished to abandon Italy, and to fly from the insolence of the conqueror, than with his sword in his hand, and by his firmness and example, he obliged them to swear eternal fidelity to Rome, and to put to immediate death the first man who attempted to retire from his country. In his 21st year, Scipio was made an edile, an honourable office which was never given but to such as had reached their 27th year. Some time after, the Romans were alarmed by the intelligence that the commanders of their forces in Spain, Publius and Cneus Scipio, had been slaughtered, and immediately young Scipio was appointed to avenge the death of his father and of his uncle, and to vindicate the military honour of the republic. It was soon known how able he was to be at the head of an army; the various nations of Spain were conquered, and in four years the Carthaginians were banished from that part of the continent. The whole province became tributary to Rome; New Carthage submitted in one day, and in a battle 54,000 of the enemy were left dead on the field. After these signal victories Scipio was recalled to Rome, which still trembled at the continual alarms of Annibal, who was at her gates. The conqueror of the Carthaginians in Spain was looked upon as a proper general to encounter Annibal in Italy; but Scipio opposed the measures which his countrymen wished to pursue, and he declared in the senate that if Annibal was to be conquered he must be conquered in Africa. These bold measures were immediately adopted, though opposed by the eloquence, age, and experience of the great Fabius, and Scipio was empowered to conduct the war on the coasts of Africa. With the dignity of consul he embarked for Carthage. Success attended his arms; his conquests were here as rapid as in Spain; the Carthaginian armies were routed, the camp of the crafty Asdrubal was set on fire during the night, and his troops totally defeated in a drawn battle. These repeated losses alarmed Carthage; Annibal, who was victorious at the gates of Rome, was instantly recalled to defend the walls of his country, and the two greatest generals of the age met each other in the field. Terms of accommodation were proposed; but in the parley which the two commanders had together, nothing satisfactory was offered, and while the one enlarged on the vicissitudes of human affairs, the other wished to dictate like a conqueror, and recommended the decision of the controversy to the sword. The celebrated battle was fought near Zama, and both generals displayed their military knowledge in drawing up their armies and in choosing their ground. Their courage and intrepidity were not less conspicuous in charging the enemy; a thousand acts of valour were performed on both sides, and though the Carthaginians fought in their own defence, and the Romans for fame and glory, yet the conqueror of Italy was vanquished. About 20,000 Carthaginians were slain, and the same number made prisoners of war, B.C. 202. Only 2000 of the Romans were killed. This battle was decisive; the Carthaginians sued for peace, which Scipio at last granted on the most severe and humiliating terms. The conqueror after this returned to Rome, where he was received with the most unbounded applause, honoured with a triumph, and dignified with the appellation of _Africanus_. Here he enjoyed for some time the tranquillity and the honours which his exploits merited, but in him also, as in other great men, fortune showed herself inconstant. Scipio offended the populace in wishing to distinguish the senators from the rest of the people at the public exhibitions; and when he canvassed for the consulship for two of his friends, he had the mortification to see his application slighted, and the honours which he claimed bestowed on a man of no character, and recommended by neither abilities nor meritorious actions. He retired from Rome no longer to be a spectator of the ingratitude of his countrymen, and in the capacity of lieutenant he accompanied his brother against Antiochus king of Syria. In this expedition his arms were attended with usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted to the conditions which the conquerors dictated. At his return to Rome, Africanus found the malevolence of his enemies still unabated. Cato, his inveterate rival, raised seditions against him, and the Petilli, two tribunes of the people, accused the conqueror of Annibal of extortion in the provinces of Asia, and of living in an indolent and luxurious manner. Scipio condescended to answer to the accusation of his calumniators; the first day was spent in hearing the different charges, but when he again appeared on the second day of his trial, the accused interrupted his judges, and exclaimed, “Tribunes and fellow-citizens, on this day, this very day, did I conquer Annibal and the Carthaginians: come, therefore, with me, Romans; let us go to the capitol, and there return our thanks to the immortal gods for the victories which have attended our arms.” These words had the desired effect; the tribes and all the assembly followed Scipio, the court was deserted, and the tribunes were left alone in the seat of judgment. Yet when this memorable day was past and forgotten, Africanus was a third time summoned to appear; but he had fled before the impending storm, and retired to his country house at Liternum. The accusation was therefore stopped, and the accusers silenced, when one of the tribunes, formerly distinguished for his malevolence against Scipio, rose to defend him, and declared in the assembly, that it reflected the highest disgrace on the Roman people, that the conqueror of Annibal should become the sport of the populace, and be exposed to the malice and envy of disappointed ambition. Some time after Scipio died in the place of his retreat, about 184 years before Christ, in the 48th year of his age; and so great an aversion did he express, as he expired, for the depravity of the Romans, and the ingratitude of their senators, that he ordered his bones not to be conveyed to Rome. They were accordingly inhumated at Liternum, where his wife Æmilia the daughter of Paulus Æmilius, who fell at the battle of Cannæ, raised a mausoleum on his tomb, and placed upon it his statue, with that of the poet Ennius, who had been the companion of his peace and of his retirement. If Scipio was robbed during his lifetime of the honours which belonged to him as the conqueror of Africa, he was not forgotten when dead. The Romans viewed his character with reverence; with raptures they read of his warlike actions, and Africanus was regarded in the following ages as a pattern of virtue, of innocence, courage, and liberality. As a general, the fame and the greatness of his conquests explain his character; and indeed we hear that Annibal declared himself inferior to no general that ever lived except Alexander the Great, and Pyrrhus king of Epirus; and when Scipio asked him what rank he would claim, if he had conquered him, the Carthaginian general answered, “If I had conquered you, Scipio, I would call myself greater than the conqueror of Darius and the ally of the Tarentines.” As an instance of Scipio’s continence, ancient authors have faithfully recorded that the conqueror of Spain refused to see a beautiful princess that had fallen into his hands after the taking of New Carthage, and that he not only restored her inviolate to her parents, but also added immense presents for the person to whom she was betrothed. It was to the artful complaisance of Africanus that the Romans owed their alliance with Masinissa king of Numidia, and also that with king Syphax. The friendship of Scipio and Lælius is well known. _Polybius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch._――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, &c. ――_Eutropius._――――Lucius Cornelius, surnamed _Asiaticus_, accompanied his brother Africanus in his expeditions in Spain and Africa. He was rewarded with the consulship, A.U.C. 564, for his services to the state, and he was empowered to attack Antiochus king of Syria, who had declared war against the Romans. Lucius was accompanied in this campaign by his brother Africanus; and by his own valour, and the advice of the conqueror of Annibal, he soon routed the enemy, and in a battle near the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 foot and 4000 horse. Peace was soon after settled by the submission of Antiochus, and the conqueror, at his return home, obtained a triumph, and the surname of Asiaticus. He did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity; Cato, after the death of Africanus, turned his fury against Asiaticus, and the two Petilli, his devoted favourites, presented a petition to the people, in which they prayed that an inquiry might be made to know what money had been received from Antiochus and his allies. The petition was instantly received, and Asiaticus, charged to have suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus, was summoned to appear before the tribunal of Terentius Culeo, who was on this occasion created pretor. The judge, who was an inveterate enemy to the family of the Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his two lieutenants and his questor, guilty of having received the first 6000 pounds weight of gold, and 480 pounds weight of silver, and the others nearly an equal sum, from the monarch against whom, in the name of the Roman people, they were enjoined to make war. Immediately they were condemned to pay large fines; but while the others gave security, Scipio declared that he had accounted to the public for all the money which he had brought from Asia, and therefore that he was innocent. For this obstinacy Scipio was dragged to prison, but his cousin Nasica pleaded his cause before the people, and the pretor instantly ordered the goods of the prisoner to be seized and confiscated. The sentence was executed, but the effects of Scipio were insufficient to pay the fine, and it was the greatest justification of his innocence, that whatever was found in his house had never been in the possession of Antiochus or his subjects. This, however, did not totally liberate him; he was reduced to poverty, and refused to accept the offer of his friends and of his clients. Some time after he was appointed to settle the disputes between Eumenes and Seleucus, and at his return the Romans, ashamed of their severity towards him, rewarded his merit with such uncommon liberality, that Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate games in honour of his victory over Antiochus, for 10 successive days, at his own expense. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 55, &c. ――_Eutropius_, bk. 4.――――Nasica, was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though supported by the interest and the fame of the conqueror of Annibal; but he afterwards obtained it, and in that honourable office conquered the Boii, and gained a triumph. He was also successful in an expedition which he undertook in Spain. When the statue of Cybele was brought to Rome from Phrygia, the Roman senate delegated one of their body, who was the most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their choice, and as such he was enjoined to bring the statue of the goddess to Rome with the greatest pomp and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished himself by the active part which he took in confuting the accusations laid against the two Scipios, Africanus and Asiaticus.――――There was also another of the same name, who distinguished himself by his enmity against the Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 14, &c.――――Publius Æmilianus, son of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus, was adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus. He received the same surname as his grandfather, and was called _Africanus the younger_, on account of his victories over Carthage. Æmilianus first appeared in the Roman armies under his father, and afterwards distinguished himself as a legionary tribune in the Spanish provinces, where he killed a Spaniard of gigantic stature, and he obtained a mural crown at the siege of Intercata. He passed into Africa to demand a reinforcement from king Masinissa the ally of Rome, and he was the spectator of a long and bloody battle which was fought between that monarch and the Carthaginians, and which soon produced the third Punic war. Some time after Æmilianus was made edile, and next appointed consul, though under the age required for that important office. The surname which he had received from his grandfather, he was doomed lawfully to claim as his own. He was empowered to finish the war with Carthage, and as he was permitted by the senate to choose his colleague, he took with him his friend Lælius, whose father of the same name had formerly enjoyed the confidence and shared the victories of the first Africanus. The siege of Carthage was already begun, but the operations of the Romans were not continued with vigour. Scipio had no sooner appeared before the walls of the enemy, than every communication with the land was cut off, and that they might not have the command of the sea, a stupendous mole was thrown across the harbour with immense labour and expense. This, which might have disheartened the most active enemy, rendered the Carthaginians more eager in the cause of freedom and independence; all the inhabitants, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, employed themselves without cessation to dig another harbour, and to build and equip another fleet. In a short time, in spite of the vigilance and activity of Æmilianus, the Romans were astonished to see another harbour formed, and 50 galleys suddenly issuing under sail, ready for the engagement. This unexpected fleet, by immediately attacking the Roman ships, might have gained the victory, but the delay of the Carthaginians proved fatal to their cause, and the enemy had sufficient time to prepare themselves. Scipio soon got the possession of a small eminence in the harbour, and, by the success of his subsequent operations, he broke open one of the gates of the city and entered the streets, where he made his way by fire and sword. The surrender of above 50,000 men was followed by the reduction of the citadel, and the total submission of Carthage, B.C. 147. The captive city was set on fire, and though Scipio was obliged to demolish its very walls to obey the orders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly over the melancholy and tragical scene; and in bewailing the miseries of Carthage, he expressed his fears lest Rome, in her turn, in some future age, should exhibit such a dreadful conflagration. The return of Æmilianus to Rome was that of another conqueror of Annibal, and, like him, he was honoured with a magnificent triumph, and received the surname of _Africanus_. He was not long left in the enjoyment of his glory, before he was called to obtain fresh honours. He was chosen consul a second time, and appointed to finish the war which the Romans had hitherto carried on without success or vigorous exertions against Numantia. The fall of Numantia was more noble than that of the capital of Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage obtained the victory only when the enemies had been consumed by famine or by self-destruction, B.C. 133. From his conquests in Spain, Æmilianus was honoured with a second triumph, and with the surname of _Numantinus_. Yet his popularity was short, and, by telling the people that the murder of their favourite, his brother-in-law Gracchus, was lawful, since he was turbulent and inimical to the peace of the republic, Scipio incurred the displeasure of the tribunes, and was received with hisses. His authority for a moment quelled their sedition, when he reproached them for their own cowardice, and exclaimed, “Factious wretches, do you think your clamours can intimidate me; me, whom the fury of your enemies never daunted? Is this the gratitude that you owe to my father Paulus who conquered Macedonia, and to me? Without my family you were slaves. Is this the respect you owe to your deliverers? Is this your affection?” This firmness silenced the murmurs of the assembly, and some time after Scipio retired from the clamours of Rome to Caieta, where, with his friend Lælius, he passed the rest of his time in innocent pleasure and amusement, in diversions which had pleased them when children; and the two greatest men that ruled the state, were often seen on the sea-shore picking up light pebbles, and throwing them on the smooth surface of the waters. Though fond of retirement and literary ease, yet Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of the state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to the dictatorship, and the clamours were most loud against him, when he had opposed the Sempronian law, and declared himself the patron of the inhabitants of the provinces of Italy. This active part of Scipio was seen with pleasure by the friends of the republic, and not only the senate, but also the citizens, the Latins, and neighbouring states conducted their illustrious friend and patron to his house. It seemed also the universal wish that the troubles might be quieted by the election of Scipio to the dictatorship, and many presumed that that honour would be on the morrow conferred upon him. In this, however, the expectations of Rome were frustrated. Scipio was found dead in his bed, to the astonishment of the world; and those who inquired for the causes of this sudden death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and concluded that he had been strangled, B.C. 128. This assassination, as it was then generally believed, was committed by the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, Caius Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported the Sempronian law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is charged with having introduced the murderers into his room. No inquiries were made after the authors of his death; Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, and the only atonement which the populace made for the death of Scipio was to attend his funeral, and to show their concern by their cries and loud lamentations. The second Africanus has often been compared to the first of that name; they seemed to be equally great and equally meritorious, and the Romans were unable to distinguish which of the two was entitled to a greater share of their regard and admiration. Æmilianus, like his grandfather, was fond of literature, and he saved from the flames of Carthage many valuable compositions, written by Phœnician and Punic authors. In the midst of his greatness he died poor, and his nephew Quintus Fabius Maximus, who inherited his estate, scarce found in his house 32 pounds weight of silver, and two and a half of gold. His liberality to his brother and to his sisters deserves the greatest commendations, and, indeed, no higher encomium can be passed upon his character, private as well as public, than the words of his rival Metellus, who told his sons, at the death of Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of the greatest man that ever lived or should live in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 44, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_, _Orator_, _Brutus_, &c.――_Polybius._――_Appian._ ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.――_Florus._――――A son of the first Africanus, taken captive by Antiochus king of Syria, and restored to his father without a ransom. He adopted as his son young Æmilianus the son of Paulus Æmilius, who was afterwards surnamed Africanus. Like his father Scipio, he distinguished himself by his fondness for literature, and his valour in the Roman armies.――――Metellus, the father-in-law of Pompey, appointed commander in Macedonia. He was present at the battle of Pharsalia, and afterwards retired to Africa with Cato. He was defeated by Cæsar at Thapsus. _Plutarch._ ――――Salutio, a mean person in Cæsar’s army in Africa. The general appointed him his chief commander, either to ridicule him, or because there was an ancient oracle that declared that the Scipios would ever be victorious in Africa. _Plutarch._――――Lucius Cornelius, a consul who opposed Sylla. He was at last deserted by his army, and proscribed.――――The commander of a cohort in the reign of Vitellius. =Scira=, an annual solemnity observed at Athens in honour of Minerva, or, according to others, of Ceres and Proserpine. It received its name either from Sciras, a small town of Attica, or from a native of Eleusis, called Scirus. =Sciradium=, a promontory of Attica, on the Saronicus sinus. =Sciras=, a name of Ægina. Minerva was also called Sciras. _Strabo_, bk. 9. =Sciressa=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5. =Sciron=, a celebrated thief in Attica, who plundered the inhabitants of the country, and threw them down from the highest rocks into the sea, after he had obliged them to wait upon him and to wash his feet. Theseus attacked him, and treated him as he treated travellers. According to Ovid, the earth as well as the sea refused to receive the bones of Sciron, which remained for some time suspended in the air, till they were changed into large rocks called _Scironia Saxa_, situate between Megara and Corinth. There was a road near them which bore the name of Sciron, naturally small and narrow, but afterwards enlarged by the emperor Adrian. Some suppose that Ino threw herself into the sea, from one of these rocks. Sciron had married the daughter of Cychreus, a king of Salamis. He was brother-in-law to Telamon the son of Æacus. _Ovid_, bk. 7, _Metamorphoses_, li. 444; _Heroides_, poem 2, li. 69.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 13. ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 38. ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 14, li. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44. ――_Seneca_, _Quæstiones naturales_, bk. 5, ch. 17. =Scirus=, a village of Arcadia, of which the inhabitants are called _Sciritæ_.――――A plain and river of Attica, near Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36. =Scissis=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 60. =Scodra=, a town of Illyricum, where Gentius resided. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 20. =Scolus=, a mountain of Bœotia.――――A town of Macedonia, near Olynthus. _Strabo._ =Scombrus=, a mountain of Thrace, near Rhodope. =Scopas=, an architect and sculptor of Ephesus, for some time employed in making the mausoleum which Artemisia raised to her husband, and which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. One of his statues of Venus was among the antiquities with which Rome was adorned. Scopas lived about 450 years before Christ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 9, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.――――An Ætolian who raised some forces to assist Ptolemy Epiphanes king of Egypt, against his enemies Antiochus and his allies. He afterwards conspired against the Egyptian monarch, and was put to death, B.C. 196.――――An ambassador to the court of the emperor Domitian. =Scopium=, a town of Thessaly. =Scordisci= and =Scordiscæ=, a people of Pannonia and Thrace, well known during the reign of the Roman emperors for their barbarity and uncivilized manners. They were fond of drinking human blood, and they generally sacrificed their captive enemies to their gods. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Scoti=, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland, mentioned as different from the Picts. _Claudian_, _de Tertio Consulatu Honorii_, li. 54. =Scotīnus=, a surname of Heraclitus. _Strabo_, bk. 15. =Scotussa=, a town of Thessaly at the north of Larissa and of the Peneus, destroyed by Alexander of Pheræ. _Livy_, bk. 28, chs. 5 & 7; bk. 36, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5. ――――Another in Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Scribonia=, a daughter of Scribonius, who married Augustus after he had divorced Claudia. He had by her a daughter, the celebrated Julia. Scribonia was some time after repudiated, that Augustus might marry Livia. She had been married twice before she became the wife of the emperor. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 62.――――A woman who married Crassus. =Scriboniānus=, a man in the age of Nero. Some of his friends wished him to be competitor for the imperial purple against Vespasian, which he declined. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 39.――――There were also two brothers of that name, who did nothing without each other’s consent. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 41. =Scribonius=, a man who made himself master of the kingdom of Bosphorus. ――――A physician in the age of Augustus and Tiberius.――――A man who wrote annals, A.D. 22. The best edition of Scribonius is that of Patavium, 4to, 1655.――――A friend of Pompey, &c. =Scultenna=, a river of Gaul Cispadana, falling into the Po, now called _Panaro_. _Livy_, bk. 41, chs. 12 & 18.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Scylacēum=, a town of the Brutii, built by Mnestheus at the head of an Athenian colony. As Virgil has applied the epithet _Navifragum_ to Scylaceum, some suppose that either the poet was mistaken in his knowledge of the place, because there are no apparent dangers to navigation there, or that he confounds this place with a promontory of the same name on the Tuscan sea. Servius explains this passage by supposing that the houses of the place were originally built with the shipwrecked vessels of Ulysses’ fleet――a most puerile explanation! _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 553.――_Strabo_, bk. 6. =Scylax=, a geographer and mathematician of Caria, in the age of Darius son of Hystaspes, about 550 years before Christ. He was commissioned by Darius to make discoveries in the east, and after a journey of 30 months he visited Egypt. Some suppose that he was the first who invented geographical tables. The latest edition of the _Periplus_ of Scylax, is that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1597. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 44.――_Strabo._――――A river of Cappadocia. =Scylla=, a daughter of Nisus king of Megara, who became enamoured of Minos, as that monarch besieged her father’s capital. To make him sensible of her passion, she informed him that she would deliver Megara into his hands if he promised to marry her. Minos consented, and as the prosperity of Megara depended on a golden hair, which was on the head of Nisus, Scylla cut it off as her father was asleep, and from that moment the sallies of the Megareans were unsuccessful, and the enemy easily became master of the place. Scylla was disappointed in her expectations, and Minos treated her with such contempt and ridicule, that she threw herself from a tower into the sea, or, according to other accounts, she was changed into a lark by the gods, and her father into a hawk. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 393. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 19, li. 21. ――_Hyginus_, fable 198.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 405, &c. ――――A daughter of Typhon, or, as some say, of Phorcys, who was greatly loved by Glaucus, one of the deities of the sea. Scylla scorned the addresses of Glaucus, and the god, to render her more propitious, applied to Circe, whose knowledge of herbs and incantations was universally admired. Circe no sooner saw him than she became enamoured of him, and instead of giving him the required assistance, she attempted to make him forget Scylla, but in vain. To punish her rival, Circe poured the juice of some poisonous herbs into the waters of the fountain where Scylla bathed, and no sooner had the nymph touched the place than she found every part of her body below the waist changed into frightful monsters like dogs, which never ceased barking. The rest of her body assumed an equally hideous form. She found herself supported by 12 feet, and she had six different heads, each with three rows of teeth. This sudden metamorphosis so terrified her, that she threw herself into that part of the sea which separates the coast of Italy and Sicily, where she was changed into rocks, which continued to bear her name, and which were universally deemed by the ancients as very dangerous to sailors, as well as the whirlpool of Charybdis on the coast of Sicily. During a tempest the waves are described by modern navigators as roaring dreadfully when driven into the rough and uneven cavities of the rock. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 85.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 66, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Hyginus_, fable 199. Some authors, as _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 4, li. 39, and _Virgil_, eclogue 6, li. 74, with _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 500, have confounded the daughter of Typhon with the daughter of Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 424, &c.――――A ship in the fleet of Æneas, commanded by Cloanthus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122. =Scyllæum=, a promontory of Peloponnesus on the coast of Argolis.――――A promontory of the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be the same as Scylaceum, near which was the famous whirlpool Scylla, from which the name is derived. =Scyllias=, a celebrated swimmer who enriched himself by diving after the goods which had been shipwrecked in the Persian ships near Pelium. It is said that he could dive 80 stadia under the water. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19. =Scyllis= and =Dipœnus=, statuaries of Crete before the age of Cyrus king of Persia. They were said to be sons and pupils of Dædalus, and they established a school at Sicyon, where they taught the principles of their profession. _Pausanias._――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 4. =Scyllus= (untis), a town of Achaia, given to Xenophon by the Lacedæmonians. _Strabo._ =Scylūrus=, a monarch who left 80 sons. He called them to his bedside as he expired, and by enjoining them to break a bundle of sticks tied together, and afterwards separately, he convinced them that, when altogether firmly united, their power would be insuperable, but, if ever disunited, they would fail an easy prey to their enemies. _Plutarch_, _de Garrulitate_. =Scyppium=, a town in the neighbourhood of Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3. =Scyras=, a river of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25. =Scyrias=, a name applied to Deidamia as a native of Scyros. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, ♦bk. 1, li. 682. ♦ Book number omitted from text. =Scyros=, a rocky and barren island in the Ægean, at the distance of about 28 miles north-east from Eubœa, 60 miles in circumference. It was originally in the possession of the Pelasgians and Carians. Achilles retired there not to go to the Trojan war, and became father of Neoptolemus by Deidamia the daughter of king Lycomedes. Scyros was conquered by the Athenians under Cimon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 508.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 464; bk. 13, li. 156. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Scythæ=, the inhabitants of Scythia. _See:_ Scythia. =Scythes=, or =Scytha=, a son of Jupiter by a daughter of Tellus. Half his body was that of a man, and the rest that of a serpent. He became king of a country which he called Scythia. _Diodorus_, bk. 2. ――――A son of Hercules and Echidna. =Scythia=, a large country situate in the most northern parts of Europe and Asia, from which circumstance it is generally denominated European and Asiatic. The most northern parts of Scythia were uninhabited on account of the extreme coldness of the climate. The more southern parts in Asia that were inhabited were distinguished by the name of Scythia _intra et extra Imaum_, &c. The boundaries of Scythia were unknown to the ancients, as no traveller had penetrated beyond the vast tracts of land which lay at the north, east, and west. Scythia comprehended the modern kingdoms of Tartary, Russia in Asia, Siberia, Muscovy, the Crimea, Poland, part of Hungary, Lithuania, the northern parts of Germany, Sweden, Norway, &c. The Scythians were divided into several nations or tribes; they had no cities, but continually changed their habitations. They inured themselves to bear labour and fatigue; they despised money, and lived upon milk, and covered themselves with the skins of their cattle. The virtues seemed to flourish among them, and that philosophy and moderation which other nations wished to acquire by study, seemed natural to them. Some authors, however, represent them as a savage and barbarous people, who fed upon human flesh, who drank the blood of their enemies, and used the skulls of travellers as vessels in their sacrifices to their gods. The Scythians made several irruptions upon the more southern provinces of Asia, especially B.C. 624, when they remained in possession of Asia Minor for 28 years, and we find them at different periods extending their conquests in Europe, and penetrating as far as Egypt. Their government was monarchical, and the deference which they paid to their sovereigns was ♦unparalleled. When the king died, his body was carried through every province, where it was received in solemn procession, and afterwards buried. In the first centuries after Christ they invaded the Roman empire with the Sarmatians. _See:_ Sarmatia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c. ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 64; bk. 2, li. 224. ♦ ‘uuparalleled’ replaced with ‘unparalleled’ =Scythīnus=, a Greek poet of Teos in Ionia, who wrote iambics. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Heraclides_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 11. =Scython=, a man changed into a woman. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 280. =Scythopŏlis=, a town of Syria, said to have been built by Bacchus. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 18. =Scythotauri=, a people of Chersonesus Taurica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Sebasta=, a town of Judæa.――――Another in Cilicia.――――The name was common to several cities, as it was in honour of Augustus. =Sebastīa=, a city of Armenia. =Sebennȳtus=, a town of the Delta in Egypt. The branch of the Nile which flows near it has been called the _Sebennytic_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10. =Sebētus=, a small river of Campania, falling into the bay of Naples, whence the epithet _Sebethis_, given to one of the nymphs who frequented its borders, and became mother of Œbalus by Telon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 734. =Sebusiāni=, or =Segusiani=, a people of Celtic Gaul. =Sectānus=, an infamous debauchee in the age of Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 112. =Secundus Julius=, a man who published some harangues and orations in the age of the emperor Titus.――――A favourite of Nero.――――One of the associates of Sejanus. =Seditāni=, or =Sedentāni=, a people of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 372. =Sedūni=, an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3. =Sedusii=, a people of Germany near the Suevi. _Cæsar._ =Segesta=, a town of Sicily founded by Æneas, or, according to some, by Crinisus. _See:_ Ægesta. =Segestes=, a German, friendly to the Roman interest in the time of Germanicus. His daughter married Arminius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 55. =Segetia=, a divinity at Rome, invoked by the husbandmen that the harvest might be plentiful. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 8. ――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 2. =Segni=, a people with a town of the same name in Belgic Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6. =Segrobrica=, a town of Spain near Saguntum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Segōnax=, a prince in the southern parts of Britain, who opposed Cæsar, by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22. =Segontia=, or =Seguntia=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 10. =Segontiăci=, a people of Belgic Gaul, who submitted to Julius Cæsar. =Segovia=, a town of Spain, of great power in the age of the Cæsars. ――――There was also another of the same name in Lusitania. Both had been founded by the Celtiberi. =Seguntium=, a town of Britain, supposed to be _Carnarvon_ in Wales. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21. =Segusiāni=, a people of Gaul on the Loire. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18. =Segusio=, a town of Piedmont on the Durias. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17. =Ælius Sejānus=, a native of Vulsinum in Tuscany, who distinguished himself in the court of Tiberius. His father’s name was Seuis Strabo, a Roman knight, commander of the pretorian guards. His mother was descended from the Junian family. Sejanus first gained the favours of Caius Cæsar the grandson of Augustus, but afterwards he attached himself to the interest and the views of Tiberius, who then sat on the imperial throne. The emperor, who was naturally of a suspicious temper, was free and open with Sejanus, and while he distrusted others, he communicated his greatest secrets to this fawning favourite. Sejanus improved this confidence, and when he had found that he possessed the esteem of Tiberius, he next endeavoured to become the favourite of the soldiers and the darling of the senate. As commander of the pretorian guards he was the second man in Rome, and in that important office he made use of insinuations and every mean artifice to make himself beloved and revered. His affability and condescension gained him the hearts of the common soldiers, and by appointing his own favourites and adherents to places of trust and honour, all the officers and centurions of the army became devoted to his interest. The views of Sejanus in this were well known; yet to advance with more success, he attempted to gain the affection of the senators. In this he met with no opposition. A man who has the disposal of places of honour and dignity, and who has the command of the public money, cannot but be the favourite of those who are in need of his assistance. It is even said that Sejanus gained to his views all the wives of the senators, by a private and most secret promise of marriage to each of them, whenever he had made himself independent and sovereign of Rome. Yet however successful with the best and noblest families in the empire, Sejanus had to combat numbers in the house of the emperor; but these seeming obstacles were soon removed. All the children and grandchildren of Tiberius were sacrificed to the ambition of the favourite under various pretences; and Drusus the son of the emperor, by striking Sejanus, made his destruction sure and inevitable. Livia the wife of Drusus was gained by Sejanus, and though the mother of many children, she was prevailed upon to assist her adulterer in the murder of her husband, and she consented to marry him when Drusus was dead. No sooner was Drusus poisoned than Sejanus openly declared his wish to marry Livia. This was strongly opposed by Tiberius; and the emperor, by recommending Germanicus to the senators for his successor, rendered Sejanus bold and determined. He was more urgent in his demands; and when he could not gain the consent of the emperor, he persuaded him to retire to solitude from the noise of Rome and the troubles of the government. Tiberius, naturally fond of ease and luxury, yielded to his representations, and retired to Campania, leaving Sejanus at the head of the empire. This was highly gratifying to the favourite, and he was now without a master. Prudence and moderation might have made him what he wished to be; but Sejanus offended the whole empire when he declared that he was emperor of Rome, and Tiberius only the dependent prince of the island of Capreæ, where he had retired. Tiberius was upon this fully convinced of the designs of Sejanus; and when he had been informed that his favourite had had the meanness and audacity to ridicule him by introducing him on the stage, the emperor ordered him to be accused before the senate. Sejanus was deserted by all his pretended friends, as soon as by fortune; and the man who aspired to the empire, and who called himself the favourite of the people, the darling of the pretorian guards, and the companion of Tiberius, was seized without resistance, and the same day strangled in prison, A.D. 31. His remains were exposed to the fury and insolence of the populace, and afterwards thrown into the Tiber. His children and all his relations were involved in his ruin, and Tiberius sacrificed to his resentment and suspicions all those who were even connected with Sejanus, or had shared his favours and enjoyed his confidence. _Tacitus_, bk. 3, _Annals_, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 58.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_. =Cnæus Seius=, a Roman who had a famous horse of large size and uncommon beauty. He was put to death by Antony, and it was observed, that whoever obtained possession of his horse, which was supposed to be of the same race as the horses of Diomedes destroyed by Hercules, and which was called _Sejanus equus_, became unfortunate, and lost all his property, with every member of his family. Hence arose the proverb, _ille homo habet Sejanum equum_, applied to such as were oppressed with misfortunes. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 3, ch. 9. =Seius Strabo=, the father of Sejanus, was a Roman knight, and commander of the pretorian guards. =Selasia.= _See:_ Sellasia. =Selemnus=, a river of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23. _See:_ Selimnus. =Selēne=, the wife of Antiochus king of Syria, put to death by Tigranes king of Armenia. She was daughter of Physcon king of Egypt, and had first married her brother Lathurus, according to the custom of her country, and afterwards, by desire of her mother, her other brother Gryphus. At the death of Gryphus she had married Antiochus, surnamed Eusebes, the son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, by whom she had two sons. According to Appian, she first married the father, and after his death, his son Eusebes. _Appian_, _Syrian Wars_, &c. =Seleucēna=, or =Seleucis=, a country of Syria, in Asia. _See:_ Seleucis. =Seleucīa=, a town of Syria, on the sea-shore, generally called _Pieria_, to distinguish it from others of the same name. There were no less than eight other cities which were called Seleucia, and which had all received their name from Seleucus Nicator. They were all situate in the kingdom of Syria, in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.――――Also the residence of the Parthian kings. _Cicero_, bk. 8, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 14. =Seleucĭdæ=, a surname given to those monarchs who sat on the throne of Syria, which was founded by Seleucus the son of Antiochus, from whom the word is derived. The era of the Seleucidæ begins with the taking of Babylon by Seleucus, B.C. 312, and ends at the conquest of Syria by Pompey, B.C. 65. The order in which these monarchs reigned is shown in the account of Syria. _See:_ Syria. =Seleucis=, a division of Syria, which received its name from Seleucus, the founder of the Syrian empire after the death of Alexander the Great. It was also called _Tetrapolis_, from the four cities which it contained, called also sister cities; Seleucia called after Seleucus, Antioch called after his father, Laodicea after his mother, and Apamea after his wife. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Seleucus I.=, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, surnamed _Nicator_, or _Victorious_, was son of Antiochus. After the king’s death, he received Babylon as his province; but his ambitious views, and his attempt to destroy Eumenes as he passed through his territories, rendered him so unpopular, that he fled for safety to the court of his friend Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was soon after enabled to recover Babylon, which Antigonus had seized in his absence, and he increased his dominions by the immediate conquest of Media, and some of the neighbouring provinces. When he had strengthened himself in his empire, Seleucus imitated the example of the rest of the generals of Alexander, and assumed the title of independent monarch. He afterwards made war against Antigonus, with the united forces of Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus; and after this monarch had been conquered and slain, his territories were divided among his victorious enemies. When Seleucus became master of Syria, he built a city there, which he called Antioch in honour of his father, and made it the capital of his dominions. He also made war against Demetrius and Lysimachus, though he had originally married Stratonice the daughter of the former, and had lived in the closest friendship with the latter. Seleucus was at last murdered by one of his servants called Ptolemy Ceraunus, a man on whom he bestowed the greatest favours, and whom he had distinguished by acts of the most unbounded confidence. According to Arrian, Seleucus was the greatest and most powerful of the princes who inherited the Macedonian empire after the death of Alexander. His benevolence has been commended; and it has been observed, that he conquered not to enslave nations, but to make them more happy. He founded no less than 34 cities in different parts of his empire, which he peopled with Greek colonies, whose national industry, learning, religion, and spirit, were communicated to the indolent and luxurious inhabitants of Asia. Seleucus was a great benefactor to the Greeks; he restored to the Athenians the library and statues which Xerxes had carried away from their city when he invaded Greece, and among them were those of Harmodius and Aristogiton. Seleucus was murdered 280 years before the christian era, in the 32nd year of his reign, and the 78th, or, according to others, the 73rd year of his age, as he was going to conquer Macedonia, where he intended to finish his days in peace and tranquillity in that province where he was born. He was succeeded by Antiochus Soter. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4; bk. 15, ch. 4; bk. 16, ch. 3, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 51.――_Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 12. =Seleucus II.=, surnamed _Callinicus_, succeeded his father Antiochus Theus on the throne of Syria. He attempted to make war against Ptolemy king of Egypt, but his fleet was shipwrecked in a violent storm, and his armies soon after conquered by his enemy. He was at last taken prisoner by Arsaces, an officer who made himself powerful by the dissensions which reigned in the house of the Seleucidæ, between the two brothers Seleucus and Antiochus; and after he had been a prisoner for some time in Parthia, he died of a fall from his horse, B.C. 226, after a reign of 20 years. Seleucus had received the surname of _Pogon_, from his long beard, and that of _Callinicus_, ironically to express his very unfortunate reign. He had married Laodice the sister of one of his generals, by whom he had two sons, Seleucus and Antiochus, and a daughter whom he gave in marriage to Mithridates king of Pontus. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 27. ――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_. =Seleucus III.=, succeeded his father Seleucus II. on the throne of Syria, and received the surname of _Ceraunus_, by antiphrasis, as he was a very weak, timid, and irresolute monarch. He was murdered by two of his officers, after a reign of three years, B.C. 223, and his brother Antiochus, though only 15 years old, ascended the throne, and rendered himself so celebrated that he acquired the name of the Great. _Appian._ =Seleucus IV.=, succeeded his father Antiochus the Great on the throne of Syria. He was surnamed _Philopater_, or, according to Josephus, _Soter_. His empire had been weakened by the Romans when he became monarch, and the yearly tribute of 1000 talents to those victorious enemies concurred in lessening his power and consequence among nations. Seleucus was poisoned after a reign of 12 years, B.C. 175. His son Demetrius had been sent to Rome, there to receive his education, and he became a prince of great abilities. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 32.――_Appian._ =Seleucus V.=, succeeded his father Demetrius Nicator on the throne of Syria, in the 20th year of his age. He was put to death in the first year of his reign by Cleopatra his mother, who had also sacrificed her husband to her ambition. He is not reckoned by many historians in the number of the Syrian monarchs. =Seleucus VI.=, one of the Seleucidæ, son of Antiochus Gryphus, killed his uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, who wished to obtain the crown of Syria. He was some time after banished from his kingdom by Antiochus Pius son of Cyzicenus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was burnt in a palace by the inhabitants, B.C. 93. _Appian._――_Josephus._ =Seleucus=, a prince of Syria, to whom the Egyptians offered the crown of which they had robbed Auletes. Seleucus accepted it, but he soon disgusted his subjects, and received the surname of _Cybiosactes_, or _Scullion_, for his meanness and avarice. He was at last murdered by Berenice, whom he had married.――――A servant of Cleopatra the last queen of Egypt, who accused his mistress, before Octavianus, of having secreted part of her jewels and treasures.――――A mathematician intimate with Vespasian the Roman emperor.――――A part of the Alps. ――――A Roman consul.――――A celebrated singer. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 211.――――A king of the Bosphorus, who died B.C. 429. =Selge=, a town of Pamphylia, made a colony by the Lacedæmonians. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 13.――_Strabo._ =Selimnus=, a shepherd of Achaia, who for some time enjoyed the favours of the nymph Argyra without interruption. Argyra was at last disgusted with her lover, and the shepherd died through melancholy, and was changed into a river of the same name. Argyra was also changed into a river of the same name. Argyra was also changed into a fountain, and was fond of mingling her waters with those of the Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23. =Selīnuns=, or =Selīnus= (untis), a town on the southern parts of Sicily, founded A.U.C. 127, by a colony from Megara. It received its name from σελινον, _parsley_, which grew there in abundance. The marks of its ancient consequence are visible in the venerable ruins now found in its neighbourhood. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 705. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, which watered the town of Scillus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6. ――――Another in Achaia.――――Another in Sicily.――――A river and town of Cilicia, where Trajan died. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. ――――Two small rivers near Diana’s temple at Ephesus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――――A lake at the entrance of the Cayster. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Sellasia=, a town of Laconia, where Cleomenes was defeated by the Achæans, B.C. 222. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 Lacedæmonians survived the battle. _Plutarch._ =Sellēis=, a river of Peloponnesus falling into the Ionian sea. _Homer_, _Iliad_. =Selletæ=, a people of Thrace near mount Hæmus. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 40. =Selli=, an ancient nation of Epirus near Dodona. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 180.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. =Selymbria=, a town of Thrace on the Propontis. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 39. =Sĕmĕle=, a daughter of Cadmus by Hermione the daughter of Mars and Venus. She was tenderly beloved by Jupiter; but Juno, who was always jealous of her husband’s amours, and who hated the house of Cadmus because they were related to the goddess of beauty, determined to punish this successful rival. She borrowed the girdle of Ate, which contained every wickedness, deceit, and perfidy, and in the form of Beroe, Semele’s nurse, she visited the house of Jupiter’s mistress. Semele listened with attention to the artful admonitions of the false Beroe, and was at last persuaded to entreat her lover to come to her arms with the same majesty as he approached Juno. This rash request was heard with horror by Jupiter; but as he had sworn by the Styx to grant Semele whatever she required, he came to her bed attended by the clouds, the lightning, and thunderbolts. The mortal nature of Semele could not endure so much majesty, and she was instantly consumed with fire. The child, however, of which she was pregnant, was saved from the flames by Mercury, or, according to others, by Dirce, one of the nymphs of the Achelous, and Jupiter placed him in his thigh the rest of the time which he ought to have been in his mother’s womb. This child was called Bacchus, or Dionysius. Semele immediately after death was honoured with immortality under the name of Thyone. Some, however, suppose that she remained in the infernal regions till Bacchus her son was permitted to bring her back. There were in the temple of Diana, at Trœzene, two altars raised to the infernal gods, one of which was over an aperture, through which, as Pausanias reports, Bacchus returned from hell with his mother. Semele was particularly worshipped at Brasiæ in Laconia, where, according to a certain tradition, she had been driven by the winds with her son, after Cadmus had exposed her on the sea on account of her incontinent amour with Jupiter. The mother of Bacchus, though she received divine honours, had no temples; she had a statue in a temple of Ceres, at Thebes, in Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 323. ――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_.――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 254; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 715.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3 & 4. =Semigermāni=, a name given to the Helvetii, a people of Germany. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. =Semiguntus=, a general of the Cherusci, taken prisoner by Germanicus, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Sĕmīrămis=, a celebrated queen of Assyria, daughter of the goddess Derceto by a young Assyrian. She was exposed in a desert, but her life was preserved by doves for one whole year, till Simmas, one of the shepherds of Ninus, found her, and brought her up as his own child. Semiramis, when grown up, married Menones the governor of Nineveh, and accompanied him to the siege of Bactra, where, by her advice and prudent directions, she hastened the king’s operations and took the city. These eminent services, but chiefly her uncommon beauty, endeared her to Ninus. The monarch asked her of her husband, and offered him instead, his daughter Sosana; but Menones, who tenderly loved Semiramis, refused, and when Ninus had added threats to entreaties, he hung himself. No sooner was Menones dead than Semiramis, who was of an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by whom she had a son called Ninyas. Ninus was so fond of Semiramis, that at her request he resigned the crown to her, and commanded her to be proclaimed queen and sole empress of Assyria. Of this, however, he had cause to repent; Semiramis put him to death, the better to establish herself on the throne, and when she had no enemies to fear at home, she began to repair the capital of her empire, and by her means Babylon became the most superb and magnificent city in the world. She visited every part of her dominions, and left everywhere immortal monuments of her greatness and benevolence. To render the roads passable and communication easy, she hollowed mountains and filled up valleys; and water was conveyed at a great expense, by large and convenient aqueducts, to barren deserts and unfruitful plains. She was not less distinguished as a warrior. Many of the neighbouring nations were conquered; and when Semiramis was once told, as she was dressing her hair, that Babylon had revolted, she left her toilette with precipitation, and though only half dressed, she refused to have the rest of her head adorned before the sedition was quelled and tranquillity re-established. Semiramis has been accused of licentiousness, and some authors have observed that she regularly called the strongest and stoutest men in her army to her arms, and afterwards put them to death, that they might not be living witnesses of her incontinence. Her passion for her son was also unnatural, and it was this criminal propensity which induced Ninyas to destroy his mother with his own hands. Some say that Semiramis was changed into a dove after death, and received immortal honours in Assyria. It is supposed that she lived about 1965 years before the christian era, and that she died in the 62nd year of her age, and the 25th of her reign. Many fabulous reports have been propagated about Semiramis, and some have declared that for some time she disguised herself and passed for her son Ninyas. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 3. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 184.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 21.――_Plutarch_, _de Alexandri magni fortuna aut virtute_, &c.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 5, li. 11; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 58.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 14, ch. 6. =Semnŏnes=, a people of Italy, on the borders of Umbria.――――Of Germany, on the Elbe and Oder. =Semōnes=, inferior deities of Rome, that were not in the number of the 12 great gods. Among these were Faunus, the Satyrs, Priapus, Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Silenus, and all such illustrious heroes as had received divine honours after death. The word seems to be the same as _semi homines_, because they were inferior to the supreme gods and superior to men. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 213. =Semosanctus=, one of the gods of the Romans among the _Indigetes_, or such as were born and educated in their country. =Sempronia=, a Roman matron, mother of the two Gracchi, celebrated for her learning, and her private as well as public virtues.――――Also a sister of the Gracchi, who is accused of having assisted the triumvirs Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus to murder her husband Scipio Africanus the younger. The name of Sempronia was common to the female descendants of the family of the Sempronii, Gracchi, and Scipios. =Semprōnia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Caius Sempronius Gracchus the tribune, A.U.C. 630, ordained that no person who had been legally deprived of a magistracy for misdemeanours should be capable of bearing an office again. This law was afterwards repealed by the author.――――Another, _de civitate_, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It ordained that no capital judgment should be passed over a Roman citizen without the concurrence and authority of the senate. There were also some other regulations, included in this law.――――Another, _de comitiis_, by the same, A.U.C. 635. It ordained that, in giving their votes, the centuries should be chosen by lot, and not give it according to the order of their classes.――――Another, _de comitiis_, by the same, the same year, which granted to the Latin allies of Rome the privilege of giving votes at elections, as if they were Roman citizens.――――Another, _de provinciis_, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It enacted that the senators should be permitted before the assembly of the consular _comitia_, to determine as they pleased the particular provinces which should be proposed to the consuls, to be divided by lot, and that the tribunes should be deprived of the power of interposing against a decree of the senate.――――Another, called _agraria prima_, by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus the tribune, A.U.C. 620. It confirmed the _lex agraria Licinia_, and enacted that all such as were in possession of more lands than that law allowed, should immediately resign them, to be divided among the poor citizens. Three commissioners were appointed to put this law into execution; and its consequences were so violent, as it was directly made against the nobles and senators, that it cost the author his life.――――Another, called _agraria altera_, by the same. It required that all the ready money which was found in the treasury of Attalus king of Pergamus, who had left the Romans his heirs, should be divided among the poorer citizens of Rome, to supply them with all the various instruments requisite in husbandry, and that the lands of that monarch should be farmed by the Roman censors, and the money drawn from thence should be divided among the people.――――Another, _frumentaria_, by Caius Sempronius Gracchus. It required that a certain quantity of corn should be distributed among the people, so much to every individual, for which it was required that they should only pay the trifling sum of a _semissis_, and a _triens_.――――Another, _de usurâ_, by Marcus Sempronius the tribune, A.U.C. 560. It ordained that, in lending money to the Latins and the allies of Rome, the Roman laws should be observed as well as among the citizens.――――Another, _de judicibus_, by the tribune Caius Sempronius, A.U.C. 630. It required that the right of judging, which had been assigned to the Senatorian order by Romulus, should be transferred from them to the Roman knights. ――――Another, _militaris_, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It enacted that the soldiers should be clothed at the public expense, without any diminution of their usual pay. It also ordered that no person should be obliged to serve in the army before the age of 17. =Semprōnius Aulus Atratinus=, a senator who opposed the Agrarian law, which was proposed by the consul Cassius, soon after the election of the tribunes.――――Lucius Atratinus, a consul A.U.C. 310. He was one of the first censors with his colleague in the consulship, Papirius. ――――Caius, a consul summoned before an assembly of the people because he had fought with ill success against the Volsci.――――Blæsus, a consul who obtained a triumph for some victories gained in Sicily. ――――Sophus, a consul against the Æqui. He also fought against the Picentes, and during the engagement there was a dreadful earthquake. The soldiers were terrified, but Sophus encouraged them, and observed that the earth trembled only for fear of changing its old masters. ――――A man who proposed a law that no person should dedicate a temple or altar, without the previous approbation of the magistrates, A.U.C. 449. He repudiated his wife because she had gone to see a spectacle without his permission or knowledge.――――Rufus, a senator, banished from the senate, because he had killed a crane to serve him as food.――――Tuditanus, a man sent against Sardinia by the Romans.――――A legionary tribune, who led away from Cannæ the remaining part of the soldiers who had not been killed by the Carthaginians. He was afterwards consul, and fought in the field against Annibal with great success. He was killed in Spain.――――Tiberius Longus, a Roman consul defeated by the Carthaginians in an engagement which he had begun against the approbation of his colleague Cornelius Scipio. He afterwards obtained victories over Hanno and the Gauls.――――Tiberius Gracchus, a consul who defeated the Carthaginians and the Campanians. He was afterwards betrayed by Fulvius, a Lucanian, into the hands of the Carthaginians, and was killed, after he had made a long and bloody resistance against the enemy. Annibal showed great honour to his remains; a funeral pile was raised at the head of the camp, and the enemy’s cavalry walked round it in solemn procession.――――Gracchus, a man who had debauched Julia. _See:_ Gracchus.――――A eunuch, made governor of Rome by Caracalla.――――Densus, a centurion of a pretorian cohort who defended the person of Galba against his assassins. He was killed in the attempt.――――The father of the Gracchi. _See:_ Gracchus. ――――A censor, who was also sent as ambassador to the court of Egypt. ――――A tribune of the people, &c. _Tacitus._――_Florus._――_Livy._ ――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――_Appian._――――An emperor. _See:_ Saturninus. =Semurium=, a place near Rome, where Apollo had a temple. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 6, ch. 6. =Sena=, or =Senogallia=, a town of Umbria in Italy, on the Adriatic, built by the Senones, after they had made an irruption into Italy, A.U.C. 396; and on that account called Gallica. There was also a small river in the neighbourhood which bore the name of _Sena_. It was near it that Asdrubal was defeated by Claudius Nero. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Cato._――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 46.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18. =Sĕnātus=, the chief council of the state among the Romans. The members of this body, called _senatores_ on account of their _age_, and _patres_ on account of their _authority_, were of the greatest consequence in the republic. The senate was first instituted by Romulus to govern the city, and to preside over the affairs of the state during his absence. This was continued by his successors; but Tarquin II. disdained to consult them, and by having his own council chosen from his favourites, and from men who were totally devoted to his interest, he diminished the authority and the consequence of the senators, and slighted the concurrence of the people. The senators whom Romulus created were 100, to whom he afterwards added the same number when the Sabines had migrated to Rome. Tarquin the ancient made the senate consist of 300, and this number remained fixed for a long time. After the expulsion of the last Tarquin, whose tyranny had thinned the patricians as well as the plebeians, 164 new senators were chosen to complete the 300; and as they were called _conscripts_, the senate ever afterwards consisted of members who were denominated _patres_ and _conscripti_. The number continued to fluctuate during the times of the republic, but gradually increased to 700, and afterwards to 900 under Julius Cæsar, who filled the senate with men of every rank and order. Under Augustus, the senators amounted to 1000, but this number was reduced to 300, which being the cause of complaints, induced the emperor to limit the number to 600. The place of a senator was always bestowed upon merit; the monarchs had the privilege of choosing the members, and after the expulsion of the Tarquins, it was one of the rights of the consuls, till the election of the censors, who from their office seemed most capable of making choice of men whose character was irreproachable, whose morals were pure, and relations honourable. Sometimes the assembly of the people elected senators, but it was only upon some extraordinary occasions; there was also a dictator chosen to fill up the number of the senate after the battle of Cannæ. Only particular families were admitted into the senate; and when the plebeians were permitted to share the honours of the state, it was then required that they should be born of free citizens. It was also required that the candidates should be knights before their admission into the senate. They were to be above the age of 25, and to have previously passed through the inferior offices of questor, tribune of the people, edile, pretor, and consul. Some, however, suppose that the senators whom Romulus chose were all old men; yet his successors neglected this, and often men who were below the age of 25 were admitted by courtesy into the senate. The dignity of a senator could not be supported without the possession of 80,000 sesterces, or about 7000_l._ English money; and therefore such as squandered away their money, and whose fortune was reduced below this sum, were generally struck out of the list of senators. This regulation was not made in the first ages of the republic, when the Romans boasted of their poverty. The senators were not permitted to be of any trade or profession. They were distinguished from the rest of the people by their dress; they wore the laticlave, half boots of a black colour, with a crescent or silver buckle in the form of a C; but this last honour was confined only to the descendants of those 100 senators who had been elected by Romulus, as the letter C seems to imply. They had the sole right of feasting publicly in the capitol in ceremonial habits; they sat in curule chairs, and at the representation of plays and public spectacles, they were honoured with particular seats. Whenever they travelled abroad, even on their own business, they were maintained at the public expense, and always found provisions for themselves and their attendants ready prepared on the road; a privilege that was generally termed _free legation_. On public festivals they wore the _prætexta_, or long white robe, with purple borders. The right of convoking the senate belonged only to the monarchs; and after the expulsion of the Tarquins, to the consuls, the dictator, master of the horse, governor of Rome, and tribunes of the people; but no magistrate could exercise this privilege except in the absence of a superior officer, the tribunes excepted. The time of meeting was generally three times a month, on the calends, nones, and ides. Under Augustus they were not assembled on the nones. It was requisite that the place where they assembled should have been previously consecrated by the augur. This was generally in the temple of Concord, of Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo, Castor and Pollux, &c., or in the Curiæ called Hostilia, Julia, Pompeia, &c. When audience was given to foreign ambassadors, the senators assembled without the walls of the city, either in the temples of Bellona or of Apollo; and the same ceremony as to their meeting was also observed when they transacted business with their generals, as the ambassadors of foreign nations, and the commanders of armies, while in commission, were not permitted to appear within the walls of the city. To render their decrees valid and authentic, a certain number of members was requisite, and such as were absent without some proper cause, were always fined. In the reign of Augustus, 400 senators were requisite to make a senate. Nothing was transacted before sunrise, or after sunset. In their office the senators were the guardians of religion; they disposed of the provinces as they pleased, they prorogued the assemblies of the people, they appointed thanksgivings, nominated their ambassadors, distributed the public money, and, in short, had the management of everything political or civil in the republic, except the creating of the magistrates, the enacting of laws, and the declarations of war or peace, which were confined to the assemblies of the people. Rank was always regarded in their meetings; the chief magistrates of the state, such as the consuls, the pretors, and censors, sat first; after these the inferior magistrates, such as the ediles and questors, and last of all, those that then exercised no office in the state. Their opinions were originally collected, each according to his age; but when the office of censor was instituted, the opinion of the _princeps senatus_, or the person whose name stood first on the censor’s list, was first consulted, and afterwards those who were of consular dignity, each in their respective order. In the age of Cicero the consuls elect were first consulted; and in the age of Cæsar, he was permitted to speak first till the end of the year, on whom the consul had originally conferred that honour. Under the emperors the same rules were observed, but the consuls were generally consulted before all others. When any public matter was introduced into the senate, which was always called _referre ad senatum_, any senator whose opinion was asked, was permitted to speak upon it as long as he pleased; and on that account it was often usual for the senators to protract their speeches till it was too late to determine. When the question was put, they passed to the side of that speaker whose opinion they approved, and a majority of votes was easily collected, without the trouble of counting the numbers. This mode of proceeding was called _pedibus in alicujus sententiam ire_; and therefore, on that account, the senators who had not the privilege of speaking, but only the right of giving a silent vote, such as bore some curule honours, and on that account were permitted to sit in the senate, but not to deliberate, were denominated _pedarii senatores_. After the majority had been known, the matter was determined, and a _senatus consultum_ was immediately written by the clerks of the house, at the feet of the chief magistrates, and it was signed by all the principal members of the house. When there was not a sufficient number of members to make a senate, the decision was called _senatus autoritas_; but it was of no consequence if it did not afterwards pass into a _senatus consultum_. The tribunes of the people, by the word _veto_, could stop the debates, and the decrees of the assembled senate, as also any one who was of equal authority with him who had proposed the matter. The _senatus consulta_ were left in the custody of the consuls, who could suppress or preserve them; but about the year of Rome 304, they were always deposited in the temple of Ceres, and afterwards in the treasury, by the ediles of the people. The degradation of the senators was made by the censor, by omitting their names when he called over the list of the senate. This was called _præterire_. A senator could be again introduced into the senate if he could repair his character or fortune, which had been the causes why the censor had lawfully called him unqualified, and had challenged his opposition. The meeting of the senate was often sudden, except the particular times already mentioned, upon any emergency. After the death of Julius Cæsar, they were not permitted to meet on the ides of March, which were called _parricidium_, because on that day the dictator had been assassinated. The sons of senators, after they had put on the _toga virilis_, were permitted to come into the senate, but this was afterwards limited. _See:_ Papirius. The rank and authority of the senators, which were so conspicuous in the first ages of the republic, and which caused the minister of Pyrrhus to declare that the Roman senate was a venerable assembly of kings, dwindled into nothing under the emperors. Men of the lowest character were admitted into the senate; the emperors took pleasure in robbing this illustrious body of their privileges and authority, and the senators themselves, by their manners and servility, contributed as much as the tyranny of the sovereign to diminish their own consequence; and by applauding the follies of a Nero, and the cruelties of a Domitian, they convinced the world that they no longer possessed sufficient prudence or authority to be consulted on matters of weight and importance. In the election of successors to the imperial purple after Augustus, the approbation of the senate was consulted, but it was only a matter of courtesy, and the concurrence of a body of men was little regarded who were without power, and under the control of a mercenary army. The title of _Clarissimus_ was given to the senators under the emperors, and, indeed, this was the only distinction which they had in compensation for the loss of their independence. The senate was abolished by Justinian, 13 centuries after its first institution by Romulus. =Senĕca Marcus Annæus=, a native of Corduba in Spain, who married Helvia, a woman of Spain, by whom he had three sons, Seneca the philosopher, Annæus Novatus, and Annæus Mela, the father of the poet Lucan. Seneca made himself known by some declamations, of which he made a collection from the most celebrated orators of the age; and from that circumstance, and for distinction, he obtained the appellation of _declamator_. He left Corduba, and went to Rome, where he became a Roman knight. His son Lucius Annæus Seneca, who was born about six years before Christ, was early distinguished by his extraordinary talents. He was taught eloquence by his father, and received lessons in philosophy from the best and most celebrated stoics of the age. As one of the followers of the Pythagorean doctrines, Seneca observed the most reserved abstinence, and in his meals never ate the flesh of animals; but this he abandoned at the representation of his father, when Tiberius threatened to punish some Jews and Egyptians, who abstained from certain meats. In the character of a pleader, Seneca appeared with great advantage, but the fear of Caligula, who aspired to the name of an eloquent speaker, and who consequently was jealous of his fame, deterred him from pursuing his favourite study, and he sought a safer employment in canvassing for the honours and offices of the state. He was made questor, but the aspersions which were thrown upon him on account of a shameful amour with Julia Livilla, removed him from Rome, and the emperor banished him for some time into Corsica. During his banishment, the philosopher wrote some spirited epistles to his mother, remarkable for elegance of language and for sublimity; but he soon forgot his philosophy and disgraced himself by his flatteries to the emperor, and in wishing to be recalled, even at the expense of his innocence and character. The disgrace of Messalina at Rome, and the marriage of Agrippina with Claudius, proved favourable to Seneca; and after he had remained five years in Corsica, he was recalled by the empress to take care of the education of her son Nero, who was destined to succeed to the empire. In the honourable duty of preceptor, Seneca gained applause; and as long as Nero followed his advice, Rome enjoyed tranquillity, and believed herself safe and happy under the administration of the son of Agrippina. Some, however, are clamorous against the philosopher, and observe that Seneca initiated his pupil in those unnatural vices and abominable indulgences which disgraced him as a monarch and as a man. This may be the language of malevolence, or the insinuation of jealousy. In the corrupted age of Nero, the preceptor had to withstand the clamours of many wicked and profligate ministers; and if he had been the favourite of the emperor, and shared his pleasures, his debauchery and extravagance, Nero would not perhaps have been so anxious of destroying a man whose example, from vicious inclinations, he could not follow, and whose salutary precepts his licentious associates forbade him to obey. Seneca was too well acquainted with the natural disposition of Nero to think himself secure; he had been accused of having amassed the most ample riches, and of having built sumptuous houses, and adorned beautiful gardens, during the four years in which he had attended Nero as a preceptor, and therefore he desired his imperial pupil to accept of the riches, and the possessions which his attendance on his person had procured, and to permit him to retire to solitude and study. Nero refused with artful duplicity, and Seneca, to avoid further suspicions, kept himself at home for some time as if labouring under a disease. In the conspiracy of Piso, which happened some time after, and in which some of the most noble of the Roman senators were concerned, Seneca’s name was mentioned by Natalis, and Nero, who was glad of an opportunity of sacrificing him to his secret jealousy, ordered him to destroy himself. Seneca very probably was not accessary to the conspiracy, and the only thing which could be produced against him as a crimination, was trivial and unsatisfactory. Piso, as Natalis declared, had complained that he never saw Seneca, and the philosopher had observed in answer, that it was not proper or conducive to their common interest to see one another often. He further pleaded indisposition, and said that his own life depended upon the safety of Piso’s person. Seneca was at table with his wife Paulina and two of his friends, when the messenger from Nero arrived. He heard the words which commanded him to destroy himself, with philosophical firmness, and even with joy; and observed, that such a mandate might have long been expected from a man who had murdered his own mother, and assassinated all his friends. He wished to dispose of his possessions as he pleased, but this was refused; and when he heard this, he turned to his friends who were weeping at his melancholy fate, and told them, that since he could not leave them what he believed his own, he would leave them at least his own life for an example, an innocent conduct which they might imitate, and by which they might acquire immortal fame. Against their tears and wailings he exclaimed with firmness, and asked them whether they had not learnt better to withstand the attacks of fortune, and the violence of tyranny? As for his wife, he attempted to calm her emotions, and when she seemed resolved to die with him, he said he was glad to find his example followed with so much constancy. Their veins were opened at the same moment, but the life of Paulina was preserved, and Nero, who was partial to her ordered the blood to be stopped; and from that moment, according to some authors, the philosopher’s wife seemed to rejoice that she could still enjoy the comforts of life. Seneca’s veins bled but slowly, and it has been observed, that the sensible and animated conversation of his dying moments was collected by his friends, and that it has been preserved among his works. To hasten his death he drank a dose of poison, but it had no effect, and therefore he ordered himself to be carried into a hot bath, to accelerate the operation of the draught, and to make the blood flow more freely. This was attended with no better success; and as the soldiers were clamorous, he was carried into a stove, and suffocated by the steam, on the 12th of April, in the 65th year of the christian era, in his 53rd year. His body was burnt without pomp or funeral ceremony, according to his will, which he had made when he enjoyed the most unbounded favours of Nero. The compositions of Seneca are numerous, and chiefly on moral subjects. He is so much admired for his refined sentiments and virtuous precepts, for his morality, his constancy, and his innocence of manners, that St. Jerome has not hesitated to rank him among christian writers. His style is nervous, it abounds with ornament, and seems well suited to the taste of the age in which he lived. The desire of recommending himself and his writings to the world, obliged him too often to depreciate the merit of the ancients, and to sink into obscurity. His treatises are _de irâ_, _de consolatione_, _de Providentiâ_, _de tranquillitate animi_, _de clementiâ_, _de sapientis constantiâ_, _de otio sapientis_, _de brevitate vitæ_, _de beneficiis_, _de vitâ beatâ_, besides his _naturales quæstiones_, _ludus in Claudium_, _moral letters_, &c. There are also some tragedies ascribed to _Seneca._ Quintilian supposes that the _Medea_ is his composition, and according to others, the _Troas_ and the _Hippolytus_ were also written by him, and the _Agamemnon_, _Hercules furens_, _Thyestes_ & _Hercules in Oetâ_ by his father, Seneca the declaimer. The best editions of Seneca are those of Antwerp, folio, 1615, and of Gronovius, 3 vols., Amsterdam, 1672; and those of his tragedies, are that of Schroder’s, 4to, Delft, 1728, and the 8vo of Gronovius, Leiden, 1682. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, &c.――_Dio Cassius._ ――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, &c.――_Quintilian._ =Claudius Senecio=, one of Nero’s favourites, and the associate of his pleasures and debauchery.――――Tullius, a man who conspired against Nero, and was put to death though he turned informer against the rest of the conspirators.――――A man put to death by Domitian, for writing an account of the life of Helvidius, one of the emperor’s enemies. ――――One of Constantine’s enemies.――――A man who from a restless and aspiring disposition acquired the surname of _Grandio_. _Seneca_, _Suasoriæ_, ch. 1. =Senia=, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Senna=, or =Sena=, a river of Umbria. _See:_ Sena. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 407. =Senŏnes=, an uncivilized nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their native possessions, and under the conduct of Brennus, invaded Italy and pillaged Rome. They afterwards united with the Umbri, Latins, and Etrurians to make war against the Romans, till they were totally destroyed by Dolabella. The chief of their towns in that part of Italy where they settled near Umbria, and which from them was called Senogallia, were Fanum Fortunæ, Sena, Pisaurum, and Ariminum. _See:_ Cimbri. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 254.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454. ――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35, &c.――_Florus._――――A people of Germany near the Suevi. =Sentia lex=, _de senatu_, by Cnæus Sentius the consul, A.U.C. 734, enacted the choosing of proper persons to fill up the number of senators. =Sentinum=, a town of Umbria. _Livy_, bk. 10, chs. 27 & 30. =Sentius Cnæus=, a governor of Syria, under the emperors.――――A governor of Macedonia.――――Septimius, one of the soldiers of Pompey, who assisted the Egyptians in murdering him.――――A Roman emperor. _See:_ Severus.――――A writer in the reign of the emperor Alexander, of whose life he wrote an account in Latin, or, according to others, in Greek. =Sepias=, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the north of Eubœa, now _St. George_. =Seplasia=, a place of Capua, where ointments were sold. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_, chs. 7 & 11. =Septem aquæ=, a portion of the lake near Reate. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15.――――Fratres, a mountain of Mauritania, now _Gebel-Mousa_. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――Maria, the entrance of the seven mouths of the Po. =Septempeda=, a town of Picenum. =Septerion=, a festival observed once in nine years at Delphi, in honour of Apollo. It was a representation of the pursuit of Python by Apollo, and of the victory obtained by the god. =Titus Septimius=, a Roman knight distinguished by his poetical compositions both lyric and tragic. He was intimate with Augustus as well as Horace, who has addressed the sixth of his second book of Odes to him.――――A centurion put to death, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――A native of Africa, who distinguished himself at Rome as a poet. He wrote, among other things, a hymn in praise of Janus. Only 11 of his verses are preserved. _Marcus Terentius [Varro]._――_Petrus Crinitus_, _Lives_. =Lucius Septimuleius=, a friend of Caius Gracchus. He suffered himself to be bribed by Opimius, and had the meanness to carry his friend’s head fixed to a pole through the streets of Rome. =Sepyra=, a town of Cilicia, taken by Cicero when he presided over that province. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ch. 4. =Sequăna=, a river of Gaul, which separates the territories of the Belgæ and the Celtæ, and is now called _la Seine_. _Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 425. =Sequăni=, a people of Gaul near the territories of the Ædui, between the Saone and mount Jura, famous for their wars against Rome, &c. _See:_ Ædui. The country which they inhabited is now called _Franche Compté_, or _Upper Burgundy_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Sequinius=, a native of Alba, who married one of his daughters to Curiatius of Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of Rome. The two daughters were brought to bed on the same day, each of three male children. =Serapio=, a surname given to one of the Scipios, because he resembled a swine-herd of that name.――――A Greek poet who flourished in the age of Trajan. He was intimate with Plutarch.――――An Egyptian put to death by Achillas, when he came at the head of an embassy from Ptolemy, who was a prisoner in the hands of Julius Cæsar.――――A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10. =Serāpis=, one of the Egyptian deities, supposed to be the same as Osiris. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis, another very rich at Alexandria, and a third at Canopus. The worship of Serapis was introduced at Rome, by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A.D. 146, and the mysteries celebrated on the 6th of May, but with so much licentiousness that the senate were soon after obliged to abolish them. Herodotus, who speaks in a very circumstantial manner of the deities, and of the religion of the Egyptians, makes no mention of the god Serapis. Apollodorus says it is the same as the bull Apis. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 83.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 30. =Serbōnis=, a lake between Egypt and Palestine. =Serēna=, a daughter of Theodosius, who married Stilicho. She was put to death, &c. _Claudian._ =Sereniānus=, a favourite of Gallus the brother of Julian. He was put to death. =Serēnus Samonicus=, a physician in the age of the emperor Severus and Caracalla. There remains a poem of his composition on medicine, the last edition of which is that of 1706, in 8vo, Amsterdam.――――Vibius, a governor of Spain, accused of cruelty in the government of his province, and put to death by order of Tiberius. =Seres=, a nation of Asia, according to Ptolemy, between the Ganges and the eastern ocean in the modern Thibet. They were naturally of a meek disposition. Silk, of which the fabrication was unknown to the ancients, who imagined that the materials were collected from the leaves of trees, was brought to Rome from their country, and on that account it received the name of _Sericum_, and thence a garment or dress of silk is called _serica vestis_. Heliogobalus the Roman emperor was the first who wore a silk dress, which at that time was sold for its weight in gold. It afterwards became very cheap, and consequently was the common dress among the Romans. Some suppose that the Seres are the same as the Chinese. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 16. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 29, li. 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19; bk. 19, lis. 142 & 292.――_Ovid_, _Am._ 1, poem 14, li. 6.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 121. =Sergestus=, a sailor in the fleet of Æneas, from whom the family of the Sergii at Rome were descended. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 121. =Sergia=, a Roman matron. She conspired with others to poison their husbands. The plot was discovered, and Sergia, with some of her accomplices, drank poison and died. =Sergius=, one of the names of Catiline.――――A military tribune at the siege of Veii. The family of the Sergii was patrician, and branched out into the several families of the _Fidenates_, _Sili_, _Catilinæ_, _Nattæ_, _Ocellæ_, and _Planci_. =Sergius= and =Sergiōlus=, a deformed youth, greatly admired by the Roman ladies in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 105, _et seq._ =Serīphus=, an island in the Ægean sea, about 36 miles in circumference, according to Pliny only 12, very barren, and uncultivated. The Romans generally sent their criminals there in banishment, and it was there that Cassius Severus the orator was exiled, and there he died. According to Ælian, the frogs of this island never croaked, but when they were removed from the island to another place, they were more noisy and clamorous than others; hence the proverb of _seriphia rana_, applied to a man who neither speaks nor sings. This, however, is found to be a mistake by modern travellers. It was on the coast of Seriphos that the chest was discovered in which Acrisius had exposed his daughter Danae and her son Perseus. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 3, ch. 37.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 21. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 242; bk. 7, li. 65. =Sermyla=, a town of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 122. =Seron=, a general of Antiochus Epiphanes. =Serrānus=, a surname given to Cincinnatus, because he was found _sowing_ his fields when told that he had been elected dictator. Some, however, suppose that Serranus was a different person from Cincinnatus. _Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 844.――――One of the auxiliaries of Turnus, killed in the night by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 335.――――A poet of some merit in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 80. =Serrheum=, a fortified place of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 16. =Quintus Sertorius=, a Roman general, son of Quintus and Rhea, born at Nursia. His first campaign was under the great Marius, against the Teutones and Cimbri. He visited the enemy’s camp as a spy, and had the misfortune to lose one eye in the first battle he fought. When Marius and Cinna entered Rome and slaughtered all their enemies, Sertorius accompanied them, but he expressed his sorrow and concern at the melancholy death of so many of his countrymen. He afterwards fled for safety into Spain, when Sylla had proscribed him, and in this distant province he behaved himself with so much address and valour that he was looked upon as the prince of the country. The Lusitanians universally revered and loved him, and the Roman general did not show himself less attentive to their interest, by establishing public schools, and educating the children of the country in the polite arts, and the literature of Greece and Rome. He had established a senate, over which he presided with consular authority, and the Romans, who followed his standard, paid equal reverence to his person. They were experimentally convinced of his valour and ♦magnanimity as a general, and the artful manner in which he imposed upon the credulity of his adherents in the garb of religion, did not diminish his reputation. He pretended to hold commerce with heaven by means of a white hind which he had tamed with great success, and which followed him everywhere, even in the field of battle. The success of Sertorius in Spain, and his popularity among the natives, alarmed the Romans. They sent some troops to oppose him, but with little success. Four armies were found insufficient to crush or even hurt Sertorius; and Pompey and Metellus, who never engaged an enemy without obtaining the victory, were driven with dishonour from the field. But the favourite of the Lusitanians was exposed to the dangers which usually attend greatness. Perpenna, one of his officers who was jealous of his fame and tired of a superior, conspired against him. At a banquet the conspirators began to open their intentions by speaking with freedom and licentiousness in the presence of Sertorius, whose age and character had hitherto claimed deference from others. Perpenna overturned a glass of wine, as a signal for the rest of the conspirators, and immediately Antonius, one of his officers, stabbed Sertorius, and the example was followed by all the rest, 73 years before Christ. Sertorius has been commended for his love of justice and moderation. The flattering description which he heard of the Fortunate Islands when he passed into the west of Africa, almost tempted him to bid adieu to the world, and perhaps he would have retired from the noise of war, and the clamours of envy, to end his days in the bosom of a peaceful and solitary island, had not the stronger calls of ambition and the love of fame prevailed over the intruding reflections of a moment. It has been observed that in his latter days ♠Sertorius became indolent, and fond of luxury and wanton cruelty; yet we must confess that in affability, clemency, complaisance, generosity, and military valour, he not only surpassed his contemporaries, but the rest of the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 21, &c.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Eutropius._――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 15, ch. 22. ♦ ‘magnamimity’ replaced with ‘magnanimity’ ♠ ‘Sertorious’ replaced with ‘Sertorius’ =Servæus=, a man accused by Tiberius of being privy to the conspiracy of Sejanus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 7. =Serviānus=, a consul in the reign of Adrian. He was a great favourite of the emperor Trajan. =Servilia=, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly enamoured of Julius Cæsar, though her brother was one of the most inveterate enemies of her lover. To convince Cæsar of her affection, she sent him a letter filled with the most tender expressions of regard for his person. The letter was delivered to Cæsar in the senate-house, while they were debating about punishing the associates of Catiline’s conspiracy; and when Cato saw it, he exclaimed that it was a letter from the conspirators, and insisted immediately on its being made public. Upon this Cæsar gave it to Cato, and the stern senator had no sooner read its contents, than he threw it back, with the words of “Take it, drunkard.” From the intimacy which existed between Servilia and Cæsar, some have supposed that the dictator was the father of Marcus Brutus. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――――Another sister of Cato, who married Silanus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――――A daughter of Thrasea, put to death by order of Nero with her father. Her crime was the consulting of magicians only to know what would happen in her family. =Servilia lex=, _de pecuniis repetundis_, by Caius Servilius the pretor, A.U.C. 653. It punished severely such as were guilty of peculation and extortion in the provinces. Its particulars are not precisely known.――――Another, _de judicibus_, by Quintus Servilius Cæpio the consul, A.U.C. 648. It divided the right of judging between the senators and the equites, a privilege which, though originally belonging to the senators, had been taken from them and given to the equites.――――Another, _de civitate_, by Caius Servilius, ordained that if a Latin accused a Roman senator, so that he was condemned, the accuser should be honoured with the name and the privileges of a Roman citizen.――――Another, _agraria_, by Publius Servilius Rullus the tribune, A.U.C. 690. It required the immediate sale of certain houses and lands which belonged to the people, for the purchase of others in a different part of Italy. It required that 10 commissioners should be appointed to see it carried into execution, but Cicero prevented its passing into a law by the three orations which he pronounced against it. =Serviliānus=, a Roman consul defeated by Viriathus, in Spain, &c. =Servilius Quintus=, a Roman who in his dictatorship defeated the Æqui. ――――Publius, a consul who supported the cause of the people against the nobles, and obtained a triumph in spite of the opposition of the senate, after defeating the Volsci. He afterwards changed his opinions, and very violently opposed the people because they had illiberally treated him.――――A proconsul killed at the battle of Cannæ by Annibal.――――Ahala, a master of horse to the dictator Cincinnatus. When Mælius refused to appear before the dictator to answer the accusations which were brought against him on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, Ahala slew him in the midst of the people whose protection he claimed. Ahala was accused for this murder and banished, but his sentence was afterwards repealed. He was raised to the dictatorship.――――Marcus, a man who pleaded in favour of Paulus Æmilius, &c.――――An augur prosecuted by Lucullus for his inattention in his office. He was acquitted.――――A pretor ordered by the senate to forbid Sylla to approach Rome. He was ridiculed and insulted by the conqueror’s soldiers.――――A man appointed to guard the sea-coast of Pontus by Pompey.――――Publius, a proconsul of Asia during the age of Mithridates. He conquered Isauria, for which service he was surnamed _Isauricus_, and rewarded with a triumph.――――A Roman general who defeated an army of Etrurians.――――An informer in the court of Tiberius.――――A favourite of Augustus.――――Geminus, a Roman consul who opposed Annibal with success.――――Nonianus, a Latin historian, who wrote a history of Rome, in the reign of Nero. There were more than one writer of this name, as Pliny speaks of a Servilius remarkable for his eloquence and learning; and Quintilian mentions another also illustrious for his genius and literary merit.――――Casca, one of Cæsar’s murderers.――――The family of the Servilii was of patrician rank, and came to settle at Rome after the destruction of Alba, where they were promoted to the highest offices of the state. To the several branches of this family were attached the different surnames of _Ahala_, _Axilla_, _Priscas_, _Cæpio_, _Structus_, _Geminus_, _Pulex_, _Vatia_, _Casca_, _Fidenas_, _Longus_, and _Tucca_.――――Lacus, a lake near Rome. _Cicero_, _For Sextus Roscius of Ameria_, ch. 32. =Servius Tullius=, the sixth king of Rome, was son of Ocrisia, a slave of Corniculum, by Tullius, a man slain in the defence of his country against the Romans. Ocrisia was given by Tarquin to Tanaquil his wife, and she brought up her son in the king’s family, and added the name of _Servius_ to that which he had inherited from his father, to denote his _slavery_. Young Servius was educated in the palace of the monarch with great care, and though originally a slave, he raised himself so much to consequence, that Tarquin gave him his daughter in marriage. His own private merit and virtues recommended him to notice not less than the royal favours, and Servius, become the favourite of the people and the darling of the soldiers, by his liberality and complaisance, was easily raised to the throne on the death of his father-in-law. Rome had no reason to repent of her choice. Servius endeared himself still more as a warrior and as a legislator. He defeated the Veientes and the Tuscans, and by a proper act of policy he established the census, which told him that Rome contained about 84,000 inhabitants. He increased the number of the tribes, he beautified and adorned the city, and enlarged its boundaries by taking within its walls the hills Quirinalis, Viminalis, and Esquilinus. He also divided the Roman people into tribes, and that he might not seem to neglect the worship of the gods, he built several temples to the goddess of fortune, to whom he deemed himself particularly indebted for obtaining the kingdom. He also built a temple to Diana on mount Aventine, and raised himself a palace on the hill Esquilinus. Servius married his two daughters to the grandsons of his father-in-law; the elder to Tarquin, and the younger to Aruns. This union, as might be supposed, tended to ensure the peace of his family; but if such were his expectations, he was unhappily deceived. The wife of Aruns, naturally fierce and impetuous, murdered her own husband to unite herself to Tarquin, who had likewise assassinated his wife. These bloody measures were no sooner pursued than Servius was murdered by his own son-in-law, and his daughter Tullia showed herself so inimical to filial gratitude and piety, that she ordered her chariot to be driven over the mangled body of her father, B.C. 534. His death was universally lamented, and the slaves annually celebrated a festival in his honour, in the temple of Diana on mount Aventine, the day that he was murdered. Tarquinia, his wife, buried his remains privately, and died the following day. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 41.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 1, ch. 53.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 601.――――Galba, a seditious person who wished to refuse a triumph to Paulus Æmylius after the conquest of Macedonia.――――Claudius, a grammarian. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.――――A friend of Sylla, who applied for the consulship to no purpose.――――Cornelius, a consul in the first ages of the republic, &c.――――Sulpitius, an orator in the age of Cicero and Hortensius. He was sent as ambassador to Marcus Antony, and died before his return. Cicero obtained a statue for him from the senate and the Roman people, which was raised in the Campus Martius. Besides orations he wrote verses, which were highly censured for their indelicacy. His works are lost. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, _Philippics_, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.――――A despicable informer in the Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 47.――――Honoratus Maurus, a learned grammarian in the age of young Theodosius. He wrote Latin commentaries upon Virgil, still extant. =Sesara=, a daughter of Celeus king of Eleusis, sister of Triptolemus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38. =Sesostris=, a celebrated king of Egypt some ages before the Trojan war. His father ordered all the children in his dominions who were born on the same day with him to be publicly educated, and to pass their youth in the company of his son. This succeeded in the highest degree, and Sesostris had the pleasure to find himself surrounded by a number of faithful ministers and active warriors, whose education and intimacy with their prince rendered them inseparably devoted to his interest. When Sesostris had succeeded on his father’s throne, he became ambitious of military fame, and after he had divided his kingdom into 36 different districts, he marched at the head of a numerous army to make the conquest of the world. Libya, Æthiopia, Arabia, with all the islands of the Red sea, were conquered, and the victorious monarch marched through Asia, and penetrated further into the east than the conqueror Darius. He also invaded Europe, and subdued the Thracians; and that the fame of his conquests might long survive him, he placed columns in the several provinces he had subdued; and many ages after, this pompous inscription was read in many parts of Asia: “Sesostris the king of kings has conquered this territory by his arms.” At his return home the monarch employed his time in encouraging the fine arts, and in improving the revenues of his kingdom. He erected 100 temples to the gods for the victories which he had obtained, and mounds of earth were heaped up in several parts of Egypt, where cities were built for the reception of the inhabitants during the inundations of the Nile. Some canals were also dug near Memphis to facilitate navigation, and the communication of one province with another. In his old age Sesostris, grown infirm and blind, destroyed himself, after a reign of 44 years, according to some. His mildness towards the conquered has been admired, while some have upbraided him for his cruelty and insolence in causing his chariot to be drawn by some of the monarchs whom he had conquered. The age of Sesostris is so remote from every authentic record, that many have supported that the actions and conquests ascribed to this monarch are uncertain and totally fabulous. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 102, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 419. ――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 276.――_Strabo_, bk. 16. =Sessites=, now _Sessia_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Sestias=, a name applied to Hero, as born at Sestos. _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebaid_, li. 547. =Sestius=, a friend of Brutus, with whom he fought at the battle of Philippi. Augustus resigned the consulship in his favour, though he still continued to reverence the memory of Brutus.――――A governor of Syria. =Sestos=, or =Sestus=, a town of Thrace on the shores of the Hellespont, exactly opposite Abydos on the Asiatic side. It is celebrated for the bridge which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont, as also for being the seat of the amours of Hero and Leander. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Musæus_, _Hero & Leander_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 258.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 18, ltr. 2. =Sesuvii=, a people of Celtic Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Setăbis=, a town of Spain between New Carthage and Saguntum, famous for the manufacture of linen. There was also a small river of the same name in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 474. ――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3; bk. 19, ch. 1. =Sethon=, a priest of Vulcan, who made himself king of Egypt after the death of Anysis. He was attacked by the Assyrians and delivered from this powerful enemy by an immense number of rats, which in one night gnawed their bow-strings and thongs, so that on the morrow their arms were found to be useless. From this wonderful circumstance Sethon had a statue which represented him with a rat in his hand, with the inscription of, “Whoever fixes his eyes upon me, let him be pious.” _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 141. =Setia=, a town of Latium above the Pontine marshes, celebrated for its wines, which Augustus is said to have preferred to all others. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 34; satire 10, li. 27.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 112. =Sevēra Julia Aquilia=, a Roman lady, whom the emperor Heliogabalus married. She was soon after repudiated, though possessed of all the charms of the mind and body which could captivate the most virtuous. ――――Valeria, the wife of Valentinian, and the mother of Gratian, was well known for her avarice and ambition. The emperor, her husband, repudiated her and afterwards took her again. Her prudent advice at last ensured her son Gratian on the imperial throne.――――The wife of Philip the Roman emperor. =Severiānus=, a governor of Macedonia, father-in-law to the emperor Philip.――――A general of the Roman armies in the reign of Valentinian, defeated by the Germans.――――A son of the emperor Severus. =Sevērus Lucius Septimius=, a Roman emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a noble family. He gradually exercised all the offices of the state, and recommended himself to the notice of the world by an ambitious mind and a restless activity, that could, for the gratification of avarice, endure the most complicated hardships. After the murder of Pertinax, Severus resolved to remove Didius Julianus, who had bought the imperial purple when exposed to sale by the licentiousness of the pretorians, and therefore he proclaimed himself emperor on the borders of Illyricum, where he was stationed against the barbarians. To support himself in this bold measure, he took as his partner in the empire Albinus, who was at the head of the Roman forces in Britain, and immediately marched towards Rome, to crush ♦Didius and all his partisans. He was received as he advanced through the country with universal acclamations, and Julianus himself was soon deserted by his favourites, and assassinated by his own soldiers. The reception of Severus at Rome was sufficient to gratify his pride; the streets were strewed with flowers, and the submissive senate were ever ready to grant whatever honours or titles the conqueror claimed. In professing that he had assumed the purple only to revenge the death of the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many adherents, and was enabled not only to disarm, but to banish the pretorians, whose insolence and avarice were become alarming not only to the citizens, but to the emperor. But while he was victorious at Rome, Severus did not forget that there was another competitor for the imperial purple. Pescennius Niger was in the east at the head of a powerful army, and with the name and ensigns of Augustus. Many obstinate battles were fought between the troops and officers of the imperial rivals, till on the plains of Issus, which had been above five centuries before covered with the blood of the Persian soldiers of Darius, Niger was totally ruined by the loss of 20,000 men. The head of Niger was cut off and sent to the conqueror, who punished in a most cruel manner all the partisans of his unfortunate rival. Severus afterwards pillaged Byzantium, which had shut her gates against him; and after he had conquered several nations in the east, he returned to Rome, resolved to destroy Albinus, with whom he had hitherto reluctantly shared the imperial power. He attempted to assassinate him by his emissaries; but when this had failed of success, Severus had recourse to arms, and the fate of the empire was again decided on the plains of Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and the conqueror was so elated with the recollection that he had now no longer a competitor for the purple, that he insulted the dead body of his rival, and ordered it to be thrown into the Rhone, after he had suffered it to putrefy before the door of his tent, and to be torn to pieces by his dogs. The family and the adherents of ♠Albinus shared his fate; and the return of Severus to the capital exhibited the bloody triumphs of Marius and Sylla. The richest of the citizens were sacrificed, and their money became the property of the emperor. The wicked Commodus received divine honours, and his murderers were punished in the most wanton manner. Tired of the inactive life which he led in Rome, Severus marched into the east, with his two sons Caracalla and Geta, and with uncommon success made himself master of Seleucia, Babylon, and Ctesiphon; and advanced without opposition far into the Parthian territories. From Parthia the emperor marched towards the more southern provinces of Asia: after he had visited the tomb of Pompey the Great, he entered Alexandria; and after he had granted a senate to that celebrated city, he viewed with the most criticizing and inquisitive curiosity the several monuments and ruins which that ancient kingdom contains. The revolt of Britain recalled him from the east. After he had reduced it under his power, he built a wall across the northern part of the island, to defend it against the frequent invasions of the Caledonians. Hitherto successful against his enemies, Severus now found the peace of his family disturbed. Caracalla attempted to murder his father as he was concluding a treaty of peace with the Britons; and the emperor was so shocked at the undutifulness of his son, that on his return home he called him into his presence, and after he had upbraided him for his ingratitude and perfidy, he offered him a drawn sword, adding, “If you are so ambitious of reigning alone, now imbrue your hands in the blood of your father, and let not the eyes of the world be witnesses of your want of filial tenderness.” If these words checked Caracalla, yet he did not show himself concerned, and Severus, worn out with infirmities which the gout and the uneasiness of his mind increased, soon after died, exclaiming he had been everything man could wish, but that he was then nothing. Some say that he wished to poison himself, but that when this was denied, he ate to great excess, and soon after expired at York on the 4th of February, in the 211th year of the christian era, in the 66th year of his age, after a reign of 17 years, eight months, and three days. Severus has been so much admired for his military talents, that some have called him the most warlike of the Roman emperors. As a monarch he was cruel, and it has been observed that he never did an act of humanity or forgave a fault. In his diet he was temperate, and he always showed himself an open enemy to pomp and splendour. He loved the appellation of a man of letters, and he even composed a history of his own reign, which some have praised for its correctness and veracity. However cruel Severus may appear in his punishments and in his revenge, many have endeavoured to exculpate him, and observed that there was need of severity in an empire whose morals were so corrupted, and where no less than 3000 persons were accused of adultery during the space of 17 years. Of him, as of Augustus, some were found to say, that it would have been better for the world if he had never been born, or had never died. _Dio Cassius._――_Herodian._――_Aurelius Victor._, &c. ――――Alexander Marcus Aurelius, a native of Phœnicia, adopted by Heliogabalus. His father’s name was Genesius Marcianus, and his mother’s Julia Mammæa, and he received the surname of _Alexander_, because he was born in a temple sacred to Alexander the Great. He was carefully educated, and his mother, by paying particular attention to his morals, and the character of his preceptors, preserved him from those infirmities and that licentiousness which old age too often attributes to the depravity of youth. At the death of Heliogabalus, who had been jealous of his virtues, Alexander, though only in the 14th year of his age, was proclaimed emperor, and his nomination was approved by the universal shouts of the army, and the congratulations of the senate. He had not long been on the throne before the peace of the empire was disturbed by the incursions of the Persians. Alexander marched into the east without delay, and soon obtained a decisive victory over the barbarians. At his return to Rome he was honoured with a triumph, but the revolt of the Germans soon after called him away from the indolence of the capital. His expedition in Germany was attended with some success, but the virtues and the amiable qualities of Alexander were forgotten in the stern and sullen strictness of the disciplinarian. His soldiers, fond of repose, murmured against his severity; their clamours were fomented by the artifice of Maximinus, and Alexander was murdered in his tent, in the midst of his camp, after a reign of 13 years and nine days, on the 18th of March, A.D. 235. His mother Mammæa shared his fate with all his friends; but this was no sooner known than the soldiers punished with immediate death all such as had been concerned in the murder except Maximinus. Alexander has been admired for his many virtues, and every historian, except Herodian, is bold to assert, that if he had lived, the Roman empire might soon have been freed from those tumults and abuses which continually disturbed her peace, and kept the lives of her emperors and senators in perpetual alarms. His severity in punishing offences was great, and such as had robbed the public, were they even the most intimate friends of the emperor, were indiscriminately sacrificed to the tranquillity of the state, which they had violated. The great offices of the state, which had before his reign been exposed to sale, and occupied by favourites, were now bestowed upon merit, and Alexander could boast that all his officers were men of trust and abilities. He was a patron of literature, and he dedicated the hours of relaxation to the study of the best Greek and Latin historians, orators, and poets; and in the public schools which his liberality and the desire of encouraging learning had founded, he often heard with pleasure and satisfaction the eloquent speeches and declamations of his subjects. The provinces were well supplied with provisions, and Rome was embellished with many stately buildings and magnificent porticoes. _Alexander Polyhistor_, _Lives_.――_Herodian._――_Zosim._ ――_Aurelius Victor._――――Flavius Valerius, a native of Illyricum, nominated Cæsar by Galerius. He was put to death by Maximianus, A.D. 307.――――Julius, a governor of Britain under Adrian.――――A general of Valens.――――Libius, a man proclaimed emperor of the west, at Ravenna, after the death of Majorianus. He was soon after poisoned.――――Lucius Cornelius, a Latin poet in the age of Augustus, for some time employed in the judicial proceedings of the forum.――――Cassius, an orator banished into the island of Crete by Augustus, for his illiberal language. He was banished 17 years, and died in Seriphos. He is commended as an able orator, yet declaiming with more warmth than prudence. His writings were destroyed by order of the senate. _Suetonius_, _Octavian Augustus_.――_Quintilian._――――Sulpitius, an ecclesiastical historian, who died A.D. 420. The best of his works is his _Historia Sacra_, from the creation of the world to the consulship of Stilicho, of which the style is elegant, and superior to that of the age in which he lived. The best edition is in 2 vols., 4to, Patavii, 1741.――――An officer under the emperor Julian. ――――Aquilius, a native of Spain, who wrote an account of his own life in the reign of the emperor Valens.――――An officer of Valentinian, &c.――――A prefect of Rome, &c.――――A celebrated architect employed in building Nero’s golden palace at Rome after the burning of that city. ――――A mountain of Italy, near the Fabaris. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 713. ♦ ‘Didus’ replaced with ‘Didius’ ♠ ‘Albinius’ replaced with ‘Albinus’ =Sevo=, a ridge of mountains between Norway and Sweden, now called _Fiell_, or _Dofre_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15. =Seuthes=, a man who dethroned his monarch, &c.――――A friend of Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s generals.――――A Thracian king, who encouraged his countrymen to revolt, &c. This name is common to several of the Thracian princes. =Sextia=, a woman celebrated for her virtue and her constancy, put to death by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 10. =Sextia Licinia lex=, _de Magistratibus_, by Caius Licinius and Lucius Sextius the tribunes, A.U.C. 386. It ordained that one of the consuls should be elected from among the plebeians.――――Another, _de religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 385. It enacted that a decemvirate should be chosen from the patricians and plebeians instead of the _decemviri sacris faciundis_. =Sextiæ Aquæ=, now _Aix_, a place of Cisalpine Gaul, where the Cimbri were defeated by Marius. It was built by Caius Sextius, and is famous for its cold and hot springs. _Livy_, bk. 61.――_Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 15. =Sextilia=, the wife of Vitellius. She became mother of two children. _Suetonius_, _Lives_.――――Another in the same family. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 64. =Sextilius=, a governor of Africa, who ordered Marius, when he landed there, to depart immediately from his province. Marius heard this with some concern, and said to the messengers, “Go and tell your master that you have seen the exiled Marius sitting on the ruins of Carthage.” _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――A Roman preceptor, who was seized and carried away by pirates, &c.――――One of the officers of Lucullus.――――Hæna, a poet. _See:_ ♦Hæna.――――An officer sent to Germany, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 7. ♦ No matching reference =Sextius=, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――A seditious tribune in the first ages of the republic.――――Lucius was remarkable for his friendship with Brutus; he gained the confidence of Augustus, and was consul. Horace, who was in the number of his friends, dedicated bk. 1, ode 4, to him.――――The first plebeian consul.――――A dictator.――――One of the sons of Tarquin. _See:_ Tarquinius. =Sextus=, a prænomen given to the sixth son of a family.――――A son of Pompey the Great. _See:_ Pompeius.――――A stoic philosopher, born at Cheronæa in Bœotia. Some suppose that he was Plutarch’s nephew. He was preceptor to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.――――A governor of Syria.――――A philosopher in the age of Antoninus. He was one of the followers of the doctrines of Pyrrho. Some of his works are still extant. The best edition of the treatise of Sextus Pompeis Festus, _Lexicon of Festus_, is that of Amsterdam, 4to, 1669. =Sibæ=, a people of India. _Strabo._ =Sibaris.= _See:_ Sybaris. =Sibīni=, a people near the Suevi. =Siburtius=, a satrap of Arachosia, in the age of Alexander, &c. =Sibyllæ=, certain women inspired by heaven, who flourished in different parts of the world. Their number is unknown. Plato speaks of one, others of two, Pliny of three, Ælian of four, and Varro of 10, an opinion which is universally adopted by the learned. These 10 Sibyls generally resided in the following places: Persia, Libya, Delphi, Cumæ in Italy, Erythræa, Samos, Cumæ in Æolia, Marpessa on the Hellespont, Ancyra in Phrygia, and Tiburtis. The most celebrated of the Sibyls is that of Cumæ in Italy, whom some have called by the different names of Amalthæa, Demophile, Herophile, Daphne, Manto, Phemonoe, and Deiphobe. It is said that Apollo became enamoured of her, and that, to make her sensible of his passion, he offered to give her whatever she should ask. The Sibyl demanded to live as many years as she had grains of sand in her hand, but unfortunately forgot to ask for the enjoyment of the health, vigour, and bloom, of which she was then in possession. The god granted her her request, but she refused to gratify the passion of her lover, though he offered her perpetual youth and beauty. Some time after she became old and decrepit, her form decayed, and melancholy paleness and haggard looks succeeded to bloom and cheerfulness. She had already lived about 700 years when Æneas came to Italy, and, as some have imagined, she had three centuries more to live before her years were as numerous as the grains of sand which she had in her hand. She gave Æneas instructions how to find his father in the infernal regions, and even conducted him to the entrance of hell. It was usual for the Sibyl to write her prophecies on leaves which she placed at the entrance of her cave, and it required particular care in such as consulted her to take up those leaves before they were dispersed by the wind, as their meaning then became incomprehensible. According to the most authentic historians of the Roman republic, one of the Sibyls came to the palace of Tarquin II., with nine volumes, which she offered to sell for a very high price. The monarch disregarded her, and she immediately disappeared, and soon after returned, when she had burned three of the volumes. She asked the same price for the remaining six books; and when Tarquin refused to buy them, she burned three more, and still persisted in demanding the same sum of money for the three that were left. This extraordinary behaviour astonished Tarquin; he bought the books, and the Sibyl instantly vanished, and never after appeared to the world. These books were preserved with great care by the monarch, and called the _Sibylline verses_. A college of priests was appointed to have the care of them; and such reverence did the Romans entertain for these prophetic books, that they were consulted with the greatest solemnity, and only when the state seemed to be in danger. When the capitol was burnt in the troubles of Sylla, the Sibylline verses, which were deposited there, perished in the conflagration; and to repair the loss which the republic seemed to have sustained, commissioners were immediately sent to different parts of Greece, to collect whatever verses could be found of the inspired writings of the Sibyls. The fate of the Sibylline verses, which were collected after the conflagration of the capitol, is unknown. There are now eight books of Sibylline verses extant, but they are universally reckoned spurious. They speak so plainly of our Saviour, of his sufferings, and of his death, as even to surpass far the sublime prediction of Isaiah in description, and therefore from this very circumstance, it is evident that they were composed in the second century, by some of the followers of christianity, who wished to convince the heathens of their error, by assisting the cause of truth with the arms of pious artifice. The word _Sibyl_ seems to be derived from σιου, Æolice for Διος, _Jovis_, and βουλη, _consilium_. _Plato_, _Phædras_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 35. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 109 & 140.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 445; bk. 6, li. 36.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 564.――_Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 13.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Sallust._――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, ch. 3.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 8, ch. 15, &c. =Sica=, a man who showed much attention to Cicero in his banishment. Some suppose that he is the same as the Vibius Siculus mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 12; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 14, chs. 4, 15. =Sĭcambri=, or =Sicambria=, a people of Germany, conquered by the Romans. They revolted against Augustus, who marched against them, but did not totally reduce them. Drusus conquered them, and they were carried away from their native country to inhabit some of the more westerly provinces of Gaul. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2, li. 36; ode 14, li. 51.――_Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Annals_, ch. 26. =Sicambria=, the country of the Sicambri, formed the modern provinces of Guelderland. _Claudian_, _Against Eutropius_, bk. 1, li. 383. =Sĭcāni=, a people of Spain, who left their native country and passed into Italy, and afterwards into Sicily, which they called _Sicania_. They inhabited the neighbourhood of mount Ætna, where they built some cities and villages. Some reckoned them the next inhabitants of the island after the Cyclops. They were afterwards driven from their ancient possessions by the Siculi, and retired into the western parts of the island. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 5 & 13.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10; _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 795.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, epode 17, li. 32. =Sĭcānia= and =Sīcănia=, an ancient name of Italy, which it received from the Sicani, or from Sicanus their king, or from Sicanus, a small river in Spain, in the territory where they lived, as some suppose. The name was more generally given to Sicily. _See:_ Sicani. =Sicca=, a town of Numidia at the west of Carthage. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 56. =Sicĕlis= (Sīcĕlĭdes, plural), an epithet applied to the inhabitants of Sicily. The Muses are called _Sicelides_ by Virgil, because Theocritus was a native of Sicily, whom the Latin poet, as a writer of Bucolic poetry, professed to imitate. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4. =Sichæus=, called also _Sicharbas_ and _Acerbas_, was a priest of the temple of Hercules in Phœnicia. His father’s name was Plisthenes. He married Elisa the daughter of Belus, and sister to king Pygmalion, better known by the name of Dido. He was so extremely rich, that his brother-in-law murdered him to obtain his possessions. This murder Pygmalion concealed from his sister Dido; and he amused her by telling her that her husband had gone upon an affair of importance, and that he would soon return. This would have perhaps succeeded had not the shades of Sichæus appeared to Dido, and related to her the cruelty of Pygmalion, and advised her to fly from Tyre, after she had previously secured some treasures, which, as he mentioned, were concealed in an obscure and unknown place. According to Justin, Acerbas was the uncle of Dido. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 347, &c. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4. =Sicĭlia=, the largest and most celebrated island in the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of Italy. It was anciently called _Sicania_, _Trinacria_, and _Triquetra_. It is of a triangular form, and has three celebrated promontories, one looking towards Africa, called Lilybæum; Pachynum looking towards Greece; and Pelorum towards Italy. Sicily is about 600 miles in circumference, celebrated for its fertility, so much that it was called one of the granaries of Rome, and Pliny says that it rewards the husbandman an hundredfold. Its most famous cities were Syracuse, Messana, Leontini, Lilybæum, Agrigentum, Gela, Drepanum, Eryx, &c. The highest and most famous mountain in the island is Ætna, whose frequent eruptions are dangerous, and often fatal to the country and its inhabitants, from which circumstance the ancients supposed that the forges of Vulcan and the Cyclops were placed there. The poets feign that the Cyclops were the original inhabitants of this island, and that after them it came into the possession of the Sicani, a people of Spain, and at last of the Siculi, a nation of Italy. _See:_ Siculi. The plains of Enna are well known for their excellent honey; and, according to Diodorus, the hounds lost their scent in hunting on account of the many odoriferous plants that profusely perfumed the air. Ceres and Proserpine were the chief deities of the place, and it was there, according to poetical tradition, that the latter was carried away by Pluto. The Phœnicians and Greeks settled some colonies there, and at last the Carthaginians became masters of the whole island till they were dispossessed of it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some authors suppose that Sicily was originally joined to the continent, and that it was separated from Italy by an earthquake, and that the straits of the Charybdis were formed. The inhabitants of Sicily were so fond of luxury, that _Siculæ mensæ_ became proverbial. The rights of citizens of Rome were extended to them by Marcus Antony. _Cicero_, bk. 14, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 12; _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 414, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 11, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.――――The island of Naxos in the Ægean, was called Little Sicily on account of its fruitfulness. =Lucius Sicinius Dentātus=, a tribune of Rome, celebrated for his valour and the honours he obtained in the field of battle, during the period of 40 years, in which he was engaged in the Roman armies. He was present in 121 battles: he obtained 14 civic crowns, three mural crowns, eight crowns of gold, 83 golden collars, 60 bracelets, 18 lances, 23 horses with all their ornaments, and all as the reward of his uncommon services. He could show the scars of 45 wounds, which he had received all in his breast, particularly in opposing the Sabines when they took the capitol. The popularity of Sicinius became odious to Appius Claudius, who wished to make himself absolute at Rome, and therefore, to remove him from the capital, he sent him to the army, by which, soon after his arrival, he was attacked and murdered. Of 100 men who were ordered to fall upon him, Sicinius killed 15, and wounded 30; and, according to Dionysius, the surviving number had recourse to artifice to overpower him, by killing him with a shower of stones and darts thrown at a distance, about 405 years before the christian era. For his uncommon courage Sicinius has been called the Roman Achilles. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8.――――Vellutus, one of the first tribunes in Rome. He raised cabals against Coriolanus, and was one of his accusers. _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.――――Sabinus, a Roman general who defeated the Volsci. =Sicīnus=, a man privately sent by Themistocles to deceive Xerxes, and to advise him to attack the combined forces of the Greeks. He had been preceptor to Themistocles. _Plutarch._――――An island, &c. =Sicŏrus=, now _Segre_, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Iberus, a little above its mouth. It was near this city that Julius Cæsar conquered Afranius and Petreius, the partisans of Pompey. _Lucan_, bk. 4, lis. 14, 130, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Sicŭli=, a people of Italy, driven from their possessions by the Opici. They fled into Sicania, or Sicily, where they settled in the territories which the Sicani inhabited. They soon extended their borders, and after they had conquered their neighbours the Sicani, they gave their name to the island. This, as some suppose, happened about 300 years before Greek colonies settled in the island, or about 1059 years before the christian era. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Strabo._ =Sicŭlum fretum=, the sea which separates Sicily from Italy, is 15 miles long, but in some places so narrow, that the barking of dogs can be heard from shore to shore. This strait is supposed to have been formed by an earthquake, which separated the island from the continent. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Sicyon=, now _Basilico_, a town of Peloponnesus, the capital of Sicyonia. It is celebrated as being the most ancient kingdom of Greece, which began B.C. 2089, and ended B.C. 1088, under a succession of monarchs of whom little is known, except the names. Ægialeus was the first king. Some time after, Agamemnon made himself master of the place, and afterwards it fell into the hands of the Heraclidæ. It became very powerful in the time of the Achæan league, which it joined B.C. 251, at the persuasion of Aratus. The inhabitants of Sicyon are mentioned by some authors as dissolute and fond of luxury, hence the _Sicyonian shoes_, which were once very celebrated, were deemed marks of effeminacy. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 1118.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 16; bk. 33, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 54.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 519. =Sicyonia=, a province of Peloponnesus, on the bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon was the capital. It is the most eminent kingdom of Greece, and in its flourishing situation, not only its dependent states, but also the whole Peloponnesus, were called Sicyonia. The territory is said to abound with corn, wine, and olives, and also with iron mines. It produced many celebrated men, particularly artists. _See:_ Sicyon. =Side=, the wife of Orion, thrown into hell by Juno, for boasting herself fairer than the goddess. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A daughter of Belus.――――A daughter of Danaus.――――A town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 6. =Sidēro=, the stepmother of Tyro, killed by Pelias. =Sidicīnum=, a town of Campania, called also _Teanum_. _See:_ Teanum. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 727. =Sidon=, an ancient city of Phœnicia, the capital of the country, with a famous harbour, now called _Said_. It is situate on the shores of the Mediterranean, at the distance of about 50 miles from Damascus and 24 from Tyre. The people of Sidon were well known for their industry, their skill in arithmetic, in astronomy, and commercial affairs, and in sea voyages. They, however, had the character of being very dishonest. Their women were peculiarly happy in working embroidery. The invention of glass, of linen, and of a beautiful purple dye, is attributed to them. The city of Sidon was taken by Ochus king of Persia, after the inhabitants had burnt themselves and the city, B.C. 351; but it was afterwards rebuilt by its inhabitants. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 217; bk. 10, li. 141.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16. ――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 26.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 411.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12. =Sidoniorum insulæ=, islands in the Persian gulf. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Sidōnis=, is the country of which Sidon was the capital, situate at the west of Syria, on the coast of the Mediterranean. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 19.――――Dido, as a native of the country, is often called Sidonis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 80. =Sidonius Caius Sollius Apollinaris=, a christian writer, born A.D. 430. He died in the 52nd year of his age. There are remaining of his compositions, some letters and different poems, consisting chiefly of panegyrics on the great men of his time, written in heroic verse, and occasionally in other metre, of which the best edition is that of Labbæus, Paris, 4to, 1652.――――The epithet of _Sidonius_ is applied not only to the natives of Sidon, but it is used to express the excellence of anything, especially embroidery or dyed garments. Carthage is called _Sidonia urbs_, because built by Sidonians. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 682. =Siena Julia=, a town of Etruria. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18. ――_Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, ch. 45. ♦=Siga=, now _Ned-Roma_, a town of Numidia, famous as the residence of Syphax. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11. ♦ ‘Sida’ replaced with ‘Siga’ =Sigæum=, or =Sigēum=, now cape _Incihisari_, a town of Troas, on a promontory of the same name, where the Scamander falls into the sea, extending six miles along the shore. It was near Sigæum that the greatest part of the battles between the Greeks and Trojans were fought, as Homer mentions, and there Achilles was buried. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 312; bk. 7, li. 294.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 71.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 962.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18. ――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5, ch. 12. =Signia=, an ancient town of Latium, whose inhabitants were called _Signini_. The wine of Signia was used by the ancients for medicinal purposes. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 116.――――A mountain of Phrygia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Sigovessus=, a prince among the Celtæ, in the reign of Tarquin. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34. =Sigȳni=, =Sigunæ=, or =Sigynnæ=, a nation of European Scythia, beyond the Danube. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 9. =Sila=, or =Syla=, a large wood in the country of the Brutii near the Apennines, abounding in much pitch. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 713. =Silāna Julia=, a woman at the court of Nero, remarkable for her licentiousness and impurities. She married Caius Julius, by whom she was divorced. =Decimus Silānus=, a son of Titus Manlius Torquatus, accused of extortion in the management of the province of Macedonia. The father himself desired to hear the complaints laid against his son, and after he had spent two days in examining the charges of the Macedonians, he pronounced on the third day his son guilty of extortion, and unworthy to be called a citizen of Rome. He also banished him from his presence, and so struck was the son at the severity of his father, that he hanged himself on the following night. _Livy_, bk. 54.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――Caius Junius, a consul under Tiberius, accused of extortion, and banished to the island of Cythere. _Tacitus._――――Marcus, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s armies in Gaul.――――The father-in-law of Caligula. _Suetonius_, _ Caligula_, ch. 22.――――A propretor in Spain, who routed the Carthaginian forces there, while Annibal was in Italy.――――Turpilius, a lieutenant of Metellus against Jugurtha. He was accused by Marius, though totally innocent, and condemned by the malice of his judges.――――Torquatus, a man put to death by Nero.――――Lucius, a man betrothed to Octavia the daughter of Claudius. Nero took Octavia away from him, and on the day of her nuptials, ♦Silanus killed himself.――――An augur in the army of the 10,000 Greeks, at their return from Cunaxa. ♦ ‘Salinus’ replaced with ‘Silanus’ =Sĭlărus=, a river of Picenum, rising in the Apennine mountains, and falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Its waters, as it is reported, petrified all leaves that fell into it. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 146.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 582. =Silēni=, a people on the banks of the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20. =Silēnus=, a demi-god, who became the nurse, the preceptor, and attendant of the god Bacchus. He was, as some suppose, son of Pan, or, according to others, of Mercury, or of Terra. Malea in Lesbos was the place of his birth. After death he received divine honours, and had a temple in Elis. Silenus is generally represented as a fat and jolly old man, riding on an ass, crowned with flowers, and always intoxicated. He was once found by some peasants in Phrygia, after he had lost his way, and could not follow Bacchus, and he was carried to king Midas, who received him with great attention. He detained him for 10 days, and afterwards restored him to Bacchus, for which he was rewarded with the power of turning into gold whatever he touched. Some authors assert that Silenus was a philosopher, who accompanied Bacchus in his Indian expedition, and assisted him by the soundness of his counsels. From this circumstance, therefore, he is often introduced speaking with all the gravity of a philosopher concerning the formation of the world, and the nature of things. The Fauns in general, and the Satyrs, are often called Sileni. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25; bk. 6, ch. 24.――_Philostratus_, bk. 23.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 191.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3, &c.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 48.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 13.――――A Carthaginian historian who wrote an account of the affairs of his country in the Greek language.――――An historian who wrote an account of Sicily. =Silicense=, a river of Spain. =Silicis mons=, a town near Padua. =Silis=, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling into the Adriatic. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Catius Silius Italĭcus=, a Latin poet, who was originally at the bar, where he for some time distinguished himself, till he retired from Rome more particularly to consecrate his time to study. He was consul the year that Nero was murdered. Pliny has observed, that when Trajan was invested with the imperial purple, Silius refused to come to Rome and congratulate him like the rest of his fellow-citizens, a neglect which was never resented by the emperor, or insolently mentioned by the poet. ♦Silius was in possession of a house where Cicero had lived, and another in which was the tomb of Virgil, and it has been justly remarked, that he looked upon no temple with greater reverence than upon the sepulchre of the immortal poet, whose steps he followed, but whose fame he could not equal. The birthday of Virgil was yearly celebrated with unusual pomp and solemnity by Silius; and for his partiality, not only to the memory, but to the compositions of the Mantuan poet, he has been called the ape of Virgil. Silius starved himself when labouring under an imposthume which his physicians were unable to remove, in the beginning of Trajan’s reign, about the 75th year of his age. There remains a poem of Italicus, on the second Punic war, divided into 17 books, greatly commended by Martial. The moderns have not been so favourable in their opinions concerning its merit. The poetry is weak and inelegant, yet the author deserves to be commended for his purity, the authenticity of his narrations, and his interesting descriptions. He has everywhere imitated Virgil, but with little success. ♦Silius was a great collector of antiquities. His son was honoured with the consulship during his lifetime. The best editions of Italicus will be found to be Drakenborch’s in 4to, Utrecht, 1717, and that of Cellarius, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1695. _Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 49, &c.――――Caius, a man of consular dignity, greatly beloved by Messalina for his comely appearance and elegant address. Messalina obliged him to divorce his wife, that she might enjoy his company without intermission. Silius was forced to comply, though with reluctance, and he was at last put to death for the adulteries which the empress obliged him to commit. _Tacitus._――_Suetonius._ ――_Dio Cassius._――――A tribune in Cæsar’s legions in Gaul.――――A commander in Germany, put to death by Sejanus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bks. ♠3 & 4. ♦ ‘Silinus’ replaced with ‘Silius’ ♠ ‘5’ replaced with ‘3’ =Silphium=, a part of Libya. =Silpia=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 12. =Silvānus=, a rural deity, son of an Italian shepherd by a goat. From this circumstance he is generally represented as half a man and half a goat. According to Virgil, he was son of Picus, or, as others report, of Mars, or, according to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculanaria, a young woman, who introduced herself into her father’s bed, and became pregnant by him. The worship of Silvanus was established only in Italy, where, as some authors have imagined, he reigned in the age of Evander. This deity was sometimes represented holding a cypress in his hand, because he became enamoured of a beautiful youth called Cyparissus, who was changed into a tree of the same name. Silvanus presided over gardens and limits, and he is often confounded with the Fauns, Satyrs, and Silenus. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10; _Germania_, bk. 1, li. 20; bk. 2, li. 493.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 6, ch. 42.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10.――_Horace_, epode 2. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A man who murdered his wife Apronia, by throwing her down from one of the windows of her chambers.――――One of those who conspired against Nero.――――An officer of Constantius, who revolted and made himself emperor. He was assassinated by his soldiers. =Silvium=, a town of Apulia, now _Gorgolione_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. ――――A town of Istria. =Silures=, the people of South Wales in Britain. =Simbrivius=, or =Simbruvius=, a lake of Latium, formed by the Anio. _Tacitus_, bk. 14, _Annals_, ch. 22. =Simena=, a town of Lycia near Chimæra. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27. =Simēthus=, or =Symēthus=, a town and river at the east of Sicily, which served as a boundary between the territories of the people of Catana and the Leontini. In its neighbourhood the gods Palici were born. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 584. =Simĭlæ=, a grove at Rome where the orgies of Bacchus were celebrated. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 12. =Similis=, one of the courtiers of Trajan, who removed from Rome into the country to enjoy peace and solitary retirement. =Simmias=, a philosopher of Thebes, who wrote dialogues.――――A grammarian of Rhodes.――――A Macedonian suspected of conspiracy against Alexander, on account of his intimacy with Philotas. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1. =Simo=, a comic character in Terence. =Sĭmois= (entis), a river of Troas, which rises in mount Ida and falls into the Xanthus. It is celebrated by Homer and most of the ancients poets, as in its neighbourhood were fought many battles during the Trojan war. It is found to be but a small rivulet by modern travellers, and even some have disputed its existence. _Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 104; bk. 3, li. 302, &c. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 31, li. 324.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18. =Simosius=, a Trojan prince, son of Anthemion, killed by Ajax. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 473. =Simon=, a currier of Athens, whom Socrates often visited on account of his great sagacity and genius. He collected all the information he could receive from the conversation of the philosopher, and afterwards published it with his own observations in 33 dialogues. He was the first of the disciples of Socrates who attempted to give an account of the opinions of his master concerning virtue, justice, poetry, music, honour, &c. These dialogues were extant in the age of the biographer Diogenes, who has preserved their title. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――――Another who wrote on rhetoric. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――――A sculptor. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――――The name of Simon was common among the Jews. =Sĭmōnĭdes=, a celebrated poet of Cos, who flourished 538 years B.C. His father’s name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and dramatical pieces, esteemed for their elegance and sweetness, and composed also epic poems, one on Cambyses king of Persia, &c. Simonides was universally courted by the princes of Greece and Sicily, and according to one of the fables of Phædrus, he was such a favourite of the gods, that his life was miraculously preserved in an entertainment when the roof of the house fell upon all those who were feasting. He obtained a poetical prize in the 80th year of his age, and he lived to his 90th year. The people of Syracuse, who had hospitably honoured him when alive, erected a magnificent monument to his memory. Simonides, according to some, added the four letters η, ω, ξ, ψ to the alphabet of the Greeks. Some fragments of his poetry are extant. According to some, the grandson of the elegiac poet of Cos was also called Simonides. He flourished a few years before the Peloponnesian war, and was the author of some books of inventions, genealogies, &c. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Phædras_, bk. 4, fables 21 & 24.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 102.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, &c.――_Aristotle._――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, poem 2. ――_Catullus_, bk. 1, poem 39.――_Lucian_, _Macrobii_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2. =Simplicius=, a Greek commentator on Aristotle, whose works were all edited in the 16th century, and the latter part of the 15th, but without a Latin version. =Simŭlus=, an ancient poet, who wrote some verses on the Tarpeian rock. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Simus=, a king of Arcadia after Phialus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5. =Simyra=, a town of Phœnicia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12. =Sinæ=, a people of India called by Ptolemy the most eastern nation of the world. =Sindæ=, islands in the Indian ocean, supposed to be the _Nicobar_ islands. =Sindi=, a people of European Scythia, on the Palus Mæotis. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 86. =Singæi=, a people on the confines of Macedonia and Thrace. =Singara=, a city at the north of Mesopotamia, now _Sinjar_. =Singulis=, a river of Spain falling into the Guadalquiver. =Singus=, a town of Macedonia. =Sinis=, a famous robber. _See:_ Scinis. =Sinnaces=, a Parthian of an illustrious family, who conspired against his prince, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31. =Sinnăcha=, a town of Mesopotamia, where Crassus was put to death by Surena. =Sinoe=, a nymph of Arcadia, who brought up Pan. =Sinon=, a son of Sisyphus, who accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, and there distinguished himself by his cunning and fraud, and his intimacy with Ulysses. When the Greeks had fabricated the famous wooden horse, Sinon went to Troy with his hands bound behind his back, and by the most solemn protestations, assured Priam that the Greeks were gone from Asia, and that they had been ordered to sacrifice one of their soldiers, to render the wind favourable to their return, and that because the lot had fallen upon him, at the instigation of Ulysses, he had fled away from their camp, not to be cruelly immolated. These false assertions were immediately credited by the Trojans, and Sinon advised Priam to bring into his city the wooden horse which the Greeks had left behind them, and to consecrate it to Minerva. His advice was followed, and Sinon in the night, to complete his perfidy, opened the side of the horse, from which issued a number of armed Greeks, who surprised the Trojans, and pillaged their city. _Dares Phrygius._――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, li. 492; bk. 11, li. 521.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 79, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 12, &c. =Sinōpe=, a daughter of the Asopus by Methron. She was beloved by Apollo, who carried her away to the border of the Euxine sea, in Asia Minor, where she gave birth to a son called Syrus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――――A seaport town of Asia Minor, in Pontus, now _Sinah_, founded or rebuilt by a colony of Milesians. It was long an independent state, till Pharnaces king of Pontus seized it. It was the capital of Pontus, under Mithridates, and was the birthplace of Diogenes the cynic philosopher. It received its name from Sinope, whom Apollo carried there. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 67.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――The original name of Sinuessa. =Sinorix=, a governor of Gaul, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. =Sintice=, a district of Macedonia. =Sintii=, a nation of Thracians, who inhabited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell there from heaven. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 594. =Sinuessa=, a maritime town of Campania, originally called _Sinope_. It was celebrated for its hot baths and mineral waters, which cured people of insanity, and rendered women prolific. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 715.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 13.――_Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 42; bk. 11, ltr. 8.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12. =Sion=, one of the hills on which Jerusalem was built. =Siphnos=, now _Sifano_, one of the Cyclades, situate at the west of Paros, 20 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, or, according to modern travellers, 40. Siphnos had many excellent harbours, and produced great plenty of delicious fruit. The inhabitants were so depraved, that their licentiousness became proverbial. They, however, behaved with spirit in the Persian wars, and refused to give earth and water to the emissaries of Xerxes in token of submission. There were some gold mines in Siphnos, of which Apollo demanded a tenth part. When the inhabitants refused to continue to offer part of their gold to the god of Delphi, the island was inundated, and the mines disappeared. The air was so wholesome that many of the natives lived to their 120th year. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 46.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. =Sipontum=, =Sipus=, or =Sepus=, a maritime town in Apulia in Italy, founded by Diomedes after his return from the Trojan war. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 377.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Sipy̆lum= and =Sipy̆lus=, a town of Lydia, with a mountain of the same name near the Meander, formerly called _Ceraunius_. The town was destroyed by an earthquake, with 12 others in the neighbourhood, in the reign of Tiberius. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 20.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24. ――_Hyginus_, fable 9.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47.――――One of Niobe’s children, killed by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6. =Sirbo=, a lake between Egypt and Palestine, now _Sebaket Bardoil_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Sīrēnes=, sea nymphs who charmed so much with their melodious voice, that all forgot their employments to listen with more attention, and at last died for want of food. They were daughters of the Achelous by the muse Calliope, or, according to others, by Melpomene or Terpsichore. They were three in number, called Parthenope, Ligeia, and Leucosia, or, according to others, Mœolpe, Aglaophonos, and Thelxiope, or Thelxione, and they usually lived in a small island near cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some authors suppose that they were monsters, who had the form of a woman above the waist, and the rest of the body like that of a bird; or rather that the whole body was covered with feathers, and had the shape of a bird, except the head, which was that of a beautiful female. This monstrous form they had received from Ceres, who wished to punish them, because they had not assisted her daughter when carried away by Pluto. But, according to Ovid, they were so disconsolate at the rape of Proserpine, that they prayed the gods to give them wings that they might seek her in the sea as well as by land. The Sirens were informed by the oracle, that as soon as any persons passed by them without suffering themselves to be charmed by their ♦songs, they should perish; and their melody had prevailed in calling the attention of all passengers, till Ulysses, informed of the power of their voice by Circe, stopped the ears of his companions with wax, and ordered himself to be tied to the mast of his ship, and no attention to be paid to his commands, should he wish to stay and listen to their song. This was a salutary precaution. Ulysses made signs for his companions to stop, but they were disregarded, and the fatal coast was passed with safety. Upon this artifice of Ulysses, the Sirens were so disappointed, that they threw themselves into the sea and perished. Some authors say that the Sirens challenged the Muses to a trial of skill in singing, and that the latter proved victorious, and plucked the feathers from the wings of their adversaries, with which they made themselves crowns. The place where the Sirens destroyed themselves was afterwards called _Sirenis_, on the coast of Sicily. Virgil, however, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 864, places the _Sirenum Scoupli_ on the coast of Italy, near the island of Caprea. Some suppose that the Sirens were a number of lascivious women in Sicily, who prostituted themselves to strangers, and made them forget their pursuits while drowned in unlawful pleasures. The Sirens are often represented holding, one a lyre, a second a flute, and the third singing. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6. ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 167.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Ammianus_, bk. 29, ch. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 141.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 555; _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 311.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 33. ♦ ‘sons’ replaced with ‘songs’ =Sirenūsæ=, three small rocky islands near the coast of Campania, where the Sirens were supposed to reside. =Siris=, a town of Magna Græcia, founded by a Grecian colony after the Trojan war, at the mouth of the river of the same name. There was a battle fought near it between Pyrrhus and the Romans. _Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 221.――――The Æthiopians gave that name to the Nile before its divided streams united into one current. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9.――――A town of Pæonia in Thrace. =Sirius=, or =Canicŭla=, the dog-star, whose appearance, as the ancients supposed, always caused great heat on the earth. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 141. =Sirmio=, now _Sermione_, a peninsula in the lake Benacus, where Catullus had a villa. _Catullus_, poem 31. =Sirmium=, the capital of Pannonia, at the confluence of the Savus and Bacuntius, very celebrated during the reign of the Roman emperors. =Sisamnes=, a judge flayed alive for his partiality, by order of Cambyses. His skin was nailed on the benches of the other judges, to incite them to act with candour and impartiality. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 25. =Sisapho=, a Corinthian, who had murdered his brother, because he had put his children to death. _Ovid_, _Ibis_. =Sisapo=, a town of Spain, famous for its vermilion mines, whose situation is not well ascertained. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ch. 19. =Siscia=, a town of Pannonia, now _Sisseg_. =Sisenes=, a Persian deserter, who conspired against Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Lucius Sisenna=, an ancient historian among the Romans, 91 B.C. He wrote an account of the republic, of which Cicero speaks with great warmth, and also translated from the Greek the Milesian fables of Aristides. Some fragments of his compositions are quoted by different authors. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 443.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ltrs. 64 & 67.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――Cornelius, a Roman, who, on being reprimanded in the senate for the ill conduct and depraved manners of his wife, accused publicly Augustus of unlawful commerce with her. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――――The family of the Cornelii and Apronii received the surname of Sisenna. They are accused of intemperate loquacity in the Augustan age, by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 8. =Sisigambis=, or =Sisygambis=, the mother of Darius the last king of Persia. She was taken prisoner by Alexander the Great at the battle of Issus, with the rest of the royal family. The conqueror treated her with uncommon tenderness and attention; he saluted her as his own mother, and what he had sternly denied to the petitions of his favourites and ministers, he often granted to the intercession of Sisygambis. The regard of the queen for Alexander was uncommon, and, indeed, she no sooner heard that he was dead, than she killed herself, unwilling to survive the loss of so generous an enemy; though she had seen, with less concern, the fall of her son’s kingdom, the ruin of his subjects, and himself murdered by his servants. She had also lost, in one day, her husband and 80 of her brothers, whom Ochus had assassinated to make himself master of the kingdom of Persia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 5. =Sisimithræ=, a fortified place of Bactriana, 15 stadia high, 80 in circumference, and plain at the top. Alexander married Roxana there. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Sisocostus=, one of the friends of Alexander, entrusted with the care of the rock Aornus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11. =Sisy̆phus=, a brother of Athamas and Salmoneus, son of Æolus and Enaretta, the most crafty prince of the heroic ages. He married Merope the daughter of Atlas, or, according to others, of Pandareus, by whom he had several children. He built Ephyre, called afterwards Corinth, and he debauched Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus, because he had been told by an oracle that his children by his brother’s daughter would avenge the injuries which he had suffered from the malevolence of Salmoneus. Tyro, however, as Hyginus says, destroyed the two sons whom she had by her uncle. It is reported that Sisyphus, mistrusting Autolycus, who stole the neighbouring flocks, marked his bulls under the feet, and when they had been carried away by the dishonesty of his friend, he confounded and astonished the thief by selecting from his numerous flocks those bulls which, by the mark, he knew to be his own. The artifice of Sisyphus was so pleasing to Autolycus, who had now found one more cunning than himself, that he permitted him to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, whom a few days after he gave in marriage to Laertes of Ithaca. After his death, Sisyphus was condemned in hell to roll to the top of a hill a large stone, which had no sooner reached the summit than it fell back into the plain with impetuosity, and rendered his punishment eternal. The causes of this rigorous sentence are variously reported. Some attribute it to his continual depredations in the neighbouring country, and his cruelty in laying heaps of stones on those whom he had plundered, and suffering them to expire in the most agonizing torments. Others, to the insult offered to Pluto, in chaining Death in his palace, and detaining her till Mars, at the request of the king of hell, went to deliver her from confinement. Others suppose that Jupiter inflicted this punishment because he told Asopus where his daughter Ægina had been carried away by her ravisher. The more followed opinion, however, is, that Sisyphus, on his death-bed, entreated his wife to leave his body unburied, and when he came into Pluto’s kingdom, he received the permission of returning upon earth to punish this seeming negligence of his wife, but, however, on promise of immediately returning. But he was no sooner out of the infernal regions, than he violated his engagements, and when he was at last brought back to hell by Mars, Pluto, to punish his want of fidelity and honour, condemned him to roll a huge stone to the top of a mountain. The institution of the Pythian games is attributed by some to Sisyphus. To be of the blood of Sisyphus was deemed disgraceful among the ancients. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 592. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 616.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 459; bk. 13, li. 32; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 175; _Ibis_, li. 191. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 60.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 14, li. 20.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A son of Marcus Antony, who was born deformed, and received the name of Sisyphus, because he was endowed with genius and an excellent understanding. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 47. =Sitalces=, one of Alexander’s generals, imprisoned for his cruelty and avarice in the government of his province. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1. ――――A king of Thrace, B.C. 436. =Sithnĭdes=, certain nymphs of a fountain in Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40. =Sithon=, a king of Thrace.――――An island in the Ægean. =Sithŏnia=, a country of Thrace between mount Hæmus and the Danube. Sithonia is often applied to all Thrace, and thence the epithet _Sithonis_, so often used by the poets. It received its name from king Sithon. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 588; bk. 7, li. 466; bk. 13, li. 571.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 122. =Sitius=, a Roman who assisted Cæsar in Africa with great success. He was rewarded with a province of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 21. =Sitones=, a nation of Germany, or modern Norway, according to some. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 45. =Sittace=, a town of Assyria. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27. =Smaragdus=, a town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf, where emeralds (_smaragdi_) were dug. _Strabo_, bk. 16. =Smenus=, a river of Laconia rising in mount Taygetus, and falling into the sea near Hypsos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24. =Smerdis=, a son of Cyrus, put to death by order of his brother Cambyses. As his execution was not public, and as it was only known to one of the officers of the monarch, one of the Magi of Persia, who was himself called Smerdis, and who greatly resembled the deceased prince, declared himself king, at the death of Cambyses. This usurpation would not, perhaps, have been known, had not he taken too many precautions to conceal it. After he had reigned for six months with universal approbation, seven noblemen of Persia conspired to dethrone him, and when this had been executed with success, they chose one of their number to reign in the usurper’s place, B.C. 521. This was Darius the son of Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 30. ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Smilax=, a beautiful shepherdess who became enamoured of Crocus. She was changed into a flower, as also her lover. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 283. =Smilis=, a statuary of Ægina in the age of Dædalus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7. =Smindyrides=, a native of Sybaris, famous for his luxury. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 24, & bk. 12, ch. 24. =Smintheus=, one of the surnames of Apollo in Phrygia, where the inhabitants raised him a temple, because he had destroyed a number of rats that infested the country. These rats were called σμινθαι, in the language of Phrygia, whence the surname. There is another story similar to this related by the Greek scholiast of _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 39.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 585. =Smyrna=, a celebrated seaport town of Ionia in Asia Minor, built, as some suppose, by Tantalus, or, according to others, by the Æolians. It has been subject to many revolutions, and been severally in the possession of the Æolians, Ionians, Lydians, and Macedonians. Alexander, or according to Strabo, Lysimachus, rebuilt it 400 years after it had been destroyed by the Lydians. It was one of the richest and most powerful cities of Asia, and became one of the 12 cities of the Ionian confederacy. The inhabitants were given much to luxury and indolence, but they were universally esteemed for their valour and intrepidity when called to action. Marcus Aurelius repaired it after it had been destroyed by an earthquake, about the 180th year of the christian era. Smyrna still continues to be a very commercial town. The river Meles flows near its walls. The inhabitants of Smyrna believed that Homer was born among them, and to confirm this opinion they not only paid him divine honours, but showed a place which bore the poet’s name, and also had a brass coin in circulation which was called _Homerium_. Some suppose that it was called Smyrna from an Amazon of the same name who took possession of it. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 565.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Thias, mother of Adonis.――――An Amazon.――――The name of a poem which Cinna, a Latin poet, composed in nine years, and which was worthy of admiration, according to _Catullus_, poem 94. =Smyrnæus=, a Greek poet of the third century, called also Calaber. _See:_ Calaber. =Soana=, a river of Albania. _Ptolemy._ =Soanda=, a town of Armenia. =Soanes=, a people of Colchis, near Caucasus, in whose territories the rivers abound with golden sands, which the inhabitants gather in wool skins, whence, perhaps, arose the fable of the golden fleece. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 3. =Sōcrătes=, the most celebrated philosopher of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. His father Sophroniscus was a statuary, and his mother Phænarete was by profession a midwife. For some time he followed the occupation of his father, and some have mentioned the statues of the graces, admired for their simplicity and elegance, as the work of his own hands. He was called away from this meaner employment, of which, however, he never blushed, by Crito, who admired his genius and courted his friendship. Philosophy soon became the study of Socrates, and under Archelaus and Anaxagoras he laid the foundation of that exemplary virtue which succeeding ages have ever loved and venerated. He appeared like the rest of his countrymen in the field of battle; he fought with boldness and intrepidity, and to his courage two of his friends and disciples, Xenophon and Alcibiades, owed the preservation of their lives. But the character of Socrates appears more conspicuous and dignified as a philosopher and moralist than as a warrior. He was fond of labour, he inured himself to suffer hardships, and he acquired that serenity of mind and firmness of countenance, which the most alarming dangers could never destroy, or the most sudden calamities alter. If he was poor, it was from choice, and not the effects of vanity, or the wish of appearing singular. He bore injuries with patience, and the insults of malice or resentment he not only treated with contempt, but even received with a mind that expressed some concern, and felt compassion for the depravity of human nature. So singular and so venerable a character was admired by the most enlightened of the Athenians. Socrates was attended by a number of illustrious pupils, whom he instructed by his exemplary life, as well as by his doctrines. He had no particular place where to deliver his lectures, but as the good of his countrymen, and the reformation of their corrupted morals, and not the aggregation of riches, was the object of his study, he was present everywhere, and drew the attention of his auditors either in the groves of Academus, the Lyceum, or on the banks of the Ilyssus. He spoke with freedom on every subject, religious as well as civil; and had the courage to condemn the violence of his countrymen, and to withstand the torrent of resentment, by which the Athenian generals were capitally punished for not burying the dead at the battle of Arginusæ. This independence of spirit, and that visible superiority of mind and genius over the rest of his countrymen, created many enemies to Socrates; but as his character was irreproachable, and his doctrines pure, and void of all obscurity, the voice of malevolence was silent. Yet Aristophanes soon undertook, at the instigation of Melitus, in his comedy of the Clouds, to ridicule the venerable character of Socrates on the stage; and when once the way was open to calumny and defamation, the fickle and licentious populace paid no reverence to the philosopher whom they had before regarded as a being of a superior order. When this had succeeded, Melitus stood forth to criminate him, together with Anytus and Lycon, and the philosopher was summoned before the tribunal of the 500. He was accused of corrupting the Athenian youth, of making innovations in the religion of the Greeks, and of ridiculing the many gods whom the Athenians worshipped; yet, false as this might appear, the accusers relied for the success of their cause upon the perjury of false witnesses, and the envy of the judges, whose ignorance would readily yield to misrepresentation, and be influenced and guided by eloquence and artifice. In this their expectations were not frustrated, and while the judges expected submission from Socrates, and that meanness of behaviour and servility of defence which distinguished criminals, the philosopher, perhaps, accelerated his own fall by the firmness of his mind, and his uncomplying integrity. Lysias, one of the most celebrated orators of the age, composed an oration in a laboured and pathetic style, which he offered to his friend to be pronounced as his defence in the presence of his judges. Socrates read it, but after he had praised the eloquence and the animation of the whole, he rejected it, as neither manly nor expressive of fortitude, and comparing it to Sicyonian shoes, which, though fitting, were proofs of effeminacy, he observed, that a philosopher ought to be conspicuous for magnanimity and for firmness of soul. In his apology he spoke with great animation, and confessed that while others boasted that they were acquainted with everything, he himself knew nothing. The whole discourse was full of simplicity and noble grandeur, the energetic language of offended innocence. He modestly said, that what he possessed was applied for the service of the Athenians; it was his wish to make his fellow-citizens happy, and it was a duty which he performed by the special command of the gods, “whose authority,” said he, emphatically to his judges, “I regard more than yours.” Such language from a man who was accused of a capital crime, astonished and irritated the judges. Socrates was condemned, but only by a majority of three voices; and when he was demanded, according to the spirit of the Athenian laws, to pass sentence on himself, and to mention the death he preferred, the philosopher said, “For my attempts to teach the Athenian youth justice and moderation, and render the rest of my countrymen more happy, let me be maintained at the public expense the remaining years of my life in the Prytaneum, an honour, O Athenians, which I deserve more than the victors of the Olympic games. They make their countrymen more happy in appearance, but I have made you so in reality.” This exasperated the judges in the highest degree, and he was condemned to drink hemlock. Upon this he addressed the court, and more particularly the judges who had decided in his favour, in a pathetic speech. He told them that to die was a pleasure, since he was going to hold converse with the greatest heroes of antiquity; he recommended to their paternal care his defenceless children, and as he returned to prison, he exclaimed: “I go to die, you to live; but which is the best the Divinity alone can know.” The solemn celebration of the Delian festivals [_See:_ Delia] prevented his execution for 30 days, and during that time he was confined in the prison and loaded with irons. His friends, and particularly his disciples, were his constant attendants; he discoursed with them upon different subjects with all his usual cheerfulness and serenity. He reproved them for their sorrow, and when one of them was uncommonly grieved because he was to suffer, though innocent, the philosopher replied, “Would you then have me die guilty?” With this composure he spent his last days. He continued to be a preceptor till the moment of his death, and instructed his pupils on questions of the greatest importance; he told them his opinions in support of the immortality of the soul, and reprobated with acrimony the prevalent custom of suicide. He disregarded the intercession of his friends, and when it was in his power to make his escape out of prison he refused it, and asked, with his usual pleasantry, where he could escape death. “Where,” says he to Crito, who had bribed the gaoler, and made his escape certain, “where shall I fly, to avoid this irrevocable doom passed on all mankind?” When the hour to drink the poison was come, the executioner presented him the cup with tears in his eyes. Socrates received it with composure, and after he had made a libation to the gods, he drank it with an unaltered countenance, and a few moments after he expired. Such was the end of a man whom the uninfluenced answer of the oracle of Delphi had pronounced the wisest of mankind. Socrates died 400 years before Christ, in the 70th year of his age. He was no sooner buried than the Athenians repented of their cruelty; his accusers were universally despised and shunned. One suffered death, some were banished, and others, with their own hands, put an end to the life which their severity to the best of the Athenians had rendered insupportable. The actions, sayings, and opinions of Socrates have been faithfully recorded by two of the most celebrated of his pupils, Xenophon and Plato, and everything which relates to the life and circumstances of this great philosopher is now minutely known. To his poverty, his innocence, and his example, the Greeks were particularly indebted for their greatness and splendour; and the learning which was universally disseminated by his pupils, gave the whole nation a consciousness of their superiority over the rest of the world, not only in the polite arts, but in the more laborious exercises, which their writings celebrated. The philosophy of Socrates forms an interesting epoch in the history of the human mind. The son of Sophroniscus derided the more abstruse inquiries and metaphysical researches of his predecessors, and by first introducing moral philosophy, he induced mankind to consider themselves, their passions, their opinions, their duties, actions, and faculties. From this it was said that the founder of the Socratic school drew philosophy down from heaven upon the earth. In his attendance upon religious worship, Socrates was himself an example; he believed the divine origin of dreams and omens, and publicly declared that he was accompanied by a dæmon or invisible conductor [_See:_ Dæmon], whose frequent interposition stopped him from the commission of evil, and the guilt of misconduct. This familiar spirit, however, according to some, was nothing more than a sound judgment assisted by prudence and long experience, which warned him at the approach of danger, and from a general speculation of mankind could foresee what success would attend an enterprise, or what calamities would follow an ill-managed administration. As a supporter of the immortality of the soul, he allowed the perfection of a supreme knowledge, from which he deduced the government of the universe. From the resources of experience as well as nature and observation, he perceived the indiscriminate dispensation of good and evil to mankind by the hand of Heaven, and he was convinced that none but the most inconsiderate would incur the displeasure of their Creator to avoid poverty or sickness, or gratify a sensual appetite, which must at the end harass their soul with remorse and the consciousness of guilt. From this natural view of things, he perceived the relation of one nation with another, and how much the tranquillity of civil society depended upon the proper discharge of these respective duties. The actions of men furnished materials also for his discourse; to instruct them was his aim, and to render them happy was the ultimate object of his daily lessons. From principles like these, which were enforced by the unparalleled example of an affectionate husband, a tender parent, a warlike soldier, and a patriotic citizen in Socrates, soon after the celebrated sects of the Platonists, the Peripatetics, the Academics, Cyrenaics, Stoics, &c., arose. Socrates never wrote for the public eye, yet many support that the tragedies of his pupil Euripides were partly composed by him. He was naturally of a licentious disposition, and a physiognomist observed, in looking in the face of the philosopher, that his heart was the most depraved, immodest, and corrupted that ever was in the human breast. This nearly cost the satirist his life, but Socrates upbraided his disciples, who wished to punish the physiognomist, and declared that his assertions were true, but that all his vicious propensities had been duly corrected and curbed by means of reason. Socrates made a poetical version of Æsop’s fables, while in prison. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Xenophon._――_Pluto._――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 22. ――_Plutarch_, _On the Opinions of the Philosophers_, &c.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 54; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 41, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A leader of the Achæans, at the battle of Cunaxa. He was seized and put to death by order of Artaxerxes.――――A governor of Cilicia under Alexander the Great.――――A painter.――――A Rhodian in the age of Augustus. He wrote an account of the civil wars.――――A scholiast born A.D. 380, at Constantinople. He wrote an ecclesiastical history from the year 309, where Eusebius ended, down to 450, with great exactness and judgment, of which the best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.――――An island on the coast of Arabia. =Sœmias Julia=, mother of the emperor Heliogabalus, was made president of a senate of women, which she had elected to decide the quarrels and the affairs of the Roman matrons. She at last provoked the people by her debaucheries, extravagance, and cruelties, and was murdered with her son and family. She was a native of Apamea; her father’s name was Julius Avitus, and her mother’s Masa. Her sister Julia Mammæa married the emperor Septimus Severus. =Sogdiāna=, a country of Asia, bounded on the north by Scythia, east by the Sacæ, south by Bactriana, and west by Margiana, and now known by the name of _Zagatay_, or _Usbec_. The people were called _Sogdiani_. The capital was called Marcanda. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93. ――_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 10. =Sogdiānus=, a son of Artaxerxes Longimanus, who murdered his elder brother, king Xerxes, to make himself master of the Persian throne. He was but seven months in possession of the crown. His brother Ochus, who reigned under the name of Darius Nothus, conspired against him, and suffocated him in a tower full of warm ashes. =Sol= (_the sun_), was an object of veneration among the ancients. It was particularly worshipped by the Persians, under the name of Mithras; and was the Baal or Bel of the Chaldeans, the Belphegor of the Moabites, the Moloch of the Canaanites, the Osiris of the Egyptians, and the Adonis of the Syrians. The Massagetæ sacrificed horses to the sun on account of their swiftness. According to some of the ancient poets, Sol and Apollo were two different persons. Apollo, however, and Phœbus and Sol, are universally supposed to be the same deity. =Solicinium=, a town of Germany, now _Sultz_, on the Neckar. =Solīnus Caius Julius=, a grammarian at the end of the first century, who wrote a book called _Polyhistor_, which is a collection of historical remarks and geographical annotations on the most celebrated places of every country. He has been called Pliny’s ape, because he imitated that well-known naturalist. The last edition of the Polyhistor is that of Nuremberg, _ex editione Salamasii_. 1777. =Solis Fons=, a celebrated fountain in Libya. _See:_ Ammon. =Soloe=, or =Soli=, a town of Cyprus, built on the borders of the Clarius by an Athenian colony. It was originally called _Æpeia_, till Solon visited Cyprus, and advised Philocyprus, one of the princes of the island, to change the situation of his capital. His advice was followed; a new town was raised in a beautiful plain, and called after the name of the Athenian philosopher. _Strabo_, bk. 14. ――_Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A town of Cilicia on the sea-coast, built by the Greeks and Rhodians. It was afterwards called _Pompeiopolis_, from Pompey, who settled a colony of pirates there. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ Some suppose that the Greeks, who settled in either of these two towns, forgot the purity of their native language, and thence arose the term _Solecismus_, applied to an inelegant or improper expression. =Solœis=, or =Soloentia=, a promontory of Libya at the extremity of mount Atlas, now cape _Cantin_.――――A town of Sicily, between Panormus and Himera, now _Solanto_. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6. =Solon=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was born at Salamis, and educated at Athens. His father’s name was Euphorion, or Exechestides, one of the descendants of king Codrus, and by his mother’s side he reckoned among his relations the celebrated Pisistratus. After he had devoted part of his time to philosophical and political studies, Solon travelled over the greatest part of Greece, but at his return home he was distressed with the dissensions which were kindled among his countrymen. All fixed their eyes upon Solon as a deliverer, and he was unanimously elected archon and sovereign legislator. He might have become absolute, but he refused the dangerous office of king of Athens, and, in the capacity of lawgiver, he began to make a reform in every department. The complaints of the poorer citizens found redress, all debts were remitted, and no one was permitted to seize the person of his debtor if unable to make a restoration of his money. After he had made the most salutary regulations in the state, and bound the Athenians by a solemn oath that they would faithfully observe his laws for the space of 100 years, Solon resigned the office of legislator and removed himself from Athens. He visited Egypt, and in the court of Crœsus king of Lydia he convinced the monarch of the instability of fortune, and told him, when he wished to know whether he was not the happiest of mortals, that Tellus, an Athenian, who had always seen his country in a flourishing state, who had seen his children lead a virtuous life, and who had himself fallen in defence of his country, was more entitled to happiness than the possessor of riches and the master of empires. After 10 years’ absence Solon returned to Athens, but he had the mortification to find the greatest part of his regulations disregarded by the factious spirit of his countrymen, and the usurpation of Pisistratus. Not to be longer a spectator of the divisions that reigned in his country, he retired to Cyprus, where he died at the court of king Philocyprus, in the 80th year of his age, 558 years before the christian era. The salutary consequences of the laws of Solon can be discovered in the length of time they were in force in the republic of Athens. For above 400 years they flourished in full vigour, and Cicero, who was himself a witness of their benign influence, passes the highest encomiums upon the legislator, whose superior wisdom framed such a code of regulations. It was the intention of Solon to protect the poorer citizens, and by dividing the whole body of the Athenians into four classes, three of which were permitted to discharge the most important offices and magistracies of the state, and the last to give their opinion in the assemblies, but not have a share in the distinctions and honours of their superiors, the legislator gave the populace a privilege which, though at first small and inconsiderable, soon rendered them masters of the republic, and of all the affairs of government. He made a reformation in the Areopagus, he increased the authority of the members, and permitted them yearly to inquire how every citizen maintained himself, and to punish such as lived in idleness, and were not employed in some honourable and lucrative profession. He also regulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the number of its judges at 400. The sanguinary laws of Draco were all cancelled, except that against murder, and the punishment denounced against every offender was proportioned to his crime; but Solon made no law against parricide or sacrilege. The former of these crimes, he said, was too horrible to human nature for a man to be guilty of it, and the latter could never be committed, because the history of Athens had never furnished a single instance. Such as had died in the service of their country were buried with great pomp, and their family was maintained at the public expense; but such as had squandered away their estates, such as refused to bear arms in defence of their country, or paid no attention to the infirmities and distress of their parents, were branded with infamy. The laws of marriage were newly regulated; it became a union of affection and tenderness, and no longer a mercenary contract. To speak with ill language against the dead as well as the living, was made a crime, and the legislator wished that the character of his fellow-citizens should be freed from the aspersions of malevolence and envy. A person that had no children was permitted to dispose of his estates as he pleased, and the females were not allowed to be extravagant in their dress or expenses. To be guilty of adultery was a capital crime, and the friend and associate of lewdness and debauchery was never permitted to speak in public, for, as the philosopher observed, a man who has no shame, is not capable of being intrusted with the people. These celebrated laws were engraven on several tables, and that they might be better known and more familiar to the Athenians, they were written in verse. The indignation which Solon expressed on seeing the tragical representations of Thespis, is well known, and he sternly observed, that if falsehood and fiction were tolerated on the stage, they would soon find their way among the common occupations of men. According to Plutarch, Solon was reconciled to Pisistratus; but this seems to be false, as the legislator refused to live in a country where the privileges of his fellow-citizens were trampled upon by the usurpation of a tyrant. _See:_ Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Solon_. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.――_Cicero._ =Solona=, a town of Gaul Cispadana on the Utens. =Solonium=, a town of Latium on the borders of Etruria. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1. =Solva=, a town of Noricum. =Solus= (untis), a maritime town of Sicily. _See:_ Solœis. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Soly̆ma= and =Soly̆mæ=, a town of Lycia. The inhabitants, called _Solymi_, were anciently called _Milyades_, and afterwards _Termili_ and _Lycians_. Sarpedon settled among them. _Strabo_, bk. 14. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 29.――――An ancient name of Jerusalem. _See:_ Hierosolyma. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 543. =Somnus=, son of Erebus and Nox, was one of the infernal deities, and presided over sleep. His palace, according to some mythologists, is a dark cave where the sun never penetrates. At the entrance are a number of poppies and somniferous herbs. The god himself is represented as asleep on a bed of feathers with black curtains. The dreams stand by him, and Morpheus, as his principal minister, watches to prevent the noise from awaking him. The Lacedæmonians always placed the image of Somnus near that of death. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 893. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11. =Sonchis=, an Egyptian priest, in the age of Solon. It was he who told that celebrated philosopher a number of traditions, particularly about the Atlantic isles, which he represented as more extensive than the continent of Africa and Asia united. This island disappeared, it is said, in one day and one night. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_, &c. =Sontiătes=, a people in Gaul. =Sopăter=, a philosopher of Apamea, in the age of the emperor Constantine. He was one of the disciples of Iamblicus, and after his death he was at the head of the Platonic philosophers. =Sophax=, a son of Hercules and Tinga the widow of Antæus, who founded the kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritania, and from whom were descended Diodorus, and Juba king of Mauritania. _Strabo_, bk. 3. =Sophēne=, a country of Armenia, on the borders of Mesopotamia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 593. =Sŏphŏcles=, a celebrated tragic poet of Athens, educated in the school of Æschylus. He distinguished himself not only as a poet, but also as a statesman. He commanded the Athenian armies, and in several battles he shared the supreme command with Pericles, and exercised the office of archon with credit and honour. The first appearance of Sophocles as a poet reflects great honour on his abilities. The Athenians had taken the island of Scyros, and to celebrate that memorable event, a yearly contest for tragedy was instituted. Sophocles on this occasion obtained the prize over many competitors, in the number of whom was Æschylus, his friend and his master. This success contributed to encourage the poet; he wrote for the stage with applause, and obtained the poetical prize 20 different times. Sophocles was the rival of Euripides for public praise; they divided the applause of the populace, and while the former surpassed in the sublime and majestic, the other was not inferior in the tender and pathetic. The Athenians were pleased with their contention, and as the theatre was at that time an object of importance and magnitude, and deemed an essential and most magnificent part of the religious worship, each had his admirers and adherents; but the two poets, captivated at last by popular applause, gave way to jealousy and rivalship. Of 120 tragedies which Sophocles composed, only seven are extant: Ajax, Electra, Œdipus the tyrant, Antigone, the Trachiniæ, Philoctetes, and Œdipus at Colonos. The ingratitude of the children of Sophocles is well known. They wished to become immediate masters of their father’s possessions, and therefore, tired of his long life, they accused him before the Areopagus of insanity. The only defence the poet made was to read his tragedy of Œdipus at Colonos, which he had lately finished, and then he asked his judges, whether the author of such a performance could be taxed with insanity? The father upon this was acquitted, and the children returned home covered with shame and confusion. Sophocles died in the 91st year of his age, 406 years before Christ, through excess of joy, as some authors report, of having obtained a poetical prize at the Olympic games. Athenæus has accused Sophocles of licentiousness and debauchery, particularly when he commanded the armies of Athens. The best editions of Sophocles are those of Capperonier, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1780; of Glasgow, 2 vols., 12mo, 1745; of Geneva, 4to, 1603; and that by Brunck, 4 vols., 8vo, 1786. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 25. ――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7; bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 53.――_Athenæus_, bk. 10, &c. =Sophonisba=, a daughter of Asdrubal the Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. She married Syphax, a prince of Numidia, and when her husband was conquered by the Romans and Masinissa, she fell a captive into the hands of the enemy. Masinissa became enamoured of her, and married her. This behaviour displeased the Romans; and Scipio, who at that time had the command of the armies of the republic in Africa, rebuked the monarch severely, and desired him to part with Sophonisba. This was an arduous task for Masinissa, yet he dreaded the Romans. He entered Sophonisba’s tent with tears in his eyes, and told her that, as he could not deliver her from captivity and the jealousy of the Romans, he recommended her, as the strongest pledge of his love and affection for her person, to die like the daughter of Asdrubal. Sophonisba obeyed, and drank, with unusual composure and serenity, the cup of poison which Masinissa sent to her, about 203 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 12, &c.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_. ――_Justin._ =Sophron=, a comic poet of Syracuse, son of Agathocles and Damasyllis. His compositions were so universally esteemed, that Plato is said to have read them with rapture. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10. =Sophroniscus=, the father of Socrates. =Sophronia=, a Roman lady whom Maxentius took by force from her husband’s house, and married. Sophronia killed herself when she saw that her affections were abused by the tyrant. =Sophrosy̆ne=, a daughter of Dionysius by Dion’s sister. =Sopŏlis=, the father of Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――――A painter in Cicero’s age. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 16. =Sora=, a town of the Volsci, of which the inhabitants were called _Sorani_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 395.――_Cicero_, _For Plancius_. =Soractes= and =Soracte=, a mountain of Etruria, near the Tiber, seen from Rome, at the distance of 26 miles. It was sacred to Apollo, who is from thence surnamed _Soractis_; and it is said that the priests of the god could walk over burning coals without hurting themselves. There was, as some report, a fountain on mount Soracte, whose waters boiled at sunrise, and instantly killed all such birds as drank of them. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 93; bk. 7, ch. 2. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 785. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5. =Sorānus=, a man put to death by Nero. _See:_ Valerius.――――The father of Atilia the first wife of Cato. =Sorex=, a favourite of Sylla, and the companion of his debaucheries. _Plutarch._ =Sorge=, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Æthea daughter of Thestius. She married Andremon, and was mother of Oxilus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2. =Soritia=, a town of Spain. =Sosia Galla=, a woman at the court of Tiberius, banished, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 19. =Sosibius=, a grammarian of Laconia, B.C. 255. He was a great favourite of Ptolemy Philopator, and advised him to murder his brother, and the queen his wife, called Arsinoe. He lived to a great age, and was on that account called _Polychronos_. He was afterwards permitted to retire from the court, and spend the rest of his days in peace and tranquillity after he had disgraced the name of minister by the most abominable crimes, and the murder of many of the royal family. His son, of the same name, was preceptor to king Ptolemy Epiphanes. ――――The preceptor of Britannicus the son of Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1. =Sosĭcles=, a Greek who behaved with great valour when Xerxes invaded Greece. =Sosicrătes=, a noble senator among the Achæans, put to death because he wished his countrymen to make peace with the Romans. =Sosigĕnes=, an Egyptian mathematician, who assisted Julius Cæsar in regulating the Roman calendar. _Suetonius._――_Diodorus._――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 25.――――A commander of the fleet of Eumenes. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――A friend of Demetrius Poliorcetes. =Sosii=, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 20, li. 2. =Sosĭlus=, a Lacedæmonian in the age of Annibal. He lived in great intimacy with the Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and wrote the history of his life. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_. =Sosipăter=, a grammarian in the reign of Honorius. He published five books of observations on grammar.――――A Syracusan magistrate.――――A general of Philip king of Macedonia. =Sosis=, a seditious Syracusan, who raised tumults against Dion. When accused before the people he saved himself by flight, and thus escaped a capital punishment. =Sosistrătus=, a tyrant of Syracuse, in the age of Agathocles. He invited Pyrrhus into Sicily, and afterwards revolted from him. He was at last removed by Hermocrates. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.――――Another tyrant. _Polyænus_, bk. 1. =Sospis=, a consul who followed the interest of Mark Antony.――――A governor of Syria.――――A Roman consular dignity, to whom Plutarch dedicated his Lives. =Sospĭta=, a surname of Juno in Latium. Her most famous temple was at Lanuvium. She had also two at Rome, and her statue was covered with a goat-skin, with a buckler, &c. _Livy_, bks. 3, 6, 8, &c.――_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_. =Sosthĕnes=, a general of Macedonia, who flourished B.C. 281. He defeated the Gauls under Brennus, and was killed in the battle. _Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 5.――――A native of Cnidos, who wrote a history of Iberia. _Plutarch._ =Sostrătus=, a friend of Hermolaus, put to death for conspiring against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A grammarian in the age of Augustus. He was Strabo’s preceptor. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A statuary. ――――An architect of Cnidos, B.C. 284, who built the white tower of Pharos, in the bay of Alexandria. He inscribed his name upon it. _See:_ Pharos. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 30, ch. 12.――――A priest of Venus at Paphos, among the favourites of Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A favourite of Hercules. ――――A Greek historian, who wrote an account of Etruria.――――A poet, who wrote a poem on the expedition of Xerxes into Greece. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 178. =Sotădes=, an athlete. A Greek poet of Thrace. He wrote verses against Philadelphus Ptolemy, for which he was thrown into the sea in a cage of lead. He was called _Cinædus_, not only because he was addicted to the abominable crime which the surname indicates, but because he wrote a poem in commendation of it. Some suppose, that instead of the word _Socraticos_ in the 2nd satire, verse the 10th, of Juvenal, the word _Sotadicos_ should be inserted, as the poet Sotades, and not the philosopher Socrates, deserved the appellation of Cinædus. Obscene verses were generally called _Sotadea carmina_ from him. They could be turned and read different ways without losing their measure or sense, such as the following, which can be read backwards: _Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor. Si bene te tua laus taxat, sua laute tenebis. Sole medere pede, ede, perede melos._ _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ltr. 3. ――_Ausonius_, ltr. 17, li. 29. =Soter=, a surname of the first Ptolemy.――――It was also common to other monarchs. =Soteria=, days appointed for thanksgivings and the offerings of sacrifices for deliverance from danger. One of these was observed at Sicyone, to ♦commemorate the deliverance of that city from the hands of the Macedonians, by Aratus. ♦ ‘commemmorate’ replaced with ‘commemorate’ =Soterĭcus=, a poet and historian in the age of Diocletian. He wrote a panegyric on that emperor, as also a life of Apollonius Thyanæus. His works, greatly esteemed, are now lost, except some few fragments preserved by the scholiast of Lycophron. =Sothis=, an Egyptian name of the constellation called Sirius, which received divine honours in that country. =Sotiates=, a people of Gaul, conquered by Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, chs. 20 & 21. =Sotion=, a grammarian and philosopher of Alexandria, preceptor to Seneca. _Seneca_, ltrs. 49 & 58. =Sotius=, a philosopher in the reign of Tiberius. =Sous=, a king of Sparta, who made himself known by his valour, &c. =Sozŏmen=, an ecclesiastical historian, who died 450 A.D. His history extends from the year 324 to 429, and is dedicated to Theodosius the younger, being written in a style of inelegance and mediocrity. The best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge, 1720. =Spaco=, the name of Cyrus. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._ =Sparta=, a celebrated city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the Eurotas, at the distance of about 30 miles from its mouth. It received its name from Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, who married Lacedæmon. It was also called Lacedæmon. _See:_ Lacedæmon. =Spartăcus=, a king of Pontus.――――Another, king of Bosphorus, who died B.C. 433. His son and successor of the same name died B.C. 407. ――――Another, who died 284 B.C.――――A Thracian shepherd, celebrated for his abilities and the victories which he obtained over the Romans. Being one of the gladiators who were kept at Capua in the house of Lentulus, he escaped from the place of his confinement, with 30 of his companions, and took up arms against the Romans. He soon found himself with 10,000 men equally resolute with himself, and though at first obliged to hide himself in the woods and solitary retreats of Campania, he soon laid waste the country; and when his followers were increased by additional numbers, and better disciplined, and more completely armed, he attacked the Roman generals in the field of battle. Two consuls and other officers were defeated with much loss, and Spartacus, superior in counsel and abilities, appeared more terrible, though often deserted by his fickle attendants. Crassus was sent against him, but this celebrated general at first despaired of success. A bloody battle was fought, in which, at last, the gladiators were defeated. Spartacus ♦behaved with great valour: when wounded in the leg, he fought on his knees, covering himself with his buckler in one hand, and using his sword with the other; and when at last he fell, he fell upon a heap of Romans, whom he had sacrificed to his fury, B.C. 71. In this battle no less than 40,000 of the rebels were slain, and the war totally finished. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 20.――_Livy_, bk. 95.――_Eutropius_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Crassus_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Appian._ ♦ ‘bahaved’ replaced with ‘behaved’ =Spartæ=, or =Sparti=, a name given to those men who sprang from the dragon’s teeth which Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one another, except five, who survived and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes. =Spartāni=, or =Spartiātæ=, the inhabitants of Sparta. _See:_ Sparta, Lacedæmon. =Spartiānus Ælius=, a Latin historian who wrote the lives of all the Roman emperors, from Julius Cæsar to Diocletian. He dedicated them to Diocletian, to whom, according to some, he was related. Of these compositions only the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius Julianus, Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, published among the Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ. Spartianus is not esteemed as an historian or biographer. =Spechia=, an ancient name of the island of Cyprus. =Spendius=, a Campanian deserter who rebelled against the Romans and raised tumults, and made war against Amilcar the Carthaginian general. =Spendon=, a poet of Lacedæmon. =Sperchīa=, a town of Thessaly, on the banks of the Sperchius. _Ptolemy._ =Sperchīus=, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Œta, and falling into the sea in the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is supposed to be derived from its rapidity (σπερχειν, _festinare_). Peleus vowed to the god of this river the hair of his son Achilles, if ever he returned safe from the Trojan war. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 198. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 23, li. 144.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 557; bk. 2, li. 250; bk. 7, li. 230. =Spermatophăgi=, a people who lived in the extremest parts of Egypt. They fed upon the fruits that fell from the trees. =Speusippus=, an Athenian philosopher, nephew, as also successor, of Plato. His father’s name was Eurymedon, and his mother’s Potone. He presided in Plato’s school for eight years, and disgraced himself by his extravagance and debauchery. Plato attempted to check him, but to no purpose. He died of the lousy sickness, or killed himself, according to some accounts, B.C. 339. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Sphacteriæ=, three small islands opposite Pylos, on the coast of Messenia. They are also called _Sphagiæ_. =Spherus=, an arm-bearer of Pelops son of Tantalus. He was buried in a small island near the isthmus of Corinth, which, from him, was called _Sphetia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――A Greek philosopher, disciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B.C. He came to Sparta in the age of Agis and Cleomenes, and opened a school there. _Plutarch_, _Agis_. ――_Diodorus._ =Sphinx=, a monster which had the head and breasts of a woman, the body of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of a lion, and a human voice. It sprang from the union of Orthos with the Chimæra, or of Typhon with Echidna. The Sphinx had been sent into the neighbourhood of Thebes by Juno, who wished to punish the family of Cadmus, which she persecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid this part of Bœotia under continual alarms by proposing enigmas, and devouring the inhabitants if unable to explain them. In the midst of their consternation the Thebans were told by the oracle, that the Sphinx would destroy herself as soon as one of the enigmas she proposed was explained. In this enigma she wished to know what animal walked on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the evening. Upon this, Creon king of Thebes promised his crown and his sister Jocasta in marriage to him who could deliver his country from the monster by a successful explanation of the enigma. It was at last happily explained by Œdipus, who observed that man walked on his hands and feet when young, or in the morning of life, at the noon of life he walked erect, and in the evening of his days he supported his infirmities upon a stick. _See:_ Œdipus. The Sphinx no sooner heard this explanation than she dashed her head against a rock, and immediately expired. Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabulous traditions about the Sphinx, by the supposition that one of the daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by her continual depredations, because she had been refused a part of her father’s possessions. The lion’s paw expressed, as they observe, her cruelty, the body of the dog her lasciviousness, her enigmas the snares she laid for strangers and travellers, and her wings the despatch she used in her expeditions. _Plutarch._――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 326.――_Hyginus_, fable 68.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 378.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus Tyrannus_. =Sphodrias=, a Spartan who, at the instigation of Cleombrotus, attempted to seize the Piræus. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Sphragidium=, a retired cave on mount Cithæron in Bœotia. The nymphs of the place, called _Sphragitides_, were yearly honoured with a sacrifice by the Athenians, by order of the oracle of Delphi, because they had lost few men at the battle of Platæa. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 6. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Aristeides_. =Spicillus=, a favourite of Nero. He refused to assassinate his master, for which he was put to death in a cruel manner. =Spina=, now _Primaso_, a town on the most southern mouth of the Po. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Spintharus=, a Corinthian architect, who built Apollo’s temple at Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――――A freedman of Cicero. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 25. =Spinther=, a Roman consul. He was one of Pompey’s friends, and accompanied him at the battle of Pharsalia, where he betrayed his meanness by being too confident of victory, and contending for the possession of Cæsar’s offices and gardens before the action. _Plutarch._ =Spio=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 26. =Spitamĕnes=, one of the officers of king Darius, who conspired against the murderer Bessus, and delivered him to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5. =Spithobătes=, a satrap of Ionia, son-in-law of Darius. He was killed at the battle of the Granicus. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Spithridates=, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to strike Alexander dead.――――A Persian satrap in the age of Lysander. =Spoletium=, now _Spoleto_, a town of Umbria, which bravely withstood Annibal while he was in Italy. The people were called _Spoletani_. Water is conveyed to the town from a neighbouring ♦fountain by an aqueduct of such a great height, that in one place the top is raised above the foundation 230 yards. An inscription over the gates still commemorates the defeat of Annibal. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 20. ♦ ‘fountani’ replaced with ‘fountain’ =Spŏrădes=, a number of islands in the Ægean sea. They received their name _à_ σπειρω, _spargo_, because they are scattered in the sea at some distance from Delos, and in the neighbourhood of Crete. Those islands that are contiguous to Delos, and that encircle it, are called _Cyclades_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 2. =Spurīna=, a mathematician and astrologer, who told Julius Cæsar to beware of the ides of March. As he went to the senate-house on the morning of the ides, Cæsar said to Spurina, “The ides are at last come.” “Yes,” replied Spurina, “but not yet past.” Cæsar was murdered a few moments after. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 81.――_Valerius Maximus_, bks. 1 & 8. =Spurius=, a prænomen common to many of the Romans.――――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――――Latius, a Roman who defended the bridge over the Tiber against Porsenna’s army.――――A friend of Otho, &c. =Lucius Staberius=, a friend of Pompey, set over Apollonia, which he was obliged to yield to Cæsar, because the inhabitants favoured his cause. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――――An avaricious fellow, who wished it to be known that he was uncommonly rich. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 89. =Stabiæ=, a maritime town of Campania on the bay of Puteoli, destroyed by Sylla, and converted into a villa, whither Pliny endeavoured to escape from the eruption of Vesuvius, in which he perished. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 16. =Stabŭlum=, a place in the Pyrenees, where a communication was open from Gaul into Spain. =Stagīra=, a town on the borders of Macedonia, near the bay into which the Strymon discharges itself, at the south of Amphipolis; founded 665 years before Christ. Aristotle was born there, from which circumstance he is called _Stagirites_. _Thucydides_, bk. 4. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Solon_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 46. =Staius=, an unprincipled wretch, in Nero’s age, who murdered all his relations. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19. =Stalēnus=, a senator who sat as judge in the trial of Cluentius, &c. _Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_. =Staphy̆lus=, one of the Argonauts, son of Theseus, or, according to others, of Bacchus and Ariadne. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Stasander=, an officer of Alexander, who had Aria at the general division of the provinces. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3. =Staseas=, a peripatetic philosopher, engaged to instruct young Marcus Piso in philosophy. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 22. =Stasicrătes=, a statuary and architect in the wars of Alexander, who offered to make a statue of mount Athos, which was rejected by the conqueror, &c. =Stasileus=, an Athenian killed at the battle of Marathon. He was one of the 10 pretors. =Statilli=, a people of Liguria, between the Tænarus and the Apennines. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, bk. 11, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 11. =Statilia=, a woman who lived to a great age, as mentioned by Seneca, ltr. 77.――――Another. _See:_ Messalina. =Statilius=, a young Roman celebrated for his courage and constancy. He was an inveterate enemy to Cæsar, and when Cato murdered himself, he attempted to follow his example, but was prevented by his friends. The conspirators against Cæsar wished him to be in their number, but the answer which he gave displeased Brutus. He was at last killed by the army of the triumvirs. _Plutarch._――――Lucius, one of the friends of Catiline. He joined in his conspiracy, and was put to death. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, ch. 2.――――A young general in the war which the Latins undertook against the Romans. He was killed, with 25,000 of his troops.――――A general who fought against Antony. ――――Taurus, a proconsul of Africa. He was accused of consulting magicians, upon which he put himself to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 59. =Statĭnæ=, islands on the coast of Campania, raised from the sea by an earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 88. =Statīra=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander. The conqueror had formerly refused her, but when she had fallen into his hands at Issus, the nuptials were celebrated with uncommon splendour. No less than 9000 persons attended, to each of whom Alexander gave a golden cup, to be offered to the gods. Statira had no children by Alexander. She was cruelly put to death by Roxana, after the conqueror’s death. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 12.――――A sister of Darius the last king of Persia. She also became his wife, according to the manners of the Persians. She died after an abortion, in Alexander’s camp, where she was detained as a prisoner. She was buried with great pomp by the conqueror. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A wife of Artaxerxes Memnon, poisoned by her mother-in-law queen Parysatis. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――A sister of Mithridates the Great. _Plutarch._ =Statius Cæcilius=, a comic poet in the age of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, and originally a slave. His latinity was bad, yet he acquired great reputation by his comedies. He died a little after Ennius. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.――――Annæus, a physician, the friend of the philosopher Seneca. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 64. ――――Publius Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in the reign of the emperor Domitian. His father’s name was Statius of Epirus, and his mother’s Agelina. Statius has made himself known by two epic poems, the _Thebais_ in 12 books, and the _Achilleis_ in two books, which remained unfinished on account of his premature death. There are, besides, other pieces composed on several subjects, which are extant, and well known under the name of _Sylvæ_, divided into four books. The two epic poems of Statius are dedicated to Domitian, whom the poet ranks among the gods. They were universally admired in his age at Rome, but the taste of the times was corrupted, though some of the moderns have called them inferior to no Latin compositions except Virgil’s. The style of Statius is bombastic and affected, and he often forgets the poet to become the declaimer and the historian. In his _Sylvæ_, which were written generally extempore, are many beautiful expressions and strokes of genius. Statius, as some suppose, was poor, and he was obliged to maintain himself by writing for the stage. None of his dramatic pieces are extant. Martial has satirized him, and what Juvenal has written in his praise, some have interpreted as an illiberal reflection upon him. Statius died about the 100th year of the christian era. The best editions of his works are that of Barthius, 2 vols., 4to, Zwickau, 1664, and that of the Variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; and of the Thebais, separate, that of Warrington, 2 vols., 12mo, 1778.――――Domitius, a tribune in the age of Nero, deprived of his office when Piso’s conspiracy was discovered. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 17.――――A general of the Samnites. ――――An officer of the pretorian guards, who conspired against Nero. =Stator=, a surname of Jupiter, given him by Romulus, because he _stopped_ (_sto_) the flight of the Romans in a battle against the Sabines. The conqueror erected him a temple under that name. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 12. =Stellates=, a field remarkable for its fertility, in Campania. _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, bk. 1, ch. 70.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 20. =Stellio=, a youth turned into an elf by Ceres, because he derided the goddess, who drank with avidity when tired and afflicted in her vain pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 445. =Stena=, a narrow passage on the mountains near Antigonia, in Chaonia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5. =Stenobœa.= _See:_ Sthenobœa. =Stenocrătes=, an Athenian who conspired to murder the commander of the garrison which Demetrius had placed in the citadel, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Stentor=, one of the Greeks who went to the Trojan war. His voice alone was louder than that of 50 men together. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 784.――_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 112. =Stentoris lacus=, a lake near Enos in Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 58. =Stephănus=, a musician of Media, upon whose body Alexander made an experiment in burning a certain sort of bitumen called naphtha. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A Greek writer of Byzantium, known for his dictionary giving an account of the towns and places of the ancient world, of which the best edition is that of Gronovius, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1694. =Sterŏpe=, one of the Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. She married Œnomaus king of Pisa, by whom she had Hippodamia, &c.――――A daughter of Parthaon, supposed by some to be the mother of the Sirens.――――A daughter of Cepheus.――――A daughter of Pleuron,――――of Acastus,――――of Danaus,――――of Cebrion. =Sterŏpes=, one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 425. =Stersichŏrus=, a lyric Greek poet of Himera, in Sicily. He was originally called _Tisias_, and obtained the name of Stersichorus from the alterations which he made in music and dancing. His compositions were written in the Doric dialect, and comprised in 26 books, all now lost, except a few fragments. Some say he lost his eyesight for writing invectives against Helen, and that he received it only upon making a recantation of what he had said. He was the first inventor of that fable of the horse and the stag, which Horace and some other poets have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent his countrymen from making an alliance with Phalaris. According to some, he was the first who wrote an epithalamium. He flourished 556 B.C., and died at Cantana, in the 85th year of his age. _Isocrates_, _Helen_.――_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Lucian_, _Macrobii_.――_Cicero_, _in Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 35. ――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19; bk. 10, ch. 26. =Stertinius=, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3. He wrote in Latin verse 220 books on the philosophy of the stoics. =Stesagŏras=, a brother of Miltiades. _See:_ Miltiades. =Stesilēa=, a beautiful woman of Athens, &c. =Stesilēus=, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved by Themistocles and Aristides, and the cause of jealousy and dissension between these celebrated men. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_. =Stesimbrŏtus=, an historian very inconsistent in his narrations. He wrote an account of Cimon’s exploits. _Plutarch_, _Cimom_.――――A son of Epaminondas, put to death by his father, because he had fought the enemy without his orders, &c. _Plutarch._――――A musician of Thasos. =Sthenele=, a daughter of Acastus, wife of Menœtius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Danaus by Memphis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Sthenĕlus=, a king of Mycenæ, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He married Nicippe the daughter of Pelops, by whom he had two daughters, and a son called Eurystheus, who was born, by Juno’s influence, two months before the natural time, that he might obtain a superiority over Hercules, as being older. Sthenelus made war against Amphitryon, who had killed Electryon and seized his kingdom. He fought with success, and took his enemy prisoner, whom he transmitted to Eurystheus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 19, li. 91.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――――One of the sons of Ægyptus by Tyria.――――A son of Capaneus. He was one of the Epigoni, and of the suitors of Helen. He went to the Trojan war, and was one of those who were shut up in the wooden horse, according to Virgil. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2 & 10.――――A son of Androgeus the son of Minos. Hercules made him king of Thrace. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A king of Argos, who succeeded his father Crotopus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A son of Actor, who accompanied Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. He was killed by one of these females.――――A son of Melas, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Sthenis=, a statuary of Olynthus.――――An orator of Himera in Sicily, during the civil wars of Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_. =Stheno=, one of the three Gorgons. =Sthenobœa=, a daughter of Jobates king of Lycia, who married Prœtus king of Argos. She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who had taken refuge at her husband’s court, after the murder of his brother, and when he refused to gratify her criminal passion, she accused him before Prœtus of attempts upon her virtue. According to some she killed herself after his departure. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 162. ――_Hyginus_, fable 57.――――Many mythologists call her Antæa. =Stilbe=, or =Stilbia=, a daughter of Peneus by Creusa, who became mother of Centaurus and Lapithus by Apollo. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Stilbo=, a name given to the planet Mercury by the ancients, from its shining appearance. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20. =Stĭlĭcho=, a general of the emperor Theodosius the Great. He behaved with much courage, but under the emperor Honorius he showed himself turbulent and disaffected. As being of barbarian extraction, he wished to see the Roman provinces laid desolate by his countrymen, but in this he was disappointed. Honorius discovered his intrigues, and ordered him to be beheaded about the year of Christ 408. His family were involved in his ruin. Claudian has been loud in his praises, and Zosimus, _Historia Nova_, bk. 5, denies the truth of the charges laid against him. =Stilpo=, a celebrated philosopher of Megara, who flourished 336 years before Christ, and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter. He was naturally addicted to riot and debauchery, but he reformed his manners when he opened a school at Megara. He was universally respected, his school was frequented, and Demetrius, when he plundered Megara, ordered the house of the philosopher to be left safe and unmolested. It is said that he intoxicated himself when ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of death. He was one of the chiefs of the Stoics. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2.――_Seneca_, _de Constantia_. =Stĭmĭcon=, a shepherd’s name in Virgil’s fifth eclogue. =Stiphĭlus=, one of the Lapithæ, killed in the house of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12. =Stobæus=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 405. His work is valuable for the precious relics of ancient literature which he has preserved. The best edition is that of Geneva, folio, 1609. =Stobi=, a town of Pœonia, in Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 19; bk. 40, ch. 21. =Stœchădes=, five small islands in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, now the _Hieres_, near Marseilles. They were called Ligustides by some, but Pliny speaks of them as only three in number. _Stephanus Byzantius._――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 515.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. =Stœni=, a people living among the Alps. _Livy_, bk. 62. =Stoĭci=, a celebrated sect of philosophers founded by Zeno of Citium. They received the name from the _portico_ (στυα), where the philosopher delivered his lectures. They preferred virtue to everything else, and whatever was opposite to it, they looked upon as the greatest of evils. They required, as well as the disciples of Epicurus, an absolute command over the passions, and they supported that man alone, in the present state of his existence, could attain perfection and felicity. They encouraged suicide, and believed that the doctrine of future punishments and rewards was unnecessary to excite or intimidate their followers. _See:_ Zeno. =Strabo=, a name among the Romans, given to those whose eyes were naturally deformed or distorted. Pompey’s father was distinguished by that name.――――A native of Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia, who flourished in the age of Augustus and Tiberius. He first studied under Xenarchus the peripatetic, and afterwards warmly embraced the tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compositions nothing remains but his geography, divided into 17 books, a work justly celebrated for its elegance, its purity, the erudition and universal knowledge of the author. It contains an account, in Greek, of the most celebrated places of the world, the origin, the manners, religion, prejudices, and government of nations; the foundation of cities, and the accurate history of each separate province. Strabo travelled over great part of the world in quest of information, and to examine with the most critical inquiry, not only the situation of the places, but also the manners of the inhabitants, whose history he meant to write. In the two first books the author wishes to show the necessity of geography; in the 3rd he gives a description of Spain; in the 4th of Gaul and the British isles. The 5th and 6th contain an account of Italy and the neighbouring islands; the 7th, which is mutilated at the end, gives a full description of Germany, and the country of the Getæ, Illyricum, Taurica, Chersonesus, and Epirus. The affairs of Greece and the adjacent islands are separately treated in the 8th, 9th, and 10th; and in the four next Asia, within mount Taurus; and in the 15th and 16th, Asia without Taurus, India, Persia, Syria, and Arabia; the last book gives an account of Egypt, Æthiopia, Carthage, and other places of Africa. Among the books of Strabo which have been lost, were historical commentaries. This celebrated geographer died A.D. 25. The best editions of his geography are those of Casaubon, folio, Paris, 1620; and of Amsterdam, 2 vols., folio, 1707.――――A Sicilian, so clear-sighted, that he could distinguish objects at the distance of 130 miles, with the same ease as if they had been near. =Stratarchas=, the grandfather of the geographer Strabo. His father’s name was Dorylaus. _Strabo_, bk. 10. =Strato=, or =Straton=, a king of the island Aradus, received into alliance by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A king of Sidon, dependent upon Darius. Alexander deposed him, because he refused to surrender. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple and successor in the school of Theophrastus, about 289 years before the christian era. He applied himself with uncommon industry to the study of nature, and was surnamed _Physicus_; and after the most mature investigations, he supported that nature was inanimate, and that there was no god but nature. He was appointed preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who not only revered his abilities and learning, but also rewarded his labours with unbounded liberality. He wrote different treatises, all now lost. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 38, &c.――――A physician.――――A peripatetic philosopher.――――A native of Epirus, very intimate with Brutus the murderer of Cæsar. He killed his friend at his own request.――――A rich Orchomenian who destroyed himself, because he could not obtain in marriage a young woman of Haliartus. _Plutarch._――――A Greek historian who wrote the life of some of the Macedonian kings.――――An athlete of Achaia, twice crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23. =Stratŏcles=, an Athenian general at the battle of Cheronæ, &c., _Polyænus._――――A stage-player in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99. =Straton.= _See:_ Strato. =Stratŏnīce=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Pleuron. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, who married Eumenes king of Pergamus, and became mother of Attalus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who married Seleucus king of Syria. Antiochus, her husband’s son by a former wife, became enamoured of her, and married her with his father’s consent, when the physicians had told him that if he did not comply, his son’s health would be impaired. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A concubine of Mithridates king of Pontus. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――The wife of Antigonus, mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes.――――A town of Caria, made a Macedonian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 33, chs. 18 & 33. ――――Another, in Mesopotamia.――――A third, near mount Taurus. =Stratonīcus=, an opulent person in the reign of Philip, and of his son Alexander, whose riches became proverbial. _Plutarch._――――A musician of Athens in the age of Demosthenes. _Athenæus_, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch. 12. =Stratonis turris=, a city of Judea, afterwards called Cæsarea by Herod in honour of Augustus. =Stratos=, a city of Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11.――――Of Acarnania. =Strenua=, a goddess at Rome, who gave vigour and energy to the weak and indolent. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, chs. 11 & 16. =Strongy̆le=, now _Strombolo_, one of the islands called Æolides in the Tyrrhene sea, near the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 10 miles in circumference, which throws up flame continually, and of which the crater is on the side of the mountain. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11. =Strophădes=, two islands in the Ionian sea, on the western coasts of the Peloponnesus. They were anciently called _Plotæ_, and received the name of Strophades from στρεφω, _verto_, because Zethes and Calais, the sons of Boreas, returned from thence by order of Jupiter, after they had driven the Harpies there from the tables of Phineus. The fleet of Æneas stopped near the Strophades. The largest of these two islands is not above five miles in circumference. _Hyginus_, fable 19.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 709.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 210.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Strophius=, a son of Crisus king of Phocis. He married a sister of Agamemnon, called Anaxibia, or Astyochia, or, according to others, Cyndragora, by whom he had Pylades, celebrated for his friendship with Orestes. After the murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra and Ægisthus, the king of Phocis educated at his own house, with the greatest care, his nephew, whom Electra had secretly removed from the dagger of his mother and her adulterer. Orestes was enabled, by means of Strophius, to revenge the death of his father. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Hyginus_, fables 1, 17.――――A son of Pylades by Electra the sister of Orestes. =Struthophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia, who fed on sparrows, as their name signifies. =Struthus=, a general of Artaxerxes against the Lacedæmonians, B.C. 393. =Stryma=, a town of Thrace, founded by a Thasian colony. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109. =Strymno=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Laomedon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Strymon=, a river which separates Thrace from Macedonia, and falls into a part of the Ægean sea, which has been called _Strymonicus sinus_. A number of cranes, as the poets say, resorted on its banks in the summer time. Its eels were excellent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 120; bk. 4, li. 508; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 265.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 251. =Stubera=, a town of Macedonia, between the Axius and Erigon. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39. =Stura=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po. =Sturni=, a town of Calabria. =Stymphālia=, or =Stymphālis=, a part of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 30.――――A surname of Diana. =Stymphālus=, a king of Arcadia, son of Elatus and Laodice. He made war against Pelops, and was killed in a truce. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――A town, river, lake, and fountain of Arcadia, which receives its name from king Stymphalus. The neighbourhood of the lake Stymphalus was infested with a number of voracious birds, like cranes or storks, which fed upon human flesh, and which were called _Stymphalides_. They were at last destroyed by Hercules, with the assistance of Minerva. Some have confounded them with the Harpies, while others pretend that they never existed but in the imagination of the poets. Pausanias, however, supports that there were carnivorous birds like the Stymphalides, in Arabia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 298.――――A lofty mountain of Peloponnesus in Arcadia. =Stygne=, a daughter of Danaus. _Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 4, poem 6. ――_Apollodorus._ =Styra=, a town of Eubœa. =Stȳrus=, a king of Albania, to whom Æetes promised his daughter Medea in marriage, to obtain his assistance against the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 497; bk. 8, li. 358. =Styx=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married Pallas, by whom she had three daughters, Victory, Strength, and Valour. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 363 & 384.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A celebrated river of hell, round which it flows nine times. According to some writers, the Styx was a small river of Nonacris in Arcadia, whose waters were so cold and venomous, that they proved fatal to such as tasted them. Among others, Alexander the Great is mentioned as a victim to their fatal poison, in consequence of drinking them. They even consumed iron, and broke all vessels. The wonderful properties of this water suggested the idea that it was a river of hell, especially when it disappeared in the earth a little below its fountain head. The gods held the waters of the Styx in such veneration, that they always swore by them; an oath which was inviolable. If any of the gods had perjured themselves, Jupiter obliged them to drink the waters of the Styx, which lulled them for one whole year into a senseless stupidity; for the nine following years they were deprived of the ambrosia and the nectar of the gods, and after the expiration of the years of their punishment, they were restored to the assembly of the deities, and to all their original privileges. It is said that this veneration was shown to the Styx, because it received its name from the nymph Styx, who, with her three daughters, assisted Jupiter in his war against the Titans. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 384, 775.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 513. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 74.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 323, 439, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 29, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 378, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 17 & 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10. =Suada=, the goddess of persuasion, called Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of worship established to her honour first by Theseus. She had a statue in the temple of Venus Praxis at Megara. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 22 & 43; bk. 9, ch. 35. =Suana=, a town of Etruria. =Suardones=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40. =Suasa=, a town of Umbria. =Subatrii=, a people of Germany, over whom Drusus triumphed. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Subi=, a small river of Catalonia. =Sublicius=, the first bridge erected at Rome over the Tiber. _See:_ Pons. =Submontorium=, a town of Vindelicia, now _Augsburg_. =Subota=, small islands at the east of Athos. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 28. =Subur=, a river of Mauritania.――――A town of Spain. =Suburra=, a street in Rome where all the licentious, dissolute, and lascivious Romans and courtesans resorted. It was situate between mount Viminalis and Quirinalis, and was remarkable as having been the residence of the obscurer years of Julius Cæsar. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_. ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 66.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 5. =Sucro=, now _Xucar_, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, celebrated for a battle fought there between Sertorius and Pompey, in which the former obtained the victory. _Plutarch._――――A Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 505. =Sudertum=, a town of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 23. =Suessa=, a town of Campania, called also _Aurunca_, to distinguish it from Suessa Pometia, the capital of the Volsci. _Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4. ――_Livy_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 4, ch. 2. =Suessitani=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 34. =Suessŏnes=, a powerful nation of Belgic Gaul, reduced by Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2. =Suessula=, a town of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 37; bk. 23, ch. 14. ♦=Suetonius Caius Paulinus=, the first Roman general who crossed mount Atlas with an army, of which expedition he wrote an account. He presided over Britain as governor for about 20 years, and was afterwards made consul. He forsook the interest of Otho, and attached himself to Vitellius.――――Caius Tranquillus, a Latin historian, son of a Roman knight of the same name. He was favoured by Adrian, and became his secretary, but he was afterwards banished from the court for want of attention and respect to the empress Sabina. In his retirement Suetonius enjoyed the friendship and correspondence of Pliny the younger, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote a history of the Roman kings, divided into three books; a catalogue of all the illustrious men of Rome, a book on the games and spectacles of the Greeks, &c., which are all now lost. The only one of his compositions extant, is the lives of the 12 first Cæsars, and some fragments of his catalogue of celebrated grammarians. Suetonius, in his Lives, is praised for his impartiality and correctness. His expressions, however, are often too indelicate, and it has been justly observed, that while he exposed the deformities of the Cæsars, he wrote with all the licentiousness and extravagance with which they lived. The best editions of Suetonius are that of Pitiscus, 4to, 2 vols., Leiden, 1714; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1751; and that of Ernesti, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1775. _Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 11; bk. 5, ltr. 11, &c. ♦ ‘Setonius’ replaced with ‘Suetonius’ =Suetri=, a people of Gaul near the Alps. ♦=Suevi=, a people of Germany, between the Elbe and the Vistula, who made frequent incursions upon the territories of Rome under the emperors. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 51. ♦ ‘Suovi’ replaced with ‘Suevi’ =Suevius=, a Latin poet in the age of Ennius. =Suffetala=, an inland town of Mauritania. =Suffēnus=, a Latin poet in the age of Catullus. He was but of moderate abilities, but puffed up with a high idea of his own excellence, and therefore deservedly exposed to the ridicule of his contemporaries. _Catullus_, poem 22. =Suffetius=, or =Suftius=. _See:_ Metius. =Suidas=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 1100. The best edition of his excellent Lexicon is that of Kuster, 3 vols., folio, Cambridge. 1705. =Publius Suilius=, an informer in the court of Claudius, banished under Nero, by means of Seneca, and sent to the Baleares. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42, &c.――――Cæsorinus, a guilty favourite of Messalina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 36. =Suiones=, a nation of Germany, supposed the modern _Swedes_. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 44. =Sulchi=, a town at the south of Sardinia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Claudian_, _Gildonic War_, li. 518.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Sulcius=, an informer whom Horace describes as hoarse with the number of defamations which he daily gave. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 65. =Sulga=, now _Sorgue_, a small river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone. _Strabo_, bk. 4. =Sulla.= _See:_ Sylla. =Sulmo=, now _Sulmona_, an ancient town of the Peligni, at the distance of about 90 miles from Rome, founded by Solymus, one of the followers of Æneas. Ovid was born there. _Ovid_, _passim_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 511.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――――A Latin chief killed in the night by Nisus, as he was going with his companions to destroy Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 412. =Sulpitia=, a daughter of Paterculus, who married Fulvius Flaccus. She was so famous for her chastity, that she consecrated a temple to ♦Venus Verticordia, a goddess who was implored to turn the hearts of the Roman women to virtue. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 35.――――A poetess in the age of Domitian, against whom she wrote a poem, because he had banished the philosophers from Rome. This composition is still extant. She had also written a poem on conjugal affection, commended by Martial, ltr. 35, now lost.――――A daughter of Servius Sulpitius, mentioned in the fourth book of elegies, falsely attributed to Tibullus. ♦ ‘Venis’ replaced with ‘Venus’ =Sulpitia lex=, _militaris_, by Caius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665, invested Marius with the full power of the war against Mithridates, of which Sylla was to be deprived.――――Another, _de senatu_, by Servius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It required that no senator should owe more than 2000 drachmæ.――――Another, _de civitate_, by Publius Sulpitius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It ordered that the new citizens who composed the eight tribes lately created, should be divided among the 35 old tribes, as a greater honour.――――Another, called also Sempronia, _de religione_, by Publius Sulpicius Saverrio and Publius Sempronius Sophus, consuls, A.U.C. 449. It forbade any person to consecrate a temple or altar without the permission of the senate and the majority of the tribunes.――――Another, to empower the Romans to make war against Philip of Macedonia. =Sulpitius=, or =Sulpicius=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most celebrated are:――Peticus, a man chosen dictator against the Gauls. His troops mutinied when he first took the field, but soon after he engaged the enemy and totally defeated them. _Livy_, bk. 7. ――――Saverrio, a consul who gained a victory over the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 45.――――Caius Paterculus, a consul sent against the Carthaginians. He conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and obtained a complete victory over the enemy’s fleet. He was honoured with a triumph at his return to Rome. _Livy_, bk. 17.――――Spurius, one of the three commissioners whom the Romans sent to collect the best laws which could be found in the different cities and republics of Greece. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――One of the first consuls who received intelligence that a conspiracy was formed in Rome to restore the Tarquins to power, &c.――――A priest who died of the plague in the first ages of the republic at Rome.――――Publius Galba, a Roman consul who signalized himself greatly during the war which his countrymen waged against the Achæans and the Macedonians.――――Severus, a writer. _See:_ Severus.――――Publius, one of the associates of Marius, well known for his intrigues and cruelty. He made some laws in favour of the allies of Rome, and he kept about 3000 young men in continual pay, whom he called his anti-senatorial band, and with these he had often the impertinence to attack the consul in the popular assemblies. He became at last so seditious, that he was proscribed by Sylla’s adherents, and immediately murdered. His head was fixed on a pole in the rostrum, where he had often made many seditious speeches in the capacity of tribune. _Livy_, bk. 77.――――A Roman consul who fought against Pyrrhus and defeated him.――――Caius Longus, a Roman consul, who defeated the Samnites and killed 30,000 of their men. He obtained a triumph for this celebrated victory. He was afterwards made dictator to conduct a war against the Etrurians.――――Rufus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――One of Messalina’s favourites, put to death by Claudius.――――Publius Quirinus, a consul in the age of Augustus.――――Camerinus, a proconsul of Africa, under Nero, accused of cruelty, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 13, _Annals_, ch. 52.――――Gallus, a celebrated astrologer in the age of Paulus. He accompanied the consul in his expedition against Perseus, and told the Roman army that the night before the day on which they were to give the enemy battle there would be an eclipse of the moon. This explanation encouraged the soldiers, which, on the contrary, would have intimidated them, if not previously acquainted with the causes of it. Sulpitius was universally respected, and he was honoured a few years after with the consulship. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 37.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 12. ――――Apollinaris, a grammarian in the age of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. He left some letters and a few grammatical observations now lost. _Cicero._――_Livy._――_Plutarch._――_Polybius._――_Florus._ ――_Eutropius._ =Summānus=, a surname of Pluto, as prince of the dead, _summus manium_. He had a temple at Rome, erected during the wars with Pyrrhus, and the Romans believed that the thunderbolts of Jupiter were in his power during the night. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 731. =Sunici=, a people of Germany on the shores of the Rhine. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 66. =Sunides=, a soothsayer in the army of Eumenes. _Polyænus_, bk. 4. =Sunium=, a promontory of Attica, about 45 miles distant from the Piræus. There was there a small harbour, as also a town. Minerva had there a beautiful temple, whence she was called _Sunias_. There are still extant some ruins of this temple. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3; bk. 13, ltr. 10. =Suovetaurilia=, a sacrifice among the Romans, which consisted of the immolation of a sow (_sus_), a sheep (_ovis_), and a bull (_taurus_), whence the name. It was generally observed every fifth year. =Supĕrum mare=, a name of the Adriatic sea, because it was situate above Italy. The name of _Mare Inferum_ was applied for the opposite reasons to the sea below Italy. _Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, &c. =Sura Æmylius=, a Latin writer, &c. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――Lucius Licinius, a favourite of Trajan, honoured with the consulship.――――A writer in the age of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote a history of the reign of the emperor.――――A city on the Euphrates. ――――Another in Iberia.――――A river of Germany, whose waters fall into the Moselle. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_. =Surēna=, a powerful officer in the armies of Orodes king of Parthia. His family had the privilege of crowning the kings of Parthia. He was appointed to conduct the war against the Romans, and to protect the kingdom of Parthia against Crassus, who wished to conquer it. He defeated the Roman triumvir, and after he had drawn him perfidiously to a conference, he ordered his head to be cut off. He afterwards returned to Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of the Romans. Orodes ordered him to be put to death, B.C. 52. Surena has been admired for his valour, his sagacity as a general, and his prudence and firmness in the execution of his plans; but his perfidy, his effeminate manners, and his lasciviousness have been deservedly censured. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Crassus_. =Surium=, a town at the south of Colchis. =Surrentum=, a town of Campania, on the bay of Naples, famous for the wine which was made in the neighbourhood. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 52.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 710.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 110. =Surus=, one of the Ædui, who made war against Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 45. =Susa= (orum), now _Suster_, a celebrated city of Asia, the chief town of Susiana, and the capital of the Persian empire, built by Tithonus the father of Memnon. Cyrus took it. The walls of Susa were above 120 stadia in circumference. The treasures of the kings of Persia were generally kept there, and the royal palace was built with white marble, and its pillars were covered with gold and precious stones. It was usual with the kings of Persia to spend the summer at Ecbatana, and the winter at Susa, because the climate was more warm than at any other royal residence. It has been called _Memnonia_, or the palace of Memnon, because that prince reigned there. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 49.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13.――_Claudian._ =Susăna=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 384. =Susarion=, a Greek poet of Megara, who is supposed, with Dolon, to be the inventor of comedy, and to have first introduced it at Athens on a movable stage, B.C. 562. =Susiāna=, or =Susis=, a country of Asia, of which the capital was called Susa, situate at the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great abundance in Susiana, and it is from that plant that the province received its name, according to some, as _Susan_ is the name of a _lily_ in Hebrew. =Susidæ pylæ=, narrow passes over mountains, from Susiana into Persia. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 3. =Suthul=, a town of Numidia, where the king’s treasures were kept. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 37. =Sutrium=, a town of Etruria, about 24 miles north-west of Rome. Some suppose that the phrase _Ire Sutrium_, to act with despatch, arises from the celerity with which Camillus recovered the place, but Festus explains it differently. _Plautus_, _Casina_, act 3, scen 1, li. 10. ――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 34.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 32. =Syagrus=, an ancient poet, the first who wrote on the Trojan war. He is called _Segaris_, by Diogenes Laërtius, who adds that he lived in Homer’s age, of whom he was the rival. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 21. =Sybăris=, a river of Lucania in Italy, whose waters were said to render men more strong and robust. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11; bk. 31, ch. 2.――――There was a town of the same name on its banks on the bay of Tarentum, which had been founded by a colony of Achæans. Sybaris became very powerful, and in its most flourishing situation it had the command of four neighbouring nations, of 25 towns, and could send an army of 300,000 men into the field. The walls of the city were said to extend six miles and a half in circumference, and the suburbs covered the banks of the Crathis for the space of seven miles. It made a long and vigorous resistance against the neighbouring town of Crotona, till it was at last totally reduced by the disciples of Pythagoras, B.C. 501. Sybaris was destroyed no less than five times, and always repaired. In a more recent age the inhabitants became so effeminate, that the word _Sybarise_ became proverbial to intimate a man devoted to pleasure. There was a small town built in the neighbourhood about 444 years before the christian era, and called Thurium, from a small fountain called Thuria, where it was built. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 24.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 96.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c. ――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 363.――――A youth enamoured of Lydia, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 8, li. 2. =Sybarīta=, an inhabitant of Sybaris. _See:_ Sybaris. =Sybota=, a harbour of Epirus. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. =Sybŏtas=, a king of the Messenians in the age of Lycurgus the Spartan legislator. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 4. =Sycinnus=, a slave of Themistocles, sent by his master to engage Xerxes to fight against the fleet of the Peloponnesians. =Sycurium=, a town of Thessaly at the foot of Ossa. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54. =Syedra=, a town of Cilicia. =Syēne=, now _Assuan_, a town of Thebais, on the extremities of Egypt. Juvenal the poet was banished there on pretence of commanding a pretorian cohort stationed in the neighbourhood. It was famous for its quarries of marble. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 5, li. 79; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 74.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 587; bk. 8, li. 851; bk. 10, li. 234. =Syenesius=, a Cilician who, with Labinetus of Babylon, concluded a peace between Alyattes king of Lydia, and Cyaxares king of Media, while both armies were terrified by a sudden eclipse of the sun, B.C. 585. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74. =Syennesis=, a satrap of Cilicia, when Cyrus made war against his brother Artaxerxes. He wished to favour both the brothers by sending one of his sons into the army of Cyrus and another to Artaxerxes. =Sylēa=, a daughter of Corinthus. =Syleum=, a town of Pamphylia. =Syleus=, a king of Aulis. =Sylla Lucius Cornelius=, a celebrated Roman of a noble family. The poverty of his early years was relieved by the liberality of the courtesan Nicopolis, who left him heir to a large fortune; and with the addition of the immense wealth of his mother-in-law, he soon appeared one of the most opulent of the Romans. He first entered the army under the great Marius, whom he accompanied in Numidia in the capacity of questor. He rendered himself conspicuous in military affairs; and Bocchus, one of the princes of Numidia, delivered Jugurtha into his hands for the Roman consul. The rising fame of Sylla gave umbrage to Marius, who was always jealous of an equal, as well as of a superior; but the ill language which he might use, rather inflamed than extinguished the ambition of Sylla. He left the conqueror of Jugurtha, and carried arms under Catullus. Some time after he obtained the pretorship, and was appointed by the Roman senate to place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappadocia, against the views and interest of Mithridates king of Pontus. This he easily effected: one battle left him victorious; and before he quitted the plains of Asia, the Roman pretor had the satisfaction to receive in his camp the ambassadors of the king of Parthia, who wished to make a treaty of alliance with the Romans. Sylla received them with haughtiness, and behaved with such arrogance, that one of them exclaimed, “Surely this man is master of the world, or doomed to be such!” At his return to Rome, he was commissioned to finish the war with the Marsi, and when this was successfully ended, he was rewarded with the consulship, in the 50th year of his age. In this capacity he wished to have the administration of the Mithridatic war; but he found an obstinate adversary in Marius, and he attained the summit of his wishes only when he had entered Rome sword in hand. After he had slaughtered all his enemies, set a price upon the head of Marius, and put to death the tribune Sulpitius, who had continually opposed his views, he marched towards Asia, and disregarded the flames of discord which he left behind him unextinguished. Mithridates was already master of the greatest part of Greece; and Sylla, when he reached the coast of Peloponnesus, was delayed by the siege of Athens, and of the Piræus. His operations were carried on with vigour, and when he found his money fail, he made no scruple to take the riches of the temples of the gods to bribe his soldiers, and render them devoted to his service. His boldness succeeded. The Piræus surrendered; and the conqueror, as if struck with reverence at the beautiful porticoes where the philosophic followers of Socrates and Plato had often disputed, spared the city of Athens, which he had devoted to destruction, and forgave the living for the sake of the dead. Two celebrated battles at Cheronæa and Orchomenos, rendered him master of Greece. He crossed the Hellespont, and attacked Mithridates in the very heart of his kingdom. The artful monarch, who well knew the valour and perseverance of his adversary, made proposals of peace; and Sylla, whose interest at home was then decreasing, did not hesitate to put an end to a war which had rendered him master of so much territory, and which enabled him to return to Rome like a conqueror, and to dispute with his rival the sovereignty of the republic with a victorious army. Muræna was left at the head of the Roman forces in Asia, and Sylla hastened to Italy. In the plains of Campania, he was met by a few of his adherents, whom the success of his rivals had banished from the capital, and he was soon informed, that if he wished to contend with Marius, he must encounter 15 generals, followed by 25 well-disciplined legions. In these critical circumstances he had recourse to artifice, and while he proposed terms of accommodation to his adversaries, he secretly strengthened himself, and saw, with pleasure, his armies daily increase by the revolt of soldiers whom his bribes or promises had corrupted. Pompey, who afterwards merited the surname of Great, embraced his cause, and marched to the camp with three legions. Soon after he appeared in the field with advantage; the confidence of Marius decayed with his power, and Sylla entered Rome like a tyrant and a conqueror. The streets were daily filled with dead bodies, and 7000 citizens, to whom the conqueror had promised pardon, were suddenly massacred in the circus. The senate, at that time assembled in the temple of Bellona, heard the shrieks of their dying countrymen; and when they inquired into the cause of it, Sylla coolly replied, “They are only a few rebels whom I have ordered to be chastised.” If this had been the last and most dismal scene, Rome might have been called happy; but it was only the beginning of her misfortunes. Each succeeding day exhibited a great number of slaughtered bodies, and when one of the senators had the boldness to ask the tyrant when he meant to stop his cruelties, Sylla, with an air of unconcern, answered, that he had not yet determined, but that he would take it into his consideration. The slaughter was continued; a list of such as were proscribed was daily stuck in the public streets, and the slave was rewarded to bring his master’s head, and the son was not ashamed to imbrue his hands in the blood of his father for money. No less than 4700 of the most powerful and opulent were slain, and Sylla wished the Romans to forget his cruelties in aspiring to the title of perpetual dictator. In this capacity he made new laws, abrogated such as were inimical to his views, and changed every regulation where his ambition was obstructed. After he had finished whatever the most absolute sovereign may do from his own will and authority, Sylla abdicated the dictatorial power, and retired to a solitary retreat at Puteoli, where he spent the rest of his days, if not in literary ease and tranquillity, yet far from the noise of arms, in the midst of riot and debauchery. The companions of his retirement were the most base and licentious of the populace, and Sylla took pleasure still to wallow in voluptuousness, though on the verge of life, and covered with infirmities. His intemperance hastened his end, his blood was corrupted, and an imposthume was bred in his bowels. He at last died in the greatest torments of the lousy disease, about 78 years before Christ, in the 60th year of his age; and it has been observed, that, like Marius, on his death-bed, he wished to drown the stings of conscience and remorse by continual intoxication. His funeral was very magnificent; his body was attended by the senate and the vestal virgins, and hymns were sung to celebrate his exploits and to honour his memory. A monument was erected in the field of Mars, on which appeared an inscription written by himself, in which he said, that the good services he had received from his friends, and the injuries of his enemies, had been returned with unexampled usury. The character of Sylla is that of an ambitious, dissimulating, credulous, tyrannical, debauched, and resolute commander. He was revengeful in the highest degree, and the surname of _Felix_, or _the Fortunate_, which he assumed, showed that he was more indebted to fortune than to valour for the great fame which he had acquired. But in the midst of all this, who cannot admire the moderation and philosophy of a man, who when absolute master of a republic, which he had procured by his cruelty and avarice, silently abdicates the sovereign power, challenges a critical examination of his administration, and retires to live securely in the midst of thousands whom he has injured and offended? The Romans were pleased and astonished at his abdication; and when the insolence of a young man had been vented against the dictator, he calmly answered, “This usage may perhaps deter another to resign his power to follow my example, if ever he becomes absolute.” Sylla has been commended for the patronage which he gave to the arts and sciences. He brought from Asia the extensive library of Apellicon the Peripatetic philosopher, in which were the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and he himself composed 22 books of memoirs concerning himself. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 17, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 75, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 20. ――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 2, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 12, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――_Justin_, bks. 37 & 38. ――_Eutropius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――――A nephew of the dictator, who conspired against his country because he had been deprived of his consulship for bribery.――――Another relation, who also joined in the same conspiracy.――――A man put to death by Nero at Marseilles, where he had been banished.――――A friend of Cato, defeated and killed by one of Cæsar’s lieutenants.――――A senator banished from the senate for his prodigality by Tiberius. =Syllis=, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Syloes=, a promontory of Africa. =Sylŏson=, a man who gave a splendid garment to Darius son of Hystaspes, when a private man. Darius, when raised to the throne of Persia, remembered the gift of Syloson with gratitude. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Sylvānus=, a god of the woods. _See:_ Silvanus. =Sylvia=, or =Ilia=, the mother of Romulus. _See:_ Rhea.――――A daughter of Tyrrhenus, whose favourite stag was wounded by Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 503. =Sylvius=, a son of Æneas by Lavinia, from whom afterwards all the kings of Alba were called _Sylvii_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 763. =Syma=, or =Syme=, a town of Asia.――――A nymph, mother of Chthonius by Neptune. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Symbŏlum=, a place of Macedonia, near Philippi, on the confines of Thrace. =Symmăchus=, an officer in the army of Agesilaus.――――A celebrated orator in the age of Theodosius the Great. His father was prefect of Rome. He wrote against the christians, and 10 books of his letters are extant, which have been refuted by Ambrose and Prudentius. The best editions of Symmachus are that of Geneva, 8vo, 1598, and that of Paris, 4to, 1604.――――A writer in the second century. He translated the Bible into Greek, of which few fragments remain. =Symplegădes=, or =Cyaneæ=, two islands or rocks at the entrance of the Euxine sea. _See:_ Cyaneæ. =Symus=, a mountain of Armenia, from which the Araxes flows. =Syncellus=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose works were edited in folio, Paris, 1652. =Synesius=, a bishop of Cyrene in the age of Theodosius the younger, as conspicuous for his learning as his piety. He wrote 155 epistles, besides other treatises, in Greek, in a style pure and elegant, and bordering much upon the poetic. The last edition is in 8vo, Paris, 1605; inferior, however, to the _editio princeps_ by Dionysius Pectavius, folio, Paris, 1613. The best edition of Synesius _de febribus_ is that of Bernard, Amsterdam, 1749. =Synnalaxis=, a nymph of Ionia, who had a temple at Heraclea in Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22. =Synnas= (adis), or =Synnada= (plural), a town of Phrygia, famous for its marble quarries. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Claudian_, _Against Eutropius_, bk. 2.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 77.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 41. =Synnis=, a famous robber of Attica. _See:_ Scinis. =Synōpe=, a town on the borders of the Euxine. _See:_ Sinope. =Syphæum=, a town of the Brutii in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19. =Syphax=, a king of the Masæsylii in Libya, who married Sophonisba the daughter of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance of the Romans to join himself to the interest of his father-in-law, and of Carthage. He was conquered in a battle by Masinissa the ally of Rome, and given to Scipio the Roman general. The conqueror carried him to Rome, where he adorned his triumph. Syphax died in prison 201 years before Christ, and his possessions were given to Masinissa. According to some, the descendants of Syphax reigned for some time over a part of Numidia, and continued to make opposition to the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 24, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Scipio_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Polybius._ ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, lis. 171 & 188.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 769. =Syraces=, one of the Sacæ, who mutilated himself, and, by pretending to be a deserter, brought Darius, who made war against his country, into many difficulties. _Polyænus_, bk. 7. =Syracosia=, festivals at Syracuse celebrated during 10 days, in which women were busily employed in offering sacrifices.――――Another yearly observed near the lake of Syracuse, where, as they supposed, Pluto had disappeared with Proserpine. =Syracūsæ=, a celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 years before the christian era by Archias, a Corinthian, and one of the Heraclidæ. In its flourishing state it extended 22½ English miles in circumference, and was divided into four districts, Ortygia, Acradina, Tycha, and Neapolis, to which some add a fifth division, Epipolæ, a district little inhabited. These were of themselves separate cities, and were fortified with three citadels, and three-folded walls. Syracuse had two capacious harbours separated from one another by the island of Ortygia. The greatest harbour was about 5000 paces in circumference, and its entrance 500 paces wide. The people of Syracuse were very opulent and powerful, and though subject to tyrants, they were masters of vast possessions and dependent states. The city of Syracuse was well built, its houses were stately and magnificent; and it has been said, that it produced the best and most excellent of men when they were virtuous, but the most wicked and depraved when addicted to vicious pursuits. The women of Syracuse were not permitted to adorn themselves with gold, or wear costly garments, except such as prostituted themselves. Syracuse gave birth to Theocritis and Archimedes. It was under different governments; and after being freed from the tyranny of Thrasybulus, B.C. 446, it enjoyed security for 61 years, till the usurpation of the Dionysii, who were expelled by Timoleon, B.C. 343. In the age of the elder Dionysius, an army of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and 400 ships, were kept in constant pay. It fell into the hands of the Romans, under the consul Marcellus, after a siege of three years, B.C. 212. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, chs. 52 & 53.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.――_Cornelius Nepos._――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 23, &c. ――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 278. =Syria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries are not accurately ascertained by the ancients. Syria, generally speaking, was bounded on the east by the Euphrates, north by mount Taurus, west by the Mediterranean, and south by Arabia. It was divided into several districts and provinces, among which were Phœnicia, Seleucis, Judæa or Palestine, Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Assyria. It was also called _Assyria_; and the words Syria and Assyria, though distinguished and defined by some authors, were often used indifferently. Syria was subjected to the monarchs of Persia; but after the death of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, surnamed Nicator, who had received this province as his lot in the division of the Macedonian dominions, raised it into an empire, known in history by the name of the kingdom of Syria or Babylon, B.C. 312. Seleucus died after a reign of 32 years, and his successors, surnamed the _Seleucidæ_, ascended the throne in the following order: Antiochus, surnamed Soter, 280 B.C.; Antiochus Theos, 261; Seleucus Callinicus, 246; Seleucus Ceraunus, 226; Antiochus the Great, 223; Seleucus Philopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphanes, 175; Antiochus Eupator, 164; Demetrius Soter, 162; Alexander Balas, 150; Demetrius Nicator, 146; Antiochus VI., 144; Diodotus Tryphon, 147; Antiochus Sidetes, 139; Demetrius Nicator restored, 130; Alexander Zebina, 127, who was dethroned by Antiochus Grypus, 123; Antiochus Cyzicenus, 112, who takes part of Syria, which he calls Cœlesyria; Philip and Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in Cœlesyria, Antiochus Pius; Aretas was king of Cœlesyria, 85; Tigranes, king of Armenia, 83; and Antiochus Asiaticus, 69, who was dethroned by Pompey, B.C. 65; in consequence of which Syria became a Roman province. _Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3 & 7.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.――_Strabo_, bks. 12 & 16.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Curtius_, bk. 6.――_Dionysius Periegetes._ =Syriăcum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the coast of Phœnicia and Syria. =Syrinx=, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the river Ladon. Pan became enamoured of her, and attempted to offer her violence; but Syrinx escaped, and at her own request was changed by the gods into a reed called Syrinx by the Greeks. The god made himself a pipe with the reeds, into which his favourite nymph had been changed. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 691.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 63. =Syrophœnix=, the name of an inhabitant of the maritime coast of Syria. _Juvenal_, satire 8. =Syros=, one of the Cyclades in the Ægean sea, at the east of Delos, about 20 miles in circumference, very fruitful in wine and corn of all sorts. The inhabitants lived to a great old age, because the air was wholesome. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 504.――_Strabo_, bk. 10. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A town of Caria. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Syrtes=, two large sand-banks in the Mediterranean on the coast of Africa, one of which was near Leptis, and the other near Carthage. As they often changed places, and were sometimes very high or very low under the water, they were deemed most dangerous in navigation, and proved fatal to whatever ships touched upon them. From this circumstance, therefore, the word has been used to denote any part of the sea of which the navigation was attended with danger, either from whirlpools or hidden rocks. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 41.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 303. ――_Sallust_, _ Jugurthine War_. =Syrus=, an island. _See:_ Syros.――――A son of Apollo by Sinope the daughter of the Asopus, who gave his name to Syria. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A writer. _See:_ Publius. =Sysigambis=, the mother of Darius. _See:_ Sisygambis. =Sysimethres=, a Persian satrap, who had two children by his mother, an incestuous commerce tolerated by the laws of Persia. He opposed Alexander with 2000 men, but soon surrendered. He was greatly honoured by the conqueror. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4. =Sysinas=, the elder son of Datames, who revolted from his father to Artaxerxes. =Sythas=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing through Sicyonia into the bay of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7. T =Taautes=, a Phœnician deity, the same as the Saturn of the Latins, and probably the Thoth, or Thaut, the Mercury of the Egyptians. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Varro._ =Tabæ=, a town of Pisidia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13. =Tabellariæ leges=, laws made by suffrages delivered upon tables (_tabellæ_), and not _vivâ voce_. There were four of these laws, the _Gabinia lex_, A.U.C. 614, by Gabinius; the _Cassia_, by Cassius, A.U.C. 616; the _Papiria_, by Carbo, A.U.C. 622; and the _Cælia_, by Cælius, A.U.C. 646. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Tabernæ novæ=, a street in Rome where shops were built. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 48.――――Rhenanæ, a town of Germany on the confluence of the Felbach and the Rhine, now _Rhin-Zabern_.――――Riguæ, now _Bern-Castel_, on the Moselle.――――Triboccorum, a town of Alsace in France, now _Saverne_. =Tabor=, a mountain of Palestine. =Tabrăca=, a maritime town of Africa, near Hippo, made a Roman colony. The neighbouring forests abounded with monkeys. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 194.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 256. =Tabuda=, a river of Germany, now the _Scheldt_. _Ptolemy._ =Taburnus=, a mountain of Campania, which abounded with olives. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 38; _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 715. =Tacape=, a town of Africa. =Tacatua=, a maritime town of Numidia. =Tacfarīnas=, a Numidian who commanded an army against the Romans in the reign of Tiberius. He had formerly served in the Roman legions, but in the character of an enemy, he displayed the most inveterate hatred against his benefactor. After he had severally defeated the officers of Tiberius, he was at last routed and killed in the field of battle, fighting with uncommon fury, by Dolabella. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, &c. =Tachampso=, an island in the Nile, near Thebais. The Egyptians held one half of this island, and the rest was in the hands of the Æthiopians. _Herodotus_, bk. 2. =Tachos=, or =Tachus=, a king of Egypt, in the reign of Artaxerxes Ochus, against whom he sustained a long war. He was assisted by the Greeks, but his confidence in Agesilaus king of Lacedæmon proved fatal to him. Chabrias the Athenian had been entrusted with the fleet of the Egyptian monarch, and Agesilaus was left with the command of the mercenary army. The Lacedæmonian disregarded his engagements, and by joining with Nectanebus, who had revolted from Tachus, he ruined the affairs of the monarch, and obliged him to save his life by flight. Some observe that Agesilaus acted with that duplicity to avenge himself upon Tachus, who had insolently ridiculed his short and deformed stature. The expectations of Tachus had been raised by the fame of Agesilaus; but when he saw the lame monarch, he repeated on the occasion the fable of the mountain which brought forth a mouse, upon which Agesilaus replied with asperity, though he called him a mouse, yet he soon should find him to be a lion. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus._ =Tacina=, a river of the Brutii. =Tacĭta=, a goddess who presided over silence. Numa, as some say, paid particular veneration to this divinity. =Tacĭtus ♦Publius Cornelius=, a celebrated Latin historian, born in the reign of Nero. His father was a Roman knight, who had been appointed governor of Belgic Gaul. The native genius and the rising talents of Tacitus were beheld with rapture by the emperor Vespasian, and as he wished to protect and patronize merit, he raised the young historian to places of trust and honour. The succeeding emperors were not less partial to Tacitus, and Domitian seemed to forget his cruelties, when virtue and innocence claimed his patronage. Tacitus was honoured with the consulship, and he gave proofs of his eloquence at the bar by supporting the cause of the injured Africans against the proconsul Marius Priscus, and in causing him to be condemned for his avarice and extortion. The friendly intercourse of Pliny and Tacitus has often been admired, and many have observed, that the familiarity of these two great men arose from similar principles, and a perfect conformity of manners and opinions. Yet Tacitus was as much the friend of a republican government, as Pliny was an admirer of the imperial power, and of the short-lived virtues of his patron Trajan. Pliny gained the heart of his adherents by affability, and all the elegant graces which became the courtier and the favourite, while Tacitus conciliated the esteem of the world by his virtuous conduct, which prudence and love of honour ever guided. The friendship of Tacitus and of Pliny almost became proverbial, and one was scarce mentioned without the other, as the following instance may indicate. At the exhibition of the spectacles in the circus, Tacitus held a long conversation on different subjects with a Roman knight, with whom he was unacquainted; and when the knight asked him whether he was a native of Italy, the historian told him that he was not unknown to him, and that for their distant acquaintance he was indebted to literature. “Then you are,” replied the knight, “either Tacitus or Pliny.” The time of Tacitus was not employed in trivial pursuits; the orator might have been forgotten if the historian had not flourished. Tacitus wrote a treatise on the manners of the Germans, a composition admired for the fidelity and exactness with which it is executed, though some have declared that the historian delineated manners and customs with which he was not acquainted, and which never existed. His life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola, whose daughter he had married, is celebrated for its purity, elegance, and the many excellent instructions and important truths which it relates. His history of the Roman emperors is imperfect; of the 28 years of which it treated, that is from the 69th to the 96th year of the christian era, nothing remains but the year 69, and part of the 70th. His annals were the most extensive and complete of his works. The history of the reign of Tiberius, Caius, Claudius, and Nero, was treated with accuracy and attention, yet we are to lament the loss of the history of the reign of Caius, and the beginning of that of Claudius. Tacitus had reserved for his old age the history of the reign of Nerva and Trajan, and he also proposed to give to the world an account of the interesting administration of Augustus; but these important subjects never employed the pen of the historian, and as some of the ancients observe, the only compositions of Tacitus were contained in 30 books, of which we have now left only 16 of his annals, and five of his history. The style of Tacitus has always been admired for peculiar beauties: the thoughts are great; there is a sublimity, force, weight, and energy; everything is treated with precision and dignity. Yet many have called him obscure, because he was fond of expressing his ideas in few words. This was the fruit of experience and judgment; the history appears copious and diffuse, while the annals, which were written in his old age, are less flowing as to style, more concise, and more heavily laboured. His Latin is remarkable for being pure and classical; and though a writer in the decline of the Roman empire, he has not used obsolete words, antiquated phrases, or barbarous expressions, but with him everything is sanctioned by the authority of the writers of the Augustan age. In his biographical sketches he displays an uncommon knowledge of human nature; he paints every scene with a masterly hand, and gives each object its proper size and becoming colours. Affairs of importance are treated with dignity, the secret causes of events and revolutions are investigated from their primeval source, and the historian everywhere shows his reader that he was a friend of public liberty and national independence, a lover of truth, and of the general good and welfare of mankind, and an inveterate enemy to oppression and to a tyrannical government. The history of the reign of Tiberius is his masterpiece: the deep policy, the dissimulation and various intrigues of this celebrated prince, are painted with all the fidelity of the historian; and Tacitus boasted in saying, that he neither would flatter the follies, or maliciously or partially represent the extravagance, of the several characters he delineated. Candour and impartiality were his standard, and his claim to these essential qualifications of an historian have never been disputed. It is said that the emperor Tacitus, who boasted in being one of the descendants of the historian, ordered the works of his ancestor to be placed in all public libraries, and directed that 10 copies, well ascertained for accuracy and exactness, should be yearly written, that so great and so valuable a work might not be lost. Some ecclesiastical writers have exclaimed against Tacitus for the partial manner in which he speaks of the Jews and christians; but it should be remembered that he spoke the language of the Romans, and that the ♠peculiarities of the christians could not but draw upon them the odium and the ridicule of the pagans, and the imputation of superstition. Among the many excellent editions of Tacitus, these may pass for the best: that of Rome, folio, 1515; that in 8vo, 2 vols., Leiden, 1673; that in usum Delphim, 4 vols., 4to, Paris, 1682; that of Lipscomb, 2 vols., 8vo, 1714; of Gronovius, 2 vols., 4to, 1721; that of Brotier, 7 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1776; that of Ernesti, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1777; and Barbou’s, 3 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1760. ――――Marcus Claudius, a Roman chosen emperor by the senate, after the death of Aurelian. He would have refused this important and dangerous office, but the pressing solicitations of the senate prevailed, and in the 70th year of his age he complied with the wishes of his countrymen, and accepted the purple. The time of his administration was very popular, the good of the people was his care, and as a pattern of moderation, economy, temperance, regularity, and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. He abolished the several brothels which under the preceding reigns had filled Rome with licentiousness and obscenity; and by ordering all the public baths to be shut at sunset, he prevented the commission of many irregularities, which the darkness of the night had hitherto sanctioned. The senators under Tacitus seemed to have recovered their ancient dignity and long-lost privileges. They were not only the counsellers of the emperor, but they even seemed to be his masters; and when Florianus, the brother-in-law of Tacitus, was refused the consulship, the emperor said, that the senate, no doubt, could fix upon a more deserving object. As a warrior, Tacitus is inferior to few of the Romans; and during a short reign of about six months, he not only repelled the barbarians who had invaded the territories of Rome in Asia, but he prepared to make war against the Persians and Scythians. He died in Cilicia as he was on his expedition, of a violent distemper, or, according to some, he was destroyed by the secret dagger of an assassin, on the 13th of April, in the 276th year of the christian era. Tacitus has been commended for his love of learning; and it has been observed, that he never passed a day without consecrating some part of his time to reading or writing. He has been accused of superstition, and authors have recorded that he never studied on the second day of each month, a day which he deemed inauspicious and unlucky. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.――_Zosimus._ ♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Publius’ ♠ ‘peculiarites’ replaced with ‘peculiarities’ =Tader=, a river of Spain, near New Carthage. =Tædai=, a prostitute at Rome, &c., _Juvenal_, Satire 2, li. 49. =Tænărus=, now _Matapan_, a promontory of Laconia, the most southern point of Europe, where Neptune had a temple. There was there a large and deep cavern, whence issued a black and unwholesome vapour, from which circumstance the poets have imagined that it was one of the entrances of hell, through which Hercules dragged Cerberus from the infernal regions. This fabulous tradition arises, according to Pausanias, from the continual resort of a large serpent near the cavern of Tænarus, whose bite was mortal. The serpent, as the geographer observes, was at last killed by Hercules, and carried to Eurystheus. The town of Tænarus was at the distance of about 40 stadia from the promontory, and was famous for marble of a beautiful green colour. The town, as well as the promontory, received its name from Tænarus, a son of Neptune. There were some festivals celebrated there, called _Tænaria_, in honour of Neptune, surnamed _Tænarius_. _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_, li. 413.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14. ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 648.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 247; bk. 10, lis. 13 & 83.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Tænias=, a part of the lake Mœotis. _Strabo._ =Tagaste=, a town of Numidia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4. =Tages=, a son of Genius, grandson of Jupiter, was the first who taught the 12 nations of the Etrurians the science of augury and divination. It is said that he was found by a Tuscan ploughman in the form of a clod, and that he assumed a human shape to instruct this nation, which became so celebrated for their knowledge of omens and incantations. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_ bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 558.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 673. =Tagonius=, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis. =Tagus=, a river of Spain, which falls into the Atlantic after it has crossed Lusitania or Portugal, and now bears the name of _Tajo_. The sands of the Tagus, according to the poets, were covered with gold. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 251. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 234.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 755. ――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 55, &c.――――A Latin chief killed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 418.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513. =Talasius=. _See:_ ♦Thalassius. ♦ ‘Thalasius’ replaced with ‘Thalassius’ =Talaus=, a son of Bias and Pero, father of Adrastus by Lysimache. He was one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6. =Talayra=, the sister of Phœbe. She is also called _Hilaira_. _See:_ Phœbe. =Talĕtum=, a temple sacred to the sun on mount Taygetus in Laconia. Horses were generally offered there for sacrifice. _Pausanias._ =Talthybius=, a herald in the Grecian camp during the Trojan war, the particular minister and friend of Agamemnon. He brought away Briseis from the tent of Achilles by order of his master. Talthybius died at Ægium in Achaia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 320, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23. =Talus=, a youth, son of the sister of Dædalus, who invented the saw, compasses, and other mechanical instruments. His uncle became jealous of his growing fame, and murdered him privately; or, according to others, he threw him down from the citadel of Athens. Talus was changed into a partridge by the gods. He is also called _Calus_, _Acalus_, _Perdix_, and _Taliris_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――――A son of Œnopion. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――A son of Cres, the founder of the Cretan nation. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513. =Tamaris=, a river of Spain. =Tamărus=, a mountain of Epirus, called also _Tmarus_ and _Tomarus_. _Strabo._ =Tamasea=, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sacred to the goddess of beauty. It was in this place that Venus gathered the golden apples with which Hippomanes was enabled to overtake Atalanta. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 644.――_Pliny_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Tamesis=, a river of Britain, now the Thames. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 11. =Tamos=, a native of Memphis, made governor of Ionia, by young Cyrus. After the death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where he was murdered on account of his immense treasures. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. ――――A promontory of India in the Ganges. =Tampius=, a Roman historian. =Tamyras=, a river of Phœnicia, between Tyre and Sidon. =Tamyris=, a queen. _See:_ Thomyris. =Tanăgra=, a town of Bœotia, near the Euripus, between the Asopus and Thermodon, famous for fighting-cocks. It was founded by Pœmandros, a son of Chæresilaus the son of Jasius, who married Tanagra the daughter of Æolus, or, according to some, of the Asopus. Corinna was a native of Tanagra. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 20 & 23.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, li. 25. =Tanăgrus=, or =Tanāger=, now _Negro_, a river of Lucania in Italy, remarkable for its cascades, and the beautiful meanders of its streams, through a fine picturesque country. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 151. =Tanais=, a eunuch, freedman to Mæcenas. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 105.――――A river of Scythia, now the _Don_, which divides Europe from Asia, and falls into the Palus Mæotis after a rapid course, and after it has received the additional streams of many small rivulets. A town at its mouth bore the same name. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19. ――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bks. 3, 8, &c.――――A deity among the Persians and Armenians, who patronized slaves; supposed to be the same as Venus. The daughters of the noblest of the Persians and Armenians prostituted themselves in honour of this deity, and were received with greater regard and affection by their suitors. Artaxerxes the son of Darius was the first who raised statues to Tanais in the different provinces of his empire, and taught his subjects to pay her divine honours. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 11. =Tanăquil=, called also _Caia Cæcilia_, was the wife of Tarquin the fifth king of Rome. She was a native of Tarquinia, where she married Lucumon, better known by the name of _Tarquin_, which he assumed after he had come to Rome at the representation of his wife, whose knowledge of augury promised him something uncommon. Her expectations were not frustrated; her husband was raised to the throne, and she shared with him the honours of royalty. After the murder of Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son-in-law Servius Tullius to the throne, and ensured him the succession. She distinguished herself by her liberality; and the Romans in succeeding ages had such a veneration for her character, that the embroidery she had made, her girdle, as also the robe of her son-in-law, which she had worked with her own hands, were preserved with the greatest sanctity. Juvenal bestows the appellation of _Tanaquil_ on all such women as were imperious, and had the command of their husbands. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 59.――_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 818. =Tanas=, a river of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 90. =Tanetum=, a town of Italy, now _Tonedo_, in the duchy of Modena. =Tanfanæ lucus=, a sacred grove in Germany, in the country of the Marsi, between the Ems and Lippe. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51. =Tanis=, a city of Egypt, on one of the eastern mouths of the Nile. =Tantălĭdes=, a patronymic applied to the descendants of Tantalus, such as Niobe, Hermione, &c.――――Agamemnon and Menelaus, as grandsons of Tantalus, are called _Tantalidæ fratres_. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8, lis. 45 & 122. =Tantălus=, a king of Lydia, son of Jupiter by a nymph called Pluto. He was father of Niobe, Pelops, &c., by Dione, one of the Atlantides, called by some Euryanassa. Tantalus is represented by the poets as punished in hell with an insatiable thirst, and placed up to the chin in the midst of a pool of water, which, however, flows away as soon as he attempts to taste it. There hangs also above his head a bough richly loaded with delicious fruit, which, as soon as he attempts to seize, is carried away from his reach by a sudden blast of wind. According to some mythologists, his punishment is to sit under a huge stone hung at some distance over his head, and as it seems every moment ready to fall, he is kept under continual alarms and never-ceasing fears. The causes of this eternal punishment are variously explained. Some declare that it was inflicted upon him because he stole a favourite dog, which Jupiter had entrusted to his care to keep his temple in Crete. Others say that he stole away the nectar and ambrosia from the tables of the gods, when he was admitted into the assemblies of heaven, and that he gave it to mortals on earth. Others support that this proceeds from his cruelty and impiety in killing his son Pelops, and in serving his limbs as food before the gods, whose divinity and power he wished to try, when they had stopped at his house as they passed over Phrygia. There were also others who impute it to his lasciviousness in carrying away Ganymedes to gratify the most unnatural of passions. _Pindar_, _Olympian_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 581.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 66.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 68.――――A son of Thyestes, the first husband of Clytemnestra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.――――One of Niobe’s children. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6. =Tanusius Germinus=, a Latin historian intimate with Cicero. _Seneca_, ltr. 93.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 9. =Taphiæ=, islands in the Ionian sea between Achaia and Leucadia. They were also called _Teleboides_. They received these names from Taphius and Telebous, the sons of Neptune who reigned there. The Taphians made war against Electryon king of Mycenæ, and killed all his sons; upon which the monarch promised his kingdom and his daughter in marriage to whoever could avenge the death of his children upon the Taphians. Amphitryon did it with success, and obtained the promised reward. The Taphians were expert sailors, but too fond of plunder and piratical excursions. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, lis. 181 & 419; bk. 15, li. 426.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Taphius=, a son of Neptune by Hippothoe the daughter of Nestor. He was king of the Taphiæ, to which he gave his name. _Strabo_, bk. 16. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Taphius=, or =Taphiassus=, a mountain of Locris on the confines of Ætolia. =Taphiusa=, a place near Leucas, where a stone is found called _Taphiusius_. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 21. =Taphræ=, a town on the isthmus of the Taurica Chersonesus, now _Precop_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Taphros=, the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, now _Bonifacio_. =Taprobăne=, an island in the Indian ocean, now called _Ceylon_. Its inhabitants were very rich, and lived to a great age. Their country was visited by two summers and two winters. Hercules was their chief deity, and as the sovereignty was elective, and only from among unmarried men, the monarch was immediately deposed if he became a father. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 8, poem 5, li. 80. =Tapsus=, a maritime town of Africa. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3.――――A small and lowly situated peninsula on the eastern coast of Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 619.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 191. =Tapyri=, a people near Hyrcania. _Dionysius Periegetes._ =Tarănis=, a name of Jupiter among the Gauls, to whom human sacrifices were offered. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 446. =Taras=, a son of Neptune, who built Tarentum, as some suppose. =Tarasco=, a town of Gaul, now _Tarascon_ in Provence. =Taraxippus=, a deity worshipped at Elis. His statue was placed near the race-ground, and his protection was implored that no harm might happen to the horses during the games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20, &c. ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2. =Tarbelli=, a people of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees, which from thence are sometimes called _Tarbellæ_. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 13.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 121.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 27. =Tarchetius=, an impious king of Alba. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. =Tarchon=, an Etrurian chief, who assisted Æneas against the Rutuli. Some suppose that he founded Mantua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 693.――――A prince of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 219. =Tarchondimŏtus=, a prince of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 11, li. 219. =Tarentum=, =Tarentus=, or =Taras=, a town of Calabria, situate on a bay of the same name, near the mouth of the river Galesus. It was founded, or rather repaired, by a Lacedæmonian colony, about 707 years before Christ, under the conduct of Phalanthus. Long independent, it maintained its superiority over 13 tributary cities; and could once arm 100,000 foot and 3000 horse. The people of Tarentum were very indolent, and as they were easily supplied with all necessaries as well as luxuries from Greece, they gave themselves up to voluptuousness, so that _the delights of Tarentum_ became proverbial. The war which they supported against the Romans, with the assistance of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and which has been called the _Tarentine war_, is greatly celebrated in history. This war, which had been undertaken B.C. 281, by the Romans, to avenge the insults the Tarentines had offered to their ships when near their harbour, was terminated after 10 years; 300,000 prisoners were taken, and Tarentum became subject to Rome. The government was democratical; there were, however, some monarchs who reigned there. It was for some time the residence of Pythagoras, who inspired the citizens with the love of virtue, and rendered them superior to their neighbours in the cabinet as well as in the field of battle. The large, beautiful, and capacious harbour of Tarentum is greatly commended by ancient historians. Tarentum, now called _Tarento_, is inhabited by about 18,000 souls, who still maintain the character of their forefathers in idleness and effeminacy, and live chiefly by fishing. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 6; bk. 15, ch. 10; bk. 34, ch. 7. ――_Livy_, bk. 12, ch. 13, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 45.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5, ch. 20. =Tarichæum=, a fortified town of Judæa. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12, ch. 11.――――Several towns on the coast of Egypt bore this name from their _pickling_ fish. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c. =Tarnæ=, a town mentioned by Homer, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――――A fountain of Lydia, near Tmolus. _Strabo._――――A river of Aquitania. =Tarpa Spurius Mætius=, a critic at Rome in the age of Augustus. He was appointed with four others in the temple of Apollo, to examine the merit of every poetical composition, which was to be deposited in the temple of the Muses. In this office he acted with great impartiality, though many taxed him with want of candour. All the pieces that were represented on the Roman stage had previously received his approbation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 38. =Tarpeia=, the daughter of Tarpeius the governor of the citadel of Rome, promised to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, provided they gave her their gold bracelets, or, as she expressed it, what they carried on their left hands. Tatius the king of the Sabines consented, and as he entered the gates, to punish her perfidy, he threw not only his bracelet but his shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imitated his example, and Tarpeia was crushed under the weight of the bracelets and shields of the Sabine army. She was buried in the capitol, which from her has been called the Tarpeian rock, and there afterwards many of the Roman malefactors were thrown down a deep precipice. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 261.――_Amores_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 50.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 4.――――A vestal virgin in the reign of Numa.――――One of the warlike female attendants of Camilla in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 665. =Tarpeia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 269, by Spurius Tarpeius, to empower all the magistrates of the republic to lay fines on offenders. This power belonged before only to the consuls. This fine was not to exceed two sheep and 30 oxen. =Spurius Tarpeius=, the governor of the citadel of Rome, under Romulus. His descendants were called _Montani_ and _Capitolini_. =Tarpeius mons=, a hill at Rome about 80 feet in perpendicular height, from whence the Romans threw down their condemned criminals. It received its name from _Tarpeia_, who was buried there, and is the same as the _Capitoline_ hill. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 758.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, lis. 347 & 652. =Tarquinii=, now _Turchina_, a town of Etruria, built by Tarchon, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was born or educated there, and he made it a Roman colony when he ascended the throne. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 95.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 27, ch. 4. =Tarquinia=, a daughter of Tarquinius Priscus, who married Servius Tullius. When her husband was murdered by Tarquinius Superbus, she privately conveyed away his body by night, and buried it. This preyed upon her mind, and the night following she died. Some have attributed her death to excess of grief, or to suicide, while others, perhaps more justly, have suspected Tullia the wife of young Tarquin of the murder.――――A vestal virgin, who, as some suppose, gave the Roman people a large piece of land, which was afterwards called the Campus Martius. =Tarquinius Priscus=, the fifth king of Rome, was son of Demaratus, a native of Greece. His first name was Lucumon, but this he changed when, by the advice of his wife Tanaquil, he had come to Rome. He called himself Lucius, and assumed the surname of Tarquinius, because born in the town of Tarquinii, in Etruria. At Rome he distinguished himself so much by his liberality and engaging manners, that Ancus Martius, the reigning monarch, nominated him, at his death, the guardian of his children. This was insufficient to gratify the ambition of Tarquin; the princes were young, and an artful oration delivered to the people immediately transferred the crown of the deceased monarch on the head of Lucumon. The people had every reason to be satisfied with their choice. Tarquin reigned with moderation and popularity. He increased the number of the senate, and made himself friends by electing 100 new senators from the plebeians, whom he distinguished by the appellation of _Patres minorum gentium_, from those of the patrician body, who were called _Patres majorum gentium_. The glory of the Roman arms, which was supported with so much dignity by the former monarch, was not neglected in this reign, and Tarquin showed that he possessed vigour and military prudence in the victories which he obtained over the united forces of the Latins and Sabines, and in the conquest of the 12 nations of Etruria. He repaired, in the time of peace, the walls of the capital; the public places were adorned with elegant buildings and useful ornaments, and many centuries after, such as were spectators of the stately mansions and golden palaces of Nero, viewed with more admiration and greater pleasure the more simple, though not less magnificent, edifices of Tarquin. He laid the foundations of the capitol, and to the industry and the public spirit of this monarch, the Romans were indebted for their aqueducts and subterraneous sewers, which supplied the city with fresh and wholesome water, and removed all the filth and ordure, which in a great capital too often breed pestilence and diseases. Tarquin was the first who introduced among the Romans the custom to canvass for offices of trust and honour; he distinguished the monarch, the senators, and other inferior magistrates with particular robes and ornaments, with ivory chairs at spectacles, and the hatchets carried before the public magistrates were by his order surrounded with bundles of sticks, to strike more terror, and to be viewed with greater reverence. Tarquin was assassinated by the two sons of his predecessor, in the 80th year of his age, 38 of which he had sat on the throne, 578 years before Christ. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 59.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 2. ――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 5, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 817.――――The second Tarquin, surnamed _Superbus_, from his pride and insolence, was grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. He ascended the throne of Rome after his father-in-law Servius Tullius, and was the seventh and last king of Rome. He married Tullia the daughter of Tullius, and it was at her instigation that he murdered his father-in-law, and seized the kingdom. The crown which he had obtained with violence, he endeavoured to keep by a continuation of tyranny. Unlike his royal predecessors, he paid no regard to the decisions of the senate, or the approbation of the public assemblies, and by wishing to disregard both, he incurred the jealousy of the one and the odium of the other. The public treasury was soon exhausted by the continual extravagance of Tarquin, and to silence the murmurs of his subjects, he resolved to call their attention to war. He was successful in his military operations, and the neighbouring cities submitted; but while the siege of Ardea was continued, the wantonness of the son of Tarquin at Rome for ever stopped the progress of his arms; and the Romans, whom a series of barbarity and oppression had hitherto provoked, no sooner saw the virtuous Lucretia stab herself, not to survive the loss of her honour [_See:_ Lucretia], than the whole city and camp arose with indignation against the monarch. The gates of Rome were shut against him, and Tarquin was for ever banished from his throne, in the year of Rome 244. Unable to find support from even one of his subjects, Tarquin retired among the Etrurians, who attempted in vain to replace him on his throne. The republican government was established at Rome, and all Italy refused any longer to support the cause of an exiled monarch against a nation, who heard the name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, mentioned with equal horror and indignation. Tarquin died in the 90th year of his age, about 14 years after his expulsion from Rome. He had reigned about 25 years. Though Tarquin appeared so odious among the Romans, his reign was not without its share of glory. His conquests were numerous; to beautify the buildings and porticoes at Rome was his wish, and with great magnificence and care he finished the capitol, which his predecessor of the same name had begun. He also bought the Sibylline books which the Romans consulted with such religious solemnity. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius on a Charge of Treason_ & _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 3, ch. 27.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 46, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 48, &c. ――_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 41.――_Plutarch._ ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 687.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 817.――_Eutropius._――――Collatinus, one of the relations of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia. _See:_ Collatinus.――――Sextius, the eldest of the sons of Tarquin the Proud, rendered himself known by a variety of adventures. When his father besieged Gabii, young Tarquin publicly declared that he was at variance with the monarch, and the report was the more easily believed when he came before Gabii with his body all mangled and bloody with stripes. This was an agreement between the father and the son, and Tarquin had no sooner declared that this proceeded from the tyranny and oppression of his father, than the people of Gabii entrusted him with the command of their armies, fully convinced that Rome could never have a more inveterate enemy. When he had thus succeeded, he despatched a private messenger to his father, but the monarch gave no answer to be returned to his son. Sextius inquired more particularly about his father, and when he heard from the messenger that when the message was delivered, Tarquin cut off with a stick the tallest poppies in his garden, the son followed the example by putting to death the most noble and powerful citizens of Gabii. The two soon fell into the hands of the Romans. The violence which some time after Tarquinius offered to Lucretia, was the cause of his father’s exile, and the total expulsion of his family from Rome. _See:_ Lucretia. Sextius was at last killed, bravely fighting in a battle during the war which the Latins sustained against Rome in the attempt of re-establishing the Tarquins on their throne. _Ovid_, _Fasti_.――_Livy._――――A Roman senator who was accessary to Catiline’s conspiracy. =Tarquitius Crescens=, a centurion under Cæsennius Pætus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 11.――――Priscus, an officer in Africa, who accused the proconsul, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 59; bk. 14, ch. 46. =Tarquĭtus=, a son of Faunus and Dryope, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 550. =Tarracīna=, a town of the Volsci in Latium, between Rome and Neapolis. It was also called Anxur, because the infant Jupiter was worshipped there under that name, which signifies beardless. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_. =Tarrăco=, now _Tarragona_, a city of Spain, situate on the shores of the Mediterranean, founded by the two Scipios, who planted a Roman colony there. The province of which it was the capital was called _Tarraconensis_, and was famous for its wines. Hispania _Tarraconensis_, which was also called by the Romans Hispania _Citerior_, was bounded on the east by the Mediterranean, the ocean on the west, the Pyrenean mountains and the sea of the Cantabri on the north, and Lusitania and Bætica on the south. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 104; bk. 13, ltr. 118.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 369; bk. 15, li. 177. =Tarrutius.= _See:_ Acca Laurentia. =Tarsa=, a Thracian, who rebelled under Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 50. =Tarsius=, a river of Troas. _Strabo._ =Tarsus=, now _Tarasso_, a town of Cilicia, on the Cydnus, founded by Triptolemus and a colony of Argives, or, as others say, by Sardanapalus, or by Perseus. Tarsus was celebrated for the great men it produced. It was once the rival of Alexandria and Athens in literature and the study of the polite arts. The people of Tarsus wished to ingratiate themselves into the favour of Julius Cæsar by giving the name of _Juliopolis_ to their city, but it was soon lost. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 225.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14. =Tartărus=, (plural, a, orum), one of the regions of hell, where, according to the ancients, the most impious and guilty among mankind were punished. It was surrounded by a brazen wall, and its entrance was continually hidden from the sight by a cloud of darkness, which is represented three times more gloomy than the obscurest night. According to Hesiod it was a separate prison, at a greater distance from the earth than the earth is from the heavens. Virgil says that it was surrounded by three impenetrable walls, and by the impetuous and burning streams of the river Phlegethon. The entrance was by a large and lofty tower, whose gates were supported by columns of adamant, which neither gods nor men could open. In Tartarus, according to Virgil, were punished such as had been disobedient to their parents, traitors, adulterers, faithless ministers, and such as had undertaken unjust and cruel wars, or had betrayed their friends for the sake of money. It was also the place where Ixion, Tityus, the Danaides, Tantalus, Sisyphus, &c., were punished, according to Ovid. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 720.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 591. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13.――――A small river of Italy, near Verona. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 9. =Tartessus=, a town in Spain near the columns of Hercules, on the Mediterranean. Some suppose that it was afterwards called _Carteia_, and it was better known by the name of _Gades_, when Hercules had set up his columns on the extremity of Spain and Africa. There is also a town called Tartessus, in a small island formed by the river of the same name, near Gades in Iberia. Tartessus has been called the most distant town in the extremities of Spain, by the Romans, as also the place where the poets imagined the sun unharnessed his tired horses. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, lis. 399 & 411; bk. 10, li. 538.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 416.――_Strabo_, bk. 3. =Taruana=, a town of Gaul, now _Terrouen_ in Artois. =Lucius Taruntius Spurina=, a mathematician who flourished 61 years B.C. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 47. =Tarus=, a river of Gaul, falling into the Po. =Tarusates=, a people of Gaul, now _Turcan_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, chs. 23 & 27. =Taruscum=, a town of Gaul. =Tarvisium=, a town of Italy, now _Treviso_, in the Venetian states. =Tasgretius Cornūtus=, a prince of Gaul, assassinated in the age of Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 25. =Tatian=, one of the Greek fathers, A.D. 172. The best edition of his works is that of Worth, 8vo, Oxford, 1700. =Tatienses=, a name given to one of the tribes of the Roman people by Romulus, in honour of Tatius king of the Sabines. The Tatienses, who were partly the ancient subjects of the king of the Sabines, lived on mounts Capitolinus and Quirinalis. =Tātius Titus=, king of Cures among the Sabines, made war against the Romans after the rape of the Sabines. The gates of the city were betrayed into his hands by Tarpeia, and the army of the Sabines advanced as far as the Roman forum, where a bloody battle was fought. The cries of the Sabine virgins at last stopped the fury of the combatants, and an agreement was made between the two nations. Tatius consented to leave his ancient possessions, and with his subjects of Cures, to come and live in Rome, which, as stipulated, was permitted still to bear the name of its founder, whilst the inhabitants adopted the name of Quirites in compliment to the new citizens. After he had for six years shared the royal authority with Romulus, in the greatest union, he was murdered at Lanuvium, B.C. 742, for an act of cruelty to the ambassadors of the Laurentes. This was done by order of his royal colleague, according to some authors. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 10, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Cicero_, _For Cornelius Balbus_. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 804.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Tatta=, a large lake of Phrygia, on the confines of Pisidia. =Tavola=, a river of Corsica. =Taua=, a town of the Delta in Egypt. =Taulantii=, a people of Illyricum on the Adriatic. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 16. =Taunus=, a mountain in Germany, now _Heyrich_ or _Hoche_, opposite Mentz. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 56. =Taurania=, a town of Italy in the country of the Brutii. =Taurantes=, a people of Armenia, between Artaxata and Tigranocerta. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 24. =Tauri=, a people of European Sarmatia, who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and sacrificed all strangers to Diana. The statue of this goddess, which they believed to have fallen down from heaven, was carried away to Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes. _Strabo_, bk. 12. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 99, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 80.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 260.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 116. =Taurĭca Chersonēsus=, a large peninsula of Europe at the south-west of the Palus Mæotis, now called the _Crimea_. It is joined by an isthmus to Scythia, and is bounded by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine sea, and the Palus Mœotis. The inhabitants, called _Tauri_, were a savage and uncivilized nation. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. _See:_ Tauri. =Taurĭca=, a surname of Diana, because she was worshipped by the inhabitants of Taurica Chersonesus. =Taurīni=, the inhabitants of Taurinum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called _Turin_, in Piedmont. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 646. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17. =Taurisci=, a people of Mysia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――――Of Noricum, among the Alps. _Strabo_, bk. 4. =Tauriscus=, a sculptor. _See:_ Apollonius. =Taurium=, a town of the Peloponnesus. _Polybius._ =Taurominium=, a town of Sicily, between Messana and Catana, built by the Zancleans, Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the age of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse. The hills in the neighbourhood were famous for the fine grapes which they produced, and they surpassed almost the whole world for the extent and beauty of their prospects. There is a small river near it called _Taurominius_. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Taurus=, the largest mountain of Asia, as to extent. One of its extremities is in Caria, and it extends not only as far as the most eastern extremities of Asia, but it also branches in several parts, and runs far into the north. Mount Taurus was known by several names, particularly in different countries. In Cilicia, where it reaches as far as the Euphrates, it was called Taurus. It was known by the names of _Amanus_, from the bay of Issus as far as the Euphrates; of _Antitaurus_ from the western boundaries of Cilicia up to Armenia; of _Montes Matieni_ in the country of the Leucosyrians; of _Mons Moschicus_ at the south of the river Phasis; of _Amaranta_ at the north of the Phasis; of _Caucasus_ between the Hyrcanian and Euxine seas; of _Hyrcanii Montes_, near Hyrcania; of _Imaus_ in the more eastern parts of Asia. The word Taurus was more properly confined to the mountains which separate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. The several passes which were opened in the mountains were called _Pylæ_, and hence frequent mention is made in ancient authors of the Armenian Pylæ, Cilician Pylæ, &c. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A mountain in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 41.――――Of Sicily.――――Titus Statilius, a consul distinguished by his intimacy with Augustus, as well as by a theatre which he built, and the triumph which he obtained after a prosperous campaign in Africa. He was made prefect of Italy by his imperial friend.――――A proconsul of Africa, accused by Agripina, who wished him to be condemned, that she might become mistress of his gardens. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 59.――――An officer of Minos king of Crete. He had an amour with Pasiphae, whence arose the fable of the Minotaur, from the son, who was born some time after. _See:_ Minotaurus. Taurus was vanquished by Theseus, in the games which Minos exhibited in Crete. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Taxĭla= (plural), a large country in India, between the Indus and the Hydaspes. _Strabo_, bk. 15. =Taxĭlus=, or =Taxiles=, a king of Taxila in the age of Alexander, called also _Omphis_. He submitted to the conqueror, who rewarded him with great liberality. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――――A general of Mithridates, who assisted Archelaus against the Romans in Greece. He was afterwards conquered by Muræna the lieutenant of Sylla. =Taximaquilus=, a king in the southern parts of Britain when Cæsar invaded it. _Cæsar_, bk. 5, _Gallic War_, ch. 22. =Taygēte=, or =Taygēta=, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Lacedæmon by Jupiter. She became one of the Pleiades after death. _Hyginus_, fables 155 & 192.――_Pausanias_, in _Laconia_, chs. 1 & 18. =Taygētus=, or =Taygēta= (orum), a mountain of Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at the west of the river Eurotas. It hung over the city of Lacedæmon, and it is said that once a part of it fell down by an earthquake, and destroyed the suburbs. It was on this mountain that the Lacedæmonian women celebrated the orgies of Bacchus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 52.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 488. =Teānum=, a town of Campania, on the Appian road, at the east of the Liris, called _Sidicinum_, to be distinguished from another town of the same name at the west of Apulia, at a small distance from the coast of the Adriatic. The rights of citizenship were extended to it under Augustus. _Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, chs. 9 & 69. _Philostratus_, bk. 12, ch. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 27. =Tearus=, a river of Thrace, rising in the same rock from 38 different sources, some of which are hot, and others cold. Darius raised a column there when he marched against the Scythians, as if to denote the sweetness and salubrity of the waters of that river. _Herodotus_, bks. 4, 5, 90, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Teātea=, =Teate=, or =Tegeate=, a town of Latium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 522; bk. 17, li. 457. =Teches=, a mountain of Pontus, from which the 10,000 Greeks had first a view of the sea. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4. =Techmessa=, the daughter of a Phrygian prince, called by some Teuthras, and by others Teleutas. When her father was killed in war by Ajax son of Telamon, the young princess became the property of the conqueror, and by him she had a son called Eurysaces. Sophocles, in one of his tragedies, represents Techmessa as moving her husband to pity by her tears and entreaties, when he wished to stab himself. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 6.――_Dictys Cretensis._――_Sophocles_, _Ajax_. =Tecmon=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26. =Tecnatis=, a king of Egypt. =Tectămus=, a son of Dorus, grandson of Hellen the son of Deucalion, went to Crete with the Ætolians and Pelasgians, and reigned there. He had a son called Asterius by the daughter of Cretheus. =Tectosăges=, or =Tectosăgæ=, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, whose capital was the modern Toulouse. They received the name of Tectosagæ _quod sagis tegerentur_. Some of them passed into Germany, where they settled near the Hercynian forest, and another colony passed into Asia, where they conquered Phrygia, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia. The Tectosagæ were among those Gauls who pillaged Rome under Brennus, and who attempted some time after to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. At their return home from Greece they were visited by a pestilence, and ordered, to stop it, to throw into the river all the riches and plunder which they had obtained in their distant excursions. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 4. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 16. ――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 32. =Tecum=, a river of Gaul falling from the Pyrenees into the Mediterranean. =Tedanius=, a river of Liburnia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Tĕgēa=, or =Tegæa=, now _Moklai_, a town of Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, founded by Tegeates, a son of Lycaon, or, according to others, by Aleus. The gigantic bones of Orestes were found buried there and removed to Sparta. Apollo and Pan were worshipped there, and there also Ceres, Proserpine, and Venus had each a temple. The inhabitants were called _Tegeates_; and the epithet _Tegæa_ is given to Atalanta, as a native of the place. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 7; _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 531.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 293. ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45, &c. =Tegula Publius Licinius=, a comic poet who flourished B.C. 198. =Tegyra=, a town of Bœotia where Apollo _Tegyrœus_ was worshipped. There was a battle fought there between the Thebans and the Peloponnesians. =Teios.= _See:_ Teos. =Teium=, a town of Paphlagonia on the Euxine sea. =Tela=, a town of Spain. =Tĕlămon=, a king of the island of Salamis, son of Æacus and Endeis. He was brother to Peleus, and father to Teucer and to Ajax, who on that account is often called _Telamonius heros_. He fled from Megara, his native country, after he had accidentally murdered his brother Phocus in playing with the quoit, and he sailed to the island of Salamis, where he soon after married Glauce, the daughter of Cychreus the king of the place. At the death of his father-in-law, who had no male issue, Telamon became king of Salamis. He accompanied Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and was arm-bearer to Hercules, when that hero took Laomedon prisoner, and destroyed Troy. Telamon was rewarded by Hercules for his services with the hand of Hesione, whom the conqueror had obtained among the spoils of Troy, and with her he returned to Greece. He also married Peribœa, whom some call Eribœa. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 151.――_Sophocles_, _Ajax_. ――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, ch. 6.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6. ――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, _Corinthia_.――_Hyginus_, fable 97, &c.――――A seaport town of Etruria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Telamoniădes=, a patronymic given to the descendants of Telamon. =Telchīnes=, a people of Rhodes, said to have been originally from Crete. They were the inventors of many useful arts, and, according to Diodorus, passed for the sons of the sea. They were the first who raised statues to the gods. They had the power of changing themselves into whatever shape they pleased, and, according to Ovid, they could poison and fascinate all objects with their eyes, and cause rain and hail to fall at pleasure. The Telchinians insulted Venus, for which the goddess inspired them with a sudden fury, so that they committed the grossest crimes, and offered violence even to their own mothers. Jupiter destroyed them all by a deluge. _Diodorus._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 365, &c. =Telchīnia=, a surname of Minerva at Teumessa in Bœotia, where she had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.――――Also a surname of Juno in Rhodes, where she had a statue at Ialysus raised by the Telchinians, who settled there.――――Also an ancient name of Crete, as the place from whence the Telchines of Rhodes were descended. _Statius_, bk. 6, _Sylvæ_, poem 6, li. 47. =Telchīnius=, a surname of Apollo among the Rhodians. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Telchis=, a son of Europs the son of Ægialeus. He was one of the first kings of the Peloponnesus. =Telea=, a surname of Juno in Bœotia. =Teleboæ=, or =Teleboes=, a people of Ætolia, called also _Taphians_; some of whom left their native country, and settled in the island of Capreæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 715. _See:_ Taphiæ. =Teleboas=, a son of Ixion and the cloud. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._ =Teleboides=, islands opposite Leucadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Telĕcles=, or =Telĕclus=, a Lacedæmonian king of the family of the Agidæ, who reigned 40 years, B.C. 813. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 205. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A philosopher, disciple of Lacidas, B.C. 214.――――A Milesian. =Teleclīdes=, an Athenian comic poet in the age of Pericles, one of whose plays, called the Amphictyon, is mentioned by ancient authors. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――_Athenæus._ =Tēlĕgŏnus=, a son of Ulysses and Circe, born in the island of Ææa, where he was educated. When arrived to the years of manhood, he went to Ithaca to make himself known to his father, but he was shipwrecked on the coast, and, being destitute of provisions, he plundered some of the inhabitants of the island. Ulysses and Telemachus came to defend the property of their subjects against this unknown invader; a quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father without knowing who he was. He afterwards returned to his native country, and, according to Hyginus, he carried thither his father’s body, where it was buried. Telemachus and Penelope also accompanied him in his return, and soon after the nuptials of Telegonus and Penelope were celebrated by order of Minerva. Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Italus, who gave his name to Italy. Telegonus founded Tusculum and Tibur or Præneste, in Italy, and, according to some, he left one daughter called Mamilia, from whom the patrician family of the Mamilii at Rome were descended. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 8.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bks. 3 & 4. _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 1.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Hyginus_, fable 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 7.――――A son of Proteus, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――A king of Egypt, who married Io after she had been restored to her original form by Jupiter. _Apollodorus._ =Tēlĕmăchus=, a son of Ulysses and Penelope. He was still in the cradle when his father went with the rest of the Greeks to the Trojan war. At the end of this celebrated war, Telemachus, anxious to see his father, went to seek him, and as the place of his residence, and the cause of his long absence, were then unknown, he visited the court of Menelaus and Nestor to obtain information. He afterwards returned to Ithaca, where the suitors of his mother Penelope had conspired to murder him; but he avoided their snares, and by means of Minerva, he discovered his father, who had arrived in the island two days before him, and was then in the house of Eumæus. With this faithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus concerted how to deliver his mother from the importunities of her suitors, and it was effected with success. After the death of his father, Telemachus went to the island of Ææa, where he married Circe, or, according to others, Cassiphone the daughter of Circe, by whom he had a son called Latinus. He some time after had the misfortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, and fled to Italy, where he founded Clusium. Telemachus was accompanied in his visit to Nestor and Menelaus by the goddess of wisdom, under the form of Mentor. It is said that, when a child, Telemachus fell into the sea, and that a dolphin brought him safe to shore, after he had remained some time under water. From this circumstance Ulysses had the figure of a dolphin engraved on the seal which he wore on his ring. _Hyginus_, fables 95 & 125.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1, li. 98. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 41.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 2, &c. ――_Lycophron_, _Alexandra_. =Telĕmus=, a Cyclops who was acquainted with futurity. He foretold to Polyphemus all the evils which he some time after suffered from Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 771. =Telephassa=, the mother of Cadmus, Phœnix, and Cilix by Agenor. She died in Thrace, as she was seeking her daughter Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 4. =Tĕlĕphus=, a king of Mysia, son of Hercules and Auge the daughter of Aleus. He was exposed as soon as born on mount Parthenius, but his life was preserved by a goat, and by some shepherds. According to Apollodorus, he was exposed, not on a mountain, but in the temple of Minerva, at Tegea, or, according to a tradition mentioned by Pausanias, he was left to the mercy of the waves with his mother, by the cruelty of Aleus, and carried by the winds to the mouth of the Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras the king of the country, who married, or rather adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated her son. Some, however, suppose that Auge fled to Teuthras to avoid the anger of her father, on account of her amour with Hercules. Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to Nauplius to be ♦severely punished for her incontinence, and that Nauplius, unwilling to injure her, sent her to Teuthras king of Bithynia, by whom she was adopted. Telephus, according to the more received opinions, was ignorant of his origin, and he was ordered by the oracle, if he wished to know his parents, to go to Mysia. Obedient to this injunction, he came to Mysia, where Teuthras offered him his crown, and his adopted daughter Auge in marriage, if he would deliver his country from the hostilities of Idas the son of Aphareus. Telephus readily complied, and at the head of the Mysians, he soon routed the enemy, and received the promised reward. As he was going to unite himself to Auge, the sudden appearance of an enormous serpent separated the two lovers; Auge implored the assistance of Hercules, and was soon informed by the god that Telephus was her own son. When this was known, the nuptials were not celebrated, and Telephus some time after married one of the daughters of king Priam. As one of the sons of the Trojan monarch, Telephus prepared to assist Priam against the Greeks, and with heroic valour he attacked them when they had landed on his coast. The carnage was great, and Telephus was victorious, had not Bacchus, who protected the Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from the earth, which entangled the feet of the monarch, and laid him flat on the ground. Achilles immediately rushed upon him, and wounded him so severely, that he was carried away from the battle. The wound was mortal, but Telephus was informed by the oracle, that he alone who had inflicted it could totally cure it. Upon this, applications were made to Achilles, but in vain; the hero observed that he was no physician, till Ulysses, who knew that Troy could not be taken without the assistance of one of the sons of Hercules, and who wished to make Telephus the friend of the Greeks, persuaded Achilles to obey the directions of the oracle. Achilles consented, and as the weapon which had given the wound could alone cure it, the hero scraped the rust from the point of his spear, and, by applying it to the sore, gave it immediate relief. It is said that Telephus showed himself so grateful to the Greeks, that he accompanied them to the Trojan war, and fought with them against his father-in-law. _Hyginus_, fable 101. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, poem 1, &c.――_Philostratus_, _Heroicus_. ――_Pliny._――――A friend of Horace, remarkable for his beauty and the elegance of his person. He was the favourite of Lydia the mistress of Horace, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 12; bk. 4, ode 11, li. 21.――――A slave who conspired against Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_. ――――Lucius Verus, wrote a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as also a comparison of that poet with Plato, and other treatises, all lost. ♦ ‘sevevely’ replaced with ‘severely’ =Telesia=, a town of Campania, taken by Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 13; bk. 24, ch. 20. =Telesĭcles=, a Parian, father to the poet Archilochus by a slave called Enippo. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 13. =Telesilla=, a lyric poetess of Argos, who bravely defended her country against the Lacedæmonians, and obliged them to raise the siege. A statue was raised to her honour in the temple of Venus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20. =Telesinicus=, a Corinthian auxiliary at Syracuse, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Telesīnus=, a general of the Samnites, who joined the interest of Marius, and fought against the generals of Sylla. He marched towards Rome and defeated Sylla with great loss. He was afterwards routed in a bloody battle, and left in the number of the slain, after he had given repeated proofs of valour and courage. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_, &c.――――A poet of considerable merit in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 25. =Telesippus=, a poor man of Pheræ, father to the tyrant Dinias. _Polyænus_, bk. 2. =Telestagŏras=, a man of Naxos, whose daughters were ravished by some of the nobles of the island, in consequence of which they were expelled by the direction of Lygdamis, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 8. =Telestas=, a son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――An athlete of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――A king of Corinth, who died 779 B.C. =Telestes=, a dithyrambic poet, who flourished B.C. 402. =Telesto=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_. =Telethes=, a mountain in Eubœa. =Telethūsa=, the wife of Lygdus or Lyctus, a native of Crete. She became mother of a daughter, who was afterwards changed into a boy. _See:_ Iphis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 681. =Teleurias=, a prince of Macedonia, &c. _Xenophon._ =Teleutias=, the brother of Agesilaus, who was killed by the Olynthians, &c. =Teleute=, a surname of Venus among the Egyptians. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_. =Tellenæ=, a town of Latium, now destroyed. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33. =Telles=, a king of Achaia, son of Tisamenes. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6. =Tellias=, a famous soothsayer of Elis, in the age of Xerxes. He was greatly honoured in Phocis, where he had settled, and the inhabitants raised him a statue in the temple of Apollo, at Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Tellis=, a Greek lyric poet, the father of Brasidas. =Tellus=, a divinity, the same as the earth, the most ancient of all the gods after Chaos. She was mother by Cœlus of Oceanus, Hyperion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Saturn, Phœbe, Tethys, &c. Tellus is the same as the divinity who is honoured under the several names of Cybele, Rhea, Vesta, Ceres, Tithea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, &c. She was generally represented in the character of Tellus, as a woman with many breasts, distended with milk, to express the fecundity of the earth. She also appeared crowned with turrets, holding a sceptre in one hand and a key in the other; while at her feet was lying a tame lion without chains, as if to intimate that every part of the earth can be made fruitful by means of cultivation. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 130.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 137.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――A poor man, whom Solon called happier than Crœsus the rich and ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had the happiness to see a strong and healthy family of children, and at last to fall in the defence of his country. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――An Italian who is said to have had commerce with his mares, and to have had a daughter called Hippone, who became the goddess of horses. =Telmessus=, or =Telmissus=, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were skilled in augury and the interpretation of dreams. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 16. ――――Another in Lycia.――――A third in Pisidia. =Telo Martius=, a town at the south of Gaul, now _Toulon_. =Telon=, a skilful pilot of Massilia, killed during the siege of that city by Cæsar. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 592.――――A king of the Teleboæ, who married Sebethis, by whom he had Œbalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 734. =Telos=, a small island near Rhodes. =Telphūsa=, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the Ladon who gave her name to a town and fountain of that place. The waters of the fountain Telphusa were so cold, that Tiresias died by drinking them. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Lycophron_, li. 1040. =Telxiŏpe=, one of the muses according to _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Telys=, a tyrant of Sybaris. =Temathea=, a mountain of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34. =Temēnium=, a place in Messene, where Temenus was buried. =Temĕnītes=, a surname of Apollo, which he received at Temenos, a small place near Syracuse, where he was worshipped. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_. =Temĕnos=, a place of Syracuse, where Apollo, called Temenites, had a statue. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 74. =Temĕnus=, the son of Aristomachus, was the first of the Heraclidæ, who returned to Peloponnesus with his brother Ctesiphontes, and in the reign of Tisamenes king of Argos. Temenus made himself master of the throne of Argos, from which he expelled the reigning sovereign. After death he was succeeded by his son-in-law Deiphon, who had married his daughter Hyrnetho, and this succession was in preference to his own son. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 19. ――――A son of Pelasgus, who was entrusted with the care of Juno’s infancy. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 22. =Temerinda=, the name of the Paulus Mæotis among the natives. =Temĕsa=, a town of Cyprus.――――Another in Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines of copper, which were exhausted in the age of Strabo. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 35. ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 184.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 441; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 207.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4. ――_Strabo_, bk. 6. =Temnes=, a king of Sidon. =Temnos=, a town of Æolia, at the mouth of the Hermus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 49.――_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 18. =Tempe= (plural), a valley in Thessaly, between mount Olympus at the north and Ossa at the south, through which the river Peneus flows into the Ægean. The poets have described it as the most delightful spot on the earth, with continually cool shades and verdant walks, which the warbling of birds rendered more pleasant and romantic, and which the gods often honoured with their presence. Tempe extended about five miles in length, but varied in the dimensions of its breadth so as to be in some places scarce one acre and a half wide. All valleys that are pleasant, either for their situation or the mildness of their climate, are called _Tempe_ by the poets. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 219.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 469. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 569. =Tenchtheri=, a nation of Germany, who frequently changed the place of their habitation. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 56; _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 21. =Tendera=, a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 18. =Tenea=, a part of Corinth. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Tenĕdia securis.= _See:_ Tenes. =Tĕnĕdos=, a small and fertile island of the Ægean sea, opposite Troy, at the distance of about 12 miles from Sigæum, and 56 miles north from Lesbos. It was anciently called _Leucophrys_, till Tenes the son of Cycnus settled there and built a town, which he called Tenedos, from which the whole island received its name. It became famous during the Trojan war, as it was there that the Greeks concealed themselves, the more effectually to make the Trojans believe that they were returned home without finishing the siege. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 59.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 109.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Tenĕrus=, son of Apollo and Melia, received from his father the knowledge of futurity. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10. =Tenes=, a son of ♦Cycnus and Proclea. He was exposed on the sea, on the coast of Troas, by his father, who credulously believed his wife Philonome, who had fallen in love with Cycnus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, when he refused to gratify her passion. Tenes arrived in Leucophrys, which he called Tenedos, and of which he became the sovereign. Some time after ♦Cycnus discovered the guilt of his wife Philonome, and as he wished to be reconciled to his son whom he had so grossly injured, he went to Tenedos. But when he had tied his ship to the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with a hatchet, and suffered his father’s ship to be tossed about in the sea. From this circumstance the _hatchet of Tenes_ is become proverbial to intimate a resentment that cannot be pacified. Some, however, suppose that the proverb arose from the severity of a law made by a king of Tenedos against adultery, by which the guilty were both put to death by a hatchet. The hatchet of Tenes was carefully preserved at Tenedos, and afterwards deposited by Periclytus son of Eutymachus, in the temple of Delphi, where it was still seen in the age of Pausanias. Tenes, as some suppose, was killed by Achilles, as he defended his country against the Greeks, and he received divine honours after death. His statue at Tenedos was carried away by Verres. _Strabo_, bk. 13. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――――A general of 4000 mercenary Greeks sent by the Egyptians to assist the Phœnicians. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. ♦ ‘Cyncus’ replaced with ‘Cycnus’ =Tĕnĕsis=, a part of Æthiopia. _Strabo._ =Tennes=, a king of Sidon, who, when his country was besieged by the Persians, burnt himself and the city together, B.C. 351. =Tennum=, a town of Æolia. =Tenos=, a small island in the Ægean, near Andros, called _Ophiussa_, and also _Hydrussa_, from the number of its fountains. It was very mountainous, but it produced excellent wines, universally esteemed by the ancients. Tenos was about 15 miles in extent. The capital was also called Tenos.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 469. =Tenty̆ra= (plural) and =Tentyris=, a small town of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhabitants were at enmity with the crocodiles, and made war against those who paid them adoration. _Seneca_, _Quæstiones Naturales_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Juvenal_, satire 15. ――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 8. =Tenty̆ra= (_melius_ Tempyra), a place of Thrace, opposite Samothrace. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 21. =Teos=, or =Teios=, now _Sigagik_, a maritime town on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, opposite Samos. It was one of the 12 cities of the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to Anacreon and Hecatæus, who is by some deemed a native of Miletus. According to Pliny, Teos was an island. Augustus repaired Teos, whence he is often called the founder of it on ancient medals. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 18.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31. =Terēdon=, a town on the Arabian gulf. _Dionysius Periegeta_, li. 982. =Terentia=, the wife of Cicero. She became mother of Marcus Cicero, and of a daughter called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her because she had been faithless to his bed, when he was banished in Asia. Terentia married Sallust, Cicero’s enemy, and afterwards Messala Corvinus. She lived to her 103rd, or, according to Pliny, to her 117th year. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 11, ltr. 16, &c.――――The wife of Scipio Africanus.――――The wife of Mecænas, with whom it was said that Augustus carried on an intrigue. =Terentia lex=, called also Cassia, _frumentaria_, by Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus and Caius Cassius, A.U.C. 680. It ordered that the same price should be given for all corn bought in the provinces, to hinder the exactions of the questors.――――Another, by Terentius the tribune, A.U.C. 291, to elect five persons to define the power of the consuls, lest they should abuse the public confidence, by violence or rapine. =Terentiānus=, a Roman to whom Longinus dedicated his treatise on the sublime.――――Maurus, a writer who flourished A.D. 240. The last edition of his treatise _de literis, syllabis, et metris Horatii_, is by Mycillus, Frankfurt, 8vo, 1584. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 70. =Terentius Publius=, a native of Carthage in Africa, celebrated for the comedies which he wrote. He was sold as a slave to Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, who educated him with great care, and manumitted him for the brilliancy of his genius. He bore the name of his master and benefactor, and was called _Terentius_. He applied himself to the study of Greek comedy with uncommon assiduity, and merited the friendship and patronage of the learned and powerful. Scipio the elder Africanus, and his friend Lælius, have been suspected, on account of their intimacy, of assisting the poet in the composition of his comedies; and the fine language, the pure expressions, and delicate sentiments with which the plays of Terence abound, seem, perhaps, to favour the supposition. Terence was in the 25th year of his age when his first play appeared on the Roman stage. All his compositions were received with great applause, but when the words _Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum puto_, were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, and the audience, though composed of foreigners, conquered nations, allies, and citizens of Rome, were unanimous in applauding the poet, who spoke with such elegance and simplicity the language of nature, and supported the native independence of man. The talents of Terence were employed rather in translation than in the effusions of originality. It is said that he translated 108 of the comedies of the poet Menander, six of which only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heautontimorumenos, Adelphi, Phormio, and Hecyra. Terence is admired for the purity of his language, and the artless elegance and simplicity of his diction, and for a continual delicacy of sentiment. There is more originality in Plautus, more vivacity in the intrigues, and more surprise in the catastrophes of his plays; but Terence will ever be admired for his taste, his expressions, and his faithful pictures of nature and manners, and the becoming dignity of his several characters. Quintilian, who candidly acknowledges the deficiencies of the Roman comedy, declares that Terence was the most elegant and refined of all the comedians whose writings appeared on the stage. The time and the manner of his death are unknown. He left Rome in the 35th year of his age, and never after appeared there. Some suppose that he was drowned in a storm as he returned from Greece, about 159 years before Christ, though others imagine he died in Arcadia or Leucadia, and that his death was accelerated by the loss of his property, and particularly of his plays which perished in a shipwreck. The best editions of Terence are those of Westerhovius, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1726; of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1758; of Cambridge, 4to, 1723; Hawkey’s, 12mo, Dublin, 1745; and that of Zeunius, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 17. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 59. ――――Culeo, a Roman senator, taken by the Carthaginians, and redeemed by Africanus. When Africanus triumphed, Culeo followed his chariot with a _pileus_ on his head. He was some time after appointed judge between his deliverer and the people of Asia, and had the meanness to condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, though both innocent. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 45.――――A tribune who wished the number of the citizens of Rome to be increased.――――Evocatus, a man who, as it was supposed, murdered Galba. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 41.――――Lentinus, a Roman knight condemned for perjury.――――Varro, a writer. _See:_ Varro. ――――A consul with Æmilius Paulus at the battle of Cannæ. He was the son of a butcher, and had followed for some time the profession of his father. He placed himself totally in the power of Hannibal, by making an improper disposition of his army. After he had been defeated, and his colleague slain, he retired to Canusium, with the remains of his slaughtered countrymen, and sent word to the Roman senate of his defeat. He received the thanks of this venerable body, because he had engaged the enemy, however improperly, and not despaired of the affairs of the republic. He was offered the dictatorship, which he declined. _Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 22, &c. ――――An ambassador sent to Philip king of Macedonia.――――Massaliora, an edile of the people, &c.――――Marcus, a friend of Sejanus, accused before the senate for his intimacy with that discarded favourite. He made a noble defence, and was acquitted. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6. =Terentus=, a place in the Campus Martius near the capitol, where the infernal deities had an altar. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 504. =Tēreus=, a king of Thrace, son of Mars and Bistonis. He married Progne the daughter of Pandion king of Athens, whom he had assisted in a war against Megara. He offered violence to his sister-in-law Philomela, whom he conducted to Thrace by desire of Progne. _See:_ Philomela and Progne.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675. =Tergeste= and =Tergestum=, now _Trieste_, a town of Italy on the Adriatic sea, made a Roman colony. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3, &c. ――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 380.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 110. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Terias=, a river of Sicily near Catana. =Teribazus=, a nobleman of Persia, sent with a fleet against Evagoras king of Cyprus. He was accused of treason, and removed from office, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7. =Teridae=, a concubine of Menelaus. =Teridates=, a favourite eunuch at the court of Artaxerxes. At his death the monarch was in tears for three days, and was consoled at last only by the arts and the persuasion of Aspasia, one of his favourites. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 1. =Terigum=, a town of Macedonia. =Terina=, a town of the Brutii. =Terioli=, now _Tirol_, a fortified town at the north of Italy, in the country of the Grisons. =Termentia=, or =Termes=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. =Termera=, a town of Caria. =Termĕrus=, a robber of Peloponnesus, who killed people by crushing their head against his own. He was slain by Hercules in the same manner. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. =Termesus=, a river of Arcadia. =Termilæ=, a name given to the Lycians. =Terminalia=, annual festivals at Rome, observed in honour of the god Terminus, in the month of February. It was then usual for peasants to assemble near the principal landmarks which separated their fields, ♦and after they had crowned them with garlands and flowers, to make libations of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young pig. They were originally established by Numa, and though at first it was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet in process of time landmarks were plentifully sprinkled with it. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 641.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 12, ch. 10. ♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’ =Terminālis=, a surname of Jupiter, because he presided over the boundaries and lands of individuals, before the worship of the god Terminus was introduced. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2. =Termĭnus=, a divinity at Rome who was supposed to preside over bounds and limits, and to punish all unlawful usurpation of land. His worship was first introduced at Rome by Numa, who persuaded his subjects that the limits of their lands and estates were under the immediate inspection of heaven. His temple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he was represented with a human head without feet or arms, to intimate that he never moved, wherever he was placed. The people of the country assembled once a year with their families, and crowned with garlands and flowers the stones which ♦separated their different possessions, and offered victims to the god who presided over their boundaries. It is said that when Tarquin the Proud wished to build a temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupiter, the god Terminus refused to give way, though the other gods resigned their seats with cheerfulness; whence Ovid has said, _Restitit, et mango cum Jove templa tenet_. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 641. ――_Plutarch_, _Numa_.――_Livy_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9. ♦ ‘separted’ replaced with ‘separated’ =Termissus=, or =Termessus=, a town of Pisidia. =Terpander=, a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos, 675 B.C. It is said that he appeased a tumult at Sparta by the melody and sweetness of his notes. He added three strings to the lyre, which before his time had only four. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_. =Terpsĭchŏre=, one of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over dancing, of which she was reckoned the inventress, as her name intimates, and with which she delighted her sisters. She is represented like a young virgin crowned with laurel, and holding in her hand a musical instrument. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 35. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Eustathius_, _ad Iliadem_, bk. 10. =Terpsicrăte=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Terra=, one of the most ancient deities in mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother of Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea, Rhea, Themis, Phœbe, ♦Tethys, and Mnemosyne. By the Air she had Grief, Mourning, Oblivion, Vengeance, &c. According to Hyginus, she is the same as Tellus. _See:_ Tellus. ♦ ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’ =Terracīna.= _See:_ Tarricina. =Terrasidius=, a Roman knight in Cæsar’s army in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8. =Terror=, an emotion of the mind which the ancients have made a deity, and one of the attendants of the god Mars, and of Bellona. =Tertia=, a sister of Clodius the tribune, &c.――――A daughter of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 46. ――――A daughter of Isidorus. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 34.――――A sister of Brutus, who married Cassius. She was also called _Tertulla_ and _Junia_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 76. ――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 50.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Brutus_, ltrs. 5 & 6; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 15, ltr. 11; bk. 16, ltr. 20. =Tertius Julianus=, a lieutenant in Cæsar’s legions. =Tertulliānus Quintus Septimius Florens=, a celebrated christian writer of Carthage, who flourished A.D. 196. He was originally a pagan, but afterwards embraced christianity, of which he became an able advocate by his writings, which showed that he was possessed of a lively imagination, impetuous eloquence, elevated style, and strength of reasoning. The most famous and esteemed of his numerous works, are his _Apology for the Christians_, and his _Prescriptions_. The best edition of Tertullian is that of Semlerus, 4 vols., 8vo, Halle, 1770; and of his Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo, Leiden, 1718. =Tethys=, the greatest of the sea deities, was wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Uranus and Terra. She was mother of the chiefest rivers of the universe, such as the Nile, the Alpheus, the Mæander, Simois, Peneus, Evenus, Scamander, &c., and about 3000 daughters called Oceanides. Tethys is confounded by some mythologists with her granddaughter Thetis the wife of Peleus, and the mother of Achilles. The word _Tethys_ is poetically used to express the sea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 31. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 509; bk. 9, li. 498; _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 191.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 336.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 302. =Tetis=, a river of Gaul flowing from the Pyrenees. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Tetrapŏlis=, a name given to the city of Antioch the capital of Syria, because it was divided into four separate districts, each of which resembled a city. Some apply the word to _Seleucis_, which contained the four large cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea, Apamea, and Seleucia in Pieria.――――The name of four towns at the north of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 8. =Tĕtrĭca=, a mountain of the Sabines near the river Fabaris. It was very rugged and difficult of access, whence the epithet _Tetricus_ was applied to persons of a morose and melancholy disposition. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 713. =Tetrĭcus=, a Roman senator, saluted emperor in the reign of Aurelian. He was led in triumph by his successful adversary, who afterwards heaped the most unbounded honours upon him and his son of the same name. =Teucer=, a king of Phrygia, son of the Scamander by Ida. According to some authors he was the first who introduced among his subjects the worship of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. The country where he reigned was from him called _Teucria_, and his subjects _Teucri_. His daughter Batea married Dardanus, a Samothracian prince, who succeeded him in the government of Teucria. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 108.――――A son of Telamon king of Salamis, by Hesione the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of Helen’s suitors, and accordingly accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrepidity. It is said that his father refused to receive him into his kingdom, because he had left the death of his brother Ajax unrevenged. This severity of the father did not dishearten the son; he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, where, with the assistance of Belus king of Sidon, he built a town, which he called Salamis, after his native country. He attempted, to no purpose, to recover the island of Salamis after his father’s death. He built a temple to Jupiter in Cyprus, on which a man was annually sacrificed till the reign of the Antonines. Some suppose that Teucer did not return to Cyprus, but that, according to a less received opinion, he went to settle in Spain, where new Carthage was afterwards built, and thence into Galatia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 281.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 623. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29. ――_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――One of the servants of Phalaris of Agrigentum. =Teucri=, a name given to the Trojans, from Teucer their king. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 42 & 239. =Teucria=, a name given to Troy, from Teucer one of its kings. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 26. =Teucteri=, a people of Germany, at the east of the Rhine. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 22. =Teumessus=, a mountain of Bœotia with a village of the same name, where Hercules, when young, killed an enormous lion. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 331. =Teuta=, a queen of Illyricum, B.C. 231, who ordered some Roman ambassadors to be put to death. This unprecedented murder was the cause of a war, which ended in her disgrace. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 5. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 6. =Teutamias=, or =Teutamis=, a king of Larissa. He instituted games in honour of his father, where Perseus killed his grandfather Acrisius with a quoit. =Teutamus=, a king of Assyria, the same as Tithonus the father of Memnon. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Teutas=, or =Teutates=, a name of Mercury among the Gauls. The people offered human victims to this deity. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 445. ――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Teuthrania=, a part of Mysia where the Caycus rises. =Teuthras=, a king of Mysia on the borders of the Caycus. He adopted as his daughter, or, according to others, married, Auge the daughter of Aleus, when she fled away into Asia from her father, who wished to punish her for her amours with Hercules. Some time after his kingdom was invaded by Idas the son of Aphareus, and to remove this enemy, he promised Auge and his crown to any one who could restore tranquillity to his subjects. This was executed by Telephus, who afterwards proved to be the son of Auge, who was promised in marriage to him by right of his successful expedition. The 50 daughters of Teuthras, who became mothers by Hercules, are called _Teuthrantia turba_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 19; _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 51.――_Hyginus_, fable 100.――――A river’s name.――――One of the companions of Æneas in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 402. =Teutoburgiensis saltus=, a forest of Germany, between the Ems and Lippa, where Varus and his legions were cut to pieces. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 60. =Teutomatus=, a prince of Gaul, among the allies of Rome. =Teutŏni= and =Teutŏnes=, a people of Germany, who with the Cimbri made incursions upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Roman armies. They were at last defeated by the consul Marius, and an infinite number made prisoners. _See:_ Cimbri. _Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――_Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 26.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14. =Thabenna=, an inland town of Africa, _African War_, ch. 77. =Thabusium=, a fortified place of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 14. =Thais=, a famous courtesan of Athens, who accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic conquests, and gained such an ascendancy over him, that she made him burn the royal palace of Persepolis. After Alexander’s death, she married Ptolemy king of Egypt. Menander celebrated her charms both mental and personal, which were of a superior nature, and on this account she is called _Menandrea_ by _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 6. ――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 604; _Remedia Amoris_, li. 384. ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 93.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13, ch. 13. =Thala=, a town of Africa. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 21. =Thalăme=, a town of Messenia, famous for a temple and oracle of Pasiphae. _Plutarch_, _Agis_. =Thalassius=, a beautiful young Roman in the reign of Romulus. At the rape of the Sabines, one of these virgins appeared remarkable for beauty and elegance, and her ravisher, afraid of many competitors, exclaimed, as he carried her away, that it was for Thalassius. The name of Thalassius was no sooner mentioned, than all were eager to preserve so beautiful a prize for him. Their union was attended with so much happiness, that it was ever after usual at Rome to make use of the word _Thalassius_ at nuptials, and to wish those that were married the felicity of Thalassius. He is supposed by some to be the same as _Hymen_, as he was made a deity. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_. ――_Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 92.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Thales=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia. He was descended from Cadmus: his father’s name was Examius, and his mother’s Cleobula. Like the rest of the ancients, he travelled in quest of knowledge, and for some time resided in Crete, Phœnicia, and Egypt. Under the priests of Memphis he was taught geometry, astronomy, and philosophy, and enabled to measure with exactness the vast height and extent of a pyramid merely by its shadow. His discoveries in astronomy were great and ingenious; and he was the first who calculated with accuracy a solar eclipse. He discovered the solstices and equinoxes, he divided the heavens into five zones, and recommended the division of the year into 365 days, which was universally adopted by the Egyptian philosophy. Like Homer, he looked upon water as the principle of everything. He was the founder of the Ionic sect, which distinguished itself for its deep and abstruse speculations under the successors and pupils of the Milesian philosopher, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus the master of Socrates. Thales was never married; and when his mother pressed him to choose a wife, he said he was too young. The same exhortations were afterwards repeated, but the philosopher eluded them by observing that he was then too old to enter the matrimonial state. He died in the 96th year of his age, about 548 years before the christian era. His compositions on philosophical subjects are lost. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Plato._――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, &c.――――A lyric poet of Crete, intimate with Lycurgus. He prepared by his rhapsodies the minds of the Spartans to receive the rigorous institutions of his friend, and inculcated a reverence for the peace of civil society. =Thalestria=, or =Thalestris=, a queen of the Amazons, who, accompanied by 300 women, came 35 days’ journey to meet Alexander in his Asiatic conquests, to raise children by a man whose fame was so great, and courage so uncommon. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 11. ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Thaletes=, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 B.C. =Thălīa=, one of the Muses, who presided over festivals, and over pastoral and comic poetry. She is represented leaning on a column, holding a mask in her right hand, by which she is distinguished from her sisters, as also by a shepherd’s crook. Her dress appears shorter, and not so ornamented as that of the other Muses. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 25.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 75.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, &c.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 2.――――One of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 826.――――An island in the Tyrrhene sea. =Thallo=, one of the Horæ or Seasons, who presided over the spring. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35. =Thalpius=, a son of Eurytus, one of Helen’s suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Thalyssia=, Greek festivals celebrated by the people of the country in honour of Ceres, to whom the first fruits were regularly offered. _Scholia_ on _Theocritus_, poem 3. =Thamĭras=, a Cilician who first introduced the art of augury in Cyprus, where it was religiously preserved in his family for many years. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Thamuda=, a part of Arabia Felix. =Thamyras=, or =Thamyris=, a celebrated musician of Thrace. His father’s name was Philammon, and his mother’s Argiope. He became enamoured of the Muses, and challenged them to a trial of skill. His challenge was accepted, and it was mutually agreed that the conqueror should be totally at the disposal of his victorious adversary. He was conquered, and the Muses deprived him of his eyesight and his melodious voice, and broke his lyre. His poetical compositions are lost. Some accused him of having first introduced into the world the unnatural vice of which Sotades is accused. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 594; bk. 5, li. 599.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 62; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 399. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33. =Thamyris=, one of the petty princes of the Dacæ, in the age of Darius, &c.――――A queen of the Massagetæ. _See:_ Thomyris.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 341. =Thapsăcus=, a city on the Euphrates. =Thapsus=, a town of Africa Propria, where Scipio and Juba were defeated by Cæsar. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 261.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 48.――――A town at the north of Syracuse in Sicily. =Thargelia=, festivals in Greece, in honour of Apollo and Diana. They lasted two days, and the youngest of both sexes carried olive branches, on which were suspended cakes and fruits. _Athenæus_, bk. 12. =Thariădes=, one of the generals of Antiochus, &c. =Tharops=, the father of Œager, to whom Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace, after the death of Lycurgus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Thasius=, or =Thrasius=, a famous soothsayer of Cyprus, who told Busiris king of Egypt, that to stop a dreadful plague which afflicted his country, he must offer a foreigner to Jupiter. Upon this the tyrant ordered him to be seized and sacrificed to the god, as he was not a native of Egypt. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 549. ――――A surname of Hercules, who was worshipped at Thasos. =Thasos=, or =Thasus=, a small island in the Ægean, on the coast of Thrace, opposite the mouth of the Nestus, anciently known by the name of _Æria_, _Odonis_, _Æthria_, _Acte_, _Ogygia_, _Chryse_, and _Ceresis_. It received that of Thasos from Thasus the son of Agenor, who settled there when he despaired of finding his sister Europa. It was about 40 miles in circumference, and so uncommonly fruitful, that the fertility of Thasos became proverbial. Its wine was universally esteemed, and its marble quarries were also in great repute, as well as its mines of gold and silver. The capital of the island was also called Thasos. _Livy_, bk. 33, chs. 30 & 55.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 44.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, &c.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 91. ――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_, ch. 2. =Thasus=, a son of Neptune, who went with Cadmus to seek Europa. He built the town of Thasus in Thrace. Some make him brother of Cadmus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Thaumaci=, a town of Thessaly on the Maliac gulf. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 4. =Thaumantias= and =Thaumantis=, a name given to Iris the messenger of Juno, because she was the daughter of Thaumas the son of Oceanus and Terra by one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 479; bk. 14, li. 845. =Thaumas=, a son of Neptune and Terra, who married Electra, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Iris and the ♦Harpies, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2. ♦ ‘Harpyies’ replaced with ‘Harpies’ =Thaumasius=, a mountain of Arcadia, on whose top, according to some accounts, Jupiter was born. =Thea=, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. She married her brother Hyperion, by whom she had the sun, the moon, Aurora, &c. She is also called Thia, Titæa, Rhea, Tethys, &c.――――One of the Sporades. =Theagĕnes=, a man who made himself master of Megara, &c.――――An athlete of Thaos, famous for his strength. His father’s name was Timosthenes, a friend of Hercules. He was crowned above 1000 times at the public games of the Greeks, and became a god after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, chs. 6 & 11.――_Plutarch._――――A Theban officer, who distinguished himself at the battle of Cheronæa. _Plutarch._――――A writer who published commentaries on Homer’s works. =Theages=, a Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates. _Plato._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, &c. =Theangela=, a town of Caria. =Theāno=, the wife of Metapontus son of Sisyphus, presented some twins to her husband, when he wished to repudiate her for her barrenness. The children were educated with the greatest care, and some time afterwards Theano herself became the mother of twins. When they were grown up she encouraged them to murder the supposititious children, who were to succeed to their father’s throne in preference to them. They were both killed in the attempt, and the father, displeased with the conduct of Theano, repudiated her to marry the mother of the children whom he had long considered as his own. _Hyginus_, fable 186. ――――A daughter of Cisseus, sister to Hecuba, who married Antenor, and was supposed to have betrayed the Palladium to the Greeks, as she was priestess of Minerva. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 298.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――One of the Danaides. Her husband’s name was Phantes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. ――――The wife of the philosopher Pythagoras, daughter of Pythanax of Crete, or, according to others, of Brontinus of Crotona. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 8, ch. 42.――――The daughter of Pythagoras.――――A poetess of Locris.――――A priestess of Athens, daughter of Menon, who refused to pronounce a curse upon Alcibiades when he was accused of having mutilated all the statues of Mercury. _Plutarch._――――The mother of Pausanias. She was the first, as it is reported, who brought a stone to the entrance of Minerva’s temple, to shut up her son when she heard of his crimes and perfidy to his country. _Polyænus_, bk. 8. ――――A daughter of Scedasus, to whom some of the Lacedæmonians offered violence at Leuctra.――――A Trojan matron, who became mother of Mimas by Amycus, the same night that Paris was born. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 703. =Theānum=, a town of Italy. _See:_ Teanum. =Thearidas=, a brother of Dionysius the elder. He was made admiral of his fleet. _Diodorus_, bk. 14. =Thearius=, a surname of Apollo at Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 51. =Theatetes=, a Greek epigrammatist. =Theba=, or =Thebe=, a town of Cilicia. _See:_ Thebæ. =Thebæ= (arum), a celebrated city, the capital of Bœotia, situate on the banks of the river Ismenus. The manner of its foundation is not precisely known. Cadmus is supposed to have first begun to found it by building the citadel Cadmea. It was afterwards finished by Amphion and Zethus; but, according to Varro, it owed its origin to Ogyges. The government of Thebes was monarchical, and many of the sovereigns are celebrated for their misfortunes, such as Laius, Œdipus, Polynices, Eteocles, &c. The war which Thebes supported against the Argives, is famous as well as that of the Epigoni. The Thebans were looked upon as an indolent and sluggish nation, and the words of _Theban pig_, became proverbial to express a man remarkable for stupidity and inattention. This, however, was not literally true; under Epaminondas, the Thebans, though before dependent, became masters of Greece, and everything was done according to their will and pleasure. When Alexander invaded Greece, he ordered Thebes to be totally demolished, because it had revolted against him, except the house where the poet Pindar had been born and educated. In this dreadful period 6000 of its inhabitants were slain, and 30,000 sold for slaves. Thebes was afterwards repaired by Cassander the son of Antipater, but it never rose to its original consequence, and Strabo, in his age, mentions it merely as an inconsiderable village. The monarchical government was abolished there at the death of Xanthus, about 1190 years before Christ, and Thebes became a republic. It received its name from Thebe the daughter of Asopus, to whom the founder Amphion was nearly related. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, _Pelopidas_, & _Alexander_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pelopidas_, _Epaminondas_, &c. ――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 394.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――――A town at the south of Troas, built by Hercules, and also called _Placia_ and _Hypoplacia_. It fell into the hands of the Cilicians, who occupied it during the Trojan war. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4. ――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――――An ancient celebrated city of Thebais in Egypt, called also _Hecatompylos_, on account of its 100 gates, and _Diospolis_, as being sacred to Jupiter. In the time of its splendour, it extended above 23 miles, and upon any emergency could send into the field, by each of its 100 gates, 20,000 fighting men and 200 chariots. Thebes was ruined by Cambyses king of Persia, and few traces of it were seen in the age of Juvenal. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9.――_Juvenal_, satire bk. 15, li. 16.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 381.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――――A town of Africa, built by Bacchus.――――Another in Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.――――Another in Phthiotis. =Thebais=, a country in the southern parts of Egypt, of which Thebes was the capital.――――There have been some poems which have borne the name of Thebais, but of these the only one extant is the Thebais of Statius. It gives an account of the war of the Thebans against the Argives, in consequence of the dissension of Eteocles with his brother Polynices. The poet was 12 years in composing it.――――A river of Lydia.――――A name given to a native of Thebes. =Thebe=, a daughter of the Asopus, who married Zethus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The wife of Alexander tyrant of Pheræ. She was persuaded by Pelopidas to murder her husband. =Theia=, a goddess. _See:_ Thea. =Theias=, a son of Belus, who had an incestuous intercourse with his daughter Smyrna. =Thelephassa=, the second wife of Agenor, called also _Telaphassa_. =Thelpūsa=, a nymph of Arcadia. _See:_ ♦Telphusa. ♦ ‘Telpusa’ replaced with ‘Telphusa’ =Thelxion=, a son of Apis, who conspired against his father, who was king of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Thelxiope=, one of the Muses, according to some writers. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_. =Themeneus=, a son of Aristomachus, better known by the name of Temenus. =Themesion=, a tyrant of Eretria. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Themillas=, a Trojan, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 376. =Themis=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who married Jupiter against her own inclination. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eunomia, the Parcæ and Horæ; and was the first to whom the inhabitants of the earth raised temples. Her oracle was famous in Attica in the age of Deucalion, who consulted it with great solemnity, and was instructed how to repair the loss of mankind. She was generally attended by the seasons. Among the moderns she is represented as holding a sword in one hand, and a pair of scales in the other. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 321.――――A daughter of Ilus, who married Capys, and became mother of Anchises. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Themiscy̆ra=, a town of Cappadocia, at the mouth of the Thermodon, belonging to the Amazons. The territories round it bore the same name. =Themĭson=, a famous physician of Laodicea, disciple to Asclepiades. He was founder of a sect called Methodists, because he wished to introduce methods to facilitate the learning and the practice of physic. He flourished in the Augustan age. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1. ――_Juvenal_, satire 10.――――One of the generals and ministers of Antiochus the Great. He was born at Cyprus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 41. =Themista=, or =Themistis=, a goddess, the same as Themis. =Themistĭus=, a celebrated philosopher of Paphlagonia in the age of Constantius, greatly esteemed by the Roman emperors, and called _Euphrades_, the fine speaker, from his eloquent and commanding delivery. He was made a Roman senator, and always distinguished for his ♦liberality and munificence. His school was greatly frequented. He wrote, when young, some commentaries on Aristotle, fragments of which are still extant, and 33 of his orations. He professed himself to be an enemy to flattery, and though he often deviates from this general rule in his addresses to the emperors, yet he strongly recommends humanity, wisdom, and clemency. The best edition of Themistius is that of Harduin, folio, Paris, 1684. ♦ ‘liberalty’ replaced with ‘liberality’ =Themisto=, a daughter of Hypseus, was the third wife of Athamas king of Thebes, by whom she had four sons, called Ptous, Leucon, Schœneus, and Erythroes. She endeavoured to kill the children of Ino, her husband’s second wife, but she killed her own, by means of Ino, who lived in her house in the disguise of a servant-maid, and to whom she entrusted her bloody intentions, upon which she destroyed herself. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 23.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A woman mentioned by Polyænus.――――The mother of the poet Homer, according to a tradition mentioned by Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24. =Themistŏcles=, a celebrated general born at Athens. His father’s name was Neocles, and his mother’s Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a native of Halicarnassus, or of Thrace, or Acarnaia. The beginning of his youth was marked by vices so flagrant, and an inclination so incorrigible, that his father disinherited him. This, which might have disheartened others, roused the ambition of Themistocles, and the protection which he was denied at home, he sought in courting the favours of the populace, and in sharing the ♦administration of public affairs. When Xerxes invaded Greece, Themistocles was at the head of the Athenian republic, and in this capacity the fleet was entrusted to his care. When the Lacedæmonians under Leonidas were opposing the Persians at Thermopylæ, the naval operations of Themistocles, and of the combined fleet of the Peloponnesians, were directed to destroy the armament of Xerxes, and to ruin his maritime power. The obstinate wish of the generals to command the Grecian fleet might have proved fatal to the interest of the allies, had not Themistocles freely relinquished his pretensions, and by nominating his rival Eurybiades master of the expedition, shown the world that his ambition could stoop when his country demanded his assistance. The Persian fleet was distressed at Artemisium by a violent storm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks; but a decisive battle had never been fought if Themistocles had not used threats and entreaties, and even called religion to his aid, and the favourable answers of the oracle, to second his measures. The Greeks, actuated by different views, were unwilling to make head by sea against an enemy whom they saw victorious by land, plundering their cities and destroying all by fire and sword; but before they were dispersed, Themistocles sent intelligence of their intentions to the Persian monarch. Xerxes, by immediately blocking them with his fleet, in the bay of Salamis, prevented their escape, and while he wished to crush them all at one blow, he obliged them to fight for their safety, as well as for the honour of their country. This battle, which was fought near the island of Salamis, B.C. 480, was decisive; the Greeks obtained the victory, and Themistocles the honour of having destroyed the formidable navy of Xerxes. Further to ensure the peace of his country, Themistocles informed the Asiatic monarch that the Greeks had conspired to cut the bridge which he had built across the Hellespont, and to prevent his retreat into Asia. This met with equal success; Xerxes hastened away from Greece, and while he believed the words of Themistocles, that his return would be disputed, he left his forces without a general, and his fleets an easy conquest to the victorious Greeks. These signal services to his country endeared Themistocles to the Athenians, and he was universally called the most warlike and most courageous of all the Greeks who fought against the Persians. He was received with the most distinguished honours, and by his prudent administration, Athens was soon fortified with strong walls, her Pireus was rebuilt, and her harbours were filled with a numerous and powerful navy, which rendered her the mistress of Greece. Yet in the midst of that glory, the conqueror of Xerxes incurred the displeasure of his countrymen, which had proved so fatal to many of his illustrious predecessors. He was banished from the city, and after he had sought in vain a safe retreat among the republics of Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he threw himself into the arms of a monarch, whose fleets he had defeated, and whose father he had ruined. Artaxerxes, the successor of Xerxes, received the illustrious Athenian with kindness; and though he had formerly set a price upon his head, yet he made him one of his greatest favourites, and bestowed three rich cities upon him, to provide him with bread, wine, and meat. Such kindness from a monarch, from whom he, perhaps, expected the most hostile treatment, did not alter the sentiments of Themistocles. He still remembered that Athens gave him birth, and according to some writers, the wish of not injuring his country, and therefore his inability of carrying on war against Greece, at the request of Artaxerxes, obliged him to destroy himself by drinking bull’s blood. The manner of his death, however, is uncertain, and while some affirm that he poisoned himself, others declare that he fell a prey to a violent distemper in the city of Magnesia, where he had fixed his residence, while in the dominions of the Persian monarch. His bones were conveyed to Attica and honoured with a magnificent tomb by the Athenians, who began to repent too late of their cruelty to the saviour of his country. Themistocles died in the 65th year of his age, about 449 years before the christian era. He has been admired as a man naturally courageous, of a disposition fond of activity, ambitious of glory and enterprise. Blessed with a provident and discerning mind, he seemed to rise superior to misfortunes, and in the midst of adversity, possessed of resources which could enable him to regain his splendour, and even to command fortune. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 8, ch. 52.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 12; bk. 9, ch. 18; bk. 13, ch. 40.――――A writer, some of whose letters are extant. ♦ ‘adminstration’ replaced with ‘administration’ =Themistogĕnes=, an historian of Syracuse, in the age of Artaxerxes Memnon. He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, a subject ably treated afterwards by Xenophon. =Theŏcles=, an opulent citizen of Corinth, who liberally divided his riches among the poor. Thrasonides, a man equally rich with himself, followed the example. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 24.――――A Greek statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19. =Theŏclus=, a Messenian poet and soothsayer, who died B.C. 671. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 15, &c. =Theoclymĕnus=, a soothsayer of Argolis, descended from Melampus. His father’s name was Thestor. He foretold the speedy return of Ulysses to Penelope and Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 225, &c. ――_Hyginus_, fable 128. =Theŏcrĭtus=, a Greek poet who flourished at Syracuse, in Sicily, 282 B.C. His father’s name was Praxagoras or Simichus, and his mother’s Philina. He lived in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, whose praises he sung, and whose favours he enjoyed. Theocritus distinguished himself by his poetical compositions, of which 30 idyllia and some epigrams are extant, written in the Doric dialect, and admired for their beauty, elegance, and simplicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, has imitated and often copied him. Theocritus has been blamed for the many indelicate and obscene expressions which he uses; and while he introduces shepherds and peasants with all the rusticity and ignorance of nature, he often disguises their character by making them speak on high and exalted subjects. It is said he wrote some invectives against Hiero king of Syracuse, who ordered him to be strangled. He also wrote a ludicrous poem called _Syrinx_, and placed his verses in such order that they represented the pipe of the god Pan. The best editions of Theocritus, are Warton’s, 2 vols., 4to, Oxford, 1770; that of Heinsius, 8vo, Oxford, 1699; that of Valkenaer, 8vo, Leiden, 1781; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1790. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 5.――――A Greek historian of Chios, who wrote an account of Libya. _Plutarch._ ♦=Theodămas=, or =Thiodamas=, a king of Mysia, in Asia Minor. He was killed by Hercules, because he refused to treat him and his son with hospitality. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 438.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. ――_Hyginus_, fable 271. ♦ ‘Thodămas’ replaced with ‘Theodămas’ =Theodectes=, a Greek orator and poet of Phaselis in Pamphylia, son of Aristander, and disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies, besides other works now lost. He had such a happy memory that he could repeat with ease whatever verses were spoken in his presence. When Alexander passed through Phaselis, he crowned with garlands the statue which had been erected to the memory of the deceased poet. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 24; _Orator_, ch. 51, &c. ――_Plutarch._――_Quintilian._ =Theodonis=, a town of Germany, now _Thionville_, on the Moselle. =Theodōra=, a daughter-in-law of the emperor Maximian, who married Constantius.――――A daughter of Constantine.――――A woman who, from being a prostitute, became empress to Justinian, and distinguished herself by her intrigues and enterprises.――――The name of Theodora is common to the empresses of the east in a later period. =Theodoretus=, one of the Greek fathers who flourished A.D. 425, whose works have been edited, 5 vols., folio, Paris, 1642, and 5 vols., Halæ, 1769 to 1774. =Theodoritus=, a Greek ecclesiastical historian, whose works have been best edited by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720. =Theodōrus=, a Syracusan of great authority among his countrymen, who severely inveighed against the tyranny of Dionysius.――――A philosopher, disciple to Aristippus. He denied the existence of a God. He was banished from Cyrene, and fled to Athens, where the friendship of Demetrius Phalereus saved him from the accusations which were carried to the Areopagus against him. Some suppose that he was at last condemned to death for his impiety, and that he drank poison.――――A preceptor to one of the sons of Antony, whom he betrayed to Augustus. ――――A consul in the reign of Honorius. Claudian wrote a poem upon him, in which he praises him with great liberality.――――A secretary of Valens. He conspired against the emperor and was beheaded.――――A man who compiled a history of Rome. Of this, nothing but his history of the reigns of Constantine and Constantius is extant.――――A comic actor. ――――A player on the flute in the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who contemptuously rejected the favours of Lamia the mistress of the monarch.――――A Greek poet of Colophon, whose compositions are lost. ――――A sophist of Byzantium, called _Logodaidalos_ by Plato.――――A Greek poet in the age of Cleopatra. He wrote a book of metamorphoses, which Ovid imitated, as some suppose.――――An artist of Samos about 700 years B.C. He was the first who found out the art of melting iron, with which he made statues.――――A priest, father of Isocrates.――――A Greek writer, called also _Prodromus_. The time in which he lived is unknown. There is a romance of his composition extant, called the amours of Rhodanthe and Dosicles, the only edition of which was by Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1625. =Theodosia=, now _Caffa_, a town in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Theodosiopŏlis=, a town of Armenia, built by Theodosius, &c. =Theodosius Flavius=, a Roman emperor surnamed _Magnus_, from the greatness of his exploits. He was invested with the imperial purple by Gratian, and appointed over Thrace and the eastern provinces, which had been in the possession of Valentinian. The first years of his reign were marked by different conquests over the barbarians. The Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of their chariots, with an immense number of prisoners of both sexes, were the reward of the victory. This glorious campaign intimidated the inveterate enemies of Rome; they sued for peace, and treaties of alliance were made with distant nations, who wished to gain the favours and the friendship of a prince whose military virtues were so conspicuous. Some conspiracies were formed against the emperor, but Theodosius totally disregarded them; and while he punished his competitors for the imperial purple, he thought himself sufficiently secure in the love and the affection of his subjects. His reception at Rome was that of a conqueror; he triumphed over the barbarians, and restored peace in every part of the empire. He died of a dropsy at Milan, in the 60th year of his age, after a reign of 16 years, the 17th of January, A.D. 395. His body was conveyed to Constantinople, and buried by his son Arcadius, in the tomb of Constantine. Theodosius was the last of the emperors who was the sole master of the whole Roman empire. He left three children, Arcadius and Honorius, who succeeded him, and Pulcheria. Theodosius has been commended by ancient writers, as a prince blessed with every virtue, and debased by no vicious propensity. Though master of the world, he was a stranger to that pride and arrogance which too often disgrace the monarch; he was affable in his behaviour, benevolent and compassionate, and it was his wish to treat his subjects as himself was treated when a private man and a ♦dependent. Men of merit were promoted to places of trust and honour, and the emperor was fond of patronizing the cause of virtue and learning. His zeal as a follower of christianity has been applauded by all the ecclesiastical writers, and it was the wish of Theodosius to support the revealed religion, as much by his example, meekness, and christian charity, as by his edicts and ecclesiastical institutions. His want of clemency, however, in one instance, was too openly betrayed, and when the people of Thessalonica had unmeaningly, perhaps, killed one of his officers, the emperor ordered his soldiers to put all the inhabitants to the sword, and no less than 6000 persons, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly butchered in that town in the space of three hours. This violence irritated the ecclesiastics, and Theodosius was compelled by St. Ambrose to do open penance in the church, and publicly to make atonement for an act of barbarity which had excluded him from the bosom of the church, and the communion of the faithful. In his private character Theodosius was an example of soberness and temperance; his palace displayed becoming grandeur, but still with moderation. He never indulged in luxury, or countenanced superfluities. He was fond of bodily exercise, and never gave himself up to pleasure and enervating enjoyments. The laws and regulations which he introduced in the Roman empire, were of the most salutary nature. _Socrates of Constantinople_, bk. 5, &c.――_Zosimus_, bk. 4, &c.――_Ambrose._――_Augustine._――_Claudian_, &c. ♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’ =Theodosius II.=, succeeded his father Arcadius as emperor of the western Roman empire, though only in the eighth year of his age. He was governed by his sister Pulcheria, and by his ministers and eunuchs, in whose hands was the disposal of the offices of state, and all places of trust and honour. He married Eudoxia, the daughter of a philosopher called Leontius, a woman remarkable for her virtues and piety. The territories of Theodosius were invaded by the Persians, but the emperor soon appeared at the head of a numerous force, and the two hostile armies met on the frontiers of the empire. The consternation was universal on both sides; without even a battle, the Persians fled, and no less than 100,000 were lost in the waters of the Euphrates. Theodosius raised the siege of Nisibis, where his operations failed of success, and he averted the fury of the Huns and Vandals by bribes and promises. He died on the 29th of July, in the 49th year of his age, A.D. 450, leaving only one daughter, Licinia Eudoxia, whom he married to the emperor Valentinian III. The carelessness and inattention of Theodosius to public affairs are well known. He signed all the papers that were brought to him without even opening them or reading them, till his sister apprised him of his negligence, and rendered him more careful and diligent, by making him sign a paper, in which he delivered into her hand, Eudoxia his wife as a slave and menial servant. The laws and regulations which were promulgated under him, and selected from the most useful and salutary institutions of his imperial predecessors, have been called the _Theodosian code_. Theodosius was a warm advocate for the christian religion, but he has been blamed for his partial attachment to those who opposed the orthodox faith. _Sozomen._――_Socrates_, &c. =Theodosius=, a lover of Antonina the wife of Belisarius.――――A mathematician of Tripoli, who flourished 75 B.C. His treatise, called Sphærica, is best edited by Hunt, 8vo, Oxford, 1707.――――A Roman general, father of Theodosius the Great; he died A.D. 376. =Theodŏta=, a beautiful courtesan of Elis, whose company was frequented by Socrates. _Xenophon_, _on Socrates_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 32.――――A Roman empress, &c. =Theodotian=, an interpreter, in the reign of Commodus. =Theodŏtus=, an admiral of the Rhodians, sent by his countrymen to make a treaty with the Romans.――――A native of Chios, who, as preceptor and counsellor of Ptolemy, advised the feeble monarch to murder Pompey. He carried the head of the unfortunate Roman to Cæsar, but the resentment of the conqueror was such that the mean assassin fled, and after a wandering and miserable life in the cities of Asia, he was at last put to death by Brutus. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Pompey_.――――A Syracusan, accused of a conspiracy against Hieronymus the tyrant of Syracuse.――――A governor of Bactriana in the age of Antiochus, who revolted and made himself king, B.C. 250.――――A friend of the emperor Julian.――――A Phœnician historian.――――One of the generals of Alexander. =Theognētes=, a Greek tragic poet. _Athenæus._ =Theognis=, a Greek poet of Megara, who flourished about 549 years before Christ. He wrote several poems, of which only few sentences are now extant, quoted by Plato and other Greek historians and philosophers, and intended as precepts for the conduct of human life. The morals of the poet have been censured as neither decorous nor chaste. The best edition of Theognis is that of Blackwall, 12mo, London, 1706.――――There was also a tragic poet of the same name, whose compositions were so lifeless and inanimated, that they procured him the name of _Chion_, or _snow_. =Theomnestus=, a rival of Nicias in the administration of public affairs at Athens. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A statuary of Sardinia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15.――――An Athenian philosopher, among the followers of Plato’s doctrines. He had Brutus, Cæsar’s murderer, among his pupils.――――A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35. =Theon=, a philosopher, who used frequently to walk in his sleep. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An astronomer of Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian.――――A painter of Samos. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 44.――――Another philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An infamous reviler. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19. =Theonoe=, a daughter of Thestor, sister to Calchas. She was carried away by sea pirates, and sold to Icarus king of Caria, &c. _Hyginus_, fable 190.――――A daughter of Proteus and a Nereid, who became enamoured of Canobus, the pilot of a Trojan vessel, &c. =Theope=, one of the daughters of Leos. =Theophăne=, a daughter of Bisaltus, whom Neptune changed into a sheep, to remove her from her numerous suitors, and conveyed to the island Crumissa. The god afterwards assumed the shape of a ram, and under this transformation he had by the nymph a ram with a golden fleece, which carried Phryxus to Colchis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 177.――_Hyginus_, fable 188. =Theophănes=, a Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He was very intimate with Pompey, and from his friendship with the Roman general, his countrymen derived many advantages. After the battle of Pharsalia, he advised Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, &c.――_Paterculus._――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_ & _Pompey_.――――His son Marcus Pompeius Theophanes was made governor of Asia, and enjoyed the intimacy of Tiberius.――――The only edition of Theophanes the Byzantine historian, is that of Paris, folio, 1649. =Theophania=, festivals celebrated at Delphi in honour of Apollo. =Theophĭlus=, a comic poet of Athens.――――A governor of Syria in the age of Julian.――――A friend of Piso.――――A physician, whose treatise _de Urinis_ is best edited by Guidotius, Leiden, 1728, and another by Morell, 8vo, Paris, 1556.――――One of the Greek fathers, whose work _ad Autolycum_ is best edited in 12mo, by Wolf, Hamburg, 1724.――――The name of Theophilus is common among the primitive christians. =Theophrastus=, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, son of a fuller. He studied under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, whose friendship he gained, and whose warmest commendations he deserved. His original name was _Tyrtamus_, but this the philosopher made him exchange for that of _Euphrastus_, to intimate his excellence in speaking, and afterwards for that of _Theophrastus_, which he deemed still more expressive of his eloquence, the brilliancy of his genius, and the elegance of his language. After the death of Socrates, when the malevolence of the Athenians drove all the philosopher’s friends from the city, Theophrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Lyceum, and rendered himself so conspicuous, that in a short time the number of his auditors was increased to 2000. Not only his countrymen courted his applause, but kings and princes were desirous of his friendship: and Cassander and Ptolemy, two of the most powerful of the successors of Alexander, regarded him with more than usual partiality. Theophrastus composed many books, and Diogenes has enumerated the titles of above 200 treatises, which he wrote with great elegance and copiousness. About 20 of these are extant, among which are his history of stones, his treatise on plants, on the winds, on the signs of fair weather, &c., and his Characters, an excellent moral treatise, which was begun in the 99th year of his age. He died, loaded with years and infirmities, in the 107th year of his age, B.C. 288, lamenting the shortness of life, and complaining of the partiality of nature in granting longevity to the crow and to the stag, but not to man. To his care we are indebted for the works of Aristotle, which the dying philosopher entrusted to him. The best edition of Theophrastus, is that of Heinsius, folio, Leiden, 1613; and of his Characters, that of Needham, 8vo, Cambridge. 1712, and that of Fischer, 8vo, Coburg, 1763. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 3, ch. 28; _Brutus_, ch. 31; _Orator_, ch. 19, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 34, ch. 20; bk. 8, ch. 12.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Adversus Colotem_.――――An officer entrusted with the care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigonus. _Polyænus._ =Theopolĕmus=, a man who, with his brother Hiero, plundered Apollo’s temple at Delphi, and fled away for fear of being punished. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5. =Theopŏlis=, a name given to Antioch, because the christians first received their name there. =Theopompus=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ, who succeeded his father Nicander, and distinguished himself by the many new regulations which he introduced. He created the Ephori, and died, after a long and peaceful reign, B.C. 723. While he sat on the throne, the Spartans made war against Messenia. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A famous Greek historian of Chios, disciple of Isocrates, who flourished B.C. 354. All his compositions are lost, except a few fragments quoted by ancient writers. He is compared to Thucydides and Herodotus as an historian, yet he is severely censured for his satirical remarks and illiberal reflections. He obtained a prize in which his master was a competitor, and he was liberally rewarded for composing the best funeral oration in honour of Mausolus. His father’s name was Damasistratus. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Lysis_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An Athenian, who attempted to deliver his countrymen from the tyranny of Demetrius. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A comic poet in the age of Menander. He wrote 24 plays, all lost.――――A son of Demaratus, who obtained several crowns at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10. ――――An orator and historian of Cnidus, very intimate with Julius Cæsar. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A Spartan general, killed at the battle of Tegyra.――――A philosopher of Cheronæa, in the reign of the emperor Philip. =Theophylactus Simocatta=, a Byzantine historian, whose works were edited folio, Paris, 1647.――――One of the Greek fathers who flourished A.D. 1070. His works were edited at Venice, 4 vols., 1754 to 1763. =Theorius=, a surname of Apollo at Trœzene, where he had a very ancient temple. It signifies clear-sighted. =Theotīmus=, a wrestler of Elis, in the age of Alexander. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――――A Greek who wrote a history of Italy. =Theoxĕna=, a noble lady of Thessaly, who threw herself into the sea, when unable to escape from the soldiers of king Philip, who pursued her. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4. =Theoxenia=, a festival celebrated in honour of all the gods in every city of Greece, but especially at Athens. Games were then observed, and the conqueror who obtained the prize received a large sum of money, or, according to others, a vest beautifully ornamented. The Dioscuri established a festival of the same name, in honour of the gods who had visited them at one of their entertainments. =Theoxenius=, a surname of Apollo. =Thera=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 69.――――One of the Sporades in the Ægean sea, anciently called _Callista_, now _Santorin_. It was first inhabited by the Phœnicians, who were left there under Membliares by Cadmus, when he went in quest of his sister Europa. It was called Thera by Theras the son of Autesion, who settled there with a colony from Lacedæmon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A town of Caria. =Therambus=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123. =Theramĕnes=, an Athenian philosopher and general in the age of Alcibiades. His father’s name was Agnon. He was one of the 30 tyrants of Athens, but he had no share in the cruelties and oppression which disgraced their administration. He was accused by Critias, one of his colleagues, because he opposed their views, and he was condemned to drink hemlock, though defended by his own innocence, and the friendly intercession of the philosopher Socrates. He drank the poison with great composure, and poured some of it on the ground, with the sarcastical exclamation of, “This is to the health of Critias.” This happened about 404 years before the christian era. Theramenes, on account of the fickleness of his disposition, has been called _Cothurnus_, a part of the dress used both by men and women. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_, &c. ――_Cornelius Nepos._ =Therapne=, or =Terapne=, a town of Laconia, at the west of the Eurotas, where Apollo had a temple called Phœbeum. It was but a very short distance from Lacedæmon, and, indeed, some authors have confounded it with the capital of Laconia. It received its name from Therapne, a daughter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were born there, and on that account they were sometimes called _Therapnæi fratres_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 223.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 303; bk. 8, li. 414; bk. 13, li. 43.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 49.――_Statius_, bk. 7, _Thebaid_, li. 793. =Theras=, a son of Autesion of Lacedæmon, who conducted a colony to Callista, to which he gave the name of _Thera_. He received divine honours after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15. =Therimăchus=, a son of Hercules by Megara. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 7. =Therippidas=, a Lacedæmonian, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15. =Theritas=, a surname of Mars in Laconia. =Therma=, a town of Africa. _Strabo._――――A town of Macedonia, afterwards called _Thessalonica_, in honour of the wife of Cassander, and now _Salonichi_. The bay in the neighbourhood of Therma is called _Thermæus_, or _Thermaicus sinus_, and advances far into the country, so much, that Pliny has named it _Macedonicus sinus_, by way of eminence, to intimate its extent. _Strabo._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Herodotus._ =Thermæ= (baths), a town of Sicily, where were the baths of Selinus, now _Sciacca_.――――Another, near Panormus, now _Thermini_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 23.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 35. =Thermōdon=, now _Termeh_, a famous river of Cappadocia, in the ancient country of the Amazons, falling into the Euxine sea near Themiscyra. There was also a small river of the same name in Bœotia, near Tanagra, which was afterwards called _Hæmon_. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 27.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 9, ch. 19.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 659.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 249, &c. =Thermopy̆læ=, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Locris and Phocis. It has a large ridge of mountains on the west, and the sea on the east, with deep and dangerous marshes, being in the narrowest part only 25 feet in breadth. Thermopylæ receives its name from the _hot baths_ which are in the neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle which was fought there B.C. 480, on the 7th of August, between Xerxes and the Greeks, in which 300 Spartans resisted for three successive days repeatedly the attacks of the most brave and courageous of the Persian army, which, according to some historians, amounted to 5,000,000. There was also another battle fought there between the Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Marcus Cato_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 15. =Thermum=, a town of Ætolia on the Evenus. _Polybius_, bk. 5. =Thermus=, a man accused in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――――A man put to death by Nero.――――A town of Ætolia, the capital of the country. =Therodămas=, a king of Scythia, who, as some report, fed lions with human blood, that they might be more cruel. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 383. =Theron=, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who died 472 B.C. He was a native of Bœotia, and son of Ænesidamus, and he married Damarete the daughter of Gelon of Sicily. _Herodotus_, bk. 7.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, ch. 2. ――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid._――――A Rutulian who attempted to kill Æneas. He perished in the attempt. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 312.――――A priest in the temple of Hercules at Saguntum, &c. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 149.――――A Theban descended from the Spartæ. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 572.――――A daughter of Phylas, beloved by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40. =Therpander=, a celebrated poet and musician of Lesbos. _See:_ Terpander. =Thersander=, a son of Polynices and Argia. He accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, but he was killed in Mysia by Telephus, before the confederate army reached the enemy’s country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 261.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth.――――A musician of Ionia. =Thersĭlŏchus=, a leader of the Pæonians in the Trojan war, killed by Achilles. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 483.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 363.――――An athlete at Corcyra, crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 13. =Thersippus=, a son of Agrius, who drove Œneus from the throne of Calydon.――――A man who carried a letter from Alexander to Darius. _Curtius._――――An Athenian author, who died 954 B.C. =Thersītes=, an officer, the most deformed and illiberal of the Greeks during the Trojan war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow-soldiers, particularly Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ulysses. Achilles killed him with one blow of his fist, because he laughed at his mourning the death of Penthesilea. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 17, li. 15. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 212, &c. =Theseidæ=, a patronymic given to the Athenians from Theseus, one of their kings. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 383. =Theseis=, a poem written by Codrus, containing an account of the life and actions of Theseus, and now lost. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 2. =Theseus=, a king of Athens, and son of Ægeus by Æthra the daughter of Pittheus, was one of the most celebrated of the heroes of antiquity. He was educated at Trœzene in the house of Pittheus, and as he was not publicly acknowledged to be the son of the king of Athens, he passed for the son of Neptune. When he came to years of maturity, he was sent by his mother to his father, and a sword was given him, by which he might make himself known to Ægeus in a private manner. _See:_ Ægeus. His journey to Athens was not across the sea, as it was usual with travellers, but Theseus determined to signalize himself in going by land, and encountering difficulties. The road which led from Trœzene to Athens was infested with robbers and wild beasts, and almost impassable; but these obstacles were easily removed by the courageous son of Ægeus. He destroyed Corynetes, Synnis, Sciron, Cercyon, Procrustes, and the celebrated Phæa. At Athens, however, his reception was not cordial; Medea lived there with Ægeus, and as she knew that her influence would fall to the ground, if Theseus was received in his father’s house, she attempted to destroy him before his arrival was made public. Ægeus was himself to give the cup of poison to this unknown stranger at a feast, but the sight of his sword on the side of Theseus reminded him of his amours with Æthra. He knew him to be his son, and the people of Athens were glad to find that this illustrious stranger, who had cleared Attica from robbers and pirates, was the son of their monarch. The Pallantides, who expected to succeed their uncle Ægeus on the throne, as he apparently had no children, attempted to assassinate Theseus; but they fell a prey to their own barbarity, and were all put to death by the young prince. The bull of Marathon next engaged the attention of Theseus. The labour seemed arduous, but he caught the animal alive, and after he had led it through the streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to Minerva, or the god of Delphi. After this Theseus went to Crete among the seven chosen youths whom the Athenians yearly sent to be devoured by the Minotaur. The wish to deliver his country from so dreadful a tribute, engaged him to undertake this expedition. He was successful by means of Ariadne the daughter of Minos, who was enamoured of him, and after he had escaped from the labyrinth with a clue of thread, and killed the Minotaur [_See:_ Minotaurus], he sailed from Crete with the six boys and seven maidens, whom his victory had equally redeemed from death. In the island of Naxos, where he was driven by the winds, he had the meanness to abandon Ariadne, to whom he was indebted for his safety. The rejoicings which his return might have occasioned at Athens were interrupted by the death of Ægeus, who threw himself into the sea when he saw his son’s ship return with black sails, which was the signal of ill success. _See:_ Ægeus. His ascension on his father’s throne was universally applauded, B.C. 1235. The Athenians were governed with mildness, and Theseus made new regulations, and enacted new laws. The number of the inhabitants of Athens was increased by the liberality of the monarch, religious worship was attended with more than usual solemnity, a court was instituted which had the care of all civil affairs, and Theseus made the government democratical, while he reserved for himself only the command of the armies. The fame which he had gained by his victories and policy, made his alliance courted; but Pirithous king of the Lapithæ, alone wished to gain his friendship, by meeting him in the field of battle. He invaded the territories of Attica, and when Theseus had marched out to meet him, the two enemies, struck at the sight of each other, rushed between their two armies, to embrace one another in the most cordial and affectionate manner, and from that time began the most sincere and admired friendship, which has become proverbial. Theseus was present at the nuptials of his friend, and was the most eager and courageous of the Lapithæ, in the defence of Hippodamia and her female attendants, against the brutal attempts of the Centaurs. When Pirithous had lost Hippodamia, he agreed with Theseus, whose wife Phædra was also dead, to carry away some of the daughters of the gods. Their first attempt was upon Helen the daughter of Leda, and after they had obtained this beautiful prize, they cast lots, and she became the property of Theseus. The Athenian monarch entrusted her to the care of his mother Æthra, at Aphidnæ, till she was of nubile years, but the resentment of Castor and Pollux soon obliged him to restore her safe into their hands. Helen, before she reached Sparta, became mother of a daughter by Theseus, but this tradition, confirmed by some ancient mythologists, is confuted by others, who affirm that she was but nine years old when carried away by the two royal friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of his epistles, saying, _Excepto redii passa timore nihil_. Some time after Theseus assisted his friend in procuring a wife, and they both descended into the infernal regions to carry away Proserpine. Pluto, apprised of their intentions, stopped them. Pirithous was placed on his father’s wheel, and Theseus was tied to a huge stone on which he had sat to rest himself. Virgil represents him in this eternal state of punishment repeating to the shades in Tartarus the words of _Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere divos_. Apollodorus, however, and others declare that he was not long detained in hell; when Hercules came to steal the dog Cerberus, he tore him away from the stone, but with such violence, that his skin was left behind. The same assistance was given to Pirithous, and the two friends returned upon the earth by the favour of Hercules and the consent of the infernal deities, not, however, without suffering the most excruciating torments. During the captivity of Theseus in the kingdom of Pluto, Mnestheus, one of the descendants of Erechtheus, ingratiated himself into the favours of the people of Athens, and obtained the crown in preference to the children of the absent monarch. At his return Theseus attempted to eject the usurper, but to no purpose. The Athenians had forgotten his many services, and he retired with great mortification to the court of Lycomedes king of the island of Scyros. After paying him much attention, Lycomedes, either jealous of his fame, or bribed by the presence of Mnestheus, carried him to a high rock, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and threw him down a deep precipice. Some suppose that Theseus inadvertently fell down this precipice, and that he was crushed to death without receiving any violence from Lycomedes. The children of Theseus, after the death of Mnestheus, recovered the Athenian throne, and that the memory of their father might not be without the honours due to a hero, they brought his remains from Scyros, and gave them a magnificent burial. They also raised him statues and a temple, and festivals and games were publicly instituted to commemorate the actions of a hero who had rendered such services to the people of Athens. These festivals were still celebrated with original solemnity in the age of Pausanias and Plutarch, about 1200 years after the death of Theseus. The historians disagree from the poets in their accounts about this hero, and they all suppose that, instead of attempting to carry away the wife of Pluto, the two friends wished to seduce a daughter of Aidoneus king of the Molossi. This daughter, as they say, bore the name of Proserpine, and the dog which kept the gates of the palace was called Cerberus, and hence, perhaps, arises the fiction of the poets. Pirithous was torn to pieces by the dog, but Theseus was confined in prison, from whence he made his escape some time after by the assistance of Hercules. Some authors place Theseus and his friend in the number of the Argonauts, but they were both detained, either in the infernal regions, or in the country of the Molossi, in the time of Jason’s expedition to Colchis. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 79.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 433; _Ibis_, li. 412; _Fasti_, bk. 3, lis. 473 & 491; _Heroides._――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 612.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 21, li. 293.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 5. ――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 5, li. 432――_Propertius_, bk. 3. ――_Lactantius_, on _Thebaid_ of _Statius_.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 1.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 617.――_Seneca_, _Hippolytus_.――_Statius_, _Achilles_, bk. 1. =Thesīdæ=, a name given to the people of Athens, because they were governed by Theseus. =Thesĭdes=, a patronymic applied to the children of Theseus, especially Hippolytus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 4, li. 65. =Thesmophŏra=, a surname of Ceres, as lawgiver, in whose honour festivals were instituted called _Thesmophoria_. The Thesmophoria were instituted by Triptolemus, or, according to some, by Orpheus, or the daughters of Danaus. The greatest part of the Grecian cities, especially Athens, observed them with great solemnity. The worshippers were free-born women, whose husbands were obliged to defray the expenses of the festival. They were assisted by a priest called στεφανοφορος, because he carried a crown on his head. There were also certain virgins who officiated, and were maintained at the public expense. The freeborn women were dressed in white robes, to intimate their spotless innocence; they were charged to observe the strictest chastity during three or five days before the celebration, and during the four days of the solemnity; and on that account it was usual for them to strew their bed with _agnus castus_, _fleabane_, and all such herbs as were supposed to have the power of expelling all venereal propensities. They were also charged not to eat pomegranates, or to wear garlands on their heads, as the whole was to be observed with the greatest signs of seriousness and gravity, without any display of wantonness or levity. It was, however, usual to jest at one another, as the goddess Ceres had been made to smile by a merry expression when she was sad and melancholy for the recent loss of her daughter Proserpine. Three days were required for the preparation, and upon the 11th of the month called Pyanepsion, the women went to Eleusis, carrying books on their heads, in which the laws which the goddess had invented were contained. On the 14th of the same month the festival began, on the 16th day a fast was observed, and the women sat on the ground in token of humiliation. It was usual during the festival to offer prayers to Ceres, Proserpine, Pluto, and Calligenia, whom some suppose to be the nurse or favourite maid of the goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her surnames. There were some sacrifices of a mysterious nature, and all persons whose offence was small were released from confinement. Such as were initiated at the festivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmophoria. The place of high priest was hereditary in the family of Eumolpus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 431; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 619. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 58. ――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus at Colonus_.――_Clement of Alexandria_. =Thesmothĕtæ=, a name given to the last six Archons among the Athenians, because they took particular care to enforce the laws, and to see justice impartially administered. They were at that time nine in number. =Thespia=, now _Neocorio_, a town of Bœotia, at the foot of mount Helicon, which received its name from Thespia the daughter of Asopus, or from Thespius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26. ――_Strabo_, bk. 9. =Thespiădæ=, the sons of Thespiades. _See:_ Thespius. =Thespiădes=, a name given to the 50 daughters of Thespius. _See:_ Thespius. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Œtaeus_, li. 369. ――――Also a surname of the nine muses, because they were held in great veneration in Thespia. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 368.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 310. =Thespis=, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed by some to be the inventor of tragedy, 536 years before Christ. His representations were very rustic and imperfect. He went from town to town upon a cart, on which was erected a temporary stage, where two actors, whose faces were daubed with the lees of wine, entertained the audience with choral songs, &c. Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic representations. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 276.――_Diogenes Laërtius._ =Thespius=, a king of Thespia, in Bœotia, son of Erechtheus, according to some authors. He was desirous that his 50 daughters should have children by Hercules, and therefore when that hero was at his court he permitted him to enjoy their company. This, which, according to some, was effected in one night, passes for the 13th and most arduous of the labours of Hercules, as the two following lines from the _arcana arcanissima_ indicate: _Tertius hinc decimus labor est durissimus, unâ Quinquaginta simul stupravit nocte puellas._ All the daughters of Thespius brought male children into the world, and some of them twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the youngest. Some suppose that one of the Thespiades refused to admit Hercules to her arms, for which the hero condemned her to pass all her life in continual celibacy, and to become the priestess of a temple he had at Thespia. The children of the Thespiades, called _Thespiadæ_, went to Sardinia, where they made a settlement with Iolaus, the friend of their father. Thespius is often confounded by ancient authors with Thestius, though the latter lived in a different place, and, as king of Pleuron, sent his sons to the hunting of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 26 & 27.――_Plutarch._ =Thesprōtia=, a country of Epirus, at the west of Ambracia, bounded on the south by the sea. It is watered by the rivers Acheron and Cocytus, which the poets, after Homer, have called the streams of hell. The oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14, li. 315.――_Strabo_, bk. 7, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 179. =Thesprōtus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Thessălia=, a country of Greece, whose boundaries have been different at different periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was bounded on the south by the northern parts of Greece, or Græcia propria; east, by the Ægean; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia; and west, by Illyricum and Epirus. It was generally divided into four separate provinces, Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istiæotis, and Phthiotis, to which some add Magnesia. It has been severally called _Æmonia_, _Pelasgicum_, _Argos_, _Hellas_, _Argeia_, _Dryopis_, _Pelasgia_, _Pyrrhæa_, _Æmathia_, &c. The name of Thessaly is derived from Thessalus, one of its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a deluge which happened there in the age of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also celebrated, such as Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, Larissa, &c. The Argonauts were partly natives of Thessaly. The inhabitants of the country passed for a treacherous nation, so that false money was called Thessalian coin, and a perfidious action, Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was governed by kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian monarchs. The cavalry was universally esteemed, and the people were superstitious, and addicted to the study of magic and incantations. Thessaly is now called _Janna_. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 438, &c.――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 219.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36; bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. =Thessălion=, a servant of Mentor of Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Thessaliotis=, a part of Thessaly at the south of the river Peneus. =Thessalonīca=, an ancient town of Macedonia, first called _Therma_, and Thessalonica, after Thessalonica the wife of Cassander. According to ancient writers it was once very powerful, and it still continues to be a place of note. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ――_Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 17; bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, chs. 10 & 45.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the Great. She married Cassander, by whom she had a son called Antipater, who put her to death. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7. =Thessălus=, a son of Æmon.――――A son of Hercules and Calliope daughter of Euryphilus. Thessaly received its name from one of these. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2.――――A physician who invited Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give him poison.――――A physician of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the favours of the great and opulent at Rome, by the meanness and servility of his behaviour. He treated all physicians with contempt, and thought himself superior to all his predecessors.――――A son of Cimon, who accused Alcibiades because he imitated the mysteries of Ceres.――――A son of Pisicratus.――――A player in the age of Alexander. =Thestălus=, a son of Hercules and Epicaste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Theste=, a sister of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. She married Philoxenus, and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians. =Thestia=, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Achelous. _Polybius_, bk. 5. =Thestiădæ= and =Thestiădes=. _See:_ Thespiadæ and Thespiades. =Thestiădæ=, the sons of Thestius, Toxeus, and Plexippus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 286. =Thestias=, a patronymic of Althæa, daughter of Thestius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8. =Thestis=, a fountain in the country of Cyrene. =Thestius=, a king of Pleuron, and son of Parthaon, was father to Toxeus, Plexippus, and Althæa.――――A king of Thespia. _See:_ Thespius. The sons of Thestius, called _Thestiadæ_, were killed by Meleager at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Thestor=, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, father to Calchas. From him Calchas is often called _Thestorides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 19.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Achilleis_, li. 497.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, li. 239.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 69. =Thesty̆lis=, a country-woman mentioned in Theocritus and Virgil. =Thetis=, one of the sea deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris, often confounded with Tethys her grandmother. She was courted by Neptune and Jupiter; but when the gods were informed that the son she would bring forth must become greater than his father, their addresses were stopped, and Peleus the son of Œacus was permitted to solicit her hand. Thetis refused him, but the lover had the artifice to catch her when asleep, and, by binding her strongly, he prevented her from escaping from his grasp, in assuming different forms. When Thetis found that she could not elude the vigilance of her lover she consented to marry him, though much against her inclination. Their nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion with great pomp; all the deities attended except the goddess of discord, who punished the negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the assembly a golden apple, to be given to the fairest of all the goddesses. _See:_ Discordia. Thetis became mother of several children by Peleus, but all these she destroyed by fire in attempting to see whether they were immortal. Achilles must have shared the same fate, if Peleus had not snatched him from her hand as she was going to repeat the cruel operation. She afterwards rendered him invulnerable by plunging him in the waters of the Styx, except that part of the heel by which she held him. As Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she attempted to remove him from the Trojan war by concealing him in the court of Lycomedes. This was useless. He went with the rest of the Greeks. The mother, still anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon Vulcan to make him a suit of armour; but when it was done, she refused the god the favours which she had promised him. When Achilles was killed by Paris, Thetis issued out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn his death, and after she had collected his ashes in a golden urn, she raised a monument to his memory, and instituted festivals in his honour. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 244, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fable 54.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 24, li. 55.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 18, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 7; bk. 12, fable 1, &c. =Theutis=, or =Teuthis=, a prince of a town of the same name in Arcadia, who went to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon at Aulis, and when Minerva, under the form of Melas son of Ops, attempted to pacify him, he struck the goddess and returned home. Some say that the goddess afterwards appeared to him and showed him the wound which he had given her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28. =Thia=, the mother of the sun, moon, and Aurora by Hyperion. _See:_ Thea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 371.――――One of the Sporades, that rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 12. =Thias=, a king of Assyria. =Thimbron=, a Lacedæmonian, chosen general to conduct a war against Persia. He was recalled, and afterwards reappointed. He died B.C. 391. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A friend of Harpalus. =Thiodamas=, the father of Hylas. _See:_ ♦Theodamas. ♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’ =Thirmidia=, a town of Numidia, where Hiempsal was slain. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 2. =Thisbe=, a beautiful woman of Babylon. _See:_ Pyramus.――――A town of Bœotia, between two mountains. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32. =Thisias=, a Sicilian writer. =Thiosa=, one of the three nymphs who fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town which bore her name in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38. =Thistie=, a town of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Thoantium=, a place on the sea coast at Rhodes. =Thoas=, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in the age of Orestes and Pylades. He would have immolated these two celebrated strangers on Diana’s altars, according to the barbarous customs of the country, had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. _See:_ Iphigenia. According to some, Thoas was the son of Borysthenes. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 2.――――A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the daughter of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He had been made king of Lemnos by Rhadamanthus. He was still alive when the Lemnian women conspired to kill all the males in the island, but his life was spared by his only daughter ♦Hypsipyle, in whose favour he had resigned the crown. ♦Hypsipyle obliged her father to depart secretly from Lemnos, to escape from the fury of the women, and he arrived safe in a neighbouring island, which some call Chios, though many suppose that Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females before he had left Lemnos. Some mythologists confound the king of Lemnos with that of Chersonesus, and suppose that they were one and the same man. According to their opinion, Thoas was very young when he retired from Lemnos, and after that he went to Taurica Chersonesus, where he settled. _Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 208.――_Hyginus_, fables 74, 120. ――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 384; _Heroides_, poem 6, li. 114.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6, lis. 262 & 486.――_Apollonius of Rhodes_, bk. 1, lis. 209 & 615.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――――A son of Andremon and Gorge the daughter of Œneus. He went to the Trojan war with 15, or rather 40 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 97. ――――A famous huntsman. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Icarius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Jason and ♦Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6, li. 342.――――A son of Ornytion, grandson of Sisyphus.――――A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and Myrrha, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A man who made himself master of Miletus.――――An officer of Ætolia, who strongly opposed the views of the Romans, and favoured the interest of Antiochus, B.C. 193.――――One of the friends of Æneas in Italy, killed by Halesus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 415. ♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency =Thoe=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 245.――――One of the horses of Admetus.――――One of the Amazons, &c. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 376. =Tholus=, a town of Africa. =Thomȳris=, called also Tamyris, Tameris, Thamyris, and Tomeris, was queen of the Massagetæ. After her husband’s death, she marched against Cyrus, who wished to invade her territories, cut his army to pieces, and killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel full of human blood, with the insulting words of _satia te sanguine quem sitisti_. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus before she marched herself at the head of her armies. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 205. ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 143. =Thon=, an Egyptian physician, &c. =Thonis=, a courtesan of Egypt. =Thoon=, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 259.――――One of the giants who made war against Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6. =Thoosa=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, and mother of Polyphemus by Neptune. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 236.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 71. =Thoōtes=, one of the Grecian heralds. =Thoranius=, a general of Metellus, killed by Sertorius. _Plutarch._ =Thorax=, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was suspended on a cross for his abusive language against kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb _cave a Thorace_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A Lacedæmonian officer who served under Lysander, and was put to death by the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――A man of Larissa, who paid much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_, &c. =Thoria lex=, _agraria_, by Spurius Thorius the tribune. It ordained that no person should pay any rent for the land which he possessed. It also made some regulations about grazing and pastures. _Cicero_, _Brutus_. =Thornax=, a mountain of Argolis. It received its name from Thornax, a nymph who became mother of Buphagus by Japetus. The mountain was afterwards called _Coccygia_, because Jupiter changed himself there into a cuckoo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27. =Thorsus=, a river of Sardinia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17. =Thoth=, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mercury. =Thous=, a Trojan chief, &c.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. =Thrāce=, a daughter of Titan.――――A name of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia. =Thrāces=, the inhabitants of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia. =Thrācia=, a large country of Europe, at the south of Scythia, bounded by mount Hæmus. It had the Ægean sea on the south, on the west Macedonia and the river Strymon, and on the east the Euxine sea, the Propontis, and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries extended as far as the Ister, according to Pliny and others. The Thracians were looked upon as a cruel and barbarous nation; they were naturally brave and warlike, addicted to drinking and venereal pleasures, and they sacrificed without the smallest humanity their enemies on the altars of their gods. Their government was originally monarchical, and divided among a number of independent princes. Thrace is barren as to its soil. It received its name from Thrax the son of Mars, the chief deity of the country. The first inhabitants lived upon plunder, and on the milk and flesh of sheep. It forms now the province of _Romania_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 99; bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 92; bk. 13, li. 565, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 11. =Thracidæ=, an illustrious family at Delphi, destroyed by Philomelus because they opposed his views. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Thracis=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3. =Thrăseas=, or =Thrasius=, a soothsayer. _See:_ Thrasius.――――Pætus, a stoic philosopher of Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his independence and generous sentiments. He died A.D. 66. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 36.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 16. =Thrasideus=, succeeded his father Theron as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to death. _Diodorus_, bk. 11. =Thrasimenus.= _See:_ Thrasymenus. =Thrasius=, a general of a mercenary band in Sicily, who raised a sedition against Timoleon. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A spendthrift at Rome, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 99. =Thraso=, a painter. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A favourite of Hieronymus, who espoused the interest of the Romans. He was put to death by the tyrant.――――The character of a captain in Terence. =Thrasybūlus=, a famous general of Athens, who began the expulsion of the 30 tyrants of his country, though he was only assisted by 30 of his friends. His efforts were attended with success, B.C. 401, and the only reward he received for this patriotic action was a crown made with two twigs of an olive branch; a proof of his own disinterestedness and of the virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians employed a man whose abilities and humanity were so ♦conspicuous, and Thrasybulus was sent with a powerful fleet to recover their lost power in the Ægean, and on the coast of Asia. After he had gained many advantages, this great man was killed in his camp by the inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had plundered without his knowledge, B.C. 391. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives._ ――_Cicero._――_Philostratus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A tyrant of Miletus, B.C. 634.――――A soothsayer descended from Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――――A son of Gelon, banished from Syracuse, of which he was the tyrant, B.C. 466.――――An Athenian in the army of the Persians, who supported the siege of Halicarnassus. ♦ ‘conspicious’ replaced with ‘conspicuous’ =Thrasydæus=, a king of Thessaly, &c. =Thrasyllus=, a man of Attica, so disordered in his mind that he believed all the ships which entered the Piræus to be his own. He was cured by means of his brother, whom he liberally reproached for depriving him of that happy illusion of mind. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 25.――――A general of the Athenians in the age of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a victory over the Persians. _Thucydides_, bk. 8.――――A Greek Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician, who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of Augustus and Tiberius. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_. =Thrasy̆măchus=, a native of Carthage, who became the pupil of Isocrates and of Plato. Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he starved for want of bread, and at last hanged himself. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 204.――――A man who abolished democracy at Cumæ. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 5. =Thrasymēdes=, a son of Nestor king of Pylos, by Anaxibia the daughter of Bias. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war. _Hyginus_, fable 27.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――A son of Philomelus, who carried away a daughter of Pisistratus, whom he married. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Thrăsy̆mēnus=, a lake of Italy near Perusium, celebrated for a battle fought there between Annibal and the Romans, under Flaminius, B.C. 217. No less than 15,000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle, and 10,000 taken prisoners, or, according to Livy, 6000, or Polybius, 15,000. The loss of Annibal was about 1500 men. About 10,000 Romans made their escape, all covered with wounds. This lake is now called the lake of _Perugia_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 765.――_Plutarch._ =Threicius=, of Thrace. Orpheus is called, by way of eminence, _Threicius Sacerdos_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 645. =Threissa=, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, a native of Thrace. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 310. =Threpsippas=, a son of Hercules and Panope. _Apollodorus._ =Thriambus=, one of the surnames of Bacchus. =Thronium=, a town of Phocis, where the Boagrius falls into the sea, in the Sinus Malicus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――Another of Thesprotia. =Thryon=, a town of Messenia, near the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. =Thryus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Elis. =Thūcy̆dĭdes=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Athens. His father’s name was Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned the great Miltiades. His youth was distinguished by an eager desire to excel in the vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements which called the attention of his contemporaries, and when he had reached the years of manhood, he appeared in the Athenian armies. During the Peloponnesian war he was commissioned by his countrymen to relieve Amphipolis; but the quick march of Brasidas the Lacedæmonian general defeated his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccessful in his expedition, was banished from Athens. This happened in the eighth year of this celebrated war, and in the place of his banishment the general began to write an impartial history of the important events which had happened during his administration, and which still continued to agitate the several states of Greece. This famous history is continued only to the 21st year of the war, and the remaining part of the time, till the demolition of the walls of Athens, was described by the pen of Theopompus and Xenophon. Thucydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more vigour, purity, elegance, and energy. He spared neither time nor money to procure authentic materials; and the Athenians, as well as their enemies, furnished him with many valuable communications, which contributed to throw great light on the different transactions of the war. His history has been divided into eight books, the last of which is imperfect, and supposed to have been written by his daughter. The character of this interesting history is well known, and the noble emulation of the writer will ever be admired, who shed tears when he heard Hercules repeat his history of the Persian wars at the public festivals of Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has been compared with the son of Olorus, but each has his peculiar excellence. Sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression, may be called the characteristics of the former, while Thucydides stands unequalled for the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and, at the same time, the strong and energetic matter of his narratives. His relations are authentic, as he himself was interested in the events he mentions; his impartiality is indubitable, as he nowhere betrays the least resentment against his countrymen, and the factious partisans of Cleon, who had banished him from Athens. Many have blamed the historian for the injudicious distribution of his subjects; and while, for the sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into summers and winters, the thread of history is interrupted, the scene continually shifted; and the reader, unable to pursue events to the end, is transported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The animated harangues of Thucydides have been universally admired; he found a model in Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the original; and succeeding historians have adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of writing which introduces a general addressing himself to the passions and the feelings of his armies. The history of Thucydides was so admired, that Demosthenes, to perfect himself as an orator, transcribed it eight different times, and read it with such attention, that he could almost repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, where he had been recalled from his exile, in his 80th year, 391 years before Christ. The best editions of Thucydides are those of Duker, folio, Amsterdam, 1731; of Glasgow, 12mo, 8 vols., 1759; of Hudson, folio, Oxford, 1796, and the 8vo of Zweibrücken, 1788. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, _Thucydides_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50. ――_Quintilian._――――A son of Milesias, in the age of Pericles. He was banished for his opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c. =Thuisto=, one of the deities of the Germans. _Tacitus._ =Thūle=, an island in the most northern parts of the German ocean, to which, on account of its great distance from the continent, the ancients gave the epithet of _ultima_. Its situation was never accurately ascertained, hence its present name is unknown by modern historians. Some suppose that it is the island now called Iceland or part of Greenland, whilst others imagine it to be the Shetland isles. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 75; bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 30.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 112. =Thuriæ=, =Thurii=, or =Thurium=, a town of Lucania in Italy, built by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B.C. 444. In the number of this Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. =Thurīnus=, a name given to Augustus when he was young, either because some of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, or because they had distinguished themselves there. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 7. =Thuscia=, a country of Italy, the same as Etruria. _See:_ Etruria. =Thya=, a daughter of the Cephisus.――――A place near Delphi. =Thyădes= (singular, Thyas), a name of the Bacchanals. They received it from _Thyas_ daughter of _Castalius_, and mother of Delphus by Apollo. She was the first woman who was priestess of the god Bacchus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 302.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4. =Thyămis=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2. =Thyana=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo._ =Thyatira=, a town of Lydia, now _Akisar_. _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 8 & 44. =Thybarni=, a people near Sardes. _Diodorus_, bk. 17. =Thyesta=, a sister of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse. =Thyestes=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and grandson of Tantalus, debauched Ærope the wife of his brother Atreus, because he refused to take him as his colleague on the throne of Argos. This was no sooner known, than Atreus divorced Ærope, and banished Thyestes from his kingdom; but soon after, the more effectually to punish his infidelity, he expressed a wish to be reconciled to him, and recalled him to Argos. Thyestes was received by his brother at an elegant entertainment, but he was soon informed that he had been feeding upon the flesh of one of his own children. This Atreus took care to communicate to him by showing him the remains of his son’s body. This action appeared so barbarous, that, according to the ancient mythologists, the sun changed his usual course, not to be a spectator of so bloody a scene. Thyestes escaped from his brother, and fled to Epirus. Some time after he met his daughter Pelopea in a grove sacred to Minerva, and he offered her violence without knowing who she was. This incest, however, according to some, was intentionally committed by the father, as he had been told by an oracle, that the injuries he had received from Atreus would be avenged by a son born from himself and Pelopea. The daughter, pregnant by her father, was seen by her uncle Atreus and married, and some time after she brought into the world a son, whom she exposed in the woods. The life of the child was preserved by goats; he was called Ægysthus, and presented to his mother, and educated in the family of Atreus. When grown to years of maturity, the mother gave her son Ægysthus a sword, which she had taken from her unknown ravisher in the grove of Minerva, with hopes of discovering who he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to punish his brother, sent Agamemnon and Menelaus to pursue him, and when at last they found him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown into a close prison. Ægysthus was sent to murder Thyestes, but the father recollected the sword, which was raised to stab him, and a few questions convinced him that his assassin was his own son. Pelopea was present at this discovery, and when she found that she had committed incest with her father, she asked Ægysthus to examine the sword, and immediately plunged it into her own breast. Ægysthus rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the bloody weapon, and murdered him near an altar, as he wished to offer thanks to the gods on the supposed death of Thyestes. At the death of Atreus, Thyestes was placed on his brother’s throne by Ægysthus, from which he was soon after driven by Agamemnon and Menelaus. He retired from Argos, and was banished into the island of Cythera by Agamemnon, where he died. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Sophocles_, _Ajax_.――_Hyginus_, fable 86, &c.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 359.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 544; bk. 7, li. 451.――_Seneca_, _Thyestes_. =Thymbra=, a small town of Lydia near Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was fought there between Cyrus and Crœsus, in which the latter was defeated. The troops of Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, besides chariots, and those of Crœsus were twice as numerous.――――A plain in Troas, through which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in its course to the Scamander. Apollo had there a temple, and from thence he is called _Thymbræus_. Achilles was killed there by Paris, according to some. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 7, li. 22.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 52; bk. 2, ch. 1. =Thymbræus=, a surname of Apollo. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 323; _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 85. _See:_ Thymbra. =Thymbris=, a concubine of Jupiter, said to be mother of Pan. _Apollodorus._――――A fountain and river of Sicily. _Theocritus_, poem 1, li. 100. =Thymbron.= _See:_ Thimbron. =Thymĕle=, a celebrated female dancer, favoured by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 36.――_Statius_, bk. 6, li. 36. =Thymiathis=, a river of Epirus. _Strabo_, bk. 7. =Thymochăres=, an Athenian defeated in a battle by the Lacedæmonians. =Thymœtes=, a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas, the last of the descendants of Theseus, who reigned at Athens. He was deposed because he refused to accept a challenge sent by Xanthus king of Bœotia, and was succeeded by a Messenian, B.C. 1128, who repaired the honour of Athens by fighting the Bœotian king. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A Trojan prince, whose wife and son were put to death by order of Priam. It was to revenge the king’s cruelty that he persuaded his countrymen to bring the wooden horse within their city. He was son of Laomedon, according to some. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 32.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――――A son of Hicetaon, who accompanied Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123; bk. 12, li. 364. =Thyni=, or =Bythyni=, a people of Bithynia, hence the word _Thyna merx_ applied to their commodities. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 7, li. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Thyodămas.= _See:_ ♦Theodamas. ♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’ =Thyōne=, a name given to Semele after she had been presented with immortality by her son Bacchus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Thyōneus=, a surname of Bacchus from his mother Semele, who was called _Thyone_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 23.――_Ovid_, bk. 4, _Metamorphoses_, li. 13. =Thyotes=, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samothrace. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 438. =Thyre=, a town of the Messenians, famous for a battle fought there between the Argives and the Lacedæmonians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82. ――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 48. =Thyrea=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Hermione. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 76. =Thyreum=, a town of Acarnania, whose inhabitants are called _Thyrienses_. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11; bk. 38, ch. 9. =Thyreus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3. ――――A son of Œneus king of Calydon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Thyrĭdes=, three small islands at the point of Tænarus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Thyrsagĕtæ=, a people of Sarmatia, who live upon hunting. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12. =Thyrsus=, a river of Sardinia, now _Oristagni_. =Thysos=, a town near mount Athos. =Thyus=, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes, and was seized by Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_. =Tiasa=, a daughter of the Eurotas, who gave her name to a river in Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Tibarēni=, a people of Cappadocia, on the borders of the Thermodon. ――――A people of Pontus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 20. =Tiberias=, a town of Galilee, built by Herod, near a lake of the same name, and called after Tiberius. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 16.――_Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 18, ch. 3. =Tiberīnus=, son of Capetus, and king of Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, which on that account assumed the name of _Tiberis_, of which he became the protecting god. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 389; bk. 4, li. 47. =Tibĕris=, =Tyberis=, =Tiber=, or =Tibris=, a river of Italy on whose banks the city of Rome was built. It was originally called _Albula_, from the whiteness of its waters, and afterwards Tiberis, when Tiberinus king of Alba had been drowned there. It was also named _Tyrrhenus_, because it watered Etruria, and _Lydius_, because the inhabitants of the neighbourhood were supposed to be of Lydian origin. The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, 16 miles below Rome, after dividing Latium from Etruria. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, lis. 47, 329, &c.; bk. 5, li. 641; _Ibis_, li. 514.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 381, &c.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 30.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 13. ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3. =Tibērius Claudius Drusus Nero=, a Roman emperor after the death of Augustus, was descended from the family of the Claudii. In his early years he commanded popularity by entertaining the populace with magnificent shows and fights of gladiators, and he gained some applause in the funeral oration which he pronounced over his father, though only nine years old. His first appearance in the Roman armies was under Augustus, in the war against the Cantabri; and afterwards, in the capacity of general, he obtained victories in different parts of the empire, and was rewarded with a triumph. Yet, in the midst of his glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure of Augustus, and retired to Rhodes, where he continued for seven years as an exile, till, by the influence of his mother Livia with the emperor, he was recalled. His return to Rome was the more glorious; he had the command of the Roman armies in Illyricum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia, and seemed to divide the sovereign power with Augustus. At the death of this celebrated emperor, Tiberius, who had been adopted, assumed the reins of government; and while with dissimulation and affected modesty he wished to decline the dangerous office, he found time to try the fidelity of his friends, and to make the greatest part of the Romans believe that he was invested with the purple, not from his own choice, but by the recommendation of Augustus, and the urgent entreaties of the Roman senate. The beginning of his reign seemed to promise tranquillity to the world. Tiberius was a watchful guardian of the public peace; he was the friend of justice, and never assumed the sounding titles which must disgust a free nation, but he was satisfied to say of himself that he was the master of his slaves, the general of his soldiers, and the father of the citizens of Rome. That seeming moderation, however, which was but the fruit of the deepest policy, soon disappeared, and Tiberius was viewed in his real character. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, to whose intrigues he was indebted for the purple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and his tyrannical oppression and murder of many noble senators, rendered him odious to the people, and suspected even by his most intimate favourites. The armies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, but the tumults were silenced by the prudence of the generals and the fidelity of the officers, and the factious demagogues were abandoned to their condign punishment. This acted as a check upon Tiberius in Rome; he knew from thence, as his successors experienced, that his power was precarious, and his very existence in perpetual danger. He continued as he had begun, to pay the greatest deference to the senate; all libels against him he disregarded, and he observed that, in a free city, the thoughts and the tongue of every man should be free. The taxes were gradually lessened, and luxury restrained by the salutary regulations, as well as by the prevailing example and frugality of the emperor. While Rome exhibited a scene of peace and public tranquillity, the barbarians were severally defeated on the borders of the empire, and Tiberius gained new honours, by the activity and valour of Germanicus and his other faithful lieutenants. Yet the triumphs of Germanicus were beheld with jealousy. Tiberius dreaded his power, he was envious of his popularity, and the death of that celebrated general in Antioch was, as some suppose, accelerated by poison, and the secret resentment of the emperor. Not only his relations and friends, but the great and opulent, were sacrificed to his ambition, cruelty, and avarice; and there was scarce in Rome one single family that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss of a brother, a father, or a husband. He at last retired to the island of Capreæ, on the coast of Campania, where he buried himself in unlawful pleasures. The care of the empire was entrusted to favourites, among whom Sejanus for a while shone with uncommon splendour. In this solitary retreat the emperor proposed rewards to such as invented new pleasures, or could produce fresh luxuries. He forgot his age, as well as his dignity, and disgraced himself by the most unnatural vices and enormous indulgencies, which can draw a blush even upon the countenance of the most debauched and abandoned. While the emperor was lost to himself and the world, the provinces were harassed on every side by the barbarians, and Tiberius found himself insulted by those enemies whom hitherto he had seen fall prostrate at his feet with every mark of submissive adulation. At last, grown weak and helpless through infirmities, he thought of his approaching dissolution; and as he well knew that Rome could not exist without a head, he nominated, as his successor, Caius Caligula. Many might inquire, why a youth naturally so vicious and abandoned as Caius was chosen to be the master of an extensive empire; but Tiberius wished his own cruelties to be forgotten in the barbarities which might be displayed in the reign of his successor, whose natural propensities he had well defined, in saying of Caligula that he bred a serpent for the Roman people, and a Phaeton for the rest of the empire. Tiberius died at Misenum the 16th of March, A.D. 37, in the 78th year of his age, after a reign of 22 years, six months, and 26 days. Caligula was accused of having hastened his end by suffocating him. The joy was universal when his death was known; and the people of Rome, in the midst of sorrow, had a moment to rejoice, heedless of the calamities which awaited them in the succeeding reigns. The body of Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, and burnt with great solemnity. A funeral oration was pronounced by Caligula, who seemed to forget his benefactor while he expatiated on the praises of Augustus, Germanicus, and his own. The character of Tiberius has been examined with particular attention by historians, and his reign is the subject of the most perfect and elegant of all the compositions of Tacitus. When a private man, Tiberius was universally esteemed; when he had no superior, he was proud, arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. If he found his military operations conducted by a warlike general, he affected moderation and virtue; but when he got rid of the powerful influence of a favourite, he was tyrannical and dissolute. If, as some observe, he had lived in the times of the Roman republic, he might have been as conspicuous as his great ancestors; but the sovereign power lodged in his hands, rendered him vicious and oppressive. Yet, though he encouraged informers and favoured flattery, he blushed at the mean servilities of the senate, and derided the adulation of his courtiers, who approached him, he said, as if they approached a savage elephant. He was a patron of learning; he was an eloquent and ready speaker, and dedicated some part of his time to study. He wrote a lyric poem, entitled, “A Complaint on the death of Lucius Cæsar,” as also some Greek pieces in imitation of some of his favourite authors. He avoided all improper expressions, and all foreign words he totally wished to banish from the Latin tongue. As instances of his humanity, it has been recorded that he was uncommonly liberal to the people of Asia Minor, whose cities had been destroyed by a violent earthquake, A.D. 17. One of his officers wished him to increase the taxes. “No,” said Tiberius; “a good shepherd must shear, not flay, his sheep.” The senators wished to call the month of November, in which he was born, by his name, in imitation of Julius Cæsar and Augustus, in the months of July and August; but this he refused, saying, “What will you do, conscript fathers, if you have thirteen Cæsars?” Like the rest of the emperors, he received divine honours after death, and even during his life. It has been wittily observed by Seneca, that he never was intoxicated but once all his life, for he continued in a perpetual state of intoxication from the time he gave himself to drinking till the last moment of his life. _Suetonius_, _Lives_, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, &c.――_Dio Cassius._――――A friend of Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied in the war of Alexandria. Tiberius forgot the favours he had received from his friend; and when he was assassinated, he wished all his murderers to be publicly rewarded.――――One of the Gracchi. _See:_ Gracchus.――――Sempronius, a son of Drusus and Livia the sister of Germanicus, put to death by Caligula.――――A son of Brutus, put to death by his father, because he had conspired with other young noblemen to restore Tarquin to his throne.――――A Thracian made emperor of Rome in the latter ages of the empire. =Tibēsis=, a river of Scythia, flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49. =Tibiscus=, now _Teisse_, a river of Dacia, with a town of the same name, now _Temeswar_. It falls into the Danube. =Tibris=. _See:_ Tiberis. =Tibŭla=, a town of Sardinia, now _Lango Sardo_. =Tibullus Aulus Albius=, a Roman knight celebrated for his poetical compositions. He followed Messala Corvinus into the island of Corcyra, but he was soon dissatisfied with the toils of war, and retired to Rome, where he gave himself up to literary ease, and to all the effeminate indolence of an Italian climate. His first composition was to celebrate the virtues of his friend Messala; but his more favourite study was writing love verses, in praise of his mistresses Delia and Plautia, of Nemesis and Neæra, and in these elegant effusions he showed himself the most correct of the Roman poets. As he had espoused the cause of Brutus, he lost his possessions when the soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded with lands; but he might have recovered them if he had condescended, like Virgil, to make his court to Augustus. Four books of elegies are the only remaining pieces of his composition. They are uncommonly elegant and beautiful, and possessed with so much grace and purity of sentiment, that the writer is deservedly ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. Tibullus was intimate with the literary men of his age, and for some time he had a poetical contest with Horace, in gaining the favours of an admired courtesan. Ovid has written a beautiful elegy on the death of his friend. The poems of Tibullus are generally published with those of Propertius and Catullus, of which the best editions are that of Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755; that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1755; and that by Heyne, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1776. _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Amores_, poem 9; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 487.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 4; bk. 1, ode 33, li. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1. =Tibur=, an ancient town of the Sabines, about 20 miles north of Rome, built, as some say, by Tiburtus the son of Amphiaraus. It was watered by the Anio, and Hercules was the chief deity of the place, from which circumstance it has been called _Herculei muri_. In the neighbourhood, the Romans, on account of the salubrity of the air, had their several villas where they retired; and there also Horace had his favourite country seat, though some place it nine miles higher. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Orations_, ch. 65. ――_Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 21.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 630. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 61, &c. =Lucius Tiburtius=, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, wounded by Pompey’s soldiers. =Tiburtus=, the founder of Tibur, often called _Tiburtia mænia_. He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 670. =Tichis=, now _Tech_, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean. =Tichius=, a name given to the top of mount Œta. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 16. =Ticĭda=, a Roman poet a few years before the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, and praised his mistress Metella under the fictitious name of Petilla. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 433. =Ticīnus=, now _Tesino_, a river near _Ticinum_, a small town of Italy, where the Romans were defeated by Annibal. The town of Ticinum was also called _Pavia_. The Ticinus falls into the Po. _Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 81. =Tidius=, a man who joined Pompey, &c. =Tiessa=, a river of Laconia, falling into the Eurotas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18. =Tifāta=, a mountain of Campania, near Capua. _Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 4. =Tifernum=, a name common to three towns of Italy. One of them, for distinction’s sake, is called _Metaurense_, near the Metaurus, in Umbria; the other, _Tiberinum_, on the Tiber; and the third, _Samniticum_, in the country of the Sabines. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 14. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Pliny_, Sect. 4, ltr. 1. =Tifernus=, a mountain and river in the country of the Samnites. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 4. =Tigasis=, a son of Hercules. =Tigellīnus=, a Roman celebrated for his intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. He was appointed judge at the trial of the conspirators who had leagued against Nero, for which he was liberally rewarded with triumphal honours. He afterwards betrayed the emperor, and was ordered to destroy himself, 68 A.D. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 72.――_Plutarch._――_Juvenal_, satire 1. =Tigellius=, a native of Sardinia, who became the favourite of Julius Cæsar, of Cleopatra and Augustus, by his mimicry and facetiousness. He was celebrated for the melody of his voice, yet he was of a mean and ungenerous disposition, and of unpleasing manners, as _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 3 _et seq._ insinuates. =Tigrānes=, a king of Armenia, who made himself master of Assyria and Cappadocia. He married Cleopatra the daughter of Mithridates, and by the advice of his father-in-law, he declared war against the Romans. He despised these distant enemies, and even ordered the head of the messenger to be cut off who first told him that the Roman general was boldly advancing towards his capital. His pride, however, was soon abated, and though he ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to be brought alive into his presence, he fled with precipitation from his capital, and was soon after defeated near mount Taurus. This totally disheartened him; he refused to receive Mithridates into his palace, and even set a price upon his head. His mean submission to Pompey, the successor of Lucullus in Asia, and a bribe of 60,000 talents, insured him on his throne, and he received a garrison in his capital, and continued at peace with the Romans. His second son of the same name revolted against him, and attempted to dethrone him with the assistance of the king of Parthia, whose daughter he had married. This did not succeed, and the son had recourse to the Romans, by whom he was put in possession of Sophene, while the father remained quiet on the throne of Armenia. The son was afterwards sent in chains to Rome, for his insolence to Pompey. _Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_. ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 37.――_Justin_, bk. 40, chs. 1 & 2.――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_, _Pompey_, &c.――――A king of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He was put to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――One of the royal family of the Cappadocians, chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne of Armenia.――――A general of the Medes.――――A man appointed king of Armenia by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 26.――――A prince of Armenia in the age of Theodosius. =Tigranocerta=, now _Sered_, the capital of Armenia, was built by Tigranes, during the Mithridatic war, on a hill between the springs of the Tigris and mount Taurus. Lucullus, during the Mithridatic war, took it with difficulty, and found in it immense riches, and no less than 8000 talents in ready money. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 4. ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 9. =Tigres=, a river of Peloponnesus, called also _Harpys_, from a person of the same name drowned in it. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Tigris=, now _Basilensa_, a river of Asia, rising on mount Niphates in Armenia, and falling into the Persian gulf. It is the eastern boundary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls into the Euphrates, though in the age of Pliny the two separate channels of these rivers could be easily traced. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 256. =Tigurīni=, a warlike people among the Helvetii, now forming the modern cantons of _Switz_, _Zurich_, _Schaffhausen_, and _St. Gall_. Their capital was Tigurnum. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Tilatæi=, a people of Thrace. _Thucydides_, bk. 2. =Tilavemptus=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic at the west of Aquileia. =Tilfossius=, a mountain of Bœotia.――――Also a fountain at the tomb of Tiresias. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_, ch. 33. =Tilium=, a town of Sardinia, now _Argentera_. =Tillius Cimber.= _See:_ Tullius. =Tilox=, a north-west cape of Corsica. =Tilphussus=, a mountain of Bœotia. =Timachus=, a river of Mœsia falling into the Danube. The neighbouring people were called Timachi. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26. =Timæ=, the wife of Agis king of Sparta, was debauched by Alcibiades, by whom she had a son. This child was rejected in the succession to the throne, though Agis, on his death-bed, declared him to be legitimate. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_. =Timæus=, a friend of Alexander, who came to his assistance when he was alone surrounded by the Oxydracæ. He was killed in the encounter. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――An historian of Sicily, who flourished about 262 B.C., and died in the 96th year of his age. His father’s name was Andromachus. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles. His general history of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus, were in general esteem, and his authority was great, except when he treated of Agathocles. All his compositions are lost. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Cornelius Nepos._――――A writer who published some treatises concerning ancient philosophers. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Empedocles_.――――A Pythagorean philosopher, born at Locris. He followed the doctrines of the founder of the metempsychosis, but in some parts of his system of the world he differed from him. He wrote a treatise on the nature and the soul of the world, in the Doric dialect, still extant. _Plato_, _Timæus_. ――_Plutarch._――――An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. _Plutarch._ ――――A sophist, who wrote a book called _Lexicon vocum Platonicarum_. =Timagĕnes=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 54 B.C., brought to Rome by Gabinius, and sold as a slave to the son of Sylla. His great abilities procured him his liberty, and gained the favours of the great, and of Augustus. The emperor discarded him for his impertinence; and Timagenes, to revenge himself on his patron, burnt the interesting history which he had composed of his reign. _Plutarch._――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.――_Quintilian._――――An historian and rhetorician of Miletus.――――A man who wrote an account of the life of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――A general, killed at Cheronæa. =Timagŏras=, an Athenian, capitally punished for paying homage to Darius, according to the Persian manner of kneeling on the ground, when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Suidas._――――Another. _See:_ Meles. =Timandra=, a daughter of Leda, sister to Helen. She married Echemus of Arcadi. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A mistress of Alcibiades. =Timandrĭdes=, a Spartan celebrated for his virtues. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 32. =Timanthes=, a painter of Sicyon, in the reign of Philip the father of Alexander the Great. In his celebrated painting of Iphigenia going to be immolated, he represented all the attendants overwhelmed with grief; but his superior genius, by covering the face of Agamemnon, left to the conception of the imagination the deep sorrows of the father. He obtained a prize, for which the celebrated Parrhasius was a competitor. This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury which his disappointments could occasion, when deprived of the arms of Achilles. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11. ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 11.――――An athlete of Cleone, who burnt himself when he perceived that his strength began to fail. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8. =Timarchus=, a philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Lamprocles the disciple of Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_.――――A rhetorician, who hung himself when accused of licentiousness by Æschines.――――A Cretan, accused before Nero of oppression. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 20.――――An officer in Ætolia, who burnt his ships to prevent the flight of his companions, and to ensure himself the victory. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A king of Salamis.――――A tyrant of Miletus, in the age of Antiochus, &c. =Timareta=, a priestess of the oracle of Dodona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 94. =Timasion=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, &c. =Timasitheus=, a prince of Lipara, who obliged a number of pirates to spare some Romans who were going to make an offering of the spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. The Roman senate rewarded him very liberally, and 137 years after, when the Carthaginians were dispossessed of Lipara, the same generosity was nobly extended to his descendants in the island. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Plutarch_, _Camillus_. =Tĭmāvus=, a broad river of Italy rising from a mountain, and, after running a short space, falling by seven mouths, or, according to some, by one, into the Adriatic sea. There are, at the mouth of the Timavus, small islands with hot springs of water. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 6; _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 44 & 248.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103. =Timesius=, a native of Clazomenæ, who began to build Abdera. He was prevented by the Thracians, but honoured as a hero at Abdera. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 168. =Timochăris=, an astronomer of Alexandria, 294 B.C. _See:_ Aristillus. =Timoclēa=, a Theban lady, sister to Theogenes, who was killed at Cheronæa. One of Alexander’s soldiers offered her violence, after which she led her ravisher to a well, and while he believed that immense treasures were concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it. Alexander commended her virtue, and forbade his soldiers to hurt the Theban females. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_. =Timŏcles=, two Greek poets of Athens, who wrote some theatrical pieces, the one six, and the other 11, some verses of which are extant. _Athenæus_, bk. 6.――――A statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 34. =Timocrătes=, a Greek philosopher of uncommon austerity.――――A Syracusan who married Arete when Dion had been banished into Greece by Dionysius. He commanded the forces of the tyrant. =Timocreon=, a comic poet of Rhodes, who obtained poetical, as well as gymnastic, prizes at Olympia. He lived about 476 years before Christ, distinguished for his voracity, and for his resentment against Simonides and Themistocles. The following epitaph was written on his grave: _Multa bibens, et multa vorans, mala denique dicens Multis, hic jaceo Timocreon Rhodius._ =Timodēmus=, the father of Timoleon. =Timolāus=, a Spartan, intimate with Philopœmen, &c.――――A son of the celebrated Zenobia.――――A general of Alexander, put to death by the Thebans. =Timoleon=, a celebrated Corinthian, son of Timodemus and Demariste. He was such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not hesitate to murder his own brother Timophanes, when he attempted, against his representations, to make himself absolute in Corinth. This was viewed with pleasure by the friends of liberty; but the mother of Timoleon conceived the most inveterate aversion for her son, and for ever banished him from her sight. This proved painful to Timoleon; a settled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, and he refused to accept of any offices in the state. When the Syracusans, oppressed with the tyranny of Dionysius the younger, and of the Carthaginians, had solicited the assistance of the Corinthians, all looked upon Timoleon as a proper deliverer, but all applications would have been disregarded, if one of the magistrates had not awakened in him the sense of natural liberty. “Timoleon,” says he, “if you accept of the command of this expedition, we will believe that you have killed a tyrant; but if not, we cannot but call you your brother’s murderer.” This had due effect, and Timoleon sailed for Syracuse in 10 ships, accompanied by about 1000 men. The Carthaginians attempted to oppose him, but Timoleon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had the possession of the city, was defeated, and Dionysius, who despaired of success, gave himself up into the hands of the Corinthian general. This success gained Timoleon adherents in Sicily; many cities which hitherto had looked upon him as an impostor, claimed his protection; and when he was at last master of Syracuse by the total overthrow of Icetas and of the Carthaginians, he razed the citadel which had been the seat of tyranny, and erected on the spot a common hall. Syracuse was almost destitute of inhabitants, and at the solicitation of Timoleon, a Corinthian colony was sent to Sicily; the lands were equally divided among the citizens, and the houses were sold for 1000 talents, which were appropriated to the use of the state, and deposited in the treasury. When Syracuse was thus delivered from tyranny, the conqueror extended his benevolence to the other states of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants were reduced and banished from the island. A code of salutary laws was framed for the Syracusans; and the armies of Carthage, which had attempted again to raise commotions in Sicily, were defeated, and peace was at last re-established. The gratitude of the Sicilians was shown everywhere to their deliverer. Timoleon was received with repeated applause in the public assemblies, and though a private man, unconnected with the government, he continued to enjoy his former influence at Syracuse: his advice was consulted on matters of importance, and his authority respected. He ridiculed the accusations of malevolence, and when some informers had charged him with oppression, he rebuked the Syracusans who were going to put the accusers to immediate death. A remarkable instance of his providential escape from the dagger of an assassin, has been recorded by one of his biographers. As he was going to offer a sacrifice to the gods after a victory, two assassins, sent by the enemies, approached his person in disguise. The arm of one of the assassins was already lifted up, when he was suddenly stabbed by an unknown person, who made his escape from the camp. The other assassin, struck at the fall of his companion, fell before Timoleon, and confessed, in the presence of the army, the conspiracy that had been formed against his life. The unknown assassin was in the mean time pursued, and when he was found, he declared that he had committed no crime in avenging the death of a beloved father, whom the man he had stabbed had murdered in the town of Leontini. Inquiries were made, and his confessions were found to be true. Timoleon died at Syracuse, about 337 years before the christian era. His body received an honourable burial, in a public place called from him _Timoleonteum_; but the tears of a grateful nation were more convincing proofs of the public regret, than the institution of festivals and games yearly to be observed on the day of his death. _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Timōlus.= _See:_ Tmolus. =Timomăchus=, a painter of Byzantium, in the age of Sylla and Marius. His painting of Medea murdering her children, and his Ajax, were purchased for 80 talents by Julius Cæsar, and deposited in the temple of Venus at Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A general of Athens, sent to assist the Thebans. _Xenophon._ =Timon=, a native of Athens, called _Misanthrope_, for his unconquerable aversion to mankind and to all society. He was fond of Apemantus, another Athenian whose character was similar to his own, and he said that he had some partiality for Alcibiades, because he was one day to be his country’s ruin. Once he went into the public assembly, and told his countrymen that he had a fig tree on which many had ended their life with a halter, and that as he was going to cut it down to raise a building on the spot, he advised all such as were inclined to destroy themselves, to hasten and go and hang themselves in his garden. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_, &c.――_Lucan_, _Timon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――――A Greek poet, son of Timarchus, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote several dramatic pieces, all now lost, and died in the 90th year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Athenæus_, bks. 6 & 13.――――An athlete of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 12. =Timophănes=, a Corinthian, brother to Timoleon. He attempted to make himself tyrant of his country, by means of the mercenary soldiers with whom he had fought against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timoleon wished to convince him of the impropriety of his measures, and when he found him unmoved, he caused him to be assassinated. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――――A man of Mitylene, celebrated for his riches, &c. =Timotheus=, a poet and musician of Miletus, son of Thersander or Philopolis. He was received with hisses the first time he exhibited as musician in the assembly of the people; and further applications would have totally been abandoned, had not Euripides discovered his abilities, and encouraged him to follow a profession in which he afterwards gained so much applause. He received the immense sum of 1000 pieces of gold from the Ephesians, because he had composed a poem in honour of Diana. He died about the 90th year of his age, two years before the birth of Alexander the Great. There was also another musician of Bœtia in the age of Alexander, often confounded with the musician of Miletus. He was a great favourite of the conqueror of Darius. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_, _de Fortuna_, &c.――――An Athenian general, son of Conon. He signalized himself by his valour and magnanimity, and showed that he was not inferior to his great father in military prudence. He seized Corcyra, and obtained several victories over the Thebans, but his ill success in one of his expeditions disgusted the Athenians, and Timotheus, like the rest of his noble predecessors, was fined a large sum of money. He retired to Chalcis, where he died. He was so disinterested, that he never appropriated any of the plunder to his own use, but after one of his expeditions, he filled the treasury of Athens with 1200 talents. Some of the ancients, to imitate his continual successes, have represented him sleeping by the side of Fortune, while the goddess drove cities into his net. He was intimate with Plato, at whose table he learned temperance and moderation. _Athenæus_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――_Plutarch_, _Sulla_, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18; bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Cornelius Nepos._――――A Greek statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――A tyrant of Heraclea, who murdered his father. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A king of the Sapæi. =Timoxĕnus=, a governor of Sicyon, who betrayed his trust, &c. _Polyænus._――――A general of the Achæans. =Tingis=, now _Tangiers_, a maritime town of Africa in Mauritania, built by the giant Antæus. Sertorius took it, and as the tomb of the founder was near the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in it a skeleton six cubits long. This increased the veneration of the people for their founder. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 258. =Tinia=, a river of Umbria, now _Topino_, falling into the Clitumnus. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454. =Tipha=, a town of Bœtia, where Hercules had a temple. _Ovid_, ltr. 6, li. 48.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32. =Tiphys=, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was son of Hagnius, or, according to some, of Phorbas. He died before the Argonauts reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus in the Propontis, and Erginus was chosen in his place. _Orphica._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9. ――_Apollonius._――_Valerius Flaccus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32. ――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 18. =Tiphysa=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Tīrĕsias=, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of Everus and Chariclo. He lived to a great age, which some authors have called as long as seven generations of men, others six, and others nine, during the time that Polydorus, Labdacus, Laius, Œdipus, and his sons sat on the throne of Thebes. It is said that in his youth he found two serpents in the act of copulation on mount Cyllene, and that when he had struck them with a stick to separate them, he found himself suddenly changed into a girl. Seven years after he found again some serpents together in the same manner, and he recovered his original sex, by striking them a second time with his wand. When he was a woman, Tiresias had married, and it was from those reasons, according to some of the ancients, that Jupiter and Juno referred to his decision, a dispute in which the deities wished to know which of the sexes received greater pleasure from the connubial state. Tiresias, who could speak from actual experience, decided in favour of Jupiter, and declared, that the pleasure which the female received was 10 times greater than that of the male. Juno, who supported a different opinion, and gave the superiority to the male sex, punished Tiresias by depriving him of his eyesight. But this dreadful loss was in some measure repaired by the humanity of Jupiter, who bestowed upon him the gift of prophecy, and permitted him to live seven times more than the rest of men. These causes of the blindness of Tiresias, which are supported by the authority of Ovid, Hyginus, and others, are contradicted by Apollodorus, Callimachus, Propertius, &c., who declare that this was inflicted upon him as a punishment, because he had seen Minerva bathing in the fountain Hippocrene, on mount Helicon. Chariclo, who accompanied Minerva, complained of the severity with which her son was treated; but the goddess, who well knew that this was the irrevocable punishment inflicted by Saturn on such mortals as fix their eyes upon a goddess without her consent, alleviated the misfortunes of Tiresias, by making him acquainted with futurity, and giving him a staff which could conduct his steps with as much safety as if he had the use of his eye-sight. During his lifetime, Tiresias was an infallible oracle to all Greece. The generals, during the Theban war, consulted him, and found his predictions verified. He drew his prophecies sometimes from the flight or the language of birds, in which he was assisted by his daughter Manto, and sometimes he drew the manes from the infernal regions to know futurity, with mystical ceremonies. He at last died, after drinking the waters of a cold fountain, which froze his blood. He was buried with great pomp by the Thebans on mount Tilphusses, and honoured as a god. His oracle at Orchomenos was in universal esteem. Homer represents Ulysses as going to the infernal regions to consult Tiresias concerning his return to Ithaca. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 24, li. 70.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 96. ――_Hyginus_, fable 75.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_. ――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus Tyrannus_.――_Pindar_, _Nemean_, poem 1. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33. =Tiribāses=, an officer of Artaxerxes killed by the guards for conspiring against the king’s life, B.C. 394. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_. =Tirida=, a town of Thrace where Diomedes lived. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11. =Tiridātes=, a king of Parthia, after the expulsion of Phraates by his subjects. He was soon after deposed, and fled to Augustus in Spain. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 26.――――A man made king of Parthia by Tiberius, after the death of Phraates, in opposition to Artabanus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, &c.――――A keeper of the royal treasures at Persepolis, who offered to surrender to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 5, &c.――――A king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero.――――A son of Phraates, &c. =Tiris=, a general of the Thracians, who opposed Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 4. =Tiro Tullius=, a freedman of Cicero, greatly esteemed by his master for his learning and good qualities. It is said that he invented shorthand writing among the Romans. He wrote the life of Cicero and other treatises now lost. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, &c. =Tirynthia=, a name given to Alcmena, because she lived at Tirynthus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6. =Tirynthus=, a town of Argolis in the Peloponnesus, founded by Tyrinx son of Argus. Hercules generally resided there, whence he is called _Tirynthius heros_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, chs. 15 & 49.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 662.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 217. =Tisæum=, a mountain of Thessaly. _Polybius._ =Tisagŏras=, a brother of Miltiades, called also Stesagoras. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_. =Tisamĕnes=, or =Tisamĕnus=, a son of Orestes and Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of Argos and Lacedæmon. The Heraclidæ entered his kingdom in the third year of his reign, and he was obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was some time after killed in a battle against the Ionians, near Helice. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1. ――――A king of Thebes, son of Thersander and grandson of Polynices. The Furies, who continually persecuted the house of Œdipus, permitted him to live in tranquillity, but they tormented his son and successor Autesion, and obliged him to retire to Doris. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 9, ch. 6.――――A native of Elis, crowned twice at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Tisandrus=, one of the Greeks concealed with Ulysses in the wooden horse. Some suppose him to be the same as Thersander the son of Polynices. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 261. =Tisarchus=, a friend of Agathocles, by whom he was murdered, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5. =Tisdra=, a town of Africa. _Cæsar_, _African War_, ch. 76. =Tisiarus=, a town of Africa. =Tisias=, an ancient philosopher of Sicily, considered by some as the inventor of rhetoric, &c. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 2; _Orations_, bk. 1, ch. 18. =Tīsĭphŏne=, one of the Furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron, who was the minister of divine vengeance upon mankind, and visited them with plagues and diseases, and punished the wicked in Tartarus. She was represented with a whip in her hand, serpents hung from her head, and were wreathed round her arms instead of bracelets. By Juno’s direction she attempted to prevent the landing of Io in Egypt, but the god of the Nile repelled her, and obliged her to retire to hell. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 59.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 552; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 555.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 34. ――――A daughter of Alcmæon and Manto. =Tisiphŏnus=, a man who conspired against Alexander tyrant of Pheræ, and seized the sovereign power, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. =Tissa=, now _Randazzo_, a town of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 268.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 38. =Tissamĕnus.= _See:_ Tisamenus. =Tissaphernes=, an officer of Darius.――――A satrap of Persia, commander of the forces of Artaxerxes, at the battle of Cunaxa, against Cyrus. It was by his valour and intrepidity that the king’s forces gained the victory, and for this he obtained the daughter of Artaxerxes in marriage, and all the provinces of which Cyrus was governor. His popularity did not long continue, and the king ordered him to be put to death when he had been conquered by Agesilaus, 395 B.C. _Cornelius Nepos._――――An officer in the army of Cyrus, killed by Artaxerxes at the battle of Cunaxa. _Plutarch._ =Titæa=, the mother of the Titans. She is supposed to be the same as Thea, Rhea, Terra, &c. =Titan=, or =Titānus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion. He was the eldest of the children of Cœlus; but he gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, provided he raised no male children. When the birth of Jupiter was concealed, Titan made war against Saturn, and with the assistance of his brothers the Titans, he imprisoned him till he was replaced on the throne by his son Jupiter. This tradition is recorded by Lactantius, a christian writer, who took it from the dramatic compositions of Ennius, now lost. None of the ancient mythologists, such as Apollodorus, Hesiod, Hyginus, &c., have made mention of Titan. Titan is a name applied to Saturn by Orpheus and Lucian, to the sun by Virgil and Ovid, and to Prometheus by Juvenal. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 10.――_Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 35.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11. ――_Orpheus_, hymn 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 119. =Titāna=, a town of Sicyonia in Peloponnesus. Titanus reigned there. ――――A man skilled in astronomy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11. =Titānes=, a name given to the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They were 45 in number, according to the Egyptians. Apollodorus mentions 13, Hyginus six, and Hesiod 20, among whom are the Titanides. The most known of the Titans are Saturn, Hyperion, Oceanus, Japetus, Cottus, and Briareus, to whom Horace adds Typhœus, Mimas, Porphyrion, Rhœtus, and Enceladus, who are by other mythologists reckoned among the giants. They were all of a gigantic stature, and with proportionable strength. They were treated with great cruelty by Cœlus, and confined in the bowels of the earth, till their mother pitied their misfortunes, and armed them against their father. Saturn, with a scythe, cut off the genitals of his father, as he was going to unite himself to Terra, and threw them into the sea, and from the froth sprang a new deity, called Venus; as also Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megæra, according to Apollodorus. When Saturn succeeded his father, he married Rhea; but he devoured all his male children, as he had been informed by an oracle that he should be dethroned by them as a punishment for his cruelty to his father. The wars of the Titans against the gods are very celebrated in mythology. They are often confounded with that of the giants; but it is to be observed, that the war of the Titans was against Saturn, and that of the giants against Jupiter. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Delos_, li. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, preface to fables. =Titānia=, a patronymic applied to Pyrrha, as granddaughter of Titan, and likewise to Diana. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 395; bk. 2, &c. =Titanīdes=, the daughters of Cœlus and Terra; reduced in number to six, according to Orpheus. The most celebrated were Tethys, Themis, Dione, Thea, Mnemosyne, Ops, Cybele, Vesta, Phœbe, and Rhea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 145, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1. =Titānus=, a river in Peloponnesus, with a town and mountain of the same name. =Titaresus=, a river of Thessaly, called also Eurotas, flowing into the Teneus, but without mingling its thick and turbid waters with the transparent stream. From the unwholesomeness of its water, it was considered as deriving its source from the Styx. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 376.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 751.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 18. =Titēnus=, a river of Colchis, falling into the Euxine sea. _Apollonius_, bk. 4. =Tithenidia=, a festival of Sparta, in which _nurses_, τθηναι, conveyed male infants entrusted to their charge to the temple of Diana, where they sacrificed young pigs. During the time of the solemnity, they generally danced and exposed themselves in ridiculous postures; there were also some entertainments given near the temple, where tents were erected. Each had a separate portion allotted him, together with a small loaf, a piece of new cheese, part of the entrails of the victims, and figs, beans, and green vetches, instead of sweetmeats. =Tithōnus=, a son of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter of the Scamander. He was so beautiful that Aurora became enamoured of him, and carried him away. He had by her Memnon and Æmathion. He begged of Aurora to be immortal, and the goddess granted it; but as he had forgotten to ask the vigour, youth, and beauty which he then enjoyed, he soon grew old, infirm, and ♦decrepit; and as life became insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora to remove him from the world. As he could not die, the goddess changed him into a cicada, or grasshopper. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 447; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 585; bk. 8, li. 384.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 984.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 461; ♠bk. 3, li. 403.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28; bk. 2, ode 16. ♦ ‘discrepit’ replaced with ‘decrepit’ ♠ ‘Book 9’ replaced with ‘Book 3’ =Tithorea=, one of the tops of Parnassus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32. =Tithraustes=, a Persian satrap, B.C. 395, ordered to murder Tissaphernes by Artaxerxes. He succeeded to the offices which the slaughtered favourite enjoyed. He was defeated by the Athenians under Cimon.――――An officer in the Persian court, &c.――――The name was common to some of the superior officers of state in the court of Artaxerxes. _Plutarch._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_ & _Conon_. =Titia=, a deity among the Milesians. =Titia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Publius Titius the tribune, A.U.C. 710. It ordained that a triumvirate of magistrates should be invested with consular power to preside over the republic for five years. The persons chosen were Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus.――――Another, _de provinciis_, which required that the provincial questors, like the consuls and pretors, should receive their provinces by lot. =Titiāna Flavia=, the wife of the emperor Pertinax, disgraced herself by her debaucheries and incontinence. After the murder of her husband she was reduced to poverty, and spent the rest of her life in an obscure retreat. =Titiānus Atilius=, a noble Roman put to death, A.D. 156, by the senate for aspiring to the purple. He was the only one proscribed during the reign of Antoninus Pius.――――A brother of Otho. =Titii=, priests of Apollo at Rome, who observed the flight of doves, and drew omens from it. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 45. ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 602. =Titinius=, a tribune of the people in the first ages of the republic. ――――A friend of Cassius, who killed himself.――――One of the slaves who revolted at Capua. He betrayed his trust to the Roman generals. =Titius Proculus=, a Roman knight, appointed to watch Messalina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 35.――――A tribune of the people who enacted the Titian law.――――An orator of a very dissolute character. ――――One of Pompey’s murderers.――――One of Antony’s officers.――――A man who foretold a victory to Sylla.――――Septimus, a poet in the Augustan age, who distinguished himself by his lyric and tragic compositions, now lost. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 9. =Titormus=, a shepherd of Ætolia, called another _Hercules_, on account of his prodigious strength. He was stronger than his contemporary, Milo of Crotona, as he could lift on his shoulders a stone which the Crotonian moved with difficulty. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127. =Titurius=, a friend of Julia Silana, who informed against Agrippina, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul, killed by Ambiorix.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 29, &c. =Titus Vespasianus=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla, became known by his valour in the Roman armies, particularly at the siege of Jerusalem. In the 79th year of the christian era, he was invested with the imperial purple, and the Roman people had every reason to expect in him the barbarities of a Tiberius and the debaucheries of a Nero. While in the house of Vespasian, Titus had been distinguished for his extravagance and incontinence; his attendants were the most abandoned and dissolute; and it seemed that he wished to be superior to the rest of the world in the gratification of every impure desire, and in every unnatural vice. From such a private character, which still might be curbed by the authority and example of a father, what could be expected but tyranny and ♦oppression? Yet Titus became a model of virtue, and in an age and office in which others wish to gratify all their appetites, the emperor abandoned his usual profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, and Berenice, whom he had loved with uncommon ardour, even to render himself despised by the Roman people, was dismissed from his presence. When raised to the throne, he thought himself bound to be the father of his people, the guardian of virtue, and the patron of liberty; and Titus is, perhaps, the only monarch who, when invested with uncontrollable power, bade adieu to those vices, those luxuries and indulgencies, which as a private man he never ceased to gratify. He was moderate in his entertainments, and though he often refused the donations which were due to sovereignty, no emperor was ever more generous and magnificent than Titus. All informers were banished from his presence, and even severely punished. A reform was made in the judicial proceedings, and trials were no longer permitted to be postponed for years. The public edifices were repaired, and baths were erected for the convenience of the people. Spectacles were exhibited, and the Roman populace were gratified with the sight of a naval combat in the ancient naumachia, and the sudden appearance of 5000 wild beasts brought into the circus for their amusement. To do good to his subjects was the ambition of Titus, and it was at the recollection that he had done no service, or granted no favour, one day, that he exclaimed in the memorable words of “My friends, I have lost a day!” A continual wish to be benevolent and kind, made him popular; and it will not be wondered, that he who could say that he had rather die himself, than be the cause of the destruction of one of his subjects, was called the love and delight of mankind. Two of the senators conspired against his life, but the emperor disregarded their attempts; he made them his friends by kindness, and, like another Nerva, presented them with a sword to destroy him. During his reign, Rome was three days on fire, the towns of Campania were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, and the empire was visited by a pestilence which carried away an infinite number of inhabitants. In this time of public calamity, the emperor’s benevolence and philanthropy were conspicuous. Titus comforted the afflicted as a father, he alleviated their distresses by his liberal bounties, and as if they were but one family, he exerted himself for the good and preservation of the whole. The Romans, however, had not long to enjoy the favours of this magnificent prince. Titus was taken ill, and as he retired into the country of the Sabines to his father’s house, his indisposition was increased by a burning fever. He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with modest submission complained of the severity of fate which removed him from the world when young, where he had been employed in making a grateful people happy. He died the 13th of September, A.D. 81, in the 41st year of his age, after a reign of two years, two months, and 20 days. The news of his death was received with lamentations; Rome was filled with tears, and all looked upon themselves as deprived of the most benevolent of fathers. After him Domitian ascended the throne, not without incurring the suspicion of having hastened his brother’s end, by ordering him to be placed, during his agony, in a tub full of snow, where he expired. Domitian has also been accused of raising commotions, and of making attempts to dethrone his brother; but Titus disregarded them, and forgave the offender. Some authors have reflected with severity upon the cruelties which Titus exercised against the Jews; but though certainly a disgrace to the benevolent features of his character, we must consider him as an instrument in the hands of Providence, exerted for the punishment of a wicked and infatuated people. _Josephus_, _Jewish War_, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.――_Suetonius._――_Dio Cassius_, &c. ♦ ‘oppresssion’ replaced with ‘oppression’ =Titus Tatius=, a king of the Sabines. _See:_ Tatius.――――Livius, a celebrated historian. _See:_ Livius.――――A son of Junius Brutus, put to death by order of his father, for conspiring to restore the Tarquins.――――A friend of Coriolanus.――――A native of Crotona, engaged in Catiline’s conspiracy. =Tīty̆rus=, a shepherd introduced in Virgil’s eclogues, &c.――――A large mountain of Crete. =Tityus=, a celebrated giant, son of Terra; or, according to others, of Jupiter, by Elara the daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such a prodigious size, that his mother died in travail after Jupiter had drawn her from the bowels of the earth, where she had been concealed during her pregnancy to avoid the anger of Juno. Tityus attempted to offer violence to Latona, but the goddess delivered herself from his importunities, by calling to her assistance her children, who killed the giant with their arrows. He was placed in hell, where a serpent continually devoured his liver; or, according to others, where vultures perpetually fed upon his entrails, which grew again as soon as devoured. It is said that Tityus covered nine acres when stretched on the ground. He had a small chapel with an altar in the island of Eubœa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ch. 4. ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7, li. 325; bk. 11, li. 575.――_Apollonius of Rhodes_, bk. 1, li. 182, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 525. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 77.――_Hyginus_, fable 55.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 457.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 75. =Tium=, or =Tion=, a maritime town of Paphlagonia, built by the Milesians. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9. =Tlēpŏlemus=, a son of Hercules and Astyochia, born at Argos. He left his native country after the accidental murder of Licymnius, and retired to Rhodes, by order of the oracle, where he was chosen king, as being one of the sons of Hercules. He went to the Trojan war with nine ships, and was killed by Sarpedon. There were some festivals established at Rhodes in his honour, called _Tlepolemia_, in which men and boys contended. The victors were rewarded with poplar crowns. _Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5. ――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――One of Alexander’s generals, who obtained Carmania at the general division of the Macedonian empire. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――An Egyptian general, who flourished B.C. 207. =Tmarus=, a Rutulian in the wars of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 685.――――A mountain of Thesprotia, called _Tomarus_ by _Pliny_. =Tmolus=, a king of Lydia, who married Omphale, and was son of Sipylus and Chthonia. He offered violence to a young nymph called Arriphe, at the foot of Diana’s altar, for which impiety he was afterwards killed by a bull. The mountain on which he was buried bore his name. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 191.――――A town of Asia Minor, destroyed by an earthquake.――――A mountain of Lydia, now _Bouzdag_, on which the river Pactolus rises. The air was so wholesome near Tmolus, that the inhabitants generally lived to their 150th year. The neighbouring country was very fertile, and produced many vines, saffron, and odoriferous flowers. _Strabo_, bk. 13, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 84, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 210.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 2, li. 98. =Togāta=, an epithet applied to a certain part of Gaul where the inhabitants were distinguished by the peculiarity of their dress. _See:_ Gallia. =Togonius Gallus=, a senator of ignoble birth, devoted to the interest of Tiberius, whom he flattered, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 2. =Tolbiacum=, a town of Gallia Belgica, south of Juliers. =Tolenus=, a river of Latium, now _Salto_, falling into the Velinus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 561. =Toletum=, now _Toledo_, a town of Spain on the Tagus. =Tolistoboii=, a people of Galatia in Asia, descended from the Boii of Gaul. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Livy_, bk. 58, chs. 15 & 16. =Tollentīnum=, a town of Picenum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Tolmĭdes=, an Athenian officer, defeated and killed in a battle in Bœotia, 477 B.C. _Polyænus_, bk. 7. =Tolōsa=, now _Toulouse_, the capital of Languedoc, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, which became a Roman colony under Augustus, and was afterwards celebrated for the cultivation of the sciences. Minerva had there a rich temple, which Cæpio the consul plundered, and as he was never after fortunate, the words _aurum Tolosanum_ became proverbial. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 20. =Tolumnus=, an augur in the army of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 429.――――A king of Veii, killed by Cornelius Cossus after he had ordered the ambassadors of Rome to be assassinated. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19. =Tolus=, a man whose head was found in digging for the foundation of the capitol, in the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans concluded that their city should become the head or mistress of the world. =Tomæum=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides._ =Tomărus=, or =Tmarus=. _See:_ Tmarus. =Tomisa=, a country between Cappadocia and Taurus. _Strabo._ =Tomos=, or =Tomi=, a town situate on the western shore of the Euxine sea, about 36 miles from the mouth of the Danube. The word is derived from τεμνω, _seco_, because Medea, as it is said, _cut to pieces_ the body of her brother Absyrtus there. It is celebrated as being the place where Ovid was banished by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of Lower Mœsia, founded by a Milesian colony, B.C. 633.――_Strabo_, bk. 7. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 14, li. 59; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 33, &c. =Tomyris.= _See:_ Thomyris. =Tonea=, a solemnity observed at Samos. It was usual to carry Juno’s statue to the sea-shore, and to offer cakes before it, and afterwards to replace it again in the temple. This was in commemoration of the theft of the Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away the statue of the goddess, but were detained in the harbour by an invisible force. =Tongillius=, an avaricious lawyer, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 130. =Topāzos=, an island in the Arabian gulf, anciently called _Ophiodes_ from the quantity of serpents that were there. The valuable stone called topaz is found there. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20. =Topiris=, or =Torpus=, a town of Thrace. =Torĭni=, a people of Scythia. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6. =Torōne=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45.――――Of Epirus. =Torquāta=, one of the vestal virgins, daughter of Caius Silanus. She was a vestal for 64 years. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 69. =Torquātus=, a surname of Titus Manlius. _See:_ Manlius.――――Silanus, an officer put to death by Nero.――――A governor of Oricum, in the interest of Pompey. He surrendered to Julius Cæsar, and was killed in Africa. _Hirtius_, _Africican War_, ch. 96.――――An officer in Sylla’s army.――――A Roman sent ambassador to the court of Ptolemy Philometor of Egypt. =Tortor=, a surname of Apollo. He had a statue at Rome under that name. =Torus=, a mountain of Sicily, near Agrigentum. =Toryne=, a small town near Actium. The word in the language of the country signifies a _ladle_, which gave Cleopatra occasion to make a pun when it fell into the hands of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_. =Toxandri=, a people of Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7. =Toxaridia=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Toxaris, a Scythian hero who died there. =Toxeus=, a son of Œneus, killed by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8. =Toxicrăte=, a daughter of Thespius. =Quintus Trabea=, a comic poet at Rome, in the age of Regulus. Some fragments of his poetry remain. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 31; _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Trachălus Marcus Galerius=, a consul in the reign of Nero, celebrated for his eloquence as an orator, and for a majestic and commanding aspect. _Quintilian._――_Tacitus._――――One of the friends and ministers of Otho. =Trachas=, a town of Latium. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 717. =Trāchīnia=, a small country of Phthiotis, on the bay of Malea, near mount Œta. The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina, where Hercules went after he had killed Eunomus. _Strabo_, bk. 9. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 269. =Trachonītis=, a part of Judæa, on the other side of the Jordan. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14. =Tragurium=, a town of Dalmatia on the sea. =Tragus=, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 33. =Trajanopŏlis=, a town of Thrace.――――A name given to Selinus of Cilicia, where Trajan died. =Trajānus Marcus Ulpius Crinītus=, a Roman emperor, born at Italica in Spain. His great virtues, and his private as well as public character, and his services to the empire, both as an officer, a governor, and a consul, recommended him to the notice of Nerva, who solemnly adopted him as his son; invested him during his lifetime with the imperial purple, and gave him the name of Cæsar and of Germanicus. A little time after Nerva died, and the election of Trajan to the vacant throne was confirmed by the unanimous rejoicings of the people, and the free concurrence of the armies on the confines of Germany and the banks of the Danube. The noble and independent behaviour of Trajan evinced the propriety and goodness of Nerva’s choice, and the attachment of the legions; and the new emperor seemed calculated to ensure peace and domestic tranquillity to the extensive empire of Rome. All the actions of Trajan showed a good and benevolent prince, whose virtues truly merited the encomiums which the pen of an elegant and courteous panegyrist has paid. The barbarians continued quiet, and the hostilities which they generally displayed at the election of a new emperor whose military abilities they distrusted, were now few. Trajan, however, could not behold with satisfaction and unconcern the insolence of the Dacians, who claimed from the Roman people a tribute which the cowardice of Domitian had offered. The sudden appearance of the emperor on the frontiers awed the barbarians to peace; but Decebalus, their warlike monarch, soon began hostilities by violating the treaty. The emperor entered the enemy’s country, by throwing a bridge across the rapid stream of the Danube, and a battle was fought in which the slaughter was so great, that in the Roman camp linen was wanted to dress the wounds of the soldiers. Trajan obtained the victory, and Decebalus, despairing of success, destroyed himself, and Dacia became a province of Rome. That the ardour of the Roman soldiers in defeating their enemies might not cool, an expedition was undertaken into the east, and Parthia threatened with immediate war. Trajan passed through the submissive kingdom of Armenia, and, by his well-directed operations, made himself master of the provinces of Assyria and Mesopotamia. He extended his conquests in the east, he obtained victories over unknown nations; and when on the extremities of India, he lamented that he possessed not the vigour and youth of an Alexander, that he might add unexplored provinces and kingdoms to the Roman empire. These successes in different parts of the world gained applause, and the senators were profuse in the honours they decreed to the conqueror. This, however, was but the blaze of transient glory. Trajan had no sooner signified his intentions of returning to Italy, than the conquered barbarians appeared again in arms, and the Roman empire did not acquire one single acre of territory from the conquests of her sovereign in the east. The return of the emperor towards Rome was hastened by indisposition; he stopped in Cilicia, and in the town of Selinus, which afterwards was called Trajanopolis, he was seized with a flux, and a few days after expired, in the beginning of August, A.D. 117, after a reign of 19 years, six months, and 15 days, in the 64th year of his age. He was succeeded on the throne by Adrian, whom the empress Plotina introduced to the Roman armies, as the adopted son of her husband. The ashes of Trajan were carried to Rome, and deposited under the stately column which he had erected a few years before. Under this emperor the Romans enjoyed tranquillity, and for a moment supposed that their prosperity was complete under a good and virtuous sovereign. Trajan was fond of popularity, and he merited it. The sounding titles of Optimus, and the father of his country, were not unworthily bestowed upon a prince who was equal to the greatest generals of antiquity, and who, to indicate his affability, and his wish to listen to the just complaints of his subjects, distinguished his palace by the inscription of _the public palace_. Like other emperors, he did not receive with an air of unconcern the homage of his friends, but rose from his seat and went cordially to salute them. He refused the statues which the flattery of favourites wished to erect to him, and he ridiculed the follies of an enlightened nation, that could pay adoration to cold, inanimate pieces of marble. His public entry into Rome gained him the hearts of the people; he appeared on foot, and showed himself an enemy to parade and an ostentatious equipage. When in his camp, he exposed himself to the fatigues of war, like the meanest soldier, and crossed the most barren deserts and extensive plains on foot, and in his dress and food displayed all the simplicity which once gained the approbation of the Romans in their countryman Fabricius. All the oldest soldiers he knew by their own name; he conversed with them with great familiarity, and never retired to his tent before he had visited the camp, and by a personal attendance convinced himself of the vigilance and the security of his army. As a friend he was not less distinguished than as a general. He had a select number of intimates, whom he visited with freedom and openness, and at whose tables he partook many a moderate repast without form or ceremony. His confidence, however, in the good intentions of others, was, perhaps, carried to excess. His favourite Sura had once been accused of attempts upon his life, but Trajan disregarded the informer, and as he was that same day invited to the house of the supposed conspirator, he went thither early. To try further the sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself to be shaved by his barber, to have a medicinal application made to his eyes by the hand of his surgeon, and to bathe together with him. The public works of Trajan are also celebrated; he opened free and easy communications between the cities of his provinces, he planted many colonies, and furnished Rome with all the corn and provisions which could prevent a famine in the time of calamity. It was by his directions that the architect Apollodorus built that celebrated column which is still to be seen at Rome, under the name of Trajan’s column. The area on which it stands was made by the labours of men, and the height of the pillar proves that a large hill, 144 feet high, was removed at a great expense, A.D. 114, to commemorate the victories of the reigning prince. His persecutions of the christians were stopped by the interference of the humane Pliny, but he was unusually severe upon the Jews, who had barbarously murdered 200,000 of his subjects, and even fed upon the flesh of the dead. His vices have been obscurely seen through a reign of continued splendour and popularity, yet he is accused of incontinence and many unnatural indulgencies. He was too much addicted to drinking, and his wish to be styled lord has been censured by those who admired the dissimulated moderation and the modest claims of an Augustus. _Pliny_, _Panegyrics_, &c.――_Dio Cassius._――_Eutropius._――_Ammianus._――_Spartian._――_Josephus_, _Jewish Wars_.――_Aurelius Victor._――――The father of the emperor, who likewise bore the name of Trajan, was honoured with the consulship and a triumph, and the rank of a patrician by the emperor Vespasian. ――――A general of the emperor Valens.――――A son of the emperor Decius. =Trajectus Rheni=, now _Utrecht_, the capital of one of the provinces of Holland. =Tralles=, a town of _Lydia_, now _Sultanhisar_. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 70.――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 45.――――A people of Illyricum. =Transtiberīna=, a part of the city of Rome, on one side of the Tiber. Mount Vatican was in that part of the city. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 109. =Trapēzus=, a city of Pontus, built by the people of Sinope, now called _Trebizond_. It had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine sea, and became famous under the emperors of the eastern empire, of which it was for some time the magnificent capital. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 47.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――――A town of Arcadia near the Alpheus. It received its name from a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8. =Trasimenus.= _See:_ Thrasymenus. =Trasullus=, a man who taught Tiberius astrology at Rhodes, &c. =Traulus Montānus=, a Roman knight, one of Messalina’s favourites, put to death by Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 36. =Treba=, a town of the Æqui. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Caius Trebātius Testas=, a man banished by Julius Cæsar for following the interest of Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence of Cicero. He was afterwards reconciled to Cæsar. Trebatius was not less distinguished for his learning than for his integrity, his military experience, and knowledge of law. He wrote nine books on religious ceremonies, and treatises on civil law; and the verses that he composed proved him a poet of no inferior consequence. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 4. =Trebelliānus Caius Annius=, a pirate who proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, A.D. 264. He was defeated and slain in Isauria, by the lieutenants of Gallienus. =Trebelliēnus Rufus=, a pretor appointed governor of the children of king Cotys, by Tiberius.――――A tribune who opposed the Gabinian law.――――A Roman who numbered the inhabitants of Gaul. He was made governor of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 39. =Trebellius Pollio=, a Latin historian, who wrote an account of the lives of the emperors. The beginning of this history is lost; part of the reign of Valerian, and the life of the two Gallieni, with the 30 tyrants, are the only fragments remaining. He flourished A.D. 305. =Trĕbia=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in the Apennines, and falling into the Po, at the west of Placentia. It is celebrated for the victory which Annibal obtained there over the forces of Lucius Sempronius the Roman consul. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 486. ――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 46.――_Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 54 & 56.――――A town of Latium. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39.――――Of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 14. ――――Of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Trebius=, an officer in Cæsar’s army in Gaul.――――A parasite in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 4. =Trĕbōnia lex=, _de provinciis_, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C. 698. It gave Cæsar the chief command in Gaul for five years longer than was enacted by the Vatinian law, and in this manner prevented the senators from recalling or superseding him.――――Another, by the same, on the same year, conferred the command of the provinces of Syria and Spain on Cassius and Pompey for five years. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 39.――――Another, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C. 305, which confirmed the election of the tribunes in the hands of the Roman people. _Livy_, bks. 3 & 5. =Trĕbōnius=, a soldier remarkable for his continence, &c.――――Caius, one of Cæsar’s friends, made through his interest pretor and consul. He was afterwards one of his benefactor’s murderers. He was killed by Dolabella at Smyrna. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 11, ch. 2.――_Paterculus_, bks. 56 & 69.――_Livy_, bk. 119.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 47.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 14. ――――Garucianus, a governor of Africa, who put to death the proconsul Clodius Macer, by Galba’s orders. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A tribune who proposed a law at Rome, and imprisoned Cato, because he opposed it.――――One of the adherents of Marius.――――A man caught in adultery, and severely punished in the age of Horace. =Trebŭla=, a town of the Sabines, celebrated for cheese. The inhabitants were called Trebulani. _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Livy_, bk. 23.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 12. ――_Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 72.――――Another, in Campania. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 39. =Trerus=, a river of Latium, falling into the Liris. =Tres Tabernæ=, a place on the Appian road, where travellers took refreshment. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 13; bk. 2, ltrs. 10 & 11. =Trevĕri=, a town and people of Belgium, now called _Triers_. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Triaria=, a woman well known for her cruelty. She was the wife of Lucius Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bks. 1 & 3. =Caius Triarius=, an orator commended by Cicero.――――A friend of Pompey. He had for some time the care of the war in Asia against Mithridates, whom he defeated, and by whom he was afterwards beaten. He was killed in the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Triballi=, a people of Thrace, or, according to some, of Lower Mœsia. They were conquered by Philip the father of Alexander; and some ages after, they maintained a long war against the Roman emperors. _Pliny._ =Triboci=, a people of Alsace in Gaul. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28. =Tribulium=, a town of Dalmatia. =Tribūni Plebis=, magistrates at Rome, created in the year ♦A.U.C. 261, when the people after a quarrel with the senators had retired to Mons Sacer. The two first were Caius Licinius and Lucius Albinius, but their number was soon after raised to five, and 37 years after to 10, which remained fixed. Their office was annual, and as the first had been created on the 4th of the ides of December, that day was ever after chosen for the election. Their power, though at first small, and granted by the patricians to appease the momentary seditions of the populace, soon became formidable, and the senators repented too late of having consented to elect magistrates, who not only preserved the rights of the people, but could summon assemblies, propose laws, stop the consultations of the senate, and even abolish their decrees by the word _Veto_. Their approbation was also necessary to confirm the _senatus consulta_, and this was done by affixing the letter T under it. If any irregularity happened in the state, their power was almost absolute; they criticized the conduct of all the public magistrates, and even dragged a consul to prison, if the measures he pursued were hostile to the peace of Rome. The dictator alone was their superior, but when that magistrate was elected, the office of tribune was not, like that of all other inferior magistrates, abolished while he continued at the head of the state. The people paid them so much deference, that their person was held sacred, and thence they were always called _Sacrosancti_. To strike them was a capital crime, and to interrupt them while they spoke in the assemblies, called for the immediate interference of power. The marks by which they were distinguished from other magistrates were not very conspicuous. They wore no particular dress, only a beadle called _viator_ marched before them. They never sat in the senate, though, some time after, their office entitled them to the rank of senators. Yet, great as their power might appear, they received a heavy wound from their number, and as their consultations and resolutions were of no effect if they were not all unanimous, the senate often took advantage of their avarice, and by gaining one of them by bribes, they, as it were, suspended the authority of the rest. The office of tribune of the people, though at first deemed mean and servile, was afterwards one of the first steps that led to more honourable employments, and as no patrician was permitted to canvass for the tribuneship, we find many that descended among the plebeians to exercise that important office. From the power with which they were at last invested by the activity, the intrigues, and continual applications of those who were in office, they became almost absolute in the state, and it has been properly observed, that they caused far greater troubles than those which they were at first created to silence. Sylla, when raised to the dictatorship, gave a fatal blow to the authority of the tribunes, and by one of his decrees, they were no longer permitted to harangue and inflame the people; they could make no laws; no appeal lay to their tribunal; and such as had been tribunes were not permitted to solicit for the other offices of the state. This disgrace, however, was but momentary; at the death of the tyrant the tribunes recovered their privileges by means of Cotta and Pompey the Great. The office of tribune remained in full force till the age of Augustus, who, to make himself more absolute, and his person sacred, conferred the power and office upon himself, whence he was called _tribunitiâ potestate donatus_. His successors on the throne imitated his example, and as the emperor was the real and official tribune, such as were appointed to the office were merely nominal without power or privilege. Under Constantine the tribuneship was totally abolished. The tribunes were never permitted to sleep out of the city, except at the _Feriæ Latinæ_, when they went with other magistrates to offer sacrifices upon a mountain near Alba. Their houses were always open, and they received every complaint, and were ever ready to redress the wrongs of their constituents. Their authority was not extended beyond the walls of the city.――――There were also other officers who bore the name of tribunes, such as the _tribuni militum_ or _militares_, who commanded a division of the legions. They were empowered to decide all quarrels that might arise in the army; they took care of the camp, and gave the watchword. There were only three at first, chosen by Romulus, but the number was at last increased to six in every legion. After the expulsion of the Tarquins, they were chosen by the consuls; but afterwards the right of electing them was divided between the people and the consuls. They were generally of senatorian and equestrian families, and the former were called _laticlavii_, and the latter _angusticlavii_, from their peculiar dress. Those that were chosen by the consuls were called _Rutuli_, because the right of the consuls to elect them was confirmed by Rutulus, and those elected by the people were called _Comitiati_, because chosen in the Comitia. They wore a golden ring, and were in office no longer than six months. When the consuls were elected, it was usual to choose 14 tribunes from the knights, who had served five years in the army, and who were called _juniores_, and 10 from the people who had been in 10 campaigns, who were called _seniores_. ――――There were also some officers called _tribuni militum consulari potestate_, elected instead of consuls, A.U.C. 310. They were only three originally, but the number was afterwards increased to six or more, according to the will and pleasure of the people and the emergencies of the state. Part of them were plebeians, and the rest of patrician families. When they had subsisted for about 70 years, not without some interruption, the office was totally abolished, as the plebeians were admitted to share the consulship, and the consuls continued at the head of the state till the end of the commonwealth.――――The _tribuni cohortium prætorianarum_ were entrusted with the person of the emperor, which they guarded and protected.――――The _tribuni ærarii_ were officers chosen from among the people, who kept the money which was to be applied to defray the expenses of the army. The richest persons were always chosen, as much money was requisite for the pay of the soldiers. They were greatly distinguished in the state, and they shared with the senators and Roman knights the privileges of judging. They were abolished by Julius Cæsar, but Augustus re-established them, and created 200 more, to decide causes of smaller importance.――――The _tribuni celerum_ had the command of the guard which Romulus chose for the safety of his person. They were 100 in number, distinguished for their probity, their opulence, and their nobility. ――――The _tribuni voluptatum_ were commissioned to take care of the amusements which were prepared for the people, and that nothing might be wanting in the exhibitions. This office was also honourable. ♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’ =Tricala=, a fortified place at the south of Sicily, between Selinus and Agrigentum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 271. =Tricasses=, a people of Champagne in Gaul. =Tricastīni=, a people of Gallia Narbonensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 466.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 31. =Triccæ=, a town of Thessaly, where Æsculapius had a temple. The inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8. =Trichonium=, a town of Ætolia. =Tricipitinus.= _See:_ Lucretius. =Triclaria=, a yearly festival celebrated by the inhabitants of three cities in Ionia, to appease the anger of Diana _Triclaria_, whose temple had been defiled by the adulterous commerce of Menalippus and Cometho. It was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, but this barbarous custom was abolished by Eurypilus. The three cities were Aroe, Messatis, and Anthea, whose united labours had erected the temple of the goddess. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19. =Tricorii=, a people of Gaul, now _Dauphiné_. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 31. =Tricorythus=, a town of Attica. =Tricrēna=, a place of Arcadia, where, according to some, Mercury was born. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 16. =Tridentum=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called _Trent_, and famous in history for the ecclesiastical council which sat there 18 years to regulate the affairs of the church, A.D. 1545. =Trieterīca=, festivals in honour of Bacchus celebrated every three years. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 302. =Tripānum=, a place of Latium near Sinuessa. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 11. =Tripolīnus=, a mountain of Campania famous for wine. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 104.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 7. =Trigemĭna=, one of the Roman gates, so called because the three Horatii went through it against the Curiatii. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16; bk. 35, ch. 41; bk. 40, ch. 51. =Trinăcria=, or =Trinăcris=, one of the ancient names of Sicily from its triangular form. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 384, &c. =Trinium=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic. =Trinobantes=, a people of Britain in modern Essex and Middlesex. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 20. =Triocăla=, or =Triocla=, a town in the southern parts of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 271. =Triŏpas=, or =Triops=, a son of Neptune by Canace the daughter of Æolus. He was father of Iphimedia and of Erisichthon, who is called on that account _Triopeius_, and his daughter _Triopeia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 754.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A son of Phorbas, father to Agenor, Jasus, and Messene. _Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_, li. 211.――――A son of Piranthus. =Triphȳlia=, one of the ancient names of Elis. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8. ――――A mountain where Jupiter had a temple in the island Panchaia, whence he is called _Triphylius_. =Triopium=, a town of Caria. =Tripŏlis=, an ancient town of Phœnicia, built by the liberal contribution of Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus, whence the name.――――A town of Pontus.――――A district of Arcadia,――――of Laconia. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 27.――――Of Thessaly, _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53.――――A town of Lydia or Caria.――――A district of Africa between the Syrtes. ♦=Trīptŏlĕmus=, a son of Oceanus and Terra, or, according to some, of Trochilus, a priest of Argos. According to the more received opinion he was son of Celeus king of Attica by Neræa, whom some have called Metanira, Cothonea, Hyona, Melani, or Polymnia. He was born at Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in his youth of a severe illness by the care of Ceres, who had been invited into the house of Celeus, by the monarch’s children, as she travelled over the country in quest of her daughter. To repay the kindness of Celeus, the goddess took particular notice of his son. She fed him with her own milk, and placed him on burning coals during the night, to destroy whatever particles of mortality he had received from his parents. The mother was astonished at the uncommon growth of her son, and she had the curiosity to watch Ceres. She disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry, when Triptolemus was laid on the burning ashes, and as Ceres was therefore unable to make him immortal, she taught him agriculture, and rendered him serviceable to mankind, by instructing him how to sow corn, and make bread. She also gave him her chariot, which was drawn by two dragons, and in this celestial vehicle he travelled all over the earth, and distributed corn to all the inhabitants of the world. In Scythia the favourite of Ceres nearly lost his life; but Lyncus the king of the country, who had conspired to murder him, was changed into a lynx. At his return to Eleusis, Triptolemus restored Ceres her chariot, and established the Eleusinian festivals and mysteries in honour of the deity. He reigned for some time, and after death received divine honours. Some suppose that he accompanied Bacchus in his Indian expedition. _Diodorus._――_Hyginus_, fable 147. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_, li. 22.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 646; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 501; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 8, li. 1. ♦ ‘Trīppŏlĕmus’ replaced with ‘Trīptŏlĕmus’ =Triquĕtra=, a name given to Sicily by the Latins, for its triangular form. _Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 78. =Trismegistus=, a famous Egyptian. _See:_ Mercurius. =Tritia=, a daughter of the river Triton, mother of Menalippus by Mars. ――――A town in Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22. =Tritogenia=, a surname of Pallas. _Hesiod._――_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_. =Triton=, a sea deity, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, or, according to some, by Celeno, or Salacia. He was very powerful among the sea deities, and could calm the ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He is generally represented as blowing a shell. His body above the waist is like that of a man, and below a dolphin. Some represent him with the fore feet of a horse. Many of the sea deities are called Tritons, but the name is generally applied to those only who are half men and half fishes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 930.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 333.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 148; bk. 6, li. 173.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――――A river of Africa falling into the lake Tritonis.――――One of the names of the Nile.――――A small river of Bœotia, or Thessaly. =Tritōnis=, a lake and river of Africa, near which Minerva had a temple, whence she is surnamed _Tritonis_, or _Tritonia_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 178.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 171.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Athens is also called _Tritonis_, because dedicated to Minerva.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5. =Tritonon=, a town of Doris. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7. =Triventum=, a town of the Samnites. =Trivia=, a surname given to Diana, because she presided over all places where three roads met. At the new moon the Athenians offered her sacrifices, and a sumptuous entertainment, which was generally distributed among the poor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 13; bk. 7, li. 774.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 416; _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 389. =Triviæ antrum=, a place in the valley of Aricia, where the nymph Egeria resided. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 47. =Triviæ lucus=, a place of Campania, in the bay of Cumæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 13. =Trivīcum=, a town in the country of the Hirpini in Italy. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 79. =Triumvĭri=, _reipublicæ constituendæ_, were three magistrates appointed equally to govern the Roman state with absolute power. These officers gave a fatal blow to the expiring independence of the Roman people, and became celebrated for their different pursuits, their ambition, and their various fortunes. The first triumvirate, B.C. 60, was in the hands of Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, who at the expiration of their office kindled a civil war. The second and last triumvirate, B.C. 43, was under Augustus, Marcus Antony, and Lepidus, and through them the Romans totally lost their liberty. Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, and after he had defeated them, he made himself absolute in Rome. The triumvirate was in full force at Rome for the space of about 12 years.――――There were also officers who were called _triumviri capitales_, created A.U.C. 464. They took cognizance of murders and robberies, and everything in which slaves were concerned. Criminals under sentence of death were entrusted to their care, and they had them executed according to the commands of the pretors.――――The _triumviri nocturni_ watched over the safety of Rome in the night-time, and in case of fire were ever ready to give orders, and to take the most effectual measures to extinguish it.――――The _triumviri agrarii_ had the care of colonies that were sent to settle in different parts of the empire. They made a fair division of the lands among the citizens, and exercised over the new colony all the power which was placed in the hands of the consuls at Rome.――――The _triumviri monetales_ were masters of the mint, and had the care of the coin, hence their office was generally intimated by the following letters often seen on ancient coins and medals: ♦IIIVIR. A. A. A. F. F. i.e., _Triumviri auro, argento, ære flando, feriendo_. Some suppose that they were created only in the age of Cicero, as those who were employed before them were called _Denariorum flandorum curatores_.――――The _triumviri valetudinis_ were chosen when Rome was visited by a plague or some pestiferous distemper, and they took particular care of the temples of health and virtue.――――The _triumviri senatus legendi_ were appointed to name those that were most worthy to be made senators from among the plebeians. They were first chosen in the age of Augustus, as before this privilege belonged to the kings, and afterwards devolved upon the consuls and the censors, A.U.C. 310.――――The _triumviri mensarii_ were chosen in the second Punic war, to take care of the coin and prices of exchange. ♦ ‘HIVIR’ replaced with ‘IIIVIR’ =Triumvirorum insula=, a place on the Rhine which falls into the Po, where the triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus met to divide the Roman empire after the battle of Mutina. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 46, ch. 55.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, ch. 4. =Troădes=, the inhabitants of Troas. =Troas=, a country of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, of which Troy was the capital. When Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of Priam, it may be said to contain Mysia and Phrygia Minor; but if only applied to that part of the country where Troy was situate, its extent is confined within very narrow limits. Troas was anciently called _Dardania_. _See:_ Troja. =Trochois=, a lake in the island of Delos, near which Apollo and Diana were born. =Trocmi=, a people of Galatia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 16. =Trœzēne= a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, near the Saronicus Sinus, which received its name from Trœzen the son of Pelops, who reigned there for some time. It is often called _Theseis_, because Theseus was born there; and _Posidonia_, because _Neptune_ was worshipped there. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 81.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 50.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 556; bk. 15, li. 296.――――Another town at the south of the Peloponnesus. =Trogiliæ=, three small islands near Samos. =Trogilium=, a part of mount Mycale, projecting into the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 14. =Trogilus=, a harbour of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, lis. 2, 59. =Troglody̆tæ=, a people of Æthiopia, who dwelt in caves (τρωγλη _specus_, δυμι _subeo_). They were all shepherds, and had their wives in common. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 37, ch. 10. =Trogus Pompeius=, a Latin historian, B.C. 41, born in Gaul. His father was one of the friends and adherents of Julius Cæsar, and his ancestors had obtained privileges and honours from the most illustrious of the Romans. Trogus wrote a universal history of all the most important events that had happened from the beginning of the world to the age of Augustus, divided into 44 books. This history, which was greatly admired for its purity and elegance, was epitomized by Justin, and is still extant. Some suppose that the epitome is the cause that the original of Trogus is lost. _Justin_, bk. 47, ch. 5. ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 6. =Troja=, a city, the capital of Troas, or, according to others, a country of which Ilium was the capital. It was built on a small eminence near mount Ida, and the promontory of Sigæum, at the distance of about four miles from the sea-shore. Dardanus the first king of the country built it, and called it _Dardania_, and from Troas, one of his successors, it was called _Troja_, and from Ilus, _Ilion_. Neptune is also said to have built, or more properly repaired, its walls, in the age of king Laomedon. This city has been celebrated by the poems of Homer and Virgil, and of all the wars which have been carried on among the ancients, that of Troy is the most famous. The Trojan war was undertaken by the Greeks, to recover Helen, whom Paris the son of Priam king of Troy had carried away from the house of Menelaus. All Greece united to avenge the cause of Menelaus, and every prince furnished a certain number of ships and soldiers. According to Euripides, Virgil, and Lycophron, the armament of the Greeks amounted to 1000 ships. Homer mentions them as being 1186, and Thucydides supposes that they were 1200 in number. The number of men which these ships carried is unknown; yet, as the largest contained about 120 men each, and the smallest 50, it may be supposed that no less than 100,000 men were engaged in this celebrated expedition. Agamemnon was chosen general of all these forces; but the princes and kings of Greece were admitted among his counsellors, and by them all the operations of the war were directed. The most celebrated of the Grecian princes that distinguished themselves in this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Menelaus, Ulysses, Diomedes, Protesilaus, Patroclus, Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptolemus, &c. The Grecian army was opposed by a more numerous force. The king of Troy received assistance from the neighbouring princes in Asia Minor, and reckoned among his most active generals, Rhesus king of Thrace, and Memnon, who entered the field with 20,000 Assyrians and Æthiopians. Many of the adjacent cities were reduced and plundered before the Greeks approached their walls; but when the siege was begun, the enemies on both sides gave proofs of valour and intrepidity. The army of the Greeks, however, was visited by a plague, and the operations were not less retarded by the quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles. The loss was great on both sides; the most valiant of the Trojans, and particularly of the sons of Priam, were slain in the field; and, indeed, so great was the slaughter, that the rivers of the country are represented as filled with dead bodies and suits of armour. After the siege had been carried on for 10 years, some of the Trojans, among whom were Æneas and Antenor, betrayed the city into the hands of the enemy, and Troy was reduced to ashes. The poets, however, support that the Greeks made themselves masters of the place by artifice. They secretly filled a large wooden horse with armed men, and led away their army from the plains, as if to return home. The Trojans brought the wooden horse into their city, and in the night, the Greeks that were confined within the sides of the animal rushed out and opened the gates to their companions, who had returned from the place of their concealment. The greatest part of the inhabitants were put to the sword, and the others carried away by the conquerors. This happened, according to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 years before the christian era, in the 3530th year of the Julian period, on the night between the 11th and 12th of June, 408 years before the first olympiad. Some time after, a new city was raised, about 30 stadia from the ruins of the old Troy; but though it bore the ancient name, and received ample donations from Alexander the Great, when he visited it in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued to be small, and in the age of Strabo it was nearly in ruins. It is said that Julius Cæsar, who wished to pass for one of the descendants of Æneas, and consequently to be related to the Trojans, intended to make it the capital of the Roman empire, and to transport there the senate and the Roman people. The same apprehensions were entertained in the reign of Augustus, and according to some, an ode of Horace, _Justum et tenacem propositi virum_, was written purposely to dissuade the emperor from putting into execution so wild a project. _See:_ Paris, Æneas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, Laomedon, Menelaus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Homer._――_Ovid._――_Diodorus_, &c. =Trojāni= and =Trojugĕnæ=, the inhabitants of Troy. =Trojāni ludi=, games instituted by Æneas, or his son Ascanius, to commemorate the death of Anchises, and celebrated in the circus at Rome. Boys of the best families, dressed in a neat manner, and accoutred with suitable arms and weapons, were permitted to enter the list. Sylla exhibited them in his dictatorship, and under Augustus they were observed with unusual pomp and solemnity. A mock fight on horseback, or sometimes on foot, was exhibited. The leader of the party was called _princeps juventutis_, and was generally the son of a senator, or the heir apparent to the empire. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 602.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_ & _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_, _Sulla_. =Troĭlus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Achilles during the Trojan war. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 474. =Tromentīna=, one of the Roman tribes. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 5. =Tropæa=, a town of the Brutii.――――A stone monument on the Pyrenees, erected by Pompey.――――Drusi, a town of Germany where Drusus died, and Tiberius was saluted emperor by the army. =Trophonius=, a celebrated architect, son of Erginus king of Orchomenos in Bœotia. He built Apollo’s temple at Delphi, with the assistance of his brother Agamedes, and when he demanded of the god a reward for his trouble, he was told by the priestess to wait eight days, and to live during that time with all cheerfulness and pleasure. When the days were passed, Trophonius and his brother were found dead in their bed. According to Pausanias, however, he was swallowed up alive in the earth; and when afterwards the country was visited by a great drought, the Bœotians were directed to apply to Trophonius for relief, and to seek him at Lebadea, where he gave oracles in a cave. They discovered this cave by means of a swarm of bees, and Trophonius told them how to ease their misfortunes. From that time Trophonius was honoured as a god; he passed for the son of Apollo, a chapel and a statue were erected to him, and sacrifices were offered to his divinity when consulted to give oracles. The cave of Trophonius became one of the most celebrated oracles of Greece. Many ceremonies were required, and the suppliant was obliged to make particular sacrifices, to anoint his body with oil, and to bathe in the waters of certain rivers. He was to be clothed in a linen robe, and, with a cake of honey in his hand, he was directed to descend into the cave by a narrow entrance, from whence he returned backwards after he had received an answer. He was always pale and dejected at his return, and thence it became proverbial to say of a melancholy man, that he had consulted the oracle of Trophonius. There were annually exhibited games in honour of Trophonius at Lebadea. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37, &c.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47.――_Plutarch._ ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 45. =Tros=, a son of Ericthonius king of Troy, who married Callirhoe the daughter of the Scamander, by whom he had Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymedes. He made war against Tantalus king of Phrygia, whom he accused of having stolen away the youngest of his sons. The capital of Phrygia was called Troja from him, and the country itself Troas. _Virgil_, bk. 3, _Georgics_, li. 36.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 219.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12. =Trossŭlum=, a town of Etruria, which gave the name of _Trossuli_ to the Roman knights who had taken it without the assistance of foot soldiers. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.――_Seneca_, ltrs. 86 & 87. ――_Persius_, bk. 1, li. 82. =Trotilum=, a town of Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 6. =Truentum=, or =Truentinum=, a river of Picenum, falling into the Adriatic. There is also a town of the same name in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 434.――_Mela_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13. =Trypherus=, a celebrated cook, &c. _Juvenal_, bk. 11. =Tryphiodorus=, a Greek poet and grammarian of Egypt in the sixth century, who wrote a poem in 24 books on the destruction of Troy, from which he excluded the α in the first book, the β in the second, and the γ in the third, &c. =Tryphon=, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, put to death by Antiochus. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.――――A surname of one of the Ptolemies. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, li. 31.――――A grammarian of Alexander in the age of Augustus. =Tubantes=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, ch. 51. =Tubĕro Quintus Ælius=, a Roman consul, son-in-law of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. He is celebrated for his poverty, in which he seemed to glory as well as the rest of his family. Sixteen of the Tuberos, with their wives and children, lived in a small house, and maintained themselves with the produce of a little field, which they cultivated with their own hand. The first piece of silver plate that entered the house of Tubero was a small cup which his father-in-law presented to him after he had conquered the king of Macedonia.――――A learned man.――――A governor of Africa.――――A Roman general who marched against the Germans under the emperors. He was accused of treason, and acquitted. =Tuburbo=, two towns of Africa, called Major and Minor. =Tucca Plautius=, a friend of Horace and Virgil. He was, with Varus and Plotius, ordered by Augustus, as some report, to revise the Æneid of Virgil, which remained uncorrected on account of the premature death of the poet. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40; satire 10, li. 84. ――――A town of Mauritania. =Tuccia=, an immodest woman in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 64. =Tucia=, a river near Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 5. =Tuder=, or =Tudertia=, an ancient town of Umbria. The inhabitants were called _Tudertes_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 222. =Tudri=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42. =Tugia=, now _Toia_, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Tugīni=, or =Tugēni=, a people of Germany. =Tuisto=, a deity of the Germans, son of Terra, and the founder of the nation. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, bk. 2. =Tulcis=, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean, now _Francoli_. =Tulingi=, a people of Germany between the Rhine and the Danube. _Cæsar_, bk. 1, ch. 5, _Gallic War_. =Tulla=, one of Camilla’s attendants in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 656. =Tullia=, a daughter of Servius Tullius king of Rome. She married Tarquin the Proud, after she had murdered her first husband Arunx, and consented to see Tullius assassinated, that Tarquin might be raised to the throne. It is said that she ordered her chariot to be driven over the body of her aged father, which had been thrown all mangled and bloody into one of the streets of Rome. She was afterwards banished from Rome with her husband. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 363.――――Another daughter of Servius Tullius, who married Tarquin the Proud. She was murdered by her own husband, that ♦he might marry her ambitious sister of the same name.――――A daughter of Cicero. _See:_ Tulliola.――――A debauched woman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 306. ♦ ‘she’ replaced with ‘he’ =Tullia lex=, _de senatu_, by Marcus Tullius Cicero, A.U.C. 689, enacted that those who had a _libera legatio_ granted them by the senate, should hold it no more than one year. Such senators as had a _libera legatio_ travelled through the provinces of the empire without any expense, as if they were employed in the affairs of the state.――――Another, _de ambitu_, by the same, the same year. It forbade any person, two years before he canvassed for an office, to exhibit a show of gladiators, unless that case had devolved upon him by will. Senators guilty of the crime of _ambitu_ were punished with the _aquæ et ignis interdictio_ for 10 years, and the penalty inflicted on the commons was more severe than that of the Calpurnian law. =Tulliānum=, a subterraneous prison in Rome, built by Servius Tullius, and added to the other called _Robur_, where criminals were confined. _Sallust_, _Conspiracy of Catiline_. =Tulliŏla=, or =Tullia=, a daughter of Cicero by Terentia. She married Caius Piso, and afterwards Furius Crassipes, and lastly Publius Cornelius Dolabella. With this last husband she had every reason to be dissatisfied. Dolabella was turbulent, and consequently the cause of much grief to Tullia and her father. Tullia died in child-bed, about 44 years before Christ. Cicero was so inconsolable on this occasion, that some have accused him of an unnatural partiality for his daughter. According to a ridiculous story which some of the moderns report, in the age of Pope Paul III., a monument was discovered on the Appian road with the superscription of _Tulliolæ filiæ meæ_. The body of a woman was found in it, which was reduced to ashes as soon as touched; there was also a lamp burning, which was extinguished as soon as the air gained admission there, and which was supposed to have been lighted above 1500 years. _Cicero._――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_. =Tullius Cimber=, the son of a freedman, rose to great honours, and followed the interest of Pompey. He was reconciled to Julius Cæsar, whom he murdered with Brutus. _Plutarch._――――Cicero, a celebrated orator. _See:_ Cicero.――――The son of the orator Cicero. _See:_ Cicero.――――Servius, a king of Rome. _See:_ Servius.――――Senecio, a man accused of conspiracy against Nero with Piso.――――A friend of Otho. ――――One of the kings of Rome. _See:_ Servius. =Tullus Hostilius=, the third king of Rome after the death of Numa. He was of a warlike and active disposition, and signalized himself by his expedition against the people of Alba, whom he conquered, and whose city he destroyed after the famous battle of the Horatii and Curiatii. He afterwards carried his arms against the Latins and the neighbouring states with success, and enforced reverence for majesty among his subjects. He died with all his family, about 640 years before the christian era, after a reign of 32 years. The manner of his death is not precisely known. Some suppose that he was killed by lightning, while he was performing some magical ceremonies in his own house; or, according to the more probable accounts of others, he was murdered by Ancus Martius, who set fire to the palace, to make it be believed that the impiety of Tullus had been punished by heaven. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 814.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 22. ――_Pausanias._――――A consul, A.U.C. 686. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 12. =Tunēta=, or =Tunis=, a town of Africa, near which Regulus was defeated and taken by Xanthippus. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 9. =Tungri=, a name given to some of the Germans, supposed to live on the banks of the Maese, whose chief city, called Atuatuca, is now _Tongeren_. The river of the country is now the _Spaw_. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, bk. 2. =Caius Turanius=, a Latin tragic poet in the age of Augustus. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 29. =Turba=, a town of Gaul. =Turbo=, a gladiator, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 310. He was of small stature, but uncommonly courageous.――――A governor of Pannonia, under the emperors. =Turdetăni=, or =Turduti=, a people of Spain, inhabiting both sides of the Bætis. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 6; bk. 28, ch. 39; bk. 34, ch. 17. =Turesis=, a Thracian who revolted from Tiberius. =Turias=, a river of Spain falling into the Mediterranean near Valentia, now the ♦_Guadalquiver_. ♦ ‘Guadalavier’ replaced with ‘Guadalquiver’ =Turicum=, a town of Gaul, now _Zurich_, in Switzerland. =Turiosa=, a town of Spain. =Turius=, a corrupt judge in the Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 49. =Turnus=, a king of the Rutuli, son of Daunus and Venilia. He made war against Æneas, and attempted to drive him away from Italy, that he might not marry the daughter of Latinus, who had been previously engaged to him. His efforts were attended with no success, though supported with great courage and a numerous army. He was conquered, and at last killed in a single combat by Æneas. He is represented as a man of uncommon strength. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 56, &c. ――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 49.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 879; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 451. =Turŏnes=, a people of Gaul, whose capital, Cæsarodunum, is the modern _Tours_. =Turpio.= _See:_ Ambivius. =Turrus=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic. =Turullius=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. =Turuntus=, a river of Sarmatia, supposed to be the Dwina, or Duna. =Tuscania= and =Tuscia=, a large country at the west of Rome, the same as Etruria. _See:_ Etruria. =Tusci=, the inhabitants of Etruria.――――The villa of Pliny the younger near the sources of the Tiber. _Pliny_, ltrs. 5 & 6. =Tusculānum=, a country house of Cicero, near Tusculum, where, among other books, the orator composed his Quæstiones, concerning the contempt of death, &c., in five books. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 4; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 15, ltr. 2; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Tuscŭlum=, a town of Latium on the declivity of a hill, about 12 miles from Rome, founded by Telegonus the son of Ulysses and Circe. It is now called _Frescati_, and is famous for the magnificent villas in its neighbourhood. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 23, li. 8, &c. =Tuscus=, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber is called _Tuscus Amnis_, from its situation. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 199. =Tuscus vicus=, a small village near Rome. It received this name from the Etrurians of Porsenna’s army that settled there. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 14. =Tuscum mare=, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Etruria. _See:_ Tyrrhenum. =Tuta=, a queen of Illyricum, &c. _See:_ Teuta. =Tutia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. She proved herself to be innocent by carrying water from the Tiber to the temple of Vesta in a sieve, after a solemn invocation to the goddess. _Livy_, bk. 20. ――――A small river six miles from Rome, where Annibal pitched his camp, when he retreated from the city. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 11. =Tuticum=, a town of the Hirpini. =Tyăna=, a town at the foot of mount Taurus in Cappadocia, where Apollonius was born, whence he is called _Tyaneus_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 719.――_Strabo_, bk. 12. =Tyanītis=, a province of Asia Minor, near Cappadocia. =Tybris.= _See:_ Tiberis.――――A Trojan who fought in Italy with Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124. =Tybur=, a town of Latium on the Anio. _See:_ Tibur. =Tyche=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 360.――――A part of the town of Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53. =Tychius=, a celebrated artist of Hyle in Bœotia, who made Hector’s shield, which was covered with the hides of seven oxen. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 823.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7, li. 220. =Tyde=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 367. =Tydeus=, a son of Œneus king of Calydon and Peribœa. He fled from his country after the accidental murder of one of his friends, and found a safe asylum in the court of Adrastus king of Argos, whose daughter Deiphyle he married. When Adrastus wished to replace his son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to go and declare war against Eteocles, who usurped the crown. The reception he met provoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and his officers to single combat, and defeated them. On his return to Argos he slew 50 of the Thebans who had conspired against his life, and lay in an ambush to surprise him; and only one of the number was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the fate of his companions. He was one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the Theban war he behaved with great courage. Many of the enemies expired under his blows, till he was at last wounded by Menalippus. Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had the strength to dart at his enemy, and to bring him to the ground, before he was carried away from the fight by his companions. At his own request, the dead body of Menalippus was brought to him, and after he had ordered the head to be cut off, he began to tear out the brains with his teeth. The savage barbarity of Tydeus displeased Minerva, who was coming to bring him relief and to make him immortal, and the goddess left him to his fate, and suffered him to die. He was buried at Argos, where his monument was still to be seen in the age of Pausanias. He was father to Diomedes. Some suppose that the cause of his flight to Argos was the murder of the son of Melus, or, according to others, of Alcathous his father’s brother, or perhaps his own brother Olenius. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, lis. 365, 387.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 18.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Euripides_, _Suppliants_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 479.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 350, &c. =Tydīdes=, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Tydeus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 101.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 15, li. 28. =Tylos=, a town of Peloponnesus near Tænarus, now _Bahrain_. =Tymber=, a son of Daunus, who assisted Turnus. His head was cut off in an engagement by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 391, &c. =Tymōlus=, a mountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 15. _See:_ Tmolus. =Tympania=, an inland town of Elis. =Tynphæi=, a people between Epirus and Thessaly. =Tyndărĭdæ=, a patronymic of the children of Tyndarus, as Castor, Pollux, and Helen, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――――A people of Colchis. =Tyndăris=, a patronymic of Helen daughter of Tyndarus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 569.――――A town of Sicily near Pelorus, founded by a Messenian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 91. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 209.――――Horace gave this name to one of his mistresses, as best expressive of all female accomplishments, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 10.――――A name given to Cassandra. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 408.――――A town of Colchis on the Phasis. _Pliny._ =Tyndărus=, son of Œbalus and Gorgophone, or, according to some, of Perieres. He was king of Lacedæmon, and married the celebrated Leda, who bore him Timandra, Philonoe, &c., and also became mother of Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. _See:_ Leda, Castor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, &c. =Tynnĭchus=, a general of Heraclea. _Polyænus._ =Typhœus=, or =Typhon=, a famous giant, son of Tartarus and Terra, who had 100 heads like those of a serpent or a dragon. Flames of devouring fire were darted from his mouth and from his eyes, and he uttered horrid yells, like the dissonant shrieks of different animals. He was no sooner born, than, to avenge the death of his brothers the giants, he made war against heaven, and so frightened the gods that they fled away and assumed different shapes. Jupiter became a ram, Mercury an ibis, ♦Apollo a crow, Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venus a fish, &c. The father of the gods at last resumed courage, and put Typhœus to flight with his thunderbolts, and crushed him under mount Ætna, in the island of Sicily, or, according to some, under the island Inarime. Typhœus became father of Geryon, Cerberus, and Orthos by his union with Echidna. _Hyginus_, fables 152 & 196. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 325.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 820.――_Homer_, _Hymns_. ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 156.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 716. ♦ ‘Appollo’ replaced with ‘Apollo’ =Typhon=, a giant whom Juno produced by striking the earth. Some of the poets make him the same as the famous Typhœus. _See:_ Typhœus.――――A brother of Osiris, who married Nepthys. He laid snares for his brother during his expedition, and murdered him at his return. The death of Osiris was avenged by his son Orus, and Typhon was put to death. _See:_ Osiris. He was reckoned among the Egyptians to be the cause of every evil, and on that account generally represented as a wolf and a crocodile. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1. =Tyrannion=, a grammarian of Pontus, intimate with Cicero. His original name was Theophrastus, and he received that of Tyrannion, from his austerity to his pupils. He was taken by Lucullus, and restored to his liberty by Muræna. He opened a school in the house of his friend Cicero, and enjoyed his friendship. He was extremely fond of books, and collected a library of about 30,000 volumes. To his care and industry the world is indebted for the preservation of Aristotle’s works.――――There was also one of his disciples called Diocles, who bore his name. He was a native of Phœnicia, and was made prisoner in the war of Augustus and Antony. He was bought by Dymes, one of the emperors favourites, and afterwards by Terentia, who gave him his liberty. He wrote 68 different volumes, in one of which he proved that the Latin tongue was derived from the Greek; and another in which Homer’s poems were corrected, &c. =Tyrannus=, a son of Pterelaus. =Tyras=, or =Tyra=, a river of European Sarmatia, falling into the Euxine sea, between the Danube and the Borysthenes, and now called the _Niester_. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 50. =Tyres=, one of the companions of Æneas in his wars against Turnus. He was brother to Teuthras. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 403. =Tyridates=, a rich man in the age of Alexander, &c. _Curtius._ =Tyrii=, or =Tyrus=, a town of Magna Græcia. =Tyriotes=, a eunuch of Darius, who fled from Alexander’s camp, to inform his master of the queen’s death. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Tyro=, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Salmoneus king of Elis and Alcidice. She was treated with great severity by her mother-in-law Sidero, and at last removed from her father’s house by her uncle Cretheus. She became enamoured of the Enipeus; and as she often walked on the banks of the river, Neptune assumed the shape of her favourite lover, and gained her affections. She had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune, whom she exposed, to conceal her incontinence from the world. The children were preserved by shepherds, and when they had arrived at years of maturity, they avenged their mother’s injuries by assassinating the cruel Sidero. Some time after her amour with Neptune, Tyro married her uncle Cretheus, by whom she had Amythaon, Pheres, and Æson. Tyro is often called _Salmonis_ from her father. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 234.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ch. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 13, li. 20; bk. 2, poem 30, li. 51; bk. 3, poem 19, li. 13.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 43.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42. =Tyros=, an island of Arabia.――――A city of Phœnicia. _See:_ Tyrus. =Tyrrheidæ=, a patronymic given to the sons of Tyrrheus, who kept the flocks of Latinus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 484. =Tyrrhēni=, the inhabitants of Etruria. _See:_ Etruria. =Tyrrhēnum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Etruria. It is also called _Inferum_, as being at the bottom or south of Italy. =Tyrrhēnus=, a son of Atys king of Lydia, who came to Italy, where part of the country was called after him. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 55.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――A friend of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 612. =Tyrrheus=, a shepherd of king Latinus, whose stag being killed by the companions of Ascanius, was the first cause of war between Æneas and the inhabitants of Latium. Hence the word _Tyrrheides_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 485.――――An Egyptian general, B.C. 91. =Tyrsis=, a place in the Balearides, supposed to be the palace of Saturn. =Tyrtæus=, a Greek elegiac poet, born in Attica, son of Archimbrotus. In the second Messenian war, the Lacedæmonians were directed by the oracle to apply to the Athenians for a general, if they wished to finish their expedition with success, and they were contemptuously presented with Tyrtæus. The poet, though ridiculed for his many deformities, and his ignorance of military affairs, animated the Lacedæmonians with martial songs, just as they wished to raise the siege of Ithome, and inspired them with so much courage, that they defeated the Messenians. For his services, he was made a citizen of Lacedæmon, and treated with great attention. Of the compositions of Tyrtæus nothing is extant but the fragments of four or five elegies. He flourished about 684 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 8. ――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 402.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c. =Tyrus=, or =Tyros=, a very ancient city of Phœnicia, built by the Sidonians, on a small island at the south of Sidon, about 200 stadia from the shore, and now called _Sur_. There were, properly speaking, two places of that name, the old Tyros, called _Palætyros_, on the sea-shore, and the other in the island. It was about 19 miles in circumference, including Palætyros, but, without it, about four miles. Tyre was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, and afterwards rebuilt. It maintained its independence till the age of Alexander, who took it with much difficulty, and only after he had joined the island to the continent by a mole, after a siege of seven months, on the 20th of August, B.C. 332. The Tyrians were naturally industrious; their city was the emporium of commerce, and they were deemed the inventors of scarlet and purple colours. They founded many cities in different parts of the world, such as Carthage, Gades, Leptis, Utica, &c., which on that account are often distinguished by the epithet _Tyria_. The buildings of Tyre were very splendid and magnificent; the walls were 150 feet high, with a proportionate breadth. Hercules was the chief deity of the place. It had two large and capacious harbours, and a powerful fleet, and was built, according to some writers, about 2760 years before the christian era. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 44.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 4. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 6, 339, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, &c. _Metamorphoses_, bks. 5 & 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.――――A nymph, mother of Venus, according to some. =Tysias=, a man celebrated by Cicero. _See:_ Tisias. U & V =Vacatione= (_lex de_), was enacted concerning the exemption from military service, and contained this very remarkable clause, _nisi bellum Gallicum exoriatur_, in which case the priests themselves were not exempted from service. This can intimate how apprehensive the Romans were of the Gauls, by whom their city had once been taken. =Vacca=, a town of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――――A river of Spain. =Vaccæi=, a people at the north of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 35, ch. 7; bk. 46, ch. 47. =Vaccus=, a general, &c. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 19. =Vacūna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over repose and leisure, as the word indicates (_vacare_). Her festivals were observed in the month of December. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 307.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49. =Vadimōnis lacus=, now _Bassano_, a lake of Etruria, whose waters were sulphureous. The Etrurians were defeated there by the Romans, and the Gauls by Dolabella. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 39.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13. ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ltr. 20. =Vaga=, a town of Africa. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 259. =Vagedrūsa=, a river of Sicily between the towns of Camarina and Gela. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 229. =Vagellius=, an obscene lawyer of Mutina. _Juvenal_, satire 16, li. 23. =Vagēni=, or =Vagienni=, a people of Liguria, at the sources of the Po, whose capital was called _Augusta Vagiennorum_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 606. =Vahālis=, a river of modern Holland, now called the _Waal_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Vala Caius Numonius=, a friend of Horace, to whom the poet addressed bk. 1, ltr. 15. =Valens Flavius=, a son of Gratian, born in Pannonia. His brother Valentinian took him as his colleague on the throne, and appointed him over the eastern parts of the Roman empire. The bold measures and the threats of the rebel Procopius frightened the new emperor; and if his friends had not interfered, he would have willingly resigned all his pretensions to the empire which his brother had entrusted to his care. By perseverance, however, Valens was enabled to destroy his rival, and to distinguish himself in his wars against the northern barbarians. But his lenity to these savage intruders proved fatal to the Roman power; and by permitting some of the Goths to settle in the provinces of Thrace, and to have free access to every part of the country, Valens encouraged them to make depredations on his subjects, and to disturb their tranquillity. His eyes were opened too late; he attempted to repel them, but he failed in the attempt. A bloody battle was fought, in which the barbarians obtained some advantage, and Valens was hurried away by the obscurity of the night, and the affection of the soldiers for his person, into a lonely house, which the Goths set on fire. Valens, unable to make his escape, was burnt alive in the 50th year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, A.D. 378. He has been blamed for his superstition and cruelty, in putting to death all such of his subjects whose name began by _Theod_, because he had been informed by his favourite astrologers that his crown would devolve upon the head of an officer whose name began with these letters. Valens did not possess any of the great qualities which distinguish a good and powerful monarch. He was illiterate, and of a disposition naturally indolent and inactive. Yet though timorous in the highest degree, he was warlike; and though fond of ease, he was acquainted with the character of his officers, and preferred none but such as possessed merit. He was a great friend to discipline, a pattern of chastity and temperance, and he showed himself always ready to listen to the just complaints of his subjects, though he gave an attentive ear to flattery and malevolent informations. _Ammianus_, &c.――――Valerius, a proconsul of Achaia, who proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, when Marcian, who had been invested with the purple in the east, attempted to assassinate him. He reigned only six months, and was murdered by his soldiers, A.D. 261.――――Fabius, a friend of Vitellius, whom he saluted emperor, in opposition to Otho. He was greatly honoured by Vitellius, &c.――――A general of the emperor Honorius.――――The name of the second Mercury mentioned by _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22, but considered as more properly belonging to Jupiter. =Valentia=, one of the ancient names of Rome.――――A town of Spain, a little below Saguntum, founded by Julius Brutus, and for some time known by the name of Julia Collonia.――――A town of Italy.――――Another, in Sardinia. =Valentiniānus I.=, a son of Gratian, raised to the imperial throne by his merit and valour. He kept the western part of the empire for himself, and appointed over the east his brother Valens. He gave the most convincing proof of his military valour in the victories which he obtained over the barbarians in the provinces of Gaul, the deserts of Africa, and on the banks of the Rhine and the Danube. The insolence of the Quadi he punished with great severity; and when these desperate and indigent barbarians had deprecated the conqueror’s mercy, Valentinian treated them with contempt, and upbraided them with every mark of resentment. While he spoke with such warmth, he broke a blood-vessel, and fell lifeless on the ground. He was conveyed into his palace by his attendants, and soon after died, after suffering the greatest agonies, from violent fits and contortions of his limbs, on the 17th of November, A.D. 375. He was then in the 55th year of his age, and had reigned 12 years. He has been represented by some as cruel and covetous in the highest degree. He was naturally of an irascible disposition, and he gratified his pride in expressing a contempt for those who were his equals in military abilities, or who shone for gracefulness or elegance of address. _Ammianus._ =Valentinianus II.=, second son of Valentinian I., was proclaimed emperor about six days after his father’s death, though only five years old. He succeeded his brother, Gratian, A.D. 383, but his youth seemed to favour dissension, and the attempts and the usurpations of rebels. He was robbed of his throne by Maximus, four years after the death of Gratian; and in this helpless situation he had recourse to Theodosius, who was then emperor of the east. He was successful in his applications; Maximus was conquered by Theodosius, and Valentinian entered Rome in triumph, accompanied by his benefactor. He was some time after strangled by one of his officers, a native of Gaul, called Arbogastes, in whom he had placed too much confidence, and from whom he expected more deference than the ambition of a barbarian could pay. Valentinian reigned nine years. This happened the 15th of May, A.D. 392, at Vienne, one of the modern towns of France. He has been commended for his many virtues, and the applause which the populace bestowed upon him was bestowed upon real merit. He abolished the greatest part of the taxes; and because his subjects complained that he was too fond of the amusements of the circus, he ordered all such festivals to be abolished, and all the wild beasts that were kept for the entertainment of the people to be slain. He was remarkable for his benevolence and clemency, not only to his friends, but even to such as had conspired against his life; and he used to say that tyrants alone are suspicious. He was fond of imitating the virtues and exemplary life of his friend and patron Theodosius, and if he had lived longer, the Romans might have enjoyed peace and security. =Valentinianus III.=, was son of Constantius and Placidia the daughter of Theodosius the Great, and therefore, as related to the imperial family, he was saluted emperor in his youth, and publicly acknowledged as such at Rome, the 3rd of October, A.D. 423, about the sixth year of his age. He was at first governed by his mother, and the intrigues of his generals and courtiers; and when he came to years of discretion, he disgraced himself by violence, oppression, and incontinence. He was murdered in the midst of Rome, A.D. 454, in the 36th year of his age, and 31st of his reign, by Petronius Maximus, to whose wife he had offered violence. The vices of Valentinian III. were conspicuous; every passion he wished to gratify at the expense of his honour, his health, and character; and as he lived without one single act of benevolence or kindness, he died lamented by none, though pitied for his imprudence and vicious propensities. He was the last of the family of Theodosius. =Valentinianus=, a son of the emperor Gratian, who died when very young. =Valeria=, a sister of Publicola, who advised the Roman matrons to go and deprecate the resentment of Coriolanus. _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_. ――――A daughter of Publicola, given as a hostage to Porsenna by the Romans. She fled from the enemy’s country with Clœlia, and swam across the Tiber. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutibus_.――――A daughter of Messala, sister to Hortensius, who married Sylla.――――The wife of the emperor Valentinian.――――The wife of the emperor Galerius, &c. ――――A road in Sicily, which led from Messana to Lilybæum.――――A town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Valeria lex=, _de provocatione_, by Publius Valerius Poplicola the sole consul, A.U.C. 245. It permitted the appeal from a magistrate to the people, and forbade the magistrate to punish a citizen for making the appeal. It further made it a capital crime for a citizen to aspire to the sovereignty of Rome, or to exercise any office without the choice and approbation of the people. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4. ――――Another, _de debitoribus_, by Valerius Flaccus. It required that all creditors should discharge their debtors, on receiving a fourth part of the whole sum.――――Another, by Marcus Valerius Corvinus, A.U.C. 453, which confirmed the first Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola. ――――Another, called also _Horatia_, by Lucius Valerius and Marcus Horatius the consuls, A.U.C. 305. It revived the first Valerian law, which, under the triumvirate, had lost its force.――――Another, _de magistratibus_, by Publius Valerius Poplicola sole consul, A.U.C. 245. It created two questors to take care of the public treasure, which was for the future to be kept in the temple of Saturn. _Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Livy_, bk. 2. =Valeriānus Publius Licinius=, a Roman, proclaimed emperor by the armies in Rhætia, A.D. 254. The virtues which shone in him when a private man, were lost when he ascended the throne. Formerly distinguished for his temperance, moderation, and many virtues, which fixed the uninfluenced choice of all Rome upon him, Valerian, invested with the purple, displayed inability and meanness. He was cowardly in his operations, and though acquainted with war, and the patron of science, he seldom acted with prudence, or favoured men of true genius and merit. He took his son Gallienus as his colleague in the empire, and showed the malevolence of his heart by persecuting the christians whom he had for a while tolerated. He also made war against the Goths and Scythians; but in an expedition which he undertook against Sapor king of Persia, his arms were attended with ill success. He was conquered in Mesopotamia, and when he wished to have a private conference with Sapor, the conqueror seized his person, and carried him in triumph to his capital, where he exposed him, and in all the cities of his empire, to the ridicule and insolence of his subjects. When the Persian monarch mounted on horseback, Valerian served as a footstool, and the many other insults which he suffered excited indignation even among the courtiers of Sapor. The monarch at last ordered him to be flayed alive, and salt to be thrown over his mangled body, so that he died in the greatest torments. His skin was tanned, and painted in red; and that the ignominy of the Roman empire might be lasting, it was nailed in one of the temples of Persia. Valerian died in the 71st year of his age, A.D. 260, after a reign of seven years.――――A grandson of Valerian the emperor. He was put to death when his father, the emperor Gallienus, was killed.――――One of the generals of the usurper Niger.――――A worthy senator, put to death by Heliogabalus. =Valerius Publius=, a celebrated Roman surnamed _Poplicola_, from his popularity. He was very active in assisting Brutus to expel the Tarquins, and he was the first that took an oath to support the liberty and independence of his country. Though he had been refused the consulship, and had retired with great dissatisfaction from the direction of affairs, yet he regarded the public opinion; and when the jealousy of the Romans inveighed against the towering appearance of his house, he acknowledged the reproof, and in making it lower, he showed his wish to be on a level with his fellow-citizens, and not to erect what might be considered as a citadel for the oppression of his country. He was afterwards honoured with the consulship, on the expulsion of Collatinus, and he triumphed over the Etrurians, after he had gained the victory in the battle in which Brutus and the sons of Tarquin had fallen. Valerius died after he had been four times consul, and enjoyed the popularity, and received the thanks and the gratitude, which people redeemed from slavery and oppression usually pay to their patrons and deliverers. He was so poor, that his body was buried at the public expense. The Roman matrons mourned his death a whole year. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.――――Corvinus, a tribune of the soldiers under Camillus. When the Roman army were challenged by one of the Senones, remarkable for his strength and stature, Valerius undertook to engage him, and obtained an easy victory, by means of a crow that assisted him, and attacked the face of the Gaul, whence his surname of _Corvinus_. Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians, and the neighbouring states that made war against Rome, and was six times honoured with the consulship. He died in the 100th year of his age, admired and regretted for many public and private virtues. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 27, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_.――――Antias, an excellent Roman historian often quoted, and particularly by Livy. ――――Marcus Corvinus Messala, a Roman, made consul with Augustus. He distinguished himself by his learning as well as military virtues. He lost his memory about two years before his death, and according to some, he was even ignorant of his own name. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_. ――_Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Soranus, a Latin poet in the age of Julius Cæsar, put to death for betraying a secret. He acknowledged no god, but the soul of the universe.――――Maximus, a brother of Poplicola. ――――A Latin historian who carried arms under the sons of Pompey. He dedicated his time to study, and wrote an account of all the most celebrated sayings and actions of the Romans, and other illustrious persons, which is still extant, and divided into nine books. It is dedicated to Tiberius. Some have supposed that he lived after the age of Tiberius, from the want of purity and elegance which so conspicuously appear in his writings, unworthy of the correctness of the golden age of the Roman literature. The best editions of Valerius are those of Torrenius, 4to, Leiden, 1726, and of Vorstius, 8vo, Berlin, 1672.――――Marcus, a brother of Poplicola, who defeated the army of the Sabines in two battles. He was honoured with a triumph, and the Romans, to show the sense of his great merit, built him a house on mount Palatine, at the public expense.――――Potitus, a general who stirred up the people and army against the decemvirs, and Appius Claudius in particular. He was chosen consul, and conquered the Volsci and Æqui.――――Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato the censor, whose friendship he honourably shared. He was consul with him, and cut off an army of 10,000 of the Insubres and Boii in Gaul, in one battle. He was also chosen censor, and prince of the senate, &c.――――A Latin poet who flourished under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in eight books on the Argonautic expedition, but it remained unfinished on account of his premature death. The Argonauts were there left on the sea in their return home. Some critics have been lavish in their praises upon Flaccus, and have called him the second poet of Rome, after Virgil. His poetry, however, is deemed by some frigid and languishing, and his style uncouth and inelegant. The best editions of Flaccus are those of Burman, Leiden, 1724, and 12mo, Utrecht, 1702. ――――Asiaticus, a celebrated Roman, accused of having murdered one of the relations of the emperor Claudius. He was condemned by the intrigues of Messalina, though innocent, and he opened his veins, and bled to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――A friend of Vitellius. ――――Fabianus, a youth condemned under Nero, for counterfeiting the will of one of his friends, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42. ――――Lævinus, a consul who fought against Pyrrhus during the Tarentine war. _See:_ Lævinus.――――Præconius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul, slain in a skirmish.――――Paulinus, a friend of Vespasian, &c. =Valerus=, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 752. =Valgius Rufus=, a Roman poet in the Augustan age, celebrated for his writings. He was very intimate with Horace. _Tibullus_, ♦bk. 1, li. 180.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 82. ♦ removed extraneous ‘3’ =Vandalii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 3. =Vangiŏnes=, a people of Germany. Their capital, Borbetomagus, is now called _Worms_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 431.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 51. =Vannia=, a town of Italy, north of the Po, now called _Civita_. =Vannius=, a king of the Suevi, banished under Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 29. =Vapineum=, a town of Gaul. =Varanes=, a name common to some of the Persian monarchs, in the age of the Roman emperors. =Vardæi=, a people of Dalmatia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 5, ltr. 9. =Varia=, a town of Latium. =Varia lex=, _de majestate_, by the tribune ♦Quintus Varius, A.U.C. 662. It ordained that all such as had assisted the confederates in their war against Rome, should be publicly tried.――――Another, _de civiate_, by Quintus Varius Hybrida. It punished all such as were suspected of having assisted or supported the people of Italy in their petition to become free citizens of Rome. _Cicero_, _For Milo_, ch. 36; _Brutus_, chs. 56, 88, &c. ♦ ‘L. Varrus’ replaced with ‘Quintus Varius’ =Varīni=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40. =Varisti=, a people of Germany. =Lucius Varius=, or =Varus=, a tragic poet intimate with Horace and Virgil. He was one of those whom Augustus appointed to revise Virgil’s Æneid. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant. Besides tragedies, he wrote a panegyric on the emperor. Quintilian says, bk. 10, that his Thyestes was equal to any composition of the Greek poets. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.――――A man who raised his reputation by the power of his oratory. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 25.――――One of the friends of Antony, surnamed _Cotylon_. ――――A man in the reign of Otho, punished for his adulteries, &c. =Varro Marcus Terentius=, a Roman consul defeated at Cannæ, by Annibal. _See:_ Terentius. A Latin writer, celebrated for his great learning. He wrote no less than 500 different volumes, which are all now lost, except a treatise _de Re Rusticâ_, and another _de Linguâ Latinâ_, in five books, written in his 80th year, and dedicated to the orator Cicero. He was Pompey’s lieutenant in his piratical wars, and obtained a naval crown. In the civil wars he was taken by Cæsar and proscribed, but he escaped. He has been greatly commended by Cicero for his erudition, and St. Augustin says that it cannot but be wondered how Varro, who read such a number of books, could find time to compose so many volumes; and how he who composed so many volumes, could be at leisure to peruse such a variety of books, and gain so much literary information. He died B.C. 28, in the 88th year of his age. The best edition of Varro is that of Dordrac, 8vo, 1619. _Cicero_, _Academica_, &c.――_Quintilian._――――Atacinus, a native of Gaul, in the age of Julius Cæsar. He translated into Latin verse the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, with great correctness and elegance. He also wrote a poem entitled _de Bello Sequanico_, besides epigrams and elegies. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant. He failed in his attempt to write satire. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 46.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, li. 15.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1. =Varrōnis villa=, now _Vicovaro_, was situate on the Anio, in the country of the Sabines. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ltr. 41. =Varus Quintilius=, a Roman proconsul, descended from an illustrious family. He was appointed governor of Syria, and afterwards made commander of the armies in Germany. He was surprised by the enemy, under Arminius, a crafty and dissimulating chief, and his army was cut to pieces. When he saw that everything was lost, he killed himself, A.D. 10, and his example was followed by some of his officers. His head was afterwards sent to Augustus at Rome, by one of the barbarian chiefs, as also his body; and so great was the influence of this defeat upon the emperor, that he continued for whole months to show all the marks of dejection, and of deep sorrow, often exclaiming, “O Varus, restore me my legions!” The bodies of the slain were left in the field of battle, where they were found six years after by Germanicus, and buried with great pomp. Varus has been taxed with indolence and cowardice, and some have intimated, that if he had not trusted too much to the insinuations of the barbarian chiefs, he might have not only escaped ruin, but awed the Germans to their duty. His avarice was also conspicuous; he went poor to Syria, whence he returned loaded with riches. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 24. ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 117.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.――――A son of Varus, who married a daughter of Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――――The father and grandfather of Varus, who was killed in Germany, slew themselves with their own swords, the one after the battle of Philippi, and the other in the plains of Pharsalia.――――Quintilius, a friend of Horace, and other great men in the Augustan age. He was a good judge of poetry, and a great critic, as Horace, _Art of Poetry_, li. 438, seems to insinuate. The poet has addressed the 18th ode of his first book to him, and in the 24th he mourns pathetically his death. Some suppose this Varus to be the person killed in Germany, while others believe him to be a man who devoted his time more to the muses than to war. _See:_ Varius.――――Lucius, an epicurean philosopher, intimate with Julius Cæsar. Some suppose that it was to him that Virgil inscribed his sixth eclogue. He is commended by _Quintilian_, bk. 6, chs. 3, 78. ――――Alfrenus, a Roman, who, though originally a shoemaker, became consul, and distinguished himself by his abilities as an orator. He was buried at the public expense, an honour granted to few, and only to persons of merit. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3.――――Accius, one of the friends of Cato in Africa, &c.――――A river which falls into the Mediterranean, to the west of Nice, after separating Liguria from Gallia Narbonensis. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 404. =Vasates=, a people of Gaul. =Vascŏnes=, a people of Spain, on the Pyrenees. They were so reduced by a famine by Metellus, that they fed on human flesh. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Ausonius_, bk. 2, li. 100.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 93. =Vasio=, a town of Gaul in modern Provence. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 34. =Vaticānus=, a hill at Rome, near the Tiber and the Janiculum, which produced wine of no great esteem. It was disregarded by the Romans on account of the unwholesomeness of the air, and the continual stench of the filth that was there, and of stagnated waters. Heliogabalus was the first who cleared it of all disagreeable nuisances. It is now admired for ancient monuments and pillars, for a celebrated public library, and for the palace of the pope. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20. =Vătiēnus=, now _Saterno_, a river rising in the Alps and falling into the Po. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 67.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16. =Vātinia lex=, _de provinciis_, by the tribune Publius Vatinius, A.U.C. 694. It appointed Cæsar governor of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum, for five years, without a decree of the senate, or the usual custom of casting lots. Some persons were also appointed to attend him as lieutenants without the interference of the senate. His army was to be paid out of the public treasury, and he was empowered to plant a Roman colony in the town of Novocomum in Gaul.――――Another by Publius Vatinius the tribune, A.U.C. 694, _de repetundis_, for the better management of the trial of those who were accused of extortion. =Vatinius=, an intimate friend of Cicero, once distinguished for his enmity to the orator. He hated the people of Rome for their great vices and corruption, whence excessive hatred became proverbial in the words _Vatinianum odium_. _Catullus_, bk. 14, li. 3.――――A shoemaker, ridiculed for his deformities, and the oddity of his character. He was one of Nero’s favourites, and he surpassed the rest of the courtiers in flattery, and in the commission of every impious deed. Large cups, of no value, are called _Vatiniana_ from him, because he used one which was both ill-shaped and uncouth. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 34.――_Juvenal._――_Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 96. =Ubii=, a people of Germany near the Rhine, transported across the river by Agrippa, who gave them the name of Agrippinenses, from his daughter Agrippina, who had been born in the country. Their chief town, Ubiorum oppidum, is now _Cologne_. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28; _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――_Cæsar_, bk. 4, ch. 30. =Ucălĕgon=, a Trojan chief, remarkable for his great age, and praised for the soundness of his counsels and his good intentions, though accused by some of betraying his country to the enemy. His house was first set on fire by the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 312. ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 148. =Ucetia=, a town of Gaul. =Ucubis=, now _Lucubi_, a town of Spain. _Hirtius._ =Udina=, or =Vedĭnum=, now _Udino_, a town of Italy. =Vectis=, the isle of _Wight_, south of Britain. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 5. =Vectius=, a rhetorician, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 150. =Vectones.= _See:_ Vettones. =Vedius Pollio=, a friend of Augustus, very cruel to his servants, &c. _See:_ Pollio.――――Aquila, an officer at the battle of Bebriacum, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 44. =Vegetius=, a Latin writer, who flourished B.C. 386. The best edition of his treatise _de Re Militari_, together with Modestus, is that of Paris, 4to, 1607. =Vegia=, an island on the coast of Dalmatia. =Veia=, a sorceress, in the age of Horace, epode 5, li. 29. =Veianus=, a gladiator, in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 4. =Veientes=, the inhabitants of Veii. They were carried to Rome, where the tribe they composed was called _Veientina_. _See:_ Veii. =Veiento Fabricius=, a Roman, as arrogant as he was satirical. Nero banished him for his libellous writings. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 185. =Veii=, a powerful city of Etruria, at the distance of about 12 miles from Rome. It sustained many long wars against the Romans, and was at last taken and destroyed by Camillus, after a siege of 10 years. At the time of its destruction, Veii was larger and far more magnificent than the city of Rome. Its situation was so eligible, that the Romans, after the burning of the city by the Gauls, were long inclined to migrate there, and totally abandon their native home; and this would have been carried into execution, if not opposed by the authority and eloquence of Camillus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 195.――_Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 143. ――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 21, &c. =Vejŏvis=, or =Vejupĭter=, a deity of ill omen at Rome. He had a temple on the Capitoline hill built by Romulus. Some suppose that he was the same as Jupiter _the infant_, or _in the cradle_, because he was represented without thunder, or a sceptre, and had only by his side the goat Amalthæa, and the Cretan nymph who fed him when young. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 430. =Velabrum=, a marshy piece of ground on the side of the Tiber, between the Aventine, Palatine, and Capitoline hills, which Augustus drained, and where he built houses. The place was frequented as a market, where oil, cheese, and other commodities were exposed to sale. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 229.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 401. ――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 33.――_Plautus_, bk. 3, _Captivi_, ch. 1, li. 29. =Velanius=, one of Cæsar’s officers in Gaul, &c. =Velauni=, a people of Gaul. =Velia=, a maritime town of Lucania, founded by a colony of Phoceans, about 600 years after the coming of Æneas into Italy. The port in its neighbourhood was called _Velinus portus_. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 366.――――An eminence near the Roman forum, where Poplicola built himself a house. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15. =Velica=, or =Vellica=, a town of the Cantabri. =Velīna=, a part of the city of Rome, adjoining mount Palatine. It was also one of the Roman tribes. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 52. ――_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15. =Velīnus=, a lake in the country of the Sabines, formed by the stagnant waters of the Velinus, between some hills near Reate. The river Velinus rises in the Apennines, and after it has formed the lake, it falls into the Nar, near Spoletium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 517. ――_Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36. =Veliocassi=, a people of Gaul. =Veliterna=, or =Velitræ=, an ancient town of Latium on the Appian road, 20 miles at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were called _Veliterni_. It became a Roman colony. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 12, &c.――_Suetonius_ _Augustus_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 378, &c. =Vellari=, a people of Gaul. =Vellaunodūnum=, a town of the Senones, now _Beaune_. _Cæsar_, ♦_Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 11. ♦ Book name omitted from text. =Velleda=, a woman famous among the Germans, in the age of Vespasian, and worshipped as a deity. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 8. =Velleius Paterculus=, a Roman historian, descended from an equestrian family of Campania. He was at first a military tribune in the Roman armies, and for nine years served under Tiberius in the various expeditions which he undertook in Gaul and Germany. Velleius wrote an epitome of the history of Greece, and of Rome, and of other nations of the most remote antiquity, but of this authentic composition there remain only fragments of the history of Greece and Rome from the conquest of Perseus, by Paulus, to the 17th year of the reign of Tiberius, in two books. It is a judicious account of celebrated men and illustrious cities; the historian is happy in his descriptions, and accurate in his dates; his pictures are true, and his narrations lively and interesting. The whole is candid and impartial, but only till the reign of the Cæsars, when the writer began to be influenced by the presence of the emperor, or the power of his favourites. Paterculus is deservedly censured for his invectives against Cicero and Pompey, and his encomiums on the cruel Tiberius, and the unfortunate Sejanus. Some suppose that he was involved in the ruin of this disappointed courtier, whom he had extolled as a pattern of virtue and morality. The best editions of Paterculus are those of Ruhnkenius, 8vo, 2 vols., Leiden, 1779; of Barbou, Paris, 12mo, 1777; and of Burman, 8vo, Leiden, 1719.――――Caius, the grandfather of the historian of that name, was one of the friends of Livia. He killed himself when old and unable to accompany Livia in her flight. =Velocasses=, the people of _Vexin_, in Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Venāfrum=, a town of Campania near Arpinum, abounding in olive trees. It became a Roman colony. It had been founded by Diomedes. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, li. 16.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 98.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 86.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Venedi=, a people of Germany, near the mouth of the Vistula, or gulf of Dantzic. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13. =Veneli=, a people of Gallia Celtica. =Venĕti=, a people of Italy in Cisalpine Gaul, near the mouth of the Po. They were descended from a nation of Paphlagonia, who settled there under Antenor some time after the Trojan war. The Venetians, who have been long a powerful and commercial nation, were originally very poor, whence a writer in the age of the Roman emperors said, they had no other fence against the waves of the sea but hurdles, no food but fish, no wealth besides their fishing-boats, and no merchandise but salt. _Strabo_, bk. 4, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 134.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.――――A nation of Gaul, at the south of Armorica, on the western coast, powerful by sea. Their chief city is now called _Vannes_. _Cæsar_, bk. 3, _Gallic War_, ch. 8. =Venĕtia=, a part of Gaul, on the mouths of the Po. _See:_ Veneti. =Venetus Paulus=, a centurion who conspired against Nero with Piso, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.――――A lake through which the Rhine passes, now _Bodensee_ or _Constance_. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Vĕnīlia=, a nymph, sister to Amata, and mother of Turnus by Daunus. Amphitrite the sea goddess is also called Venilia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 76.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 334.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Vennones=, a people of the Rhæetian Alps. =Venonius=, an historian mentioned by _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 3, &c. =Venta Belgarum=, a town of Britain, now _Winchester_.――――Silurum, a town of Britain, now _Caerwent_, in Monmouthshire.――――Icenorum, now _Norwich_. =Venti.= The ancients, and especially the Athenians, paid particular attention to the winds, and offered them sacrifices as to deities, intent upon the destruction of mankind, by continually causing storms, tempests, and earthquakes. The winds were represented in different attitudes and forms. The four principal winds were _Eurus_, the south-east, who is represented as a young man flying with great impetuosity, and often appearing in a playsome and wanton humour. _Auster_, the south wind, appeared generally as an old man with grey hair, a gloomy countenance, a head covered with clouds, a sable vesture, and dusky wings. He is the dispenser of rain, and of all heavy showers. _Zephyrus_ is represented as the mildest of all the winds. He is young and gentle, and his lap is filled with vernal flowers. He married Flora the goddess, with whom he enjoyed the most perfect felicity. _Boreas_, or the north wind, appears always rough and shivering. He is the father of rain, snow, hail, and tempests, and is always represented as surrounded with impenetrable clouds. Those of inferior note were _Solanus_, whose name is seldom mentioned. He appeared as a young man holding fruit in his lap, such as peaches, oranges, &c. _Africus_, or south-west, is represented with black wings, and a melancholy countenance. _Corus_, or north-west, drives clouds of snow before him, and _Aquilo_, the north-east, is equally dreadful in appearance. The winds, according to some mythologists, were confined in a large cave, of which Æolus had the management; and without this necessary precaution, they would have overturned the earth, and reduced everything to its original chaos. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 57, &c. =Ventĭdius Bassus=, a native of Picenum, born of an obscure family. When Asculum was taken, he was carried before the triumphant chariot of Pompeius Strabo, hanging on his mother’s breast. A bold, aspiring soul, aided by the patronage of the family of Cæsar, raised him from the mean occupation of a chairman and muleteer to dignity in the state. He displayed valour in the Roman armies, and gradually arose to the offices of tribune, pretor, high priest, and consul. He made war against the Parthians, and conquered them in three great battles, B.C. 39. He was the first Roman ever honoured with a triumph over Parthia. He died greatly lamented by all the Roman people, and was buried at the public expense. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 199.――――Cumanus, governor of Palestine, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 54.――――Two brothers in the age of Pompey, who favoured Carbo’s interest, &c. _Plutarch._ =Venŭleius=, a writer in the age of the emperor Alexander.――――A friend of Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 42. =Venŭlus=, one of the Latin elders sent into Magna Græcia to demand the assistance of Diomedes, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 9. =Vĕnus=, one of the most celebrated deities of the ancients. She was the goddess of beauty, the mother of love, the queen of laughter, the mistress of the graces and of pleasures, and the patroness of courtesans. Some mythologists speak of more than one Venus. Plato mentions two, Venus Urania the daughter of Uranus, and Venus Popularia the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. Cicero speaks of four, a daughter of Cœlus and Light, one sprung from the froth of the sea, a third, daughter of Jupiter and the Nereid Dione, and a fourth born at Tyre, and the same as the Astarte of the Syrians. Of these, however, the Venus sprung from the froth of the sea, after the mutilated part of the body of Uranus had been thrown there by Saturn, is the most known, and of her in particular ancient mythologists, as well as painters, make mention. She arose from the sea near the island of Cyprus, or, according to Hesiod, of Cythera, whither she was wafted by the zephyrs, and received on the sea-shore by the seasons, daughters of Jupiter and Themis. She was soon after carried to heaven, where all the gods admired her beauty, and all the goddesses became jealous of her personal charms. Jupiter attempted to gain her affections and even wished to offer her violence, but Venus refused, and the god, to punish her obstinacy, gave her in marriage to his ugly and deformed son Vulcan. This marriage did not prevent the goddess of Love from gratifying her favourite passions, and she defiled her husband’s bed by her amours with the gods. Her intrigue with Mars is the most celebrated. She was caught in her lover’s arms, and exposed to the ridicule and laughter of all the gods. _See:_ Alectryon. Venus became mother of Hermione, Cupid, and Anteros by Mars; by Mercury she had Hermaphroditus; by Bacchus, Priapus; and by Neptune, Eryx. Her great partiality for Adonis made her abandon the seats of Olympus [_See:_ Adonis], and her regard for Anchises obliged her often to visit the woods and solitary retreats of mount Ida. _See:_ Anchises, Æneas. The power of Venus over the heart was supported and assisted by a celebrated girdle, called _zone_ by the Greeks, and _cestus_ by the Latins. This mysterious girdle gave beauty, grace, and elegance, when worn even by the most deformed; and it excited love and rekindled extinguished flames. Juno herself was indebted to this powerful ornament to gain the favours of Jupiter, and Venus, though herself possessed of every charm, no sooner put on her cestus, than Vulcan, unable to resist the influence of love, forgot all the intrigues and infidelities of his wife, and fabricated arms even for her illegitimate children. The contest of Venus for the golden apple of Discord is well known. She gained the prize over Pallas and Juno [_See:_ Paris, Discordia], and rewarded her impartial judge with the hand of the fairest woman in the world. The worship of Venus was universally established; statues and temples were erected to her in every kingdom, and the ancients were fond of paying homage to a divinity who presided over generation, and by whose influence alone mankind existed. In her sacrifices and in the festivals celebrated in her honour, too much licentiousness prevailed, and public prostitution was often part of the ceremony. Victims were seldom offered to her, or her altars stained with blood, though we find Aspasia making repeated sacrifices. No pigs, however, or male animals were deemed acceptable. The rose, the myrtle, and the apple, were sacred to Venus; and among birds, the dove, the swan, and the sparrow, were her favourites; and among fishes, those called the aphya and the lycostomus. The goddess of beauty was represented among the ancients in different forms. At Elis she appeared seated on a goat, with one foot resting on a tortoise. At Sparta and Cythera, she was represented armed like Minerva, and sometimes wearing chains on her feet. In the temple of Jupiter Olympius, she was represented by Phidias, as rising from the sea, received by love, and crowned by the goddess of persuasion. At Cnidos her statue, made by Praxiteles, represented her naked, with one hand hiding what modesty keeps concealed. Her statue at Elephantis was the same, with only a naked Cupid by her side. In Sicyon she held a poppy in one hand, and in the other an apple, while on her head she had a crown, which terminated in a point, to intimate the pole. She is generally represented with her son Cupid, on a chariot drawn by doves, or at other times by swans and sparrows. The surnames of the goddess are numerous, and only show how well established her worship was all over the earth. She was called _Cypria_, because particularly worshipped in the island of Cyprus, and in that character she was often represented with a beard, and the male parts of generation, with a sceptre in her hand, and the body and dress of a female, whence she is called _duplex Amathusia_ by Catullus. She received the name of _Paphia_, because worshipped at Paphos, where she had a temple with an altar, on which rain never fell, though exposed in the open air. Some of the ancients called her _Apostrophia_ or _Epistrophia_, as also Venus _Urania_, and Venus _Pandemos_. The first of these she received as presiding over wantonness and incestuous enjoyments; the second because she patronized pure love, and chaste and moderate gratifications; and the third because she favoured the propensities of the vulgar, and was fond of sensual pleasures. The Cnidians raised her temples under the name of Venus _Acræa_, of _Doris_, and of _Euploea_. In her temple under the name of Euploea, at Cnidos, was the most celebrated of her statues, being the most perfect piece of Praxiteles. It was made with white marble, and appeared so engaging, and so much like life, that, according to some historians, a youth of the place introduced himself in the night into her temple, and attempted to gratify his passions on the lifeless image. Venus was also surnamed _Cytheræa_, because she was the chief deity of Cythera; _Exopolis_, because her statue was without the city of Athens; _Phallommeda_, from her affection for the phallus; _Philommedis_, because the queen of laughter; _Telessigama_, because she presided over marriage; _Caliada_, _Colotis_, or _Colias_, because worshipped on a promontory of the same name in Attica; _Area_, because armed like Mars; _Verticordia_, because she could turn the hearts of women to cultivate chastity; _Apaturia_, because she deceived; _Calva_, because she was represented bald; _Ericyna_, because worshipped at Eryx; _Etaira_, because the patroness of courtesans; _Acidalia_, because of a fountain of Orchomenos: _Basilea_, because the queen of love; _Myrtea_, because the myrtle was sacred to her; _Libertina_, from her inclinations to gratify lust; _Mechanitis_, in allusion to the many artifices practised in love, &c., &c. As goddess of the sea, because born in the bosom of the waters, Venus was called _Pontia_, _Marina_, _Limnesia_, _Epipontia_, _Pelagia_, _Saligenia_, _Pontogenia_, _Aligena_, _Thalassia_, &c., and as rising from the sea, the name of _Anadyomene_ is applied to her, and rendered immortal by the celebrated painting of Apelles, which represented her as issuing from the bosom of the waves, and wringing her tresses on her shoulder. _See:_ Anadyomene. _Cicero_ _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27; bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Orpheus_, Hymn 54.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Sappho._ ――_Homer_, _Hymn to Aphrodite_, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 800, &c.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 15, 16, 19, &c.; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 5, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 94, 271.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 4, ch. 30; bk. 5, ch. 18. ――_Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 13.――_Euripides_, _Helen_, _Iphigeneia in Taurus_.――_Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 1.――_Athenæus_, bk. 12, &c.――_Catullus._――_Lactantius_, _de Falsa Religione_.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 11. ――_Lucian_, _Dialogi_, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 36. ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 26; bk. 4, ode 11, &c.――――A planet called by the Greeks Phosphorus, and by the Latins Lucifer, when it rises before the sun, but when it follows it, Hesperus or Vesper. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20; _Somnium Scipionis_. =Venus Pyrenæa=, a town of Spain near the borders of Gaul. =Venŭsia=, or =Venŭsium=, a town of Apulia, where Horace was born. Part of the Roman army fled thither after the defeat at Cannæ. The town, though in ruins, contains still many pieces of antiquity, especially a marble bust preserved in the great square, and said falsely to be an original representation of Horace. Venusia was on the confines of Lucania, whence the poet said _Lucanus an Apulus anceps_, and it was founded by Diomedes, who called it Venusia or Aphrodisia, after Venus, whose divinity he wished to appease. _Strabo_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 35.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 54.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Veragri=, a people between the Alps and the Allobroges. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Verania=, the wife of Piso Licinianus, whom Galba adopted. =Veranius=, a governor of Britain under Nero. He succeeded Didius Gallus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14. =Verbānus lacus=, now _Majora_, a lake of Italy, from which the Ticinus flows. It is in the modern duchy of Milan, and extends 50 miles in length from south to north, and five or six in breadth. _Strabo_, bk. 4. =Verbigenus=, a village in the country of the Celtæ. =Verbinum=, a town in the north of Gaul. =Vercellæ=, a town on the borders of Insubria, where Marius defeated the Cimbri. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 11, ltr. 19.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 598. =Vercingetŏrix=, a chief of the Gauls, in the time of Cæsar. He was conquered and led in triumph, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4. ――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10. =Veresis=, a small river of Latium falling into the Anio. =Vergasillaunus=, one of the generals and friends of Vercingetorix. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_. =Vergæ=, a town of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19. =Vergellus=, a small river near Cannæ, falling into the Aufidus, over which Annibal made a bridge with the slaughtered bodies of the Romans. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11. =Vergilia=, the wife of Coriolanus, &c. =Vergilia=, a town of Spain, supposed to be Murcia. =Vergiliæ=, seven stars, called also _Pleiades_. When they set, the ancients began to sow their corn. They received their name from the spring, _quia vere oriantur_. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 18. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 44. =Verginius=, one of the officers of the Roman troops in Germany, who refused the absolute power which his soldiers offered to him. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician in the age of Nero, banished on account of his great fame. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71. =Vergium=, a town of Spain. =Vergobretus=, one of the chiefs of the Ædui, in the age of Cæsar, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 16. =Verĭtas= (_truth_), was not only personified by the ancients, but also made a deity, and called the daughter of Saturn and the mother of Virtue. She was represented like a young virgin, dressed in white apparel, with all the marks of youthful diffidence and modesty. Democritus used to say that she hid herself at the bottom of a well, to intimate the difficulty with which she is found. =Verodoctius=, one of the Helvetii. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 7. =Veromandui=, a people of Gaul, the modern Vermandois. The capital is now St. Quintin. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2. =Vērōna=, a town of Venetia, on the Athesis, in Italy, founded, as some suppose, by Brennus the leader of the Gauls. Cornelius Nepos, Catullus, and Pliny the elder were born there. It was adorned with a circus and an amphitheatre by the Roman emperors, which still exist, and it still preserves its ancient name. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 22. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 7. =Verōnes=, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 578. =Verrecīnum=, a town in the country of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 5. =Caius Verres=, a Roman who governed the province of Sicily as pretor. The oppression and rapine of which he was guilty, while in office, so offended the Sicilians, that they brought an accusation against him before the Roman senate. Cicero undertook the cause of the Sicilians, and pronounced those celebrated orations which are still extant. Verres was defended by Hortensius, but as he despaired of the success of his defence, he left Rome without waiting for his sentence, and lived in great affluence in one of the provinces. He was at last killed by the soldiers of Antony the triumvir, about 26 years after his voluntary exile from the capital. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_. ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 2.――_Lactantius_, bk. 2, ch. 4. =Verritus=, a general of the Frisii in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 54. =Verrius Flaccus=, a freedman and grammarian famous for his powers in instructing. He was appointed over the grandchildren of Augustus, and also distinguished himself by his writings. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.――――A Latin critic, B.C. 4, whose works have been edited with Dacier’s and Clerk’s notes, 4to, Amsterdam, 1699. =Verrūgo=, a town in the country of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 1. =Vertico=, one of the Nervii who deserted to Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 45. =Verticordia=, one of the surnames of Venus, the same as the _Apostrophia_ of the Greeks, because her assistance was implored to turn the hearts of the Roman matrons, and teach them to follow virtue and modesty. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8. =Vertiscus=, one of the Rhemi, who commanded a troop of horse in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 12. =Vertumnus=, a deity among the Romans, who presided over the spring and over orchards. He endeavoured to gain the affections of the goddess Pomona; and to effect this, he assumed the shape and dress of a fisherman, of a soldier, a peasant, a reaper, &c., but all to no purpose, till, under the form of an old woman, he prevailed upon his mistress and married her. He is generally represented as a young man crowned with flowers, covered up to the waist, and holding in his right hand fruit, and a crown of plenty in his left. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 642, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 2, li. 2.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7, li. 14. =Verulæ=, a town of the Hernici. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 42. =Verulānus=, a lieutenant under Corbulo, who drove away Tiridates from Media, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 26. =Verus Lucius Ceionius Commodus=, a Roman emperor, son of Ælius and Domitia Lucilla. He was adopted in the 7th year of his age by Marcus Aurelius, at the request of Adrian, and he married Lucilia the daughter of his adopted father, who also took him as his colleague on the throne. He was sent by Marcus Aurelius to oppose the barbarians in the east. His arms were attended with success, and he obtained a victory over the Parthians. He was honoured with a triumph at his return home, and soon after he marched with his imperial colleague against the Marcomanni in Germany. He died in this expedition of an apoplexy, in the 39th year of his age, after a reign of eight years and some months. His body was brought back to Rome, and buried by Marcus Aurelius with great pomp and solemnity. Verus has been greatly censured for his debaucheries, which appeared more enormous and disgusting, when compared with the temperance, meekness, and popularity of Aurelius. The example of his father did not influence him, and he often retired from the frugal and moderate repast of Aurelius, to the profuse banquets of his own palace, where the night was spent in riot and debauchery, with the meanest of the populace, with stage-dancers, buffoons, and lascivious courtesans. At one entertainment alone, where there were no more than 12 guests, the emperor spent no less than six millions of sesterces, or about 32,200_l._ sterling. But it is to be observed, that whatever was most scarce and costly was there; the guests never drank twice out of the same cup; and whatever vessels they had touched, they received as a present from the emperor when they left the palace. In his Parthian expedition, Verus did not check his vicious propensities; for four years he left the care of the war to his officers, while he retired to the voluptuous retreats of Daphne, and the luxurious banquets of Antioch. His fondness for a horse has been faithfully recorded. The animal had a statue of gold, he was fed with almonds and raisins by the hand of the emperor, he was clad in purple, and kept in the most splendid of the halls of the palace, and when dead, the emperor, to express his sorrow, raised him a magnificent monument on mount Vatican. Some have suspected Marcus Aurelius of despatching Verus to rid the world of his debaucheries and guilty actions, but this seems to be the report of malevolence.――――Lucius Annæus, a son of the emperor Aurelius, who died in Palestine.――――The father of the emperor Verus. He was adopted by the emperor Adrian, but like his son he disgraced himself by his debaucheries and extravagance. He died before Adrian. =Vesbius=, or =Vesubius.= _See:_ Vesuvius. =Vescia=, a town of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 11. =Vescianum=, a country house of Cicero in Campania, between Capua and Nola. _Cicero_ bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2. =Flaccus Vescularius=, a Roman knight intimate with Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_. ♦=Vesontio=, a town of Gaul, now _Besancon_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, ♠bk. 1, ch. 38. ♦ ‘Vesentio’ replaced with ‘Vesontio’ ♠ Book reference omitted in text. =Vesentium=, a town of Tuscany. =Veseris=, a place or river near mount Vesuvius. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 8. ――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 31. =Vesēvius= and =Vesēvus.= _See:_ Vesuvius. =Vesidia=, a town of Tuscany. =Vesonna=, a town of Gaul, now _Perigueux_. =Vespaciæ=, a small village of Umbria, near Nursia. _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 1. =Vespasiānus Titus Flavius=, a Roman emperor, descended from an obscure family at Reate. He was honoured with the consulship, not so much by the influence of the imperial courtiers, as by his own private merit, and his public services. He accompanied Nero into Greece, but he offended the prince by falling asleep while he repeated one of his poetical compositions. This momentary resentment of the emperor did not prevent Vespasian from being sent to carry on a war against the Jews. His operations were crowned with success; many of the cities of Palestine surrendered, and Vespasian began the siege of Jerusalem. This was, however, achieved by the hands of his son Titus, and the death of Vitellus and the affection of his soldiers hastened his rise, and he was proclaimed emperor at Alexandria. The choice of the army was approved by every province of the empire; but Vespasian did not betray any signs of pride at so sudden and so unexpected an exaltation, and though once employed in the mean office of a horse-doctor, he behaved, when invested with the imperial purple, with all the dignity and greatness which became a successor of Augustus. In the beginning of his reign Vespasian attempted to reform the manners of the Romans, and he took away an appointment which he had a few days before granted to a young nobleman who approached him to return him thanks, all smelling of perfumes and covered with ointment, adding, “I had rather you had smelt of garlic.” He repaired the public buildings, embellished the city, and made the great roads more spacious and convenient. After he had reigned with great popularity for 10 years, Vespasian died with a pain in his bowels, A.D. 79, in the 70th year of his age. He was the first Roman emperor that died a natural death, and he was also the first who was succeeded by his own son on the throne. Vespasian has been admired for his great virtues. He was clement, he gave no ear to flattery, and for a long time refused the title of father of his country, which was often bestowed upon the most worthless and tyrannical of the emperors. He despised informers, and rather than punish conspirators, he rewarded them with great liberality. When the king of Parthia addressed him with the subscription of “Arsaces king of kings to Flavius Vespasianus,” the emperor was no way dissatisfied with the pride and insolence of the monarch, and answered him again in his own words, “Flavius Vespasianus to Arsaces king of kings.” To men of learning and merit, Vespasian was very liberal: 100,000 sesterces were annually paid from the public treasury to the different professors that were appointed to encourage and promote the arts and sciences. Yet in spite of this apparent generosity, some authors have taxed Vespasian with avarice. According to their accounts, he loaded the provinces with new taxes, he bought commodities, that he might sell them to a greater advantage, and even laid an impost upon urine, which gave occasion to Titus to ridicule the meanness of his father. Vespasian, regardless of his son’s observation, was satisfied to show him the money that was raised from so productive a tax, asking him at the same time whether it smelt offensive. His ministers were the most avaricious of his subjects, and the emperor used very properly to remark that he treated them as sponges, by wetting them when dry, and squeezing them when they were wet. He has been accused of selling criminals their lives, and of condemning the most opulent to make himself master of their possessions. If, however, he was guilty of these meaner practices, they were all under the name of one of his concubines, who wished to enrich herself by the avarice and credulity of the emperor. _Suetonius_, _Lives_.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4. =Vesper=, or =Vespĕrus=, a name applied to the planet Venus when it was the evening star. _Virgil._ =Vessa=, a town of Sicily. =Vesta=, a goddess, daughter of Rhea and Saturn, sister to Ceres and Juno. She is often confounded by the mythologists with Rhea, Ceres, Cybele, Proserpine, Hecate, and Tellus. When considered as the mother of the gods, she is the mother of Rhea and Saturn; and when considered as the patroness of the vestal virgins and the goddess of fire, she is called the daughter of Saturn and Rhea. Under this last name she was worshipped by the Romans. Æneas was the first who introduced her mysteries into Italy, and Numa built her a temple where no males were permitted to go. The palladium of Troy was supposed to be preserved within her sanctuary, and a fire was continually kept lighted by a certain number of virgins, who had dedicated themselves to the service of the goddess. _See:_ Vestales. If the fire of Vesta was ever extinguished, it was supposed to threaten the republic with some sudden calamity. The virgin by whose negligence it had been extinguished, was severely punished, and it was kindled again by the rays of the sun. The temple of Vesta was of a round form, and the goddess was represented in a long, flowing robe, with a veil on her head, holding in one hand a lamp, or a two-eared vessel, and in the other a javelin, or sometimes a palladium. On some medals she appears holding a drum in one hand, and a small figure of victory in the other. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 454.――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 296.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6; _Tristia_, bk. 3.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Numa_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14. =Vestāles=, priestesses among the Romans, consecrated to the service of Vesta, as their name indicates. This office was very ancient, as the mother of Romulus was one of the vestals. Æneas is supposed to have first chosen the vestals. Numa first appointed four, to which number Tarquin added two. They were always chosen by the monarchs, but after the expulsion of the Tarquins, the high priest was entrusted with the care of them. As they were to be virgins, they were chosen young, from the age of six to ten; and if there was not a sufficient number that presented themselves as candidates for the office, 20 virgins were selected, and they upon whom the lot fell were obliged to become priestesses. Plebeians as well as patricians were permitted to propose themselves, but it was required that they should be born of a good family, and be without blemish or deformity, in every part of their body. For 30 years they were to remain in the greatest continence; the 10 first years were spent in learning the duties of the order; the 10 following were employed in discharging them with fidelity and sanctity, and the 10 last in instructing such as had entered the noviciate. When the 30 years were elapsed, they were permitted to marry, or if they still preferred celibacy, they waited upon the rest of the vestals. As soon as a vestal was initiated, her head was shaved, to intimate the liberty of her person, as she was then free from the shackles of parental authority, and she was permitted to dispose of her possessions as she pleased. The employment of the vestals was to take care that the sacred fire of Vesta was not extinguished, for if it ever happened, it was deemed the prognostic of great calamities to the state; the offender was punished for her negligence, and severely scourged by the high priest. In such a case all was consternation at Rome, and the fire was again kindled by glasses with the rays of the sun. Another equally particular charge of the vestals was to keep a sacred pledge, on which depended the very existence of Rome, which, according to some, was the palladium of Troy, or some of the mysteries of the gods of Samothrace. The privileges of the vestals were great; they had the most honourable seats at public games and festivals; a lictor with the fasces always preceded them when they walked in public; they were carried in chariots when they pleased; and they had the power of pardoning criminals when led to execution, if they declared that their meeting was accidental. Their declarations in trials were received without the formality of an oath; they were chosen as arbiters in causes of moment and in the execution of wills, and so great was the deference paid them by the magistrates, as well as by the people, that the consuls themselves made way for them, and bowed their fasces when they passed before them. To insult them was a capital crime, and whoever attempted to violate their chastity, was beaten to death with scourges. If any of them died while in office, their body was buried within the walls of the city, an honour granted to few. Such of the vestals as proved incontinent were punished in the most rigorous manner. Numa ordered them to be stoned, but Tarquin the elder dug a large hole under the earth, where a bed was placed with a little bread, wine, water, and oil, and a lighted lamp, and the guilty vestal was stripped of the habit of her order, and compelled to descend into the subterraneous cavity, which was immediately shut, and she was left to die through hunger. Few of the vestals were guilty of incontinence, and for the space of 1000 years, during which the order continued established from the reign of Numa, only 18 were punished for the violation of their vow. The vestals were abolished by Theodosius the Great, and the fire of Vesta extinguished. The dress of the vestals was peculiar; they wore a white vest with purple borders, a white linen surplice called _linteum supernum_, above which was a great purple mantle which flowed to the ground, and which was tucked up when they offered sacrifices. They had a close covering on their head, called _infula_, from which hung ribands, or _vitta_. Their manner of living was sumptuous, as they were maintained at the public expense, and though originally satisfied with the simple diet of the Romans, their tables soon after displayed the luxuries and the superfluities of the great and opulent. _Livy_, 2, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Numa_, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 30. ――_Florus_, bk. 1.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 11.――_Tacitus_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Vestālia=, festival in honour of Vesta, observed at Rome on the 9th of June. Banquets were then prepared before the houses, and meat was sent to the vestals to be offered to the gods; millstones were decked with garlands, and the asses that turned them were led round the city covered with garlands. The ladies walked in the procession bare-footed to the temple of the goddess, and an altar was erected to Jupiter surnamed Pistor. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 305. =Vestalium Mater=, a title given by the senate to Livia the mother of Tiberius, with the permission to sit among the vestal virgins at plays. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Annals_, ch. 16. =Vestia Oppia=, a common prostitute of Capua. =Vesticius Spurina=, an officer sent by Otho to the borders of the Po, &c. _Tacitus._ =Vestilius Sextus=, a pretorian disgraced by Tiberius, because he was esteemed by Drusus. He killed himself. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 16. =Vestilla=, a matron of a patrician family, who declared publicly before the magistrates that she was a common prostitute. She was banished to the island of Seriphos for her immodesty. =Vestīni=, a people of Italy near the Sabines, famous for the making of cheese. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 31.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. =Lucius Vestīnus=, a Roman knight appointed by Vespasian to repair the capitol, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 53.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 29.――――A consul put to death by Nero in the time of Piso’s conspiracy. =Vesvius.= _See:_ Vesuvius. =Vesŭlus=, now _Viso_, a large mountain of Liguria, near the Alps, where the Po takes its rise. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 708. ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19. =Vesŭvius=, a mountain of Campania, about six miles at the east of Naples, celebrated for its volcano, and now called _Mount Soma_. The ancients, particularly the writers of the Augustan age, spoke of Vesuvius as a place covered with orchards and vineyards, of which the middle was dry and barren. The first eruption of this volcano was in the 79th year of the christian era under Titus. It was accompanied by an earthquake, which overturned several cities of Campania, particularly Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the burning ashes which it threw up were carried not only over the neighbouring country, but as far as the shores of Egypt, Libya, and Syria. This eruption proved fatal to Pliny the naturalist. From that time the eruptions have been frequent. Vesuvius continually throws up a smoke, and sometimes ashes and flames. The perpendicular height of this mountain is 3780 feet. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 46.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 6. ――_Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 39.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ltr. 16. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 152, &c.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 224.――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltrs. 43 & 44. =Vetera castra=, a Roman encampment in Germany, which became a town, now _Sanlen_, near Cleves. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 18; _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 45. =Vettius Spurius=, a Roman senator who was made interrex at the death of Romulus, till the election of another king. He nominated Numa, and resigned his office. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A man who accused Cæsar of being concerned in Catiline’s conspiracy.――――Cato, one of the officers of the allies in the Marsian war. He defeated the Romans, and was at last betrayed and murdered.――――A Roman knight who became enamoured of a young female at Capua, and raised a tumult among the slaves who proclaimed him king. He was betrayed by one of his adherents, upon which he laid violent hands upon himself. =Vettona=, a town of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Vettōnes=, =Vetones=, or =Vectones=, an ancient nation of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 378.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 8. =Vetulōnia=, one of the chief cities of Etruria, whose hot waters were famous. The Romans were said to derive the badges of their magisterial offices from thence. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 484. =Vetūria=, one of the Roman tribes, divided into two branches of the Junii and Senii. It received its name from the _Veturian_ family, which was originally called _Vetusian_. _Livy_, bk. 36.――――The mother of Coriolanus. She was solicited by all the Roman matrons to go to her son with her daughter-in-law, and entreat him not to make war against his country. She went and prevailed over Coriolanus, and for her services to the state, the Roman senate offered to reward her as she pleased. She only asked to raise a temple to the goddess of female fortune, which was done on the very spot where she had pacified her son. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 40.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 7, &c. =Veturius=, a Roman artist who made shields for Numa. _See:_ Mamurius. ――――Caius, a Roman consul, accused before the people, and fined because he had acted with imprudence while in office.――――A Roman who conspired against Galba. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 25.――――A consul appointed one of the decemvirs.――――Another consul defeated by the Samnites, and obliged to pass under the yoke with great ignominy. ――――A tribune of the people, &c. =Lucius Vetus=, a Roman who proposed to open a communication between the Mediterranean and the German ocean by means of a canal. He was put to death by order of Nero.――――A man accused of adultery, &c. =Ufens=, a river of Italy near Tarracina. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 892.――――Another river of Picenum. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35.――――A prince who assisted Turnus against Æneas. The Trojan monarch made a vow to sacrifice his four sons to appease the manes of his friend Pallas, in the same manner as Achilles is represented killing some Trojan youths on the tomb of Patroclus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 745; bk. 10, li. 518. He was afterwards killed by Gyas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 460. =Ufentina=, a Roman tribe first created A.U.C. 435, with the tribe _Falerina_, in consequence of the great increase of population at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――_Festus._ =Via Æmylia=, a celebrated road, made by the consul Marcus Æmylius Lepidus, A.U.C. 567. It led with the Flaminian road to Aquileia. There was also another of the same name in Etruria, which led from Pisæ to Dertona.――――Appia, was made by the censor Appius, and led from Rome to Capua, and from Capua to Brundusium, to the distance of 350 miles, which the Romans call a five days’ journey. It passed successively through the towns and stages of Aricia, Forum Appii, Tarracina, Fundi, Minturnæ, Sinuessa, Capua, Caudium, Beneventum, Equotuticum, Herdonia, Canusium, Barium, Egnatia, to Brundusium. It was called, by way of eminence, _regina viarum_, made so strong, and the stones so well cemented together, that it remained entire for many hundred years. Some parts of it are still to be seen in the neighbourhood of Naples. Appius carried it only 130 miles, as far as Capua, A.U.C. 442, and it was finished as far as Brundusium by Augustus.――――There was also another road called Minucia or Numicia, which led to Brundusium, but by what places is now uncertain. ――――Flaminia, was made by the censor Flaminius, A.U.C. 533. It led from the Campus Martius to the modern town of Rimini, on the Adriatic, through the country of the Osci and Etrurians, at the distance of about 360 miles.――――Lata, one of the ancient streets of Rome. ――――Valeria, led from Rome to the country of the Marsi, through the territories of the Sabines. There were, besides, many streets and roads of inferior note, such as the Aurelia, Cassia, Campania, Ardentina, Labicana, Domitiana, Ostiensis, Prænestina, &c., all of which were made and constantly kept in repair at the public expense. =Viadrus=, the classical name of the Oder, which rises in Moravia, and falls by three mouths into the Baltic. _Ptolemy._ =Vibidia=, one of the vestal virgins in the favour of Messalina, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 32. =Vibidius=, a friend of Mæcenas. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 22. =Vibius=, a Roman who refused to pay any attention to Cicero when banished, though he had received from him the most unbounded favours. ――――Siculus. _See:_ Sica.――――A proconsul of Spain, banished for ill conduct.――――A Roman knight accused of extortion in Africa, and banished.――――A man who poisoned himself at Capua.――――Sequester, a Latin writer, whose treatise _de Fluminibus_, &c., is best edited by Oberlin, 8vo, Strasbourg, 1778. =Vibo=, a town of Lucania, anciently called _Hipponium_ and _Hippo_. _Cicero_. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. ――――A town of Spain,――――of the Brutii. =Vibulēnus Agrippa=, a Roman knight accused of treason. He attempted to poison himself, and was strangled in prison, though almost dead. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――A mutinous soldier in the army of Germanicus, &c. =Vibullius Rufus=, a friend of Pompey, taken by Cæsar, &c. _Plutarch._ ――_Cicero_, _Letters_.――――A pretor in Nero’s reign. =Vica Pota=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over victory (à _vincere_ et _potiri_). _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 7. =Vicellius=, a friend of Galba, who brought him news of Nero’s death. =Vicentia=, or =Vicetia=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, at the north-west of the Adriatic. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3. =Victor Sextus Aurelius=, a writer in the age of Constantius. He gave the world a concise history of the Roman emperors, from the age of Augustus to his own time, or A.D. 360. He also wrote an abridgment of the Roman history before the age of Julius Cæsar, which is now extant, and ascribed by different authors to Cornelius Nepos, to Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny, &c. Victor was greatly esteemed by the emperors, and honoured with the consulship. The best editions of Victor are that of Pitiscus, 8vo, Utrecht, 1696; and that of Artnzenius, 4to, Amsterdam, 1733. =Victōria=, one of the deities of the Romans, called by the Greeks _Nice_, supposed to be the daughter of the giant Pallas, or of Titan and Styx. The goddess of victory was sister to Strength and Valour, and was one of the attendants of Jupiter. She was greatly honoured by the Greeks, particularly at Athens. Sylla raised her a temple at Rome, and instituted festivals in her honour. She was represented with wings, crowned with laurel, and holding the branch of a palm tree in her hand. A golden statue of this goddess, weighing 320 pounds, was presented to the Romans by Hiero king of Syracuse, and deposited in the temple of Jupiter, on the Capitoline hill. _Livy_, bk. 22.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. ――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.――_Suetonius._ =Victoriæ mons=, a place of Spain at the mouth of the Iberus. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 41. =Victōrius=, a man of Aquitain, who, A.D. 463, invented the paschal cycle of 532 years. =Victorīna=, a celebrated matron who placed herself at the head of the Roman armies, and made war against the emperor Gallienus. Her son Victorinus, and her grandson of the same name, were declared emperors, but when they were assassinated, Victorina invested with the imperial purple one of her favourites called Tetricus. She was some time after poisoned, A.D. 269, and according to some by Tetricus himself. =Victorīnus=, a christian writer, who composed a worthless epic poem on the death of the seven children mentioned in the Maccabees, and distinguished himself more by the active part he took in his writings against the Arians. =Victumviæ=, a small town of Insubria near Placentia. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 45. =Vicus longus=, a street at Rome, where an altar was raised to the goddess Pudicitia, or the modesty of the plebeians. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 23.――――Cyprius, a place on the Esquiline hill, where the Sabines dwelt. =Viducasses=, a people of Normandy. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18. =Vienna=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis on the Rhone, below Lyons. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 9. =Villia lex=, _annalis_ or _annaria_, by Lucius Villius the tribune, A.U.C. 574, defined the proper age required for exercising the office of a magistrate, 25 years for the questorship, 27 or 28 for the edileship or tribuneship, for the office of pretor 30, and for that of consul 43. _Livy_, bk. 11, ch. 44. =Villius=, a tribune of the people, author of the Villian law, and thence called _Annalis_, a surname borne by his family. _Livy_, bk. 11, ch. 44.――――Publius, a Roman ambassador sent to Antiochus. He held a conference with Annibal, who was at that monarch’s court.――――A man who disgraced himself by his criminal amours with the daughter of Sylla. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64. =Viminālis=, one of the seven hills on which Rome was built, so called from the number of osiers (_vimines_) which grew there. Servius Tullius first made it part of the city. Jupiter had a temple there, whence he was called Viminalis. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 8. =Vinalia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Jupiter and Venus. ♦=Vincentius=, one of the christian fathers, A.D. 434, whose works are best edited by Baluzius, Paris, 1669. ♦ ‘Vicentius’ replaced with ‘Vincentius’ =Vincius=, a Roman knight, condemned under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 40.――――An officer in Germany. =Vindalius=, a writer in the reign of Constantius, who wrote 10 books on agriculture. =Vindelĭci=, an ancient people of Germany, between the heads of the Rhine and the Danube. Their country, which was called _Vindelicia_, forms now part of Swabia and Bavaria, and their chief town, _Augusta Vindelicorum_, is now ♦Augsburg. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 18. ♦ ‘Ausburg’ replaced with ‘Augsburg’ =Vindemiātor=, a constellation that rose about the nones of March. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 407.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 13. =Vindex Julius=, a governor of Gaul, who revolted against Nero, and determined to deliver the Roman empire from his tyranny. He was followed by a numerous army, but at last defeated by one of the emperor’s generals. When he perceived that all was lost he laid violent hands upon himself, 68 A.D. _Seutonius_, _Galba_.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 51.――_Pliny_, bk. 9, ltr. 19. =Vindicius=, a slave who discovered the conspiracy which some of the most noble of the Roman citizens had formed to restore Tarquin to his throne. He was amply rewarded and made a citizen of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_. =Vindili=, a nation of Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14. =Vindonissa=, now _Wendish_, a town of the Helvetii on the Aar, in the territory of Berne. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, chs. 61 & 70. =Vinicius=, a Roman consul poisoned by Messalina, &c.――――A man who conspired against Nero, &c. =Vinidius=, a miser mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 95. Some manuscripts read Numidius and Umidius. =Titus Vinius=, a commander in the pretorian guards, intimate with Galba, of whom he became the first minister. He was honoured with the consulship, and some time after murdered. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, chs. 11, 42 & 48.――_Plutarch._――――A man who revolted from Nero. =Vinnius Asella=, a servant of Horace, to whom ltr. 13 is addressed, as injunctions how to deliver to Augustus some poems from his master. =Vipsania=, a daughter of Marcus Agrippa, mother of Drusus. She was the only one of Agrippa’s daughters who died a natural death. She was married to Tiberius when a private man, and when she had been repudiated, she married Asinius Gallus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 12; bk. 3, ch. 19. =Virbius= (qui inter _viros bis_ fuit), a name given to Hippolytus, after he had been brought back to life by Æsculapius, at the instance of Diana, who pitied his unfortunate end. Virgil makes him son of Hippolytus. _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 762.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 544.――_Hyginus_, fable 251. =Publius Virgĭlius Marco=, called _the prince of the Latin poets_, was born at Andes, a village near Mantua, about 70 years before Christ, on the 15th of October. His first years were spent at Cremona, where his taste was formed, and his rising talents first exercised. The distribution of the lands of Cremona to the soldiers of Augustus, after the battle of Philippi, nearly proved fatal to the poet, and when he attempted to dispute the possession of his fields with a soldier, Virgil was obliged to save his life from the resentment of the lawless veteran, by swimming across a river. This was the beginning of his greatness; he with his father repaired to Rome, where he soon formed an acquaintance with Mecænas, and recommended himself to the favours of Augustus. The emperor restored his lands to the poet, whose modest muse knew so well how to pay the tribute of gratitude, and his first _bucolic_ was written to thank the patron, as well as to tell the world that his favours were not unworthily bestowed. The 10 bucolics were written in about three years. The poet showed his countrymen that he could write with graceful simplicity, with elegance, delicacy of sentiments, and with purity of language. Some time after, Virgil undertook the _Georgics_, a poem the most perfect and finished of all Latin compositions. The _Æneid_ was begun, as some suppose, at the particular request of Augustus, and the poet, while he attempted to prove that the Julian family was lineally descended from the founder of Lavinium, visibly described in the pious and benevolent character of his hero the amiable qualities of his imperial patron. The great merit of this poem is well known, and it will ever remain undecided which of the two poets, either Homer or Virgil, is more entitled to our praise, our applause, and our admiration. The writer of the Iliad stood as a pattern to the favourite of Augustus. The voyage of Æneas is copied from the Odyssey; and for his battles, Virgil found a model in the wars of Troy, and the animated descriptions of the Iliad. The poet died before he had revised this immortal work, which had already engaged his time for 11 successive years. He had attempted to attend his patron in the east, but he was detained at Naples on account of his ill health. He, however, went to Athens, where he met Augustus in his return, but he soon after fell sick at Megara, and though indisposed, he ordered himself to be removed to Italy. He landed at Brundusium, where a few days after he expired, the 22nd of September, in the 51st year of his age, B.C. 19. He left the greatest part of his immense possessions to his friends, particularly to Mecænas, Tucca, and Augustus, and he ordered, as his last will, his unfinished poem to be burnt. These last injunctions were disobeyed; and according to the words of an ancient poet, Augustus saved his favourite Troy from a second and more dismal conflagration. The poem was delivered by the emperor to three of his literary friends. They were ordered to revise and to expunge whatever they deemed improper; but they were strictly enjoined not to make any additions, and hence, as some suppose, the causes that so many lines of the Æneid are unfinished, particularly in the last books. The body of the poet, according to his own directions, was conveyed to Naples, and interred with much solemnity in a monument, erected on the road that leads from Naples to Puteoli. The following modest distich was engraved on the tomb, written by the poet some few moments before he expired: _Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc Parthenope: cecini pascua, rura, duces._ The Romans were not insensible of the merit of their poet. Virgil received much applause in the capital, and when he entered the theatre, he was astonished and delighted to see the crowded audience rise up to him as to an emperor, and welcome his approach by reiterated plaudits. He was naturally modest, and of a timorous disposition. When people crowded to gaze upon him, or pointed at him with the finger with rapture, the poet blushed, and stole away from them, and often hid himself in shops to be removed from the curiosity and the admiration of the public. The most liberal and gratifying marks of approbation he received were from the emperor and from Octavia. He attempted in his Æneid to paint the virtues, and to lament the premature death of the son of Octavia, and he was desired by the emperor to repeat the lines in the presence of the afflicted mother. He had no sooner begun _O nate_, &c., than Octavia burst into tears; he continued, but he had artfully suppressed the name of her son, and when he repeated in the 16th line the well-known words, _Tu Marcellus eris_, the princess swooned away, and the poet withdrew, but not without being liberally rewarded. Octavia presented him 10 sesterces for every one of his verses in praise of her son, the whole of which was equivalent to 2000_l._ English money. As an instance of his modesty, the following circumstance has been recorded. Virgil wrote this distich, in which he compared his patron to Jupiter, _Nocte pluit totâ, redeunt spectacula mane, Divisum imperium cum Jove Cæsar habet,_ and placed it in the night on the gates of the palace of Augustus. Inquiries were made for the author by order of Augustus, and when Virgil had the diffidence not to declare himself, Bathyllus, a contemptible poet of the age, claimed the verses as his own, and was liberally rewarded. This displeased Virgil; he again wrote the verses near the palace and under them _Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter honores_; with the beginning of another line in these words, _Sic vos non vobis_, four times repeated. Augustus wished the lines to be finished. Bathyllus seemed unable, and Virgil at last, by completing the stanza in the following order―― _Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves; Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves; Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes; Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves;_ proved himself to be the author of the distich, and the poetical usurper became the sport and ridicule of Rome. In the works of Virgil we can find a more perfect and satisfactory account of the religious ceremonies and customs of the Romans, than in all the other Latin poets, Ovid excepted. Everything he mentions is founded upon historical truth, and though he borrowed much from his predecessors, and even whole lines from Ennius, yet he has had the happiness to make it all his own. He was uncommonly severe in revising his own poetry, and he used often to compare himself to a bear that licks her cubs into shape. In his connections, Virgil was remarkable; his friends enjoyed his unbounded confidence, and his library and possessions seemed to be the property of the public. Like other great men, he was not without his enemies and detractors in his lifetime, but from their aspersions he received additional lustre. Among the very numerous and excellent editions of Virgil, these few may be collected as the best: that of Masvicius, 2 vols., 4to, Leovardiæ, 1717; of Baskerville, 4to, Birmingham, 1757; of the Variorum, in 8vo, Leiden, 1661; of Heyne, 4 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1767; of Edinburgh, 2 vols., 12mo, 1755; and of Glasgow, 12mo, 1758. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 61.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 51. ――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 56.――_Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 178. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ltr. 21.――――Caius, a pretor of Sicily, who, when Cicero was banished, refused to receive the exiled orator, though his friend, for fear of the resentment of Clodius. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_. =Virgĭnia=, a daughter of the centurion Lucius Virginius. Appius Claudius the decemvir became enamoured of her, and attempted to remove her from the place where she resided. She was claimed by one of his favourites as the daughter of a slave, and Appius, in the capacity and with the authority of judge, had pronounced the sentence, and delivered her into the hands of his friend, when Virginius, informed of his violent proceedings, arrived from the camp. The father demanded to see his daughter, and when this request was granted, he snatched a knife and plunged it into Virginia’s breast, exclaiming, “This is all, my dearest daughter, I can give thee, to preserve thy chastity from the lust and violence of a tyrant.” No sooner was the blow given, than Virginius ran to the camp with the bloody knife in his hand. The soldiers were astonished and incensed, not against the murderer, but the tyrant that was the cause of Virginia’s death, and they immediately marched to Rome. Appius was seized, but he destroyed himself in prison, and prevented the execution of the law. Spurius Oppius, another of the decemvirs who had not opposed the tyrant’s views, killed himself also, and Marcus Claudius the favourite of Appius was put to death, and the decemviral power abolished, about 449 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 44, &c.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 294. =Virginius=, the father of Virginia, made tribune of the people. _See:_ Virginia.――――A tribune of the people who accused Quinctius Cæso the son of Cincinnatus. He increased the number of the tribunes to 10, and distinguished himself by his seditions against the patricians. ――――Another tribune in the age of Camillus, fined for his opposition to a law which proposed going to Veii.――――An augur who died of the plague.――――Caius, a pretor of Sicily, who opposed the entrance of Cicero into his province, though under many obligations to the orator. Some read Virgilius.――――A tribune who encouraged Cinna to criminate Sylla.――――One of the generals of Nero in Germany. He made war against Vindex and conquered him. He was treated with great coldness by Galba, whose interest he had supported with so much success. He refused all dangerous stations, and though twice offered the imperial purple, he rejected it with disdain. _Plutarch._――――A Roman orator and rhetorician. =Viriāthus=, a mean shepherd of Lusitania, who gradually rose to power, and by first heading a gang of robbers, saw himself at last followed by a numerous army. He made war against the Romans with uncommon success, and for 14 years enjoyed the envied title of protector of public liberty in the provinces of Spain. Many generals were defeated, and Pompey himself was ashamed to find himself beaten. Cæpio was at last sent against him. But his despair of conquering him by force of arms, obliged him to have recourse to artifice, and he had the meanness to bribe the servants of Viriathus to murder their master, B.C. 40. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4. ――_Livy_, bks. 52 & 54. =Viridomărus=, a young man of great power among the Ædui. Cæsar greatly honoured him, but he fought at last against the Romans. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 39, &c. =Viriplāca=, a goddess among the Romans who presided over the peace of families, whence her name (_virum placare_). If any quarrel happened between a man and his wife, they generally repaired to the temple of the goddess, which was erected on the Palatine mount, and came back reconciled. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1. =Virro=, a fictitious name introduced in Juvenal’s fifth satire. =Virtus.= All virtues were made deities among the Romans. Marcellus erected two temples, one to Virtue, and the other to Honour. They were built in such a manner, that to see the temple of Honour it was necessary to pass through that of Virtue; a happy allegory among a nation free and independent. The principal Virtues were distinguished, each by their attire. Prudence was known by her rule, and her pointing to a globe at her feet; Temperance had a bridle; Justice had an equal balance, and Fortitude leant against her sword; Honesty was clad in a transparent vest; Modesty appeared veiled; Clemency wore an olive branch, and Devotion threw incense upon an altar; Tranquillity was seen to lean on a column; Health was known by her serpent, Liberty by her cap, and Gaiety by her myrtle. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Plautus_, _Amphitruo_, _Prologue_.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 11.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 20. =Visargis=, a river of Germany, now called the _Weser_, and falling into the German ocean. Varus and his legions were cut to pieces there by the Germans. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 105.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 70; bk. 2, ch. 9. =Viscellæ=, now _Weltz_, a town of Noricum, between the Ens and Mure. =Spurius Cassius Viscellinus=, _Cicero_, _De Amicitia_, ch. 11. =Visellia lex=, was made by Visellius Varro the consul, A.U.C. 776, to restrain the introduction of improper persons into the offices of the state. =Lucius Visellius Varro=, a lieutenant in Germany under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 41; bk. 4, ch. 17. =Visellus=, a man whose father-in-law the commentators of Horace believe to have been afflicted with a hernia, on their observations on this verse (bk. 1, satire 1, li. 105), _Est inter Tanaim quiddam, socerumque Viselli_. =Vistŭla=, a river falling into the Baltic, the eastern boundary of ancient Germany. =Vitellia=, a Roman colony on the borders of the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 29. =Vitellius Aulus=, a Roman raised by his vices to the throne. He was descended from one of the most illustrious families of Rome, and as such he gained an easy admission to the palace of the emperors. The greatest part of his youth was spent at Capreæ, where his willingness and compliance to gratify the most vicious propensities of Tiberius raised his father to the dignity of consul and governor of Syria. The applause he gained in this school of debauchery was too great and flattering to induce Vitellius to alter his conduct, and no longer to be one of the votaries of vice. Caligula was pleased with his skill in driving a chariot. Claudius loved him because he was a great gamester, and he recommended himself to the favours of Nero by wishing him to sing publicly in the crowded theatre. With such an insinuating disposition, it is not to be wondered that Vitellius became so great. He did not fall with his patrons, like the other favourites, but the death of an emperor seemed to raise him to greater honours, and to procure him fresh applause. He passed through all the offices of the state, and gained over the soldiery by donations and liberal promises. He was at the head of the ♦Roman legions in Germany when Otho was proclaimed emperor, and the exaltation of his rival was no sooner heard in the camp, than he was likewise invested with the purple by his soldiers. He accepted with pleasure the dangerous office, and instantly marched against Otho. Three battles were fought, and in all Vitellius was conquered. A fourth, however, in the plains between Mantua and Cremona, left him master of the field and of the Roman empire. He feasted his eyes in viewing the bodies of the slain and the ground covered with blood, and regardless of the insalubrity of the air, proceeding from so many carcases, he told his attendants that the smell of a dead enemy was always sweet. His first care was not like that of a true conqueror, to alleviate the distresses of the conquered, or patronize the friends of the dead, but it was to insult their misfortunes, and to intoxicate himself with the companions of his debauchery in the field of battle. Each successive day exhibited a scene of greater extravagance. Vitellius feasted four or five times a day, and such was his excess that he often made himself vomit to begin his repast afresh, and to gratify his palate with more luxury. His food was of the most rare and exquisite nature; the deserts of Libya, the shores of Spain, and the waters of the Carpathian sea, were diligently searched to supply the table of the emperor. The most celebrated of his feasts was that with which he was treated by his brother Lucius. The table, among other meats, was covered with 2000 different dishes of fish, and 7000 of fowls, and so expensive was he in everything, that above seven millions sterling were spent in maintaining his table in the space of four months; and Josephus has properly observed, that if Vitellius had reigned long, the great opulence of all the Roman empire would have been found insufficient to defray the expenses of his banquets. This extravagance, which delighted the favourites, soon raised the indignation of the people. Vespasian was proclaimed emperor by the army, and his minister Primus was sent to destroy the imperial glutton. Vitellius concealed himself under the bed of the porter of his palace, but this obscure retreat betrayed him; he was dragged naked through the streets, his hands were tied behind his back, and a drawn sword was placed under his chin to make him lift his head. After suffering the greatest insults from the populace, he was at last carried to the place of execution, and put to death with repeated blows. His head was cut off and fixed to a pole, and his mutilated body dragged with a hook and thrown into the Tiber, A.D. 69, after a reign of one year, except 12 days. _Suetonius._――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.――_Eutropius._――_Dio Cassius._――_Plutarch._――――Lucius, the father of the emperor, obtained great honours by his flattery to the emperors. He was made governor of Syria, and in this distant province he obliged the Parthians to sue for peace. His adulation to Messalina is well known, and he obtained as a particular favour the honourable office of pulling off the shoes of the empress, &c. _Suetonius_, &c.――――A brother of the emperor, who enjoyed his favours by encouraging his gluttony, &c. ――――Publius, an uncle of the emperor of that name. He was accused under Nero of attempts to bribe the people with money from the treasury against the emperor. He killed himself before his trial. ――――One of the flatterers of Tiberius.――――An officer of the pretorians under Otho.――――A son of the emperor Vitellius, put to death by one of his father’s friends.――――Some of the family of the Vitellii conspired with the Aquilii and other illustrious Romans to restore Tarquin to his throne. Their conspiracy was discovered by the consuls, and they were severely punished. _Plutarch_, &c. ♦ ‘Romans’ replaced with ‘Roman’ =Viterbum=, a town of Tuscany, where Fanum Volumnæ stood. It is not mentioned by classical writers. _Livy_, bk. 4, chs. 23 & 61; bk. 5, ch. 17. =Vitia=, a mother put to death by Tiberius for weeping at the death of her son, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 7, ch. 10. =Vītrĭcus=, a surname of Mars. _Ovid._ =Marcus Vitruvius Pollio=, a celebrated architect in the age of Augustus, born at Formiæ. He is known only by his writings, and nothing is recorded in history of his life or private character. He wrote a treatise on his profession, which he dedicated to Augustus, and it is the only book on architecture now extant written by the ancients. In this work he plainly shows that he was master of his profession, and that he possessed both genius and abilities. The best edition of Vitruvius is that of De Laet, Amsterdam, 1649. =Vitŭla=, a deity among the Romans who presided over festivals and rejoicings. _Macrobius_, bk. 3, ch. 2. =Vitularia via=, a road in the country of Arpinum. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3, ltr. 1. =Ulpia Trajāna=, a Roman colony planted in Sarmatia by Trajan. =Ulpiānus Domitius=, a lawyer in the reign of Alexander Severus, of whom he became the secretary and principal minister. He raised a persecution against the christians, and was at last murdered by the pretorian guards, of which he had the command, A.D. 226. There are some fragments of his compositions on civil law still extant. The Greek commentaries of Ulpian on Demosthenes were printed in folio, 1527, _with Aldus Manutius_.――――Marcellus, an officer in the age of Commodus.――――Julianus, a man sent to oppose Heliogabalus, &c. =Ulŭbræ=, a small town of Latium on the river Astura, where Augustus was educated. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 102.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 11. =Ulysses=, a king of the islands of Ithaca and Dulichium, son of Anticlea and Laertes, or, according to some, of Sisyphus. _See:_ Sisyphus and Anticlea. He became, like the other princes of Greece, one of the suitors of Helen, but as he despaired of success in his applications, on account of the great numbers of his competitors, he solicited the hand of Penelope the daughter of Icarius. Tyndarus the father of Helen favoured the addresses of Ulysses, as by him he was directed to choose one of his daughter’s suitors without offending the others, and to bind them all by a solemn oath, that they would unite together in protecting Helen if any violence was ever offered to her person. Ulysses had no sooner obtained the hand of Penelope, than he returned to Ithaca, where his father resigned him the crown, and retired to peace and rural solitude. The rape of Helen, however, by Paris, did not long permit him to remain in his kingdom, and as he was bound to defend her against every intruder, he was summoned to the war with the other princes of Greece. Pretending to be insane, not to leave his beloved Penelope, he yoked a horse and a bull together, and ploughed the sea-shore, where he sowed salt instead of corn. This dissimulation was soon discovered, and Palamedes, by placing before the plough of Ulysses his infant son Telemachus, convinced the world that the father was not mad who had the providence to turn away the plough from the furrow, not to hurt his child. Ulysses was therefore obliged to go to the war, but he did not forget him who had discovered his pretended insanity. _See:_ Palamedes. During the Trojan war, the king of Ithaca was courted for his superior prudence and sagacity. By his means Achilles was discovered among the daughters of Lycomedes king of Scyros [_See:_ Achilles], and Philoctetes was induced to abandon Lemnos, and to fight the Trojans with the arrows of Hercules. _See:_ Philoctetes. He was not less distinguished for his activity and valour. With the assistance of Diomedes he murdered Rhesus, and slaughtered the sleeping Thracians in the midst of their camp, [_See:_ Rhesus and Dolon], and he introduced himself into the city of Priam, and carried away the Palladium of the Trojans. _See:_ Palladium. For these eminent services he was universally applauded by the Greeks, and he was rewarded with the arms of Achilles, which Ajax had disputed with him. After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked on board his ships to return to Greece, but he was exposed to a number of misfortunes before he reached his native country. He was thrown by the winds upon the coasts of Africa, and visited the country of the Lotophagi, and of the Cyclops in Sicily. Polyphemus, who was the king of the Cyclops, seized Ulysses with his companions, five of whom he devoured [_See:_ Polyphemus], but the prince of Ithaca intoxicated him and put out his eye, and at last escaped from the dangerous cave where he was confined, by tying himself under the belly of the sheep of the Cyclops when led to pasture. In Æolia he met with a friendly reception, and Æolus gave him, confined in bags, all the wind which could obstruct his return to Ithaca, but the curiosity of his companions to know what the bags contained proved nearly fatal. The winds rushed with impetuosity, and all the fleet was destroyed, except the ship which carried Ulysses. From thence he was thrown upon the coasts of the Læstrygones, and of the island Æea, where the magician Circe changed all his companions into pigs for their voluptuousness. He escaped their fate by means of an herb which he had received from Mercury, and after he had obliged the magician by force of arms to restore his companions to ♦their original shape, he yielded to her charms, and made her mother of Telegonus. He visited the infernal regions and consulted Tiresias how to regain his country in safety; and after he had received every necessary information, he returned on earth. He passed along the coasts of the Sirens unhurt, by the directions of Circe [_See:_ Sirenes], and escaped the whirlpools and shoals of Scylla, and Charybdis. On the coast of Sicily his companions stole and killed some oxen that were sacred to Apollo, for which the god destroyed the ships, and all were drowned except Ulysses, who saved himself on a plank, and swam to the island of Calypso, in Ogygia. There, for seven years, he forgot Ithaca, in the arms of the goddess, by whom he had two children. The gods at last interfered, and Calypso, by order of Mercury, suffered him to depart, after she had furnished him with a ship, and everything requisite for the voyage. He had almost reached the island of Corcyra, when Neptune, still mindful that his son Polyphemus had been robbed of his sight by the perfidy of Ulysses, raised a storm and sunk his ship. Ulysses swam with difficulty to the island of the Phæacians, where the kindness of Nausicaa, and the humanity of her father king Alcinous, entertained him for a while. He related the series of his misfortunes to the monarch, and at last, by his benevolence, he was conducted in a ship to Ithaca. The Phæacians laid him on the sea-shore as he was asleep, and Ulysses found himself safely restored to his country after a long absence of 20 years. He was well informed that his palace was besieged by a number of suitors, who continually disturbed the peace of Penelope, and therefore he assumed the habit of a beggar, by the advice of Minerva, and made himself known to his son, and his faithful shepherd Eumæus. With them he took measures to re-establish himself on his throne; he went to the palace, and was personally convinced of the virtues and of the fidelity of Penelope. Before his arrival was publicly known, all the importuning suitors were put to death, and Ulysses restored to the peace and bosom of his family. _See:_ Laertes, Penelope, Telemachus, Eumæus. He lived about 16 years after his return, and was at last killed by his son Telegonus, who had landed in Ithaca, with the hopes of making himself known to his father. This unfortunate event had been foretold to him by Tiresias, who assured him that he should die by the violence of something that was to issue from the bosom of the sea. _See:_ Telegonus. According to some authors, Ulysses went to consult the oracle of Apollo after his return to Ithaca, and he had the meanness to seduce Erippe the daughter of a king of Epirus, who had treated him with great kindness. Erippe had a son by him whom she called Euryalus. When come to years of puberty, Euryalus was sent to Ithaca by his mother, but Penelope no sooner knew who he was than she resolved to destroy him. Therefore, when Ulysses returned, he put to immediate death his unknown son on the crimination of Penelope his wife, who accused him of attempts upon her virtue. The adventures of Ulysses in his return to Ithaca from the Trojan war are the subject of Homer’s Odyssey. _Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13; _Heroides_, poem 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 201, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 17 & 22; bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 12.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 8.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_, ch. 3.――_Plutarch._――_Pliny_, bk. 35.――_Tzetzes_, _ad Lycurgus_. ♦ ‘his’ replaced with ‘their’ =Ulysseum=, a promontory of Sicily, west of Pachinus. =Umber=, a lake of Umbria near the Tiber. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 124. =Umbra Pompeia=, a portico of Pompey at Rome. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 10. =Umbria=, a country of Italy, separated from Etruria by the Tiber, bounded on the north by the Adriatic sea, east by Picenum and the country of the Sabines, and south by the river Nar. Some derive the word Umbria _ab imbribus_, the frequent showers that were supposed to fall there, or from the shadow (_umbra_) of the Apennines which hung over it. Umbria had many cities of note. The Umbrians opposed the Romans in the infancy of their empire, but afterwards they became their allies, about the year ♦A.U.C. 434. _Catullus_, bk. 40, li. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’ =Umbrigius=, a soothsayer, who foretold approaching calamities to Galba. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 21.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 27. =Umbro=, a navigable river of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A general who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and was killed during the war. He could assuage the fury of serpents by his songs, and counteract the poisonous effects of their bite. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 752; bk. 10, li. 544. =Unca=, a surname of Minerva among the Phœnicians and Thebans. =Unchæ=, a town of Mesopotamia. =Undecemvĭri=, magistrates at Athens, to whom such as were publicly condemned were delivered to be executed. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_. =Unelli=, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, conquered by Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34. =Unigĕna=, a surname of Minerva, as sprung of Jupiter alone. =Unxia=, a surname of Juno, derived from _ungere_, to anoint, because it was usual among the Romans for the bride to anoint the threshold of her husband, and from this necessary ceremony wives were called _Unxores_, and afterwards _Uxores_, from Unxia, who presided over them. _Arnobius_, bk. 3. =Vocetius=, part of mount Jura in Gaul. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 68. =Vŏcōnia lex=, _de testamentis_, by Quintus Voconius Saxa the tribune, A.U.C. 584, enacted that no woman should be left heiress to an estate, and that no rich person should leave by his will more than the fourth part of his fortune to a woman. This step was taken to prevent the decay of the noblest and most illustrious of the families of Rome. This law was abrogated by Augustus. =Voconii forum=, a town of Gaul, between Antibes and Marseilles. _Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 17. =Vŏcōnius Victor=, a Latin poet, &c. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 28.――――Saxa, a tribune who made a law.――――An officer of Lucullus in Asia. =Vocontia=, now _Vasio_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 167. =Vŏgēsus=, now _Vauge_, a mountain of Belgic Gaul, which separates the Sequani from the Lingones. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 397.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Volæ=, a city of the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 49. =Volaginius=, a soldier who assassinated one of his officers, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 75. =Volana=, a town of the Samnites. =Volandum=, a fortified place of Armenia. =Volaterra=, an ancient town of Etruria, famous for hot baths. Perseus the satirist was born there. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 5. ――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 4. =Volcæ=, or =Volgæ=, a people of Gaul between the Garonne and the Rhone. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 26.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5. =Volci=, an inland town of Lucania, now _Lauria_. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 15.――――A town of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5. =Vologĕses=, a name common to many of the kings of Parthia, who made war against the Roman emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 12, _Annals_, ch. 14. =Volscens=, a Latin chief who discovered Nisus and Euryalus as they returned from the Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He killed Euryalus, and was himself immediately stabbed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, lis. 370 & 442. =Volsci=, or =Volci=, a people of Latium, whose territories are bounded on the south by the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of the Hernici and Marsi, west by the Latins and Rutulians, and east by Campania. Their chief cities were Antium, Circeii, Anxur, Corioli, Fregellæ, Arpinum, &c. Ancus king of Rome made war against them, and in the time of the republic they became formidable enemies, till they were at last conquered with the rest of the Latins. _Livy_, bks. 3 & 4. ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 168; _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 505; bk. 11, li. 546, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 5. =Volsinium=, a town of Etruria in Italy, destroyed, according to Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 53, by fire from heaven. The inhabitants numbered their years by fixing nails in the temple of Nortia, a Tuscan goddess. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31; bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 191. ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4. =Voltinia=, one of the Roman tribes. =Volubilis=, a town of Africa, supposed Fez, the capital of Morocco. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Volumnæ Fanum=, a temple in Etruria, sacred to the goddess Volumna, who presided over the will and over complaisance, where the states of the country used to assemble. Viterbo now stands on the spot. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 2. =Volumnia=, the wife of Coriolanus. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 40.――――The freedwoman of Volumnius Eutrapelus. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ch. 24. =Volumnus= and =Volumna=, two deities who presided over the will. They were chiefly invoked at marriages to preserve concord between the husband and wife. They were particularly worshipped by the Etrurians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 61. =T. Volumnius=, a Roman famous for his friendship towards Marcus Lucullus, whom Marcus Antony had put to death. His great lamentations were the cause that he was dragged to the triumvir, of whom he demanded to be conducted to the body of his friend, and there to be put to death. His request was easily granted. _Livy_, bk. 124, ch. 20.――――A mimic whom Brutus put to death.――――An Etrurian who wrote tragedies in his own native language.――――A consul who defeated the Samnites and the Etrurians, &c. _Livy_, bk. 9.――――A friend of Marcus Brutus. He was preserved when that great republican killed himself, and he wrote an account of his death and of his actions, from which Plutarch selected some remarks.――――A prefect of Syria, B.C. 11.――――A Roman knight put to death by Catiline. =Voluptas= and =Volupia=, the goddess of sensual pleasures, worshipped at Rome, where she had a temple. She was represented as a young and beautiful woman, well dressed, and elegantly adorned, seated on a throne, and having virtue under her feet. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 8. =Caius Volusēnus=, a military tribune in Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3. =Volusiānus=, a Roman taken as colleague on the imperial throne, by his father Gallus. He was killed by his soldiers. =Vŏlŭsius=, a poet of Patavia, who wrote, like Ennius, the annals of Rome in verse. _Seneca_, ltr. 93.――_Catullus_, bk. 96, li. 7. ――――Saturninus, a governor of Rome, who died in the 93rd year of his age, beloved and respected, under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13. ――――Caius, a soldier at the siege of Cremona, &c.――――One of Nero’s officers. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51. =Volusus=, a friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 463. =Volux=, a son of Bocchus, whom the Romans defeated. Sylla suspected his fidelity, &c. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 105. =Vomanus=, a river of Picenum in Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 438. =Vonōnes=, a king of Parthia expelled by his subjects, and afterwards placed on the throne of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 14.――――Another king of Armenia.――――A man made king of Parthia by Augustus. =Vopiscus=, a native of Syracuse, 303, A.D. who wrote the life of Aurelian, Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Carus, &c. He is one of the six authors who are called _Historiæ Augustæ scriptores_, but he excels all others in the elegance of his style, and the manner in which he relates the various actions of the emperors. He is not, however, without his faults, and we look in vain for the purity or perspicuity of the writers of the Augustan age. =Vŏrānus=, a freedman of Quintus Luctatius Catulus, famous for his robberies as well as his cunning, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 39. =Votiēnus Montanus=, a man of learning, banished to one of the Baleares for his malevolent reflections upon Tiberius. Ovid has celebrated him as an excellent poet. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 42. =Upis=, the father of one of the Dianas, mentioned by the ancients, from which circumstance Diana herself is called _Upis_. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Callimachus_, _Artemis_. =Urănia=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over astronomy. She is generally called mother of Linus by Apollo, and of the god Hymenæus by Bacchus. She was represented as a young virgin dressed in an azure-coloured robe, crowned with stars, and holding a globe in her hands, and having many mathematical instruments placed round. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 77. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 161.――――A surname of Venus, the same as _Celestial_. She was supposed, in that character, to preside over beauty and generation, and was called daughter of Uranus or Cœlus by the Light. Her temples in Asia, Africa, Greece, and Italy were numerous. _Plato_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 26, &c.――――A town of Cyprus. =Urănii=, or =Urii=, a people of Gaul. =Uranopŏlis=, a town at the top of Athos. =Urănus=, or =Ouranus=, a deity, the same as Cœlus, the most ancient of all the gods. He married Tithea or the Earth, by whom he had Ceus, Creus, Hyperion, Mnemosyne, Cottus, Phœbe, Briareus, Thetis, Saturn, Gyges, called from their mother Titans. His children conspired against him, because he confined them in the bosom of the earth, and his son Saturn mutilated him, and drove him from his throne. =Urba=, now _Orbe_, a town of the Helvetii, on a river of the same name. =Urbicua=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. =Urbicus=, an actor at Rome, in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6. =Urbinum=, now _Urbino_, a town of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14. =Urgo=, now _Gorgona_, an island in the bay of Pisa, 25 miles west of Leghorn, famous for anchovies. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6. =Uria=, a town of Calabria, built by a Cretan colony, and called also Hyria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――――Of Apulia. =Urites=, a people of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 48. =Ursentum=, a town of the Brutii, now _Orso_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11. =Ursidius=, an adulterer. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 38. =Uscana=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18. =Usceta=, a town of Africa Propria. _Aulus Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 89. =Uscudama=, a town of Thrace. _Eutropius_, bk. 6, ch. 8. =Usipĕtes=, or =Usipii=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. =Ustīca=, a town in an island on the coast of Sicily, near Panormum. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 11. =Utens=, a river of Gaul, now _Montone_, falling into the Adriatic by Ravenna. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35. =Utĭca=, now _Satcor_, a celebrated city of Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean, on the same bay as Carthage, founded by a Tyrian colony above 287 years before Carthage. It had a large and commodious harbour, and it became the metropolis of Africa, after the destruction of Carthage in the third Punic war, and the Romans granted it all the lands situate between Hippo and Carthage. It is celebrated for the death of Cato, who from thence is called _Uticensis_, or of Utica. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 306. ――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 40.――_Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 31.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 242.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 20, li. 513. =Vulcanālia=, festivals in honour of Vulcan, brought to Rome from Præneste, and observed in the month of August. The streets were illuminated, fires kindled everywhere, and animals thrown into the flames, as a sacrifice to the deity. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Columella_, bk. 11. ――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 13. =Vulcāni insula=, or =Vulcania=, a name given to the islands between Sicily and Italy, now called Lipari. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 422. They received it because there were there subterraneous fires, supposed to be excited by Vulcan the god of fire. =Vulcanius Terentianus=, a Latin historian, who wrote an account of the life of the three Gordians, &c. =Vulcānus=, a god of the ancients who presided over fire, and was the patron of all artists who worked iron and metal. He was son of Juno alone, who in this wished to imitate Jupiter, who had produced Minerva from his brains. According to Homer, he was son of Jupiter and Juno, and the mother was so disgusted with the deformities of her son, that she threw him into the sea as soon as born, where he remained for nine years. According to the more received opinion, Vulcan was educated in heaven with the rest of the gods, but his father kicked him down from ♦Olympus, when he attempted to deliver his mother, who had been fastened by a golden chain for her insolence. He was nine days in coming from heaven upon earth, and he fell in the island of Lemnos, where, according to Lucian, the inhabitants, seeing him in the air, caught him in their arms. He, however, broke his leg by the fall, and ever after remained lame of one foot. He fixed his residence in Lemnos, where he built himself a palace, and raised forges to work metals. The inhabitants of the island became sensible of his industry, and were taught all the useful arts which could civilize their rude manners, and render them serviceable to the good of society. The first work of Vulcan was, according to some, a throne of gold with secret springs, which he presented to his mother to avenge himself for her want of affection towards him. Juno no sooner was seated on the throne, than she found herself unable to move. The gods attempted to deliver her by breaking the chains which held her, but to no purpose, and Vulcan alone had the power to set her at liberty. Bacchus intoxicated him, and prevailed upon him to come to Olympus, where he was reconciled to his parents. Vulcan has been celebrated by the ancient poets for the ingenious works and automatical figures which he made, and many speak of two golden statues, which not only seemed animated, but which walked by his side, and even assisted him in the working of metals. It is said that, at the request of Jupiter, he made the first woman that ever appeared on earth, well known under the name of Pandora. _See:_ Pandora. The Cyclops of Sicily were his ministers and attendants, and with him they fabricated not only the thunderbolts of Jupiter, but also arms for the gods and the most celebrated heroes. His forges were supposed to be under mount Ætna, in the island of Sicily, as well as in every part of the earth where there were volcanoes. The most known of the works of Vulcan which were presented to mortals are the arms of Achilles, those of Æneas, the shield of Hercules described by Hesiod, a collar given to ♠Hermione the wife of Cadmus, and a sceptre, which was in the possession of Agamemnon king of Argos and Mycenæ. The collar proved fatal to all those that wore it, but the sceptre, after the death of Agamemnon, was carefully preserved at Cheronæa, and regarded as a divinity. The amours of Vulcan are not numerous. He demanded Minerva from Jupiter, who had promised him in marriage whatever goddess he should choose, and when she refused his addresses, he attempted to offer her violence. Minerva resisted with success, though there remained on her body some marks of Vulcan’s passion, which she threw down upon earth wrapped up in wool. _See:_ ♣Erichthonius. This disappointment in his love was repaired by Jupiter, who gave him one of the Graces. Venus is universally acknowledged to have been the wife of Vulcan; but her infidelity is well known, as well as her amours with Mars, which were discovered by Phœbus, and exposed to the gods by her own husband. _See:_ Alectryon. The worship of Vulcan was well established, particularly in Egypt, at Athens, and at Rome. It was usual, in the sacrifices that were offered to him, to burn the whole victim, and not reserve part of it, as in the immolations to the rest of the gods. A calf and a boar pig were the principal victims offered. Vulcan was represented as covered with sweat, blowing with his nervous arm the fires of his forges. His breast was hairy, and his forehead was blackened with smoke. Some represent him lame and deformed, holding a hammer raised in the air, ready to strike; while with the other hand he turns, with pincers, a thunderbolt on his anvil, for which an eagle waits by his side to carry it to Jupiter. He appears on some monuments with a long beard, dishevelled hair, half naked, and a small round cap on his head, while he holds a hammer and pincers in his hand. The Egyptians represented him under the figure of a monkey. Vulcan has received the names of _Mulciber_, _Pamphanes_, _Clytotechnes_, _Pandamator_, _Cyllopodes_, _Chalaipoda_, &c., all expressive of his lameness and his profession. He was father of Cupid by Venus; of Cæculus, Cecrops, Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, Ocrisia, &c. Cicero speaks of more than one deity of the name of Vulcan. One he calls son of Cœlus and father of Apollo by Minerva; the second he mentions is son of the Nile, and called Phtas by the Egyptians; the third was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and fixed his residence in Lemnos; and the fourth who built his forges in the Lipari islands was son of Menalius. Vulcan seems to have been admitted into heaven more for ridicule than any other purpose. He seems to be the great cuckold of Olympus, and even his wife is represented as laughing at his deformities, and mimicking his lameness to gain the smiles of her lovers. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield of Heracles_, lis. 140 & 320.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 57; bk. 15, li. 18; bk. 11, li. 397, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 20; bk. 3, ch. 17. ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, 7, &c. ♦‘Olympas’ replaced with ‘Olympus’ ♠‘Hermoine’ replaced with ‘Hermione’ ♣‘Erichsithonius’ replaced with ‘Erichthonius’ =Vulcātius=, a Roman knight, who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――A senator in the reign of Diocletian, who attempted to write a history of all such as had reigned at Rome, either as lawful sovereigns or by usurpation. Of his works nothing is extant but an account of Avidius Cassius, who revolted in the east during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, which some ascribe to Spartianus. =Vulsīnum=, a town of Etruria. _See:_ Volsinium. =Vulso=, a Roman consul who invaded Africa with Regulus.――――Another consul. He had the provinces of Asia while in office, and triumphed over the Galatians. =Vultŭra=, or =Vulturaria=, a mountain on the borders of Apulia. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 183. =Vulturius=, a man who conspired against his country with Catiline. =Vulturnius=, a surname of Apollo. _See:_ Vulturnus. =Vulturnum=, a town of Campania, near the mouth of the Vulturnus. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 20.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――Also an ancient name of Capua. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 37. =Vulturnus=, a river of Campania rising in the Apennines, and falling into the Tyrrhene sea, after passing by the town of Capua. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 664.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 729. ――――The god of the Tiber was also known by that name. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――――The wind, which received the name of Vulturnus when it blew from the side of the Vulturnus, highly incommoded the Romans at the battle of Cannæ. _Livy_, bk. 22, chs. 43 & 46.――――A surname of Apollo on mount Lissus in Ionia, near Ephesus. The god received this name from a shepherd who raised him a temple after he had been drawn out of a subterraneous cavern by vultures. =Vulsinum=, a town of Etruria, where Sejanus was born. =Uxama=, a town of Spain on the Iberus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 384. =Uxantis=, now _Ushant_, an island on the coast of Britany. =Uxellodunum=, a town of Gaul defended by steep rocks, now _Puech d’Issoiu_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 33. =Uxentum=, a town of Calabria, now _Ugento_. =Uxii=, mountains of Armenia, with a nation of the same name, conquered by Alexander. The Tigris rises in their country. _Strabo._ ――_Diodorus._ =Uxisama=, an island in the western ocean. =Uzita=, an inland town of Africa destroyed by Cæsar. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 41, &c. X =Xanthe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356. =Xanthi=, a people of Thrace.――――The inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia. _See:_ Xanthus. =Xanthia Phoceus=, a Roman whom Horace addresses in his bk. 2, ode 4, and of whom he speaks as enamoured of a servant-maid. =Xanthĭca=, a festival observed by the Macedonians in the month called Xanthicus, the same as April. It was then usual to make a lustration of the army with great solemnity. A bitch was cut into two parts, and one half of the body placed on one side, and the other part on the other side, after which the soldiers marched between, and they imitated a real battle by a sham engagement. =Xanthippe=, a daughter of Dorus. _See:_ Xantippe. =Xanthippus=, a son of Melas killed by Tydeus. _See:_ Xantippus. =Xantho=, one of Cyrene’s attendant nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 336. =Xanthus=, or =Xanthos=, a river of Troas, in Asia Minor. It is the same as the _Scamander_, but, according to Homer, it was called Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. _See:_ Scamander.――――A river of Lycia, anciently called _Sirbes_. It was sacred to Apollo, and fell into the sea near Patara. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 172. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 143.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――One of the horses of Achilles, who spoke to his master when chid with severity, and told him he must soon be killed. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 19.――――One of the horses given to Juno by Neptune, and afterwards to the sons of Leda.――――An historian of Sardes in the reign of Darius.――――A Greek historian of Lydia, who wrote an account of his country, of which some fragments remain. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ ――――A king of Lesbos.――――A king of Bœotia, who made war against the Athenians. He was killed by the artifice of Melanthus. _See:_ Apaturia.――――A Greek poet. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26. ――_Suidas._――――A philosopher of Samos, in whose house Æsop lived some time as servant.――――A town of Lycia, on the river of the same name, at the distance of about 15 miles from the sea-shore. The inhabitants were celebrated for their love of liberty and national independence. Brutus laid siege to their city, and when at last they were unable longer to support themselves against the enemy, they set fire to their houses and destroyed themselves. The conqueror wished to spare them, but though he offered rewards to his soldiers if they brought any of the Xanthians alive into his presence, only 150 were saved, much against their will. _Appian_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_. =Xantĭcles=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, after the battle of Cunaxa. =Xantippe=, a daughter of Dorus, who married Pleuron, by whom she had Agenor, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――The wife of Socrates, remarkable for her ill humour and peevish disposition, which are become proverbial. Some suppose that the philosopher was acquainted with her moroseness and insolence before he married her, and that he took her for his wife to try his patience, and inure himself to the malevolent reflections of mankind. She continually tormented him with her impertinence; and one day, not satisfied with using the most bitter invectives, she emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head, upon which the philosopher coolly observed, “After thunder there generally falls rain.” _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 7; bk. 11, ch. 12.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Socrates_. =Xantippus=, a Lacedæmonian general who assisted the Carthaginians in the first Punic war. He defeated the Romans, 256 B.C., and took the celebrated Regulus prisoner. Such signal services deserved to be rewarded, but the Carthaginians looked with envious jealousy upon Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth after he had saved them from destruction. Some authors support that the Carthaginians ordered him to be assassinated, and his body to be thrown into the sea as he was returning home; while others say that they had prepared a leaky ship to convey him to Corinth, which he artfully avoided. _Livy_, bk. 18 & bk. 28, ch. 43.――_Appian_, _Punic Wars_.――――An Athenian general who defeated the Persian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides. A statue was erected to his honour at the citadel of Athens. He made some conquests in Thrace, and increased the power of Athens. He was father to the celebrated Pericles by Agariste the niece of Clisthenes, who expelled the Pisistratidæ from Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7; bk. 8, ch. 52.――――A son of Pericles who disgraced his father by his disobedience, his ingratitude, and his extravagance. He died of the plague in the Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch._ =Xenagŏras=, an historian. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A philosopher who measured the height of mount Olympus. =Xenarchus=, a comic poet.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Seleucia, who taught at Alexandria and at Rome, and was intimate with Augustus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A pretor of the Achæan league, who wished to favour the interest of Perseus king of Macedonia against the Romans. =Xenares=, an intimate friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta. =Xenetus=, a rich Locrian, whose daughter Doris married Dionysius of Sicily, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 7. =Xeneus=, a Chian writer who composed a history of his country. =Xeniădes=, a Corinthian who went to buy Diogenes the Cynic when sold as a slave. He asked him what he could do; upon which the Cynic answered, “Command freemen.” This noble answer so pleased Xeniades, that he gave the Cynic his liberty, and entrusted him with the care and education of his children. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 2, ch. 18. =Xenius=, a surname given to Jupiter as the god of _hospitality_. =Xenoclea=, a priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi, from whom Hercules extorted an oracle by force, when she refused to answer him because he was not purified of the blood and death of Iphitus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13. =Xenŏcles=, a tragic writer, who obtained four times a poetical prize in a contention in which Euripides was competitor, either through the ignorance or by the bribery of his judges. The names of his tragedies which obtained the victory were Œdipus, Lycaon, Bacchæ, Athamas Satyricus, against the Alexander, Palamedes, Trojani, and Sisyphus Satyricus of Euripides. His grandson bore also the name of Xenocles, and excelled in tragical compositions. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――A Spartan officer in the expedition which Agesilaus undertook against the Persians.――――An architect of Eleusis.――――A friend of Aratus.――――One of the friends of Cicero.――――A celebrated rhetorician of Adramyttium. _Strabo_, bk. 13. =Xenocrătes=, an ancient philosopher born at Chalcedonia, and educated in the school of Plato, whose friendship he gained, and whose approbation he merited. Though of a dull and sluggish disposition, he supplied the defects of nature by unwearied attention and industry, and was at last found capable of succeeding in the school of Plato after Speusippus, about 339 years before Christ. He was remarkable as a disciplinarian, and he required that his pupils should be acquainted with mathematics before they came under his care, and he even rejected some who had not the necessary qualification, saying that they had not yet found the key of philosophy. He recommended himself to his pupils not only by precepts, but more powerfully by example, and since the wonderful change he had made upon the conduct of one of his auditors [_See:_ Polemon], his company was as much shunned by the dissolute and extravagant, as it was courted by the virtuous and benevolent. Philip of Macedon attempted to gain his confidence with money, but with no success. Alexander in this imitated his father, and sent some of his friends with 50 talents for the philosopher. They were introduced, and supped with Xenocrates. The repast was small, frugal, and elegant, without ostentation. On the morrow, the officers of Alexander wished to pay down the 50 talents, but the philosopher asked them whether they had not perceived from the entertainment of the preceding day that he was not in want of money. “Tell your master,” said he, “to keep his money; he has more people to maintain than I have.” Yet, not to offend the monarch, he accepted a small sum, about the 200th part of one talent. His character was not less conspicuous in every other particular, and he has been cited as an instance of virtue from the following circumstance: The courtesan Lais had pledged herself to forfeit an immense sum of money, if she did not triumph over the virtue of Xenocrates. She tried every art, assumed the most captivating looks, and used the most tempting attitudes to gain the philosopher, but in vain; and she declared at last that she had not lost her money, as she had pledged herself to conquer a human being, not a lifeless stone. Though so respected and admired, yet Xenocrates was poor, and he was dragged to prison, because he was unable to pay a small tribute to the state. He was delivered from confinement by one of his friends. His integrity was so well known, that when he appeared in the court as a witness, the judges dispensed with his oath. He died B.C. 314, in his 82nd year, after he had presided in the academy for above 25 years. It is said that he fell in the night with his head into a basin of water, and that he was suffocated. He had written above 60 treatises on different subjects, all now lost. He acknowledged no other deity but heaven, and the seven planets. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10, ltr. 1, &c. _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Lucian._――――A physician in the age of Nero, not in great esteem. His Greek treatise, _de alimento ex aquatilibus_, is best edited by Franzius, Lipscomb, 8vo, 1774.――――An excellent painter. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8. =Xenodamus=, an illegitimate son of Menelaus by Gnossia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――――An athlete of Anticyra. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 36. =Xēnodĭce=, a daughter of Syleus, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1. =Xenodŏchus=, a Messenian crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――――A native of Cardia, &c. =Xenophănes=, a Greek philosopher of Colophon, disciple of Archelaus, B.C. 535. He wrote several poems and treatises, and founded a sect which was called the Eleatic, in Sicily. Wild in his opinions about astronomy, he supposed that the stars were extinguished every morning, and rekindled at night; that eclipses were occasioned by the temporary extinction of the sun; that the moon was inhabited, and 18 times bigger than the earth; and that there were several suns and moons for the convenience of the different climates of the earth. He further imagined that God and the world were the same, and he credited the eternity of the universe, but his incoherent opinion about the divinity raised the indignation of his countrymen, and he was banished. He died very poor, when about 100 years old. _Cicero_, _Academica Priora_, bk. 4, ch. 37; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 3; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Lactantius_, _Divinae institutiones_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――――A governor of Olbus, in the age of Marcus Antony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――One of the ministers of Philip, who went to Annibal’s camp, and made a treaty of alliance between Macedonia and Carthage. =Xenophĭlus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, who lived to his 170th year, and enjoyed all his faculties to the last. He wrote upon music, and thence he was called the musician. _Lucian_, _Macrobii_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 50.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――――One of Alexander’s generals. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A robber of whom Aratus hired some troops. =Xenŏphon=, an Athenian, son of Gryllus, celebrated as a general, an historian, and a philosopher. In the school of Socrates he received those instructions and precepts which afterwards so eminently distinguished him at the head of an army, in literary solitude, and as the prudent father of a family. He was invited by Proxenus, one of his intimate friends, to accompany Cyrus the younger in an expedition against his brother Artaxerxes king of Persia; but he refused to comply without previously consulting his venerable master, and inquiring into the propriety of such a measure. Socrates strongly opposed it, and observed that it might raise the resentment of his countrymen, as Sparta had made an alliance with the Persian monarch; but, however, before he proceeded further, he advised him to consult the oracle of Apollo. Xenophon paid due deference to the injunctions of Socrates, but as he was ambitious of glory, and eager to engage in a distant expedition, he hastened with precipitation to Sardis, where he was introduced to the young prince, and treated with great attention. In the army of Cyrus, Xenophon showed that he was a true disciple of Socrates, and that he had been educated in the warlike city of Athens. After the decisive battle in the plains of Cunaxa, and the fall of young Cyrus, the prudence and vigour of his mind were called into action. The 10,000 Greeks who had followed the standard of an ambitious prince were now at the distance of above 600 leagues from their native home, in a country surrounded on every side by a victorious enemy, without money, without provisions, and without a leader. Xenophon was selected from among the officers to superintend the retreat of his countrymen, and though he was often opposed by malevolence and envy, yet his persuasive eloquence and his activity convinced the Greeks that no general could extricate them from every difficulty better than the disciple of Socrates. He rose superior to danger, and though under continual alarms from the sudden attacks of the Persians, he was enabled to cross rapid rivers, penetrate through vast deserts, gain the tops of mountains, till he could rest secure for a while and refresh his tired companions. This celebrated retreat was at last happily effected; the Greeks returned home after a march of 1155 parasangs, or leagues, which was performed in 215 days, after an absence of 15 months. The whole, perhaps, might now be forgotten, or at least obscurely known, if the great philosopher who planned it had not employed his pen in describing the dangers which he escaped, and the difficulties which he surmounted. He was no sooner returned from Cunaxa, than he sought new honours in following the fortune of Agesilaus in Asia. He enjoyed his confidence, he fought under his standard, and conquered with him in the Asiatic provinces, as well as at the battle of Coronæa. His fame, however, did not escape the aspersions of jealousy; he was publicly banished from Athens for accompanying Cyrus against his brother, and being now without a home, he retired to Scillus, a small town of the Lacedæmonians, in the neighbourhood of Olympia. In this solitary retreat he dedicated his time to literary pursuits, and as he had acquired riches in his Asiatic expeditions, he began to adorn and variegate by the hand of art, for his pleasure and enjoyment, the country which surrounded Scillus. He built a magnificent temple to Diana, in imitation of that of Ephesus, and spent part of his time in rural employments, or in hunting in the woods and mountains. His peaceful occupations, however, were soon disturbed. A war arose between the Lacedæmonians and Elis, and the sanctity of Diana’s temple, and the venerable age of the philosopher, who lived in the delightful retreats of Scillus, were disregarded, and Xenophon, driven by the Elians from his favourite spot, where he had composed and written for the information of posterity, and the honour of his country, retired to the city of Corinth. In this place he died in the 90th year of his age, 359 years before the christian era. The works of Xenophon are numerous. He wrote an account of the expedition of Cyrus, called _the Anabasis_, and as he had no inconsiderable share in the enterprise, his description must be authentic, as he was himself an eye-witness. Many, however, have accused him of partiality. He appeared often too fond of extolling the virtues of his favourite Cyrus, and while he describes with contempt the imprudent operations of the Persians, he does not neglect to show that he was a native of Greece. His _Cyropædia_, divided into eight books, has given rise to much criticism, and while some warmly maintain that it is a faithful account of the life and the actions of Cyrus the Great, and declare that it is supported by the authority of Scripture, others as vehemently deny its authenticity. According to the opinions of Plato and of Cicero, the Cyropædia of Xenophon was a moral romance, and these venerable philosophers support that the historian did not so much write what Cyrus had been, as what every true, good, and virtuous monarch ought to be. His _Hellenica_ were written as a continuation of the history of Thucydides; and in his _Memorabilia_ of Socrates, and in his _Apology_, he has shown himself, as Valerius Maximus observes, a perfect master of the philosophy of that great man, and he has explained his doctrines and moral precepts with all the success of persuasive eloquence and conscious integrity. These are the most famous of his compositions, besides which there are other small tracts, his eulogium given on Agesilaus, his œconomics, on the duties of domestic life, the dialogue entitled Hiero, in which he happily describes and compares the misery which attended the tyrant, with the felicity of a virtuous prince; a treatise on hunting, the symposium of the philosophers, on the government of Athens and Sparta, a treatise on the revenues of Attica, &c. The simplicity and the elegance of Xenophon’s diction have procured him the name of the Athenian muse, and the bee of Greece, and they have induced Quintilian to say that the graces dictated his language, and that the goddess of persuasion dwelt upon his lips. His sentiments, as to the divinity and religion, were the same as those of the venerable Socrates; he supported the immortality of the soul, and exhorted his friends to cultivate those virtues which ensure the happiness of mankind, with all the zeal and fervour of a christian. He has been quoted as an instance of tenderness and of resignation on Providence. As he was offering a sacrifice, he was informed that Gryllus his eldest son had been killed at the battle of Mantinea. Upon this he tore the garland from his head, but when he was told that his son had died like a Greek, and had given a mortal wound to Epaminondas, the enemy’s general, he replaced the flowers on his head, and continued the sacrifice, exclaiming that the pleasure he derived from the valour of his son was greater than the grief which his unfortunate death occasioned. The best editions of Xenophon are those of Leunclavius, folio, Frankfurt, 1596, of Ernesti, 4 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1763, and the Glasgow edition, 12mo; of the Cyropædia, 1767, the expedition of Cyrus, 1764, the Memorabilia, 1761, and the history of Greece, 1762, and likewise the edition of Zeunius, published at Leipsic, in 8vo, in 6 vols., between the years 1778 and 1791. _Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 19.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 10. ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 13; bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Xenophon_.――_Seneca._――――A writer in the beginning of the fourth century, known by his Greek romance in five books, _De Amoribus Anthiæ et Abrocomæ_, published in 8vo and 4to by Cocceius, London, 1726.――――A physician of the emperor Claudius, born in the island of Cos, and said to be descended from the Asclepiades. He enjoyed the emperor’s favours, and through him the people of Cos were exempt from all taxes. He had the meanness to poison his benefactor at the instigation of Agrippina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 61 & 67.――――An officer under Adrian, &c. =Xera=, a town of Spain, now _Xerex_, where the Moors gained a battle over Roderic king of the Goths, and became masters of the country. =Xerolibya=, a part of Africa between Egypt and Cyrene. =Xerxena=, a part of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Xerxes I.=, succeeded his father Darius on the throne of Persia, and though but the second son of the monarch, he was preferred to his elder brother Artabazanes. The causes alleged for this preference were, that Artabazanes was son of Darius when a private man, and that Xerxes was born, after his father had been raised on the Persian throne, of Atossa the daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes continued the warlike preparations of his father, and added the revolted kingdom of Egypt to his extensive possessions. He afterwards invaded Europe, and entered Greece with an army which, together with the numerous retinue of servants, eunuchs, and women that attended it, amounted to no less than 5,283,220 souls. This multitude, which the fidelity of the historians has not exaggerated, was stopped at Thermopylæ, by the valour of 300 Spartans, under king Leonidas. Xerxes, astonished that such a handful of men should dare to oppose his progress, ordered some of his soldiers to bring them alive into his presence; but for three successive days the most valiant of the Persian troops were repeatedly defeated in attempting to execute the monarch’s injunctions, and the courage of the Spartans might perhaps have triumphed longer, if a Trachinian had not led a detachment to the top of the mountain, and suddenly fallen upon the devoted Leonidas. The king himself nearly perished on this occasion, and it has been reported that, in the night, the desperate Spartans sought, for a while, the royal tent, which they found deserted, and wandered through the Persian army, slaughtering thousands before them. The battle of Thermopylæ was the beginning of the disgrace of Xerxes. The more he advanced, it was to experience new disappointments; his fleet was defeated at Artemisium and Salamis, and though he burnt the deserted city of Athens, and trusted to the artful insinuations of Themistocles, yet he found his millions unable to conquer a nation that was superior to him in the knowledge of war and maritime affairs. Mortified with the ill success of his expedition, and apprehensive of imminent danger in an enemy’s country, Xerxes hastened to Persia, and in 30 days he marched over all that territory which before he had passed with much pomp and parade in the space of six months. Mardonius, the best of his generals, was left behind with an army of 300,000 men, and the rest that had survived the ravages of war, of famine, and pestilence, followed their timid monarch into Thrace, where his steps were marked by the numerous birds of prey that hovered round him, and fed upon the dead carcases of the Persians. When he reached the Hellespont, Xerxes found the bridge of boats which he had erected there totally destroyed by the storms, and he crossed the straits in a small fishing vessel. Restored to his kingdom and safety, he forgot his dangers, his losses, and his defeats, and gave himself up to riot and debauchery. His indolence and luxurious voluptuousness offended his subjects, and Artabanus, the captain of his guards, conspired against him, and murdered him in his bed, in the 21st year of his reign, about 464 years before the christian era. The personal accomplishments of Xerxes have been commended by ancient authors, and Herodotus observes that there was not one man among the millions of his army that was equal to the monarch in comeliness or stature, or that was as worthy to preside over a great and extensive empire. The picture is finished, and the character of Xerxes completely known, when we hear Justin exclaim that the vast armament which invaded Greece was without a head. Xerxes has been cited as an instance of humanity. When he reviewed his millions from a stately throne in the plains of Asia, he suddenly shed a torrent of tears on the recollection that the multitude of men he saw before his eyes in 100 years should be no more. His pride and insolence have been deservedly censured; he ordered chains to be thrown into the sea, and the waves to be whipped, because the first bridge he had laid across the Hellespont had been destroyed by a storm. He cut a channel through mount Athos, and saw his fleet sail in a place which before was dry ground. The very rivers were dried up by his army as he advanced towards Greece, and the cities which he entered reduced to want and poverty. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 183; bk. 7, ch. 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ælian_, bk. 3, _Varia Historia_, ch. 25.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 8, ch. 46.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 672.――_Plutarch_, _Themistocles_, &c. _Valerius Maximus._――_Isocrates_, _Panathenaicus_. ――_Seneca_, _de Constantia Sapientis_, ch. 4. =Xerxes II.=, succeeded his father Artaxerxes Longimanus on the throne of Persia, 425 B.C., and was assassinated in the first year of his reign by his brother Sogdianus. =Xerxes=, a painter of Heraclea, who made a beautiful representation of Venus. =Xeuxes=, an officer of Antiochus the Great king of Syria. =Xiline=, a town of Colchis. =Xiphonia=, a promontory of Sicily at the north of Syracuse, now _Cruce_. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――Also a town near it, now _Augusta_. =Xois=, an island formed by the mouths of the Nile. _Strabo_, bk. 17. =Xuthia=, the ancient name of the plains of Leontium in Sicily. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Xuthus=, a son of Hellen, grandson of Deucalion. He was banished from Thessaly by his brothers, and came to Athens, where he married Creusa the daughter of king Erechtheus, by whom he had Achæus and Ion. He retired after the death of his father-in-law into Achaia, where he died. According to some, he had no children, but adopted Ion, the son whom Creusa, before her marriage, had borne to Apollo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Euripides_, _Ion_, bk. 1, scene 1. =Xychus=, a Macedonian who told Philip of his cruelty when he had put his son Demetrius to death, at the instigation of Perseus. =Xylenopŏlis=, a town at the mouth of the Indus, built by Alexander, supposed to be _Laheri_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23. =Xyline=, a town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15. =Xylopŏlis=, a town of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10. =Xynias=, a lake of Thessaly, or, according to some, of Bœotia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13; bk. 33, ch. 3. =Xynoichia=, an anniversary day observed at Athens in honour of Minerva, and in commemoration of the time in which the people of Attica left their country seats, and, by advice of Theseus, all united in one body. Z =Zabatus=, a river of Media, falling into the Tigris, near which the 10,000 Greeks stopped in their return. _Xenophon._ =Zabdicēne=, a province of Persia. =Zabirna=, a town of Libya, where Bacchus destroyed a large beast that infested the country. _Diodorus_, bk. 3. =Zabus=, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris. =Zacynthus=, a native of Bœotia, who accompanied Hercules when he went into Spain to destroy Geryon. At the end of the expedition he was entrusted with the care of Geryon’s flocks by the hero, and ordered to conduct them to Thebes. As he went on his journey, he was bit by a serpent, and some time after died. His companions carried his body away, and buried it in an island of the Ionian sea, which from that time was called _Zacynthus_. The island of Zacynthus, now called _Zante_, is situate at the south of Cephalenia, and at the west of the Peloponnesus. It is about 60 miles in circumference. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 246; bk. 9, li. 24. ――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 432.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23. ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 270.――――A son of Dardanus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8. =Zadris=, a town of Colchis. =Zagræus=, a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, the same as the first Bacchus, of whom Cicero speaks. Some say that Jupiter obtained Proserpine’s favours in the form of a serpent in one of the caves of Sicily, where her mother had concealed her from his pursuits, and that from this union Zagræus was born. =Zagrus=, a mountain on the confines of Media and Babylonia. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Zalates=, an effeminate youth brought to Rome from Armenia as a hostage, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 20, li. 164. =Zaleucus=, a lawgiver of the Locrians in Italy, and one of the disciples of Pythagoras, 550 B.C. He was very humane, and at the same time very austere, and he attempted to enforce his laws more by inspiring shame than dread. He had wisely decreed that a person guilty of adultery should lose both his eyes. His philosophy was called to a trial when he was informed that his son was an adulterer. He ordered the law to be executed; the people interfered, but Zaleucus resisted, and rather than violate his own institutions, he commanded one of his own eyes, and one of those of his son, to be put out. This made such an impression upon the people, that while Zaleucus presided over the Locrians, no person was again found guilty of adultery. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 5. ――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 6; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 3, ch. 17; bk. 13, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 6. =Zama=, or =Zagma=, a town of Numidia, 300 miles from Carthage, celebrated for the victory which Scipio obtained there over the great Annibal, B.C. 202. Metellus besieged it, and was obliged to retire with great loss. After Juba’s death it was destroyed by the Romans. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 91.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_. ――_Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 29.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 261.――_Strabo_, bk. 17. ――――A town of Cappadocia,――――of Mesopotamia. =Zameis=, a debauched king of Assyria, son of Semiramis and Ninus, as some report. He reigned 38 years. =Zamolxis=, or =Zalmoxis=, a slave and disciple of Pythagoras. He accompanied his master in Egypt, and afterwards retired into the country of the Getæ, which had given him birth. He began to civilize his countrymen, and the more easily to gain reputation, he concealed himself for three years in a subterraneous cave, and afterwards made them believe that he was just raised from the dead. Some place him before the age of Pythagoras. After death he received divine honours. _Diodorus._――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 19, &c. =Zancle=, a town of Sicily, on the straits which separate that island from Italy. It received its name from its appearing like a scythe, which was called ξανκλον in the language of the country, or, as others say, because the scythe with which Saturn mutilated his father fell there, or because, as Diodorus reports, a person named Zanclus had either built it or exercised its sovereignty. Zancle fell into the hands of the Samians 497 years before the christian era, and three years after it was recovered by Anaxilaus the Messenian tyrant of Rhegium, who gave it the name of his native country, and called it _Messana_. It was founded, as most chronologers support, about 1058 years before the christian era, by the pirates of Cumæ in Italy, and peopled by Samians, Ionians, and Chalcidians. _Strabo_, bk. 6. ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 662.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 499; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 6; bk. 15, li. 290.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23. =Zarax=, a town of Peloponnesus. =Zarbiēnus=, a petty monarch of Asia, who was gained to the interest of the Romans by one of the officers of Lucullus. Tigranes put him to death for his desertion, and his funeral was celebrated with great magnificence by the Roman general. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_. =Zariaspes=, a Persian who attempted to revolt from Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――A river, now _Dehash_, on which Bactria, the capital of Bactriana, was built. It is called Bactrus by Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 16. =Zathes=, a river of Armenia. =Zaueces=, a people of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 193. =Zebīna Alexander=, an impostor who usurped the throne of Syria, at the instigation of Ptolemy Physcon. =Zela=, or =Zelia=, a town of Pontus near the river Lycus, where Cæsar defeated Pharnaces son of Mithridates. In expressing this victory, the general used the words, _Veni_, _vidi_, _vinci_. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 37.――_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 72.――――A town of Troas at the foot of Ida.――――Another in Lycia. =Zelasium=, a promontory of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 46. =Zeles=, a town of Spain. =Zelus=, a daughter of Pallas. =Zeno=, a philosopher of Elia or Velia in Italy, the disciple, or, according to some, the adopted son of Parmenides, and the supposed inventor of dialectic. His opinions about the universe, the unity, incomprehensibility, and immutability of all things, were the same with those of Xenophanes and the rest of the Eleatic philosophers. It is said that he attempted to deliver his country from the tyranny of Nearchus. His plot was discovered, and he was exposed to the most excruciating torments to reveal the name of his accomplices, but this he bore with unparalleled fortitude, and not to be at last conquered by tortures, he cut off his tongue with his teeth, and spit it into the face of the tyrant. Some say that he was pounded alive in a mortar, and that in the midst of his torments he called to Nearchus, as if to reveal something of importance; the tyrant approached him, and Zeno, as if willing to whisper to him, caught his ear with his teeth, and bit it off. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 22; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――_Diodorus Siculus_, _Fragment_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 9.――――The founder of the sect of the stoics, born at Citium in the island of Cyprus. The first part of his life was spent in commercial pursuits, but he was soon called to more elevated employments. As he was returning from Phœnicia, a storm drove his ship on the coast of Attica, and he was shipwrecked near the Piræus. This moment of calamity he regarded as the beginning of his fame. He entered the house of a bookseller, and, to dissipate his melancholy reflections, he began to read. The book was written by Xenophon; and the merchant was so pleased and captivated by the eloquence and beauties of the philosopher, that from that time he renounced the pursuits of a busy life, and applied himself to the study of philosophy. Ten years were spent in frequenting the school of Crates, and the same number under Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon. Perfect in every branch of knowledge, and improved from experience as well as observation, Zeno opened a school at Athens, and soon saw himself attended by the great, the learned, and the powerful. His followers were called _Stoics_, because they received the instructions of the philosopher in the portico called στοα. He was so respected during his lifetime, that the Athenians publicly decreed him a brazen statue and a crown of gold, and engraved their decree, to give it more publicity, on two columns in the academy, and in the Lyceum. His life was an example of soberness and moderation; his manners were austere, and to his temperance and regularity he was indebted for the continual flow of health which he always enjoyed. After he had taught publicly for 48 years, he died in the 98th year of his age, B.C. 264, a stranger to diseases, and never incommoded by a real indisposition. He was buried in that part of the city called Ceramicus, where the Athenians raised him a monument. The founder of the stoic philosophy shone before his followers as a pure example of imitation. Virtue he perceived to be the ultimate aim of his researches. He wished to live in the world as if nothing was properly his own; he loved others, and his affections were extended even to his enemies. He felt a pleasure in being kind, benevolent, and attentive, and he found that these sentiments of pleasure were reciprocal. He saw a connection and dependence in the system of the universe, and perceived that from thence arose the harmony of civil society, the tenderness of parents, and filial gratitude. In the attainment of virtue the goods of the mind were to be preferred to those of the body, and when that point was once gained, nothing could equal our happiness and perfection, and the stoic could view with indifference health or sickness, riches or poverty, pain and pleasure, which could neither move nor influence the serenity of his mind. Zeno recommended resignation; he knew that the laws of the universe cannot be changed by man, and therefore he wished that his disciples should not in prayer deprecate impending calamities, but rather beseech Providence to grant them fortitude to bear the severest trials with pleasure and due resignation to the will of Heaven. An arbitrary command over the passions was one of the rules of stoicism; to assist our friends in the hour of calamity was our duty, but to give way to childish sensations was unbecoming our nature. Pity, therefore, and anger, were to be banished from the heart, propriety and decorum were to be the guides in everything, and the external actions of men were the best indications of their inward feelings, their secret inclinations, and their character. It was the duty of the stoic to study himself; in the evening he was enjoined to review with critical accuracy the events of the day, and to regulate his future conduct with more care, and always to find an impartial witness within his own breast. Such were the leading characters of the stoic philosophy, whose followers were so illustrious, so perfect, and so numerous, and whose effects were productive of such exemplary virtues in the annals of the human mind. Zeno in his maxims used to say, that with virtue man could live happy under the most pressing calamities. He said that nature had given us two ears, and only one mouth, to tell us that we ought to listen more than speak. He compared those whose actions were dissonant with their professions, to the coin of Alexandria, which appeared beautiful to the eye, though made of the basest metals. He acknowledged only one God, the soul of the universe, which he conceived to be the body, and therefore he believed that those two together united, the soul and the body, formed one perfect animal, which was the god of the stoics. Amongst the most illustrious followers of his doctrine, and as the most respectable writers, may be mentioned _Epictetus_, _Seneca_, the emperor _Antoninus_, &c. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 12; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 14; bk. 2, chs. 8 & 24; bk. 3, ch. 24; _For Marcellus_; _Orator_, ch. 32, &c.; _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum._――_Seneca._――_Epictetus._――_Arrian._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――An Epicurean philosopher of Sidon, who numbered among his pupils Cicero, Pomponius Atticus, Cotta, Pompey, &c. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, chs. 21 & 34.――――A rhetorician, father to Polemon, who was made king of Pontus.――――The son of Polemon, who was king of Armenia, was also called Zeno. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 56. ――――A native of Lepreos, son of Calliteles, crowned at the Olympic games, and honoured with a statue in the grove of Jupiter, and at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15.――――A general of Antiochus.――――A philosopher of Tarsus, B.C. 207.――――The name of Zeno was common to some of the Roman emperors on the throne of Constantinople, in the fifth and sixth centuries. =Zenobia=, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rhadamistus. She accompanied her husband when he was banished from his kingdom by the Armenians; but as she was unable to follow him on account of her pregnancy, she entreated him to murder her. Rhadamistus long hesitated, but fearful of her falling into the hands of his enemy, he obeyed, and threw her body into the Araxes. Her clothes kept her up on the surface of the water, where she was found by some shepherds, and as the wound was not mortal, her life was preserved, and she was carried to Tiridates, who acknowledged her as queen. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 51.――――Septimia, a celebrated princess of Palmyra, who married Odenatus, whom Gallienus acknowledged as his partner on the Roman throne. After the death of her husband, which, according to some authors, she is said to have hastened, Zenobia reigned in the east as regent of her infant children, who were honoured with the title of Cæsars. She assumed the name of Augusta, and she appeared in imperial robes, and ordered herself to be styled the queen of the east. The troubles which at that time agitated the western parts of the empire, prevented the emperor from checking the insolence and ambition of this princess, who boasted to be sprung from the Ptolemies of Egypt. Aurelian was no sooner invested with the imperial purple than he marched into the east, determined to punish the pride of Zenobia. He well knew her valour, and he was not ignorant that in her wars against the Persians she had distinguished herself no less than Odenatus. She was the mistress of the east; Egypt acknowledged her power, and all the provinces of Asia Minor were subject to her command. When Aurelian approached the plains of Syria, the Palmyrean queen appeared at the head of 700,000 men. She bore the labours of the field like the meanest of her soldiers, and walked on foot fearless of danger. Two battles were fought; the courage of the queen gained the superiority, but an imprudent evolution of the Palmyrean cavalry ruined her cause; and while they pursued with spirit the flying enemy, the Roman infantry suddenly fell upon the main body of Zenobia’s army, and the defeat was inevitable. The queen fled to Palmyra, determined to support a siege. Aurelian followed her, and after he had almost exhausted his stores, he proposed terms of accommodation, which were rejected with disdain by the warlike princess. Her hopes of victory, however, soon vanished, and though she harassed the Romans night and day by continual sallies from her walls, and the working of her military engines, she despaired of success when she heard that the armies which were marching to her relief from Armenia, Persia, and the east, had partly been defeated and partly bribed from her allegiance. She fled from Palmyra in the night, but Aurelian, who was apprised of her escape, pursued her, and she was caught as she was crossing the river Euphrates. She was brought into the presence of Aurelian, and though the soldiers were clamorous for her death, she was reserved to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. She was treated with great humanity, and Aurelian gave her large possessions near Tibur, where she was permitted to live the rest of her days in peace, with all the grandeur and majesty which became a queen of the east, and a warlike princess. Her children were patronized by the emperor, and married to persons of the first distinction at Rome. Zenobia has been admired not only for her military abilities, but also for her literary talents. She was acquainted with every branch of useful learning, and spoke with fluency the language of the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Latins. She composed an abridgment of the history of the oriental nations, and of Egypt, which was greatly commended by the ancients. She received no less honour from the patronage she afforded to the celebrated Longinus, who was one of her favourites, and who taught her the Greek tongue. She has also been praised for her great chastity, and her constancy, though she betrayed too often her propensities to cruelty and intoxication when in the midst of her officers. She fell into the hands of Aurelian about the 273rd year of the christian era. _Aurelius Victor._――_Zosimus_, &c.――――A town of Syria on the Euphrates. =Zenobii insulæ=, small islands at the mouth of the Arabian gulf. =Zenodōrus=, a sculptor in the age of Nero. He made a statue of Mercury, as also a colossus for the emperor, which was 110 or 120 feet high, and which was consecrated to the sun. The head of this colossus was some time after broken by Vespasian, who placed there the head of an Apollo surrounded with seven beams, each of which was seven feet and a half long. From this famous colossus the modern coliseum, whose ruins are now so much admired at Rome, took its name. _Pliny_, bk. 54, ch. 7. =Zenodotia=, a town of Mesopotamia, near Nicephorium. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_. =Zenodōtus=, a native of Trœzene, who wrote a history of Umbria. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age of Ptolemy Soter, by whom he was appointed to take care of the celebrated library of Alexandria. He died B.C. 245. =Zenothemis=, a Greek writer. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 17, ch. 30. =Zephyrium=, a promontory of Magna Græcia towards the Ionian sea, whence, according to some, the Locrians are called _Epizephyrii_. ――――A town of Cilicia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.――――A cape of Crete, now _San Zuane_.――――Of Pontus, &c. =Zephy̆rum=, a promontory in the island of Cyprus, where Venus had a temple built by Ptolemy Philadelphus, whence she was called _Zephyria_. It was in this temple that Arsione made an offering of her hair to the goddess of beauty. =Zephy̆rus=, one of the winds, son of Astreus and Aurora, the same as the _Favonius_ of the Latins. He married a nymph called Chloris, or Flora, by whom he had a son called Carpos. Zephyr was said to produce flowers and fruits by the sweetness of his breath. He had a temple at Athens, where he was represented as a young man of delicate form, with two wings on his shoulders, and with his head covered with all sorts of flowers. He was ♦supposed to be the same as the west wind. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 377.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 135; bk. 2, li. 417; bk. 4, li. 223, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 64; bk. 15, li. 700.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 16, li. 34, &c. ♦ ‘suppossd’ replaced with ‘supposed’ =Zerynthus=, a town of Samothrace, with a cave sacred to Hecate. The epithet of _Zerynthius_ is applied to Apollo, and also to Venus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 41. =Zethes=, =Zetes=, or =Zetus=, a son of Boreas king of Thrace and Orithyia, who accompanied, with his brother Cailas, the Argonauts to Colchis. In Bithynia, the two brothers, who are represented with wings, delivered Phineus from the continual persecution of the Harpies, and drove these monsters as far as the islands called Strophades, where at last they were stopped by Iris, who promised them that Phineus should no longer be tormented by them. They were both killed, as some say, by Hercules during the Argonautic expedition, and were changed into those winds which generally blow eight or ten days before the dog-star appears, and are called Prodromi by the Greeks. Their sister Cleopatra married Phineus king of Bithynia. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 716.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Valerius Flaccus._ =Zetta=, a town of Africa, near Thapsus, now _Zerbi_. _Strabo_, bk. 17. ――_Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 68. =Zetus=, or =Zethus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother to Amphion. The two brothers were born on mount Cithæron, where Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of her father Nycteus. When they had attained the years of manhood, they collected a number of their friends to avenge the injuries which their mother had suffered from Lycus, the successor of Nycteus on the throne of Thebes, and from his wife Dirce. Lycus was put to death, and his wife tied to the tail of a wild bull, that dragged her over rocks and precipices till she died. The crown of Thebes was seized by the two brothers, not only as the reward of this victory, but as their inheritance, and Zethus surrounded the capital of his dominions with a strong wall, while his brother amused himself with playing on his lyre. Music and verses were disagreeable to Zethus, and, according to some, he prevailed upon his brother no longer to pursue so unproductive a study. _Hyginus_, fable 7. ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10. ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 41. =Zeugis=, a portion of Africa, in which Carthage was. The other division was called _Byzacium_. _Isidorus_, bk. 14, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4. =Zeugma=, a town of Mesopotamia, on the western bank of the Euphrates, where was a well-known passage across the river. It was the eastern boundary of the Roman empire, and in Pliny’s age a chain of iron was said to extend across it. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 16. ――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 12.――――A town of Dacia. =Zeus=, a name of Jupiter among the Greeks, expressive of his being the father of mankind, and by whom all things live. _Diodorus_, bk. 5. =Zeuxidămus=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ. He was father of Archidamus and grandson of Theopompus, and was succeeded by his son Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7. =Zeuxidas=, a pretor of the Achæan league, deposed because he had promised to his countrymen an alliance with the Romans. =Zeuxippe=, a daughter of Eridanus, mother of Butes, one of the Argonauts, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A daughter of Laomedon. She married Sicyon, who after his father-in-law’s death became king of that city of Peloponnesus, which from him has been called Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6. =Zeuxis=, a celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, which some suppose to be the Heraclea of Sicily. He flourished about 468 years before the christian era, and was the disciple of Apollodorus, and contemporary with Parrhasius. In the art of painting he surpassed not only all his contemporaries, but also his master, and became so sensible, and at the same time so proud, of the value of his pieces, that he refused to sell them, observing that no sum of money, however great, was sufficient to buy them. His most celebrated paintings were his Jupiter sitting on a throne, surrounded by the gods; his Hercules strangling the serpents in the presence of his affrighted parents; his modest Penelope; and his Helen, which was afterwards placed in the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. This last piece he had painted at the request of the people of Crotona, and that he might not be without a model, they sent him the most beautiful of their virgins. Zeuxis examined their naked beauties, and retained five, from whose elegance and graces united, he conceived in his mind the form of the most perfect woman in the universe, which his pencil at last executed with wonderful success. His contest with Parrhasius is well known [_See:_ Parrhasius]; but though he represented nature in such perfection, and copied all her beauties with such exactness, he often found himself deceived. He painted grapes, and formed an idea of the goodness of his piece from the birds which came to eat the fruit on the canvas. But he soon acknowledged that the whole was an ill-executed piece, as the figure of the man who carried the grapes was not done with sufficient expression to terrify the birds. According to some, Zeuxis died from laughing at a comical picture which he had made of an old woman. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_, &c.――_Quintilian._ =Zeuxo=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._ =Zilia=, or =Zelis=, a town in Mauritania, at the mouth of a river of the same name. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1. =Zimara=, a town of Armenia Minor, 12 miles from the sources of the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24. =Zingis=, a promontory of Æthiopia, near the entrance of the Red sea, now cape _Orfui_. =Ziobĕris=, a river of Hyrcania, whose rapid course is described by _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4. =Zipætes=, a king of Bithynia, who died in his 70th year, B.C. 279. =Zitha=, a town of Mesopotamia. =Ziza=, a town of Arabia. =Zōĭlus=, a sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis, B.C. 259. He rendered himself known by his severe criticisms on the works of Isocrates and Plato, and the poems of Homer, for which he received the name of _Homeromastic_, or the chastiser of Homer. He presented his criticisms to Ptolemy Philadelphus, but they were rejected with indignation, though the author declared that he starved for want of bread. Some say that Zoilus was cruelly stoned to death, or exposed on a cross by order of Ptolemy, while others support that he was burnt alive at Smyrna. The name of _Zoilus_ is generally applied to austere critics. The works of this unfortunate grammarian are lost. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 10.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Ovid_, _Remedia Amoris_, li. 266.――――An officer in the army of Alexander. =Zoippus=, a son-in-law of Hiero of Sicily. =Zona=, a town of Africa. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 48.――――Of Thrace, on the Ægean sea, where the woods are said to have followed the strains of Orpheus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Herodotus._ =Zonăras=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose Greek Annals were edited, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1686. =Zopy̆rio=, one of Alexander’s officers left in Greece when the conqueror was in Asia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1. =Zopy̆rion=, a governor of Pontus, who made war against Scythia, &c. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 3. =Zopy̆rus=, a Persian, son of Megabyzus, who, to show his attachment to Darius the son of Hystaspes, while he besieged Babylon, cut off his ears and nose, and fled to the enemy, telling them that he had received such a treatment from his royal master because he had advised him to raise the siege, as the city was impregnable. This was credited by the Babylonians, and Zopyrus was appointed commander of all their forces. When he had totally gained their confidence, he betrayed the city into the hands of Darius, for which he was liberally rewarded. The regard of Darius for Zopyrus could never be more strongly expressed than in what he used often to say, that he had rather have Zopyrus not mutilated than 20 Babylons. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 154, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata_, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――An orator of Clazomenæ. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A physician in the age of Mithridates. He gave the monarch a description of an antidote which would prevail against all sorts of poisons. The experiment was tried upon criminals, and succeeded.――――A physician in the age of Plutarch.――――An officer of Argos, who cut off the head of Pyrrhus. _Plutarch._――――A man appointed master of Alcibiades, by Pericles. _Plutarch._――――A physiognomist. _Cicero_, _de Fato_, ch. 5.――――A rhetorician of Colophon. _Diogenes Laërtius._ =Zoroanda=, a part of Taurus between Mesopotamia and Armenia, near which the Tigris flows. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27. =Zoroaster=, a king of Bactria, supposed to have lived in the age of Ninus king of Assyria, some time before the Trojan war. According to Justin, he first invented magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, and rendered himself known by his deep and acute researches in philosophy, the origin of the world, and the study of astronomy. He was respected by his subjects and contemporaries for his abilities as a monarch, a lawgiver, and a philosopher, and though many of his doctrines are puerile and ridiculous, yet his followers are still found in numbers in the wilds of Persia, and the extensive provinces of India. Like Pythagoras, Zoroaster admitted no visible object of devotion except fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a supreme being; which doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta. According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, the laws, and regulations of this celebrated Bactrian are still extant, and they have been lately introduced in Europe in a French translation by Marcus Anquetil. The age of Zoroaster is so little known that many speak of two, three, four, and even six lawgivers of that name. Some authors, who support that two persons only of this name flourished, describe the first as an astronomer living in Babylon, 2459 years B.C., whilst the era of the other, who is supposed to have been a native of Persia, and the restorer of the religion of the Magi, is fixed 589, and by some 519 years B.C. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1. ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 21, ch. 14.――_Orosius_, bk. 1. ――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 30, ch. 1. =Zosĭmus=, an officer in the reign of Theodosius the younger, about the year 410 of the christian era. He wrote the history of the Roman emperors in Greek, from the age of Augustus to the beginning of the fifth century, of which only the five first books, and the beginning of the sixth, are extant. In the first of those he is very succinct in his account from the time of Augustus to the reign of Diocletian, but in the succeeding he becomes more diffuse and interesting. His composition is written with elegance, but not much fidelity, and the author showed his malevolence against the christians in his history of Constantine, and some of his successors. The best editions of Zosimus are that of Celarius, 8vo. Jenæ, 1728, and that of Reiemier, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1784. =Zosine=, the wife of king Tigranes, led in triumph by Pompey. _Plutarch._ =Zoster=, a town, harbour, and promontory of Attica. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 12. =Zosteria=, a surname of Minerva. She had two statues under that name in the city of Thebes, in Bœotia. The word signified girt, or armed for battle, words synonymous among the ancients. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 478; bk. 11, li. 15. =Zotale=, a place near Antiochia in Margiana, where the Margus was divided into small streams. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16. =Zothraustes=, a lawgiver among the Arimaspi. _Diodorus._ =Zuchis=, a lake to the east of the Syrtis Minor, with a town of the same name, famous for a purple dye, and salt-fish. _Strabo_, bk. 17. =Zygantes=, a people of Africa. =Zygia=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage (_a_ ζευγνυμι _jungo_). She is the same as the _Pronuba_ of the Latins. _Pindar._――_Pollux_, bk. 3, ch. 3. =Zygii=, a savage nation at the north of Colchis. _Strabo_, bk. 11. =Zygopŏlis=, a town of Cappadocia, on the borders of Colchis. _Strabo_, bk. 12. =Zygrītæ=, a nation of Libya. APPENDIX OF TABLES GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH REDUCED TO English paces. ft. in. dec. _Dactylus_ or _Digit_ 0 0 0 7554¹¹⁄₁₆ 4 _Doron_ 0 0 3 0218¾ 10 2½ _Lichas_ 0 0 4 5546⅞ 11 2¾ 1¹⁄₁₀ _Orthodoron_ 0 0 8 3101⁹⁄₁₆ 12 3 1⅕ 1¹⁄₁₁ _Spithame_ 0 0 9 0656¼ 16 4 1⅗ 5¹⁄₁₁ 1⅓ _Foot_ 0 1 0 0875 18 4½ 1⅘ 1⁷⁄₁₁ 1½ 1⅛ _Cubit_ (πυγμη) 0 1 1 5984⅜ 20 5 2 1⁹⁄₁₁ 1⅔ 1¼ 1½ _Pygon_ 0 1 3 1093⅜ 24 6 2⅖ 2²⁄₁₁ 2 1½ 1⅓ 1⅕ _Larger Cubit_ (πηχυς) 0 1 6 13125 96 24 9⅖ 8⁸⁄₁₁ 8 6 5⅓ 4⅕ 4 _Pace_ (οργυια) 0 6 0 525 9600 2400 960 872⁸⁄₁₁ 800 600 533½ 480 400 100 _Stadium_ 100 4 4 5 76800 19200 7680 6981⁹⁄₁₁ 6400 4800 4266⅔ 3840 3200 800 8 _Milion_ 805 5 0 0 ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH REDUCED TO English paces. ft. in. dec. _Digitus transversus_ 0 0 0 725¼ 1⅓ _Unica_ 0 0 0 967 4 3 _Palmus minor_ 0 0 2 901 16 12 4 _Pes_ 0 0 11 604 20 15 5 1¼ _Palmpipes_ 0 1 2 505 24 18 6 1½ 1⅕ _Cubitus_ 0 1 5 406 40 30 10 2½ 2 1 _Gradus_ 0 2 5 01 80 60 20 5 4 3⅓ 2 _Passus_ 0 4 10 02 10000 7500 2500 625 500 416⅔ 250 125 _Stadium_ 120 4 4 5 80000 60000 20000 5000 4000 3333⅓ 2000 1000 8 _Milliare_ 967 0 0 0 The Grecian square measures were the _plethron_, or acre, containing 1444, as some say, or as others report, 10,000 square feet; the _aroura_, which was half the _plethron_. The _aroura_ of the Egyptians was the square of 100 cubits. The Roman square measure was the _jugerum_, which, like their _libra_ and their _as_, was divided into twelve parts called _unciæ_, as the following table shows:―― Square English Square Square Unciæ. feet. Scruples. roods. poles. feet. 1 _As_ or 12 28800 288 2 18 250,05 ¹¹⁄₁₂ _Deunx_ 11 26400 264 2 10 183,85 ⅚ _Dextans_ 10 24000 240 2 2 117,64 ¾ _Dodrans_ 9 21600 216 1 34 51,42 ⅔ _Bes_ 8 19200 192 1 25 257,46 ⁷⁄₁₂ _Septunx_ 7 16800 168 1 17 191,25 ½ _Semis_ 6 14400 144 1 9 125,03 ⁵⁄₁₂ _Quincunx_ 5 12000 120 1 1 58,82 ⅓ _Triens_ 4 9600 96 0 32 264,85 ¼ _Quadrans_ 3 7200 72 0 24 198,64 ⅙ _Sextans_ 2 4800 48 0 16 132,43 ¹⁄₁₂ _Uncia_ 1 2400 24 0 8 66,21 N.B. The _Actus Major_ was 14,400 square feet, equal to a _Semis_. The _Clima_ was 3600 square feet, equal to a _sescuncia_, or an _uncia_ and a half, and the _actus minimus_ was equal to a _sextans_. The Roman _as_ or _æs_ was called so because it was made of brass. ATTIC MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS LIQUID, REDUCED TO THE ENGLISH WINE MEASURE. sol. gals. pts. in. dec. _Cochlearion_ 0 ¹⁄₁₂₀ 0 0356⁵⁄₁₂ 2 _Cheme_ 0 ¹⁄₆₀ 0 0712⅝ 2½ 1¼ _Mystron_ 0 ¹⁄₄₈ 0 089¹¹⁄₄₈ 5 2½ 2 _Conche_ 0 ¹⁄₂₄ 0 178¹¹⁄₂₄ 10 5 4 2 _Cyathus_ 0 ¹⁄₁₂ 0 356¹¹⁄₁₂ 15 7½ 6 3 1½ _Oxybaphon_ 0 ⅛ 0 335⅜ 60 30 24 12 6 4 _Cotyle_ 0 ½ 2 141½ 120 60 48 24 12 8 2 _Xestes_ 0 1 4 283 720 360 388 144 72 48 12 6 _Chous_ 0 6 25 698 8640 4320 3456 1728 864 576 144 72 12 _Metretes_ 10 2 19 626 ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS LIQUID, REDUCED TO ENGLISH WINE MEASURE. sol. gals. pts. in. dec. _Ligula_ 0 ¹⁄₄₈ 0 117⁶⁄₁₂ 4 _Cyathus_ 0 ¹⁄₁₂ 0 469⅔ 6 1½ _Acetabulum_ 0 ⅛ 0 704½ 12 3 2 _Quartarius_ 0 ¼ 1 409 24 6 4 2 _Hemina_ 0 ½ 2 818 48 12 8 4 2 _Sextarius_ 0 1 5 636 288 72 48 24 12 6 _Congius_ 0 7 4 942 1152 288 192 96 48 24 4 _Urna_ 3 4½ 5 33 2304 576 384 192 96 48 8 2 _Amphora_ 7 1 10 66 46080 11520 7680 3840 1920 960 160 40 20 _Culeus_ 143 3 11 095 N.B. The _quadrantal_ is the same as the _amphora_. The _Cadus_, _Congiarius_, and _Dolium_ denote no certain measure. The Romans divided the _Sextarius_, like the _libra_, into 12 equal parts, called _Cyathi_, and therefore their _calices_ were called _sextantes_, _quadrantes_, _trientes_, &c., according to the number of _cyathi_ which they contained. ATTIC MEASURE OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS DRY, REDUCED TO ENGLISH CORN MEASURE. sol. pecks. gals. pts. in. dec. _Cochlearion_ 0 0 0 0 276⁷⁄₂₀ 1 _Cyathus_ 0 0 0 2 763½ 15 1½ _Oxybaphon_ 0 0 0 4 144¾ 60 6 4 _Cotyle_ 0 0 0 16 579 120 12 8 2 _Xestes_ 0 0 0 33 158 180 18 12 3 1½ _Chœnix_ 0 0 1 15 705¾ 8040 864 576 144 72 48 _Medimnus_ 4 0 6 3 501 N.B. Besides this _Medimnus_, which is the _Medicus_, there was a _Medimnus Georgicus_, equal to six Roman _Modii_. ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS DRY, REDUCED TO ENGLISH CORN MEASURE. sol. pecks. gals. pts. in. dec. _Ligula_ 0 0 ¹⁄₄₈ 0 01 4 _Cyathus_ 0 0 ¹⁄₁₂ 0 04 6 1½ _Acetabulum_ 0 0 ⅛ 0 06 24 6 4 _Hemina_ 0 0 ½ 0 24 48 12 8 2 _Sextarius_ 0 0 1 0 48 384 96 64 16 8 _Semimodius_ 0 1 0 3 84 768 192 128 32 16 2 _Modius_ 1 0 0 7 68 THE MOST ANCIENT GRECIAN WEIGHTS, REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT. lb. oz. dwt. gr. dec. _Drachma_ 0 0 6 2 ²²⁄₄₉ 100 _Mina_ 1 1 0 4 ⁴⁴⁄₄₉ 6000 60 _Talentum_ 65 0 12 5 ⁴³⁄₄₉ LESS ANCIENT GRECIAN AND ROMAN WEIGHTS, REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT. lb. oz. dwt. gr. dec. _Lentes_ 0 0 0 0 ⁸⁵⁄₁₁₂ 4 _Siliquæ_ 0 0 0 3 ¹⁄₂₈ 12 3 _Obolus_ 0 0 0 9 ³⁄₂₈ 24 6 2 _Scriptulum_ 0 0 0 18 ³⁄₁₄ 72 18 6 3 _Drachma_ 0 0 2 6 ⁹⁄₁₄ 96 24 8 4 1⅓ _Sextula_ 0 0 3 0 ⁶⁄₇ 144 36 12 6 2 1½ _Sicilius_ 0 0 4 13 ²⁄₇ 192 48 16 8 2⅔ 2 1⅓ _Duella_ 0 0 6 1 ⁵⁄₇ 576 144 48 24 8 6 4 3 _Unica_ 0 0 18 5 ¹⁄₇ 6912 1728 576 288 96 72 48 36 12 _Libra_ 0 10 18 13 ⁵⁄₇ N.B. The Roman ounce is the English _avoirdupois_ ounce, which was anciently divided into seven _denarii_, and eight _drachmæ_, and as they reckoned the _denarius_ equal to an Attic _drachma_, the Attic weights were one-eighth heavier than the correspondent weights among the Romans. The Greeks divided their _obolus_ into _chalci_ and smaller proportions; some into six _chalci_, and every _chalcus_ into seven smaller parts; and others divided into eight _chalci_, and each _chalcus_ into eight parts. THE GREATER WEIGHTS REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT. lb. oz. dwt. gr. _Libra_ 0 10 18 13⁵⁄₇ 1¹⁄₂₄ _Mina Attica communis_ 0 11 7 16²⁄₇ ⅓ 1⁷⁄₂₅ _Mina Attica media_ 1 2 11 10²⁄₇ 62½ 60 46⅞ _Talentum Atticum commune_ 56 11 0 17¹⁄₇ N.B. There was also another Attic talent which consisted of 80, or, according to some, of 100 _minæ_. It must, however, be remembered, that every _mina_ contains 100 _drachmæ_, and every talent 60 _minæ_. The talents differ according to the different standard of their _minæ_ and _drachmæ_, as the following table indicates:―― lb. oz. dwt. gr. _The Mina Ægyptiaca_ } { 133⅓ } { 1 5 6 22²⁶⁄₄₉ _Antiochica_ } Consists { 133⅓ } Equivalent { 1 5 6 22²⁶⁄₄₉ _Cleopatræ } of Attic { } to English { Ptolemaica_ } drachmæ { 144 } troy { 1 6 14 16³²⁄₄₉ _Alexandrina } { } weight { Dioscoridis_ } { 160 } { 1 8 16 7⁴¹⁄₄₉ _The Talentum } { } { Ægyptiacum_ } { 80 } { 86 8 16 8 _Antiochicum_ } Consists { 80 } Equivalent { 86 8 16 8 _Ptolemaicum } of Attic { } to English { Cleop._ } minæ { 86⅔ } troy { 93 11 11 0 _Alexandriæ_ } { 96 } weight { 104 0 19 14 _Insulanum_ } { 120 } { 130 1 4 12 _Antiochiæ_ } { 360 } { 390 3 13 11 THE VALUE AND PROPORTION OF THE GRECIAN COINS. £ s. d. q. _Lepton_ 0 0 0 0³¹⁄₃₃₆ 7 _Chalcus_ 0 0 0 0³¹⁄₄₈ 14 2 _Dichalcus_ 0 0 0 1⁷⁄₂₄ 28 4 2 _Hemiobolus_ 0 0 0 2⁷⁄₁₂ 56 8 4 2 _Obolus_ 0 0 1 1⅙ 112 16 8 4 2 _Diobolus_ 0 0 2 2⅓ 224 32 16 8 4 2 _Tetrobolus_ 0 0 5 0⅔ 336 48 24 12 6 3 1½ _Drachma_ 0 0 7 3 662 96 48 24 12 6 3 2 _Didrachmon_ 0 1 3 2 1324 112 96 48 24 12 6 4 2 _Tetradrachmon_ 0 2 7 0 1660 384 120 60 30 15 7½ 5 2½ 1¼ _Pentadrachmon_ 0 3 2 3 N.B. The _drachma_, and the _didrachmon_, were silver, the others generally of brass. The _tridrachmon_, _triobolus_, &c., were sometimes coined. The _drachma_ and the _denarius_ are here supposed to be equal, though often the former exceeded in weight. The gold coin among the Greeks was the _stater aureus_, which weighed two Attic _drachmæ_, or half the _stater argenteus_, and was worth 25 Attic _drachmæ_, of silver, or in £ s. d. English money 0 16 1¾ Or according to the proportion of gold to silver, at present 1 0 9 The _Stater Cyzicenus_ exchanged for 28 Attic _drachmæ_, or 0 18 1 The _Stater Philippi_ and _Stater Alexandri_ were of the same value. The _Stater Daricus_, according to Josephus, was worth 50 Attic _drachmæ_, or 1 12 3½ The _Stater Cræsi_ was of the same value. THE VALUE AND PROPORTION OF THE ROMAN COINS. £ s. d. q. _Terentius_ 0 0 0 0⁷⁷⁵⁄₁₀₀₀ 2 _Sembella_ 0 0 0 1¹¹⁄₂₀ 4 2 _Libella_, or _As_ 0 0 0 3¹⁄₁₀ 10 5 2½ _Sestertius_ 0 0 1 3¾ 20 10 5 2 _Quinarius_, or _Victoriatus_ 0 0 3 3½ 40 20 10 4 2 _Denarius_ 0 0 7 3 N.B. The _denarius_, _victoriatus_, _sestertius_, and sometimes the _as_, were of silver, the others were of brass. The _triens_, _sextans_, _uncia_, _sextula_, and _dupondius_, were sometimes coined of brass. THE COMPUTATION OF MONEY AMONG THE GREEKS WAS BY DRACHMÆ, AS FOLLOWS:―― £ s. d. q. 1 _Drachma_ 0 0 7 3 10 _Drachmæ_ 0 6 5 2 100 _Drachmæ_ equal to a _Mina_ 3 4 7 10 _Minæ_ 32 5 10 60 _Minæ_ equal to a _Talent_ 193 15 0 10 _Talents_ 1937 10 0 100 _Talents_ 19375 0 0 AMONG THE ROMANS THE COMPUTATION WAS BY SESTERTII NUMMI, AS―― £ s. d. q. A _Sestertius_ 0 0 0 1½ 10 _Sestertii_ 0 1 7 1¾ 1000 _Sestertii_ equal to one _Sestertium_ 8 1 5 2 10 _Sestertia_ 80 14 7 0 100 _Sestertia_ 807 5 10 0 1000 _Sestertia_ or _decies Sestertiûm_ (centies und.) or _decies centena millia nummûm_ 8072 18 4 0 _Centies_ vel _centies H. S._ 80729 3 4 0 _Millies H. S._ 807291 13 4 0 _Millies centies H. S._ 888020 16 8 0 _The Mina Syria_ } { 25 _Ptolemaica_ } { 33⅓ _Antiochica_ } Was { 100 _Euboica_ } worth { 100 _Babylonica_ } of { 116 _Attica major_ } Attic { 133⅓ _Tyria_ } _Drachmæ_ { 133⅓ _Æginæa_ } { 166⅔ _Rhodia_ } { 166⅔ _The Talentum Syrium_ } { 15 _Ptolemaicum_ } { 20 _Antiochicum_ } Was { 60 _Euboicum_ } worth { 60 _Babylonicum_ } of { 70 _Atticum majus_ } Attic { 80 _Tyrium_ } _minæ_ { 80 _Æginæum_ } { 100 _Rhodium_ } { 100 _Ægyptium_ } { 80 The Roman gold coin was the _aureus_, which generally weighed double the _denarius_. £ s. d. q. The value of it was, according to the first proportion of coinage mentioned by Pliny 1 4 3 3 Or according to the proportion of coinage at present 1 0 9 According to the decuple proportion mentioned by Livy and Julius Pollux 0 12 11 According to Tacitus, as it was afterwards valued and exchanged for 25 _denarii_ 0 16 1 3 The value of coin underwent many changes during the existence of the Roman republic, and stood, as Pliny mentions it, as follows: In the reign of Servius } The _as_ { 1 pound A.U.C. 490 } weighed { 2 ounces A.U.C. 537 } of brass { 1 ounce A.U.C. 586 } { ½ ounce A.U.C. 485 } The _denarius_ { 10 _asses_ A.U.C. 537 } exchanged for { 16 _asses_ A.U.C. 547, a scruple of gold was worth 20 _sestertii_; coined afterwards of the pound of gold, 20 _denarii aurei_; and in Nero’s reign of the pound of gold, 45 _denarii aurei_. N. B. In the above tables of money, it is to be observed that the silver has been reckoned at 5_s._ and gold at _£_4 per ounce. A talent of gold among the Jews was worth _£_5475, and one of silver _£_342 3_s._ 9_d._ The greater talent of the Romans was worth _£_99 6_s._ 8_d._, and the less _£_60, or, as some say, _£_75, and the great talent _£_1125. The value of the Roman _pondo_ is not precisely known, though some suppose it equivalent to an Attic _mina_, or _£_3 4_s._ 7_d._ It is used indifferently by ancient authors for _æs_, _as_, and _mina_, and was supposed to consist of 100, or 96 _denarii_. It is to be observed, that whenever the word _pondo_ is joined to numbers, it signifies the same as _libra_, but when it is used with other words it bears the same signification as the σταθμη or ὁλκη of the Greeks, or the _pondus_ of the Latins. The word _nummus_, when mentioned as a sum of money, was supposed to be equivalent to a _sestertius_, and though the words _sestertius_ and _nummus_ are often joined together, yet their signification is the same, and they intimate no more than either does separately. We must particularly remark, that in reckoning their _sesterces_, the Romans had an art which can be rendered intelligible by the observation of these rules: If a numeral noun agreed in case, gender, and number with the word _sestertius_, it denoted precisely as many _sestertii_; as for example, _decem sestertii_ was ten _sestertii_. If a numeral noun of another case was joined with the genitive plural of _sestertius_, it denoted so many thousand, as _decem sestertiûm_ signifies so many thousand _sestertii_. If the adverb numeral was joined, it denoted so many hundred thousand, as _decies sestertiûm_ was ten hundred thousand _sesterii_. If the numeral adverb was put by itself, the signification was not altered; therefore _decies_, _vigesies_, &c., in a sentence, imply as many hundred thousand _sestertii_, or hundred _sestertia_, as if the word _sestertiûm_ was expressed. The _denarius_, which was the chief silver coin used at Rome, received its name because it contained _denos æris_, ten _asses_. The _as_ is often expressed by an Lucius because it was one pound weight; and the _sestertius_, because it was equivalent to two pounds and a half of brass, is frequently denoted by H. S. or L. L. S. The Roman _libra_ contained twelve ounces of silver, and was worth about _£_3, sterling. The Roman talent was supposed to be equivalent to twenty-four _sestertia_, or nearly _£_193 sterling. THE END. Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh & London *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 68769 ***